2022 IEEE 6th International Symposium on Telecommunication Technologies (ISTT)

Attenuation of mmWave Based on Measured Data

via Rain Sensor in Tropical Region
Lu Li
Wireless and Photonics Networks
Research Centre of Excellence
(WiPNET), Department of Computer
and Communication Systems
Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,
2022 IEEE 6th International Symposium on Telecommunication Technologies (ISTT) | 978-1-6654-8942-3/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ISTT56288.2022.9966549
Aduwati Sali
Wireless and Photonics Networks
Research Centre of Excellence
(WiPNET), Department of Computer
and Communication Systems
Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,
Sangin Qahtan Wali
Wireless and Photonics Networks
Research Centre of Excellence
(WiPNET), Department of Computer
and Communication Systems
Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,

Universiti Putra Malaysia, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Universiti Putra Malaysia,

Selangor, Serdang 43400, Malaysia. Selangor, Serdang 43400, Malaysia. Selangor, Serdang 43400, Malaysia.
benney56@qq.com aduwati@upm.edu.my sangin.qahtan96@gmail.com

Abstract—For tropical areas, rainfall is the main factor in
the attenuation of millimeter wave transmission. This paper
considers KLIA Sepang region of Malaysia as an example to
measure and collect rainfall rate data via rain sensor, establish
a mathematical model for millimeter wave rainfall attenuation
in tropical areas, simulate and calculate rainfall attenuation at
different frequency ranges of 20-300 GHz through MATLAB
software, with emphasis on the analysis of millimeter wave
communication attenuation characteristics in the widely used
30-50GHz frequency band. The results show that the greater
the rainfall rate, the higher the frequency, and the greater the
rainfall attenuation. Moreover, the vertical polarization
achieves the lowest attenuation compared circular polarization
and horizontal polarization. The attenuation and attenuation
rate increase with the increase of frequency and rainfall rate.
Specifically, the attenuation value appears linearly in the range
of 15dB to 90dB in the rainfall rate of 20-60mm/h for the
frequency bands of 30-50GHz.
Keywords—Rain attenuation, mmWave, Sensor measurement,
Transmission characteristic, Tropical region, Polarization.
I. INTRODUCTION
With the rapid development of communication industry,
especially personal mobile communication, the low-end
frequency of radio spectrum has become saturated. Even if
modulation or multiple access technology is used to expand
the capacity of communication system and improve the
utilization rate of spectrum, it can not meet the needs of
future communication development [1]. Therefore, in order
to realize high-speed and wide-band wireless communication,
it is indispensable to develop new spectrum resources to
microwave high frequency band.
Additionally, the objectives of this project can be divided
into two parts. The first one is to simulate the characteristics
of rain attenuation in tropical region. The next is to analyse
and propose a propagation model for mmWave transmission
in rain attenuation in tropical region.
Therefore, it is indispensable to research the propagation
characteristics of millimeter wave in details. By analyzing
the research of millimeter wave attenuation in recent years,
and then the simulation will be done via MATLAB, this
paper will get a technical reference which has great
advantages in engineering application and civil application.
II. RELATED WORK
Along with the development of mobile communication
technology, mmWave technology is widely used in the
future research of high-speed communication [5].
However, when the frequency of wireless communication
is more than 10 GHz, especially for mmWave band, rainfall
will make the SNR of communication link decrease
obviously. And the attenuation will increase with the radio
frequency waves. Therefore, in the practical application of
millimeter wave communication systems, rain attenuation is
often one of the reasons for signal attenuation that must be
took into consideration.
The rain attenuation prediction model is mainly used to
predict the signal power decay degree caused by rainfall in
wireless links during transmission. Research on the rainfall
attenuation prediction model is mostly for ground-air and
ground links.

In the tropics, rainfall is an important factor affecting the A. Ground-Air Links

propagation characteristics of millimeter wave [2]. Therefore,
the analysis of the propagation characteristics of rain
attenuation in tropical areas on different millimeter wave
bands is mainly considered in this project. On the other hand,
because the direct measurement method is difficult to
achieve full coverage in vast tropical areas, and the cost is
high, the indirect prediction method is often used in the
engineering project. Therefore, this project will carry out
effective simulation prediction through MATLAB with using
the measured 20-year rainfall rate data via rain sensor.
On the other hand, due to the technology of millimeter
wave is not very mature at present, once it is affected by
rainfall, dust, smoke and other factors, the millimeter wave
signal will be affected by attenuation, scattering, polarization
shift and propagation path, which will cause great disadvant-
age to the work of millimeter wave system [3]. Obviously, it
would be formidable challenges for tropical region where
usually under the rainstorms such as Malaysia to develop
mature millimeter wave propagation technology [4].
In terms of ground-air links, in addition to the suggested
models given by International Telecommunications Union
(ITU) [6], the well-known rain attenuation models are Crane
[7], Yamada [8], DAH [9], Ramachandran [10], Bryant [11],
Excell [12], etc. The ITU proposed model is the ITU-R
P.618-13 model, whose proposed frequency applies below
55GHz, which is applicable to ground-air link in any region.
Secondly, the Crane model is a rain attenuation predictio-
n model for ground-air and incline wireless link, which takes
into account the rainfall rate, rainfall horizontal structure and
atmospheric vertical temperature structure in the area of the
link, and the best advantage of this model is that the root
mean square error of the model prediction results is smaller
than other models. In addition, the Yamada model is based
on an improved model of the ITU-R P.618-13 model.
In the literature [8], authors use to predict and analyze the
rain decay situation of radio waves at different frequencies
between 10 GHz and 20 GHz, and the simulation results
show good prediction performance.

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UNIVERSITY
 On the other hand, in the literature [9], it shows that the results show that the model prediction performance
DAH model is a rain attenuation prediction model for outperforms the ITU proposed model in the test link.
ground-air-tilt wireless link with low elevation antenna, and
Simultaneously, Al-Samman et. al.[19] present the rain-
researchers use this model to predict the rain attenuation of fall intensity and rain attenuation analysis in tropical region
Ka bands with antenna elevation below 10. In this case, the
based on a one-year measurement using the 73.5 GHz E-
simulation results show that this model has higher prediction band link of 1.8 km with three rain gauges installed along the
accuracy for antenna low tilt link. Similarly, the Ramachand- path. In addition, the synthetic storm Technology (SST)
ran model is also an improvement to the ITU-R P.618-13 model [20] can also be used to predict the rainfall attenuation
model [10], and the authors believe that there are some time series of rainfall rate measurement during rainfall.
significant deviations to use the proposed model given by
ITU for ground-air link prediction in tropical regions. In In conclusion, only a few sections of these models can be
order to overcome this issue, they consider modifying the applied in the tropical region in some frequency bands,
cumulative time factor in the ITU-R P.618-13 model to make which is undoubtedly not enough to bring good and
this model can be more applicable to the tropics. instructive schemes for the development of millimeter-wave
communication in the tropical region.
Additionally, both Bryant [11] and Excell [12] models
are rain attenuation models from radio physics. As for Bryant III. METHODOLOGY
model, the rainfall distribution law and horizontal variability
of the rainfall area are considered, and the correlation This section describes the methods and parameters used
between the rainfall rate and the antenna pitch angle is or involved for this paper. The methodology of this paper
considered from the mechanical perspective. Finally, the starts from the research status of literature research method.
Excell model considered the rotation and biaxial symmetry After collecting the real-time rainfall recorded data via rain
of the raindrops horizontal cross section, which can predict sensor from KLIA Sepang meteorological department in
the ground-air link rain attenuation in any region depending Malaysia from 2000 to 2020, the range and average value of
on the rainfall intensity within a unit area. rainfall rate are obtained through qualitative and quantitative
method. At the same time, the mathematical model method is
According to the above literature, the existing rain attenu- used to summarize and design the millimeter wave rain
ation model can play a good role in predicting the millimeter attenuation prediction model suitable for tropical areas. Then
wave ground-air link, and from the study of radio physics, through the simulation method,the attenuation characteristics
the link rain attenuation situation can be considered, and the of mmWave under different rainfall rates are simulated and
accuracy of the rain attenuation model can also be improved verified by MATLAB. Finally, this project is end with using
and adjusted by the algorithm improvement. inductive and summary method to obtain the attenuation
characteristics of millimeter wave rainfall in tropical areas.
B. Ground Links
In terms of ground links, there are a host of ground link A. Rain Attenuation Equation
rain attenuation models which mostly achieve prediction The model used in this paper is a modified model based
performance optimization by correcting distance coefficients on the prediction model of rainfall attenuation provided in
in ITU-R P.530-17 models [13], such as Silva-Mello [14], the International Telecommunications Union-Radio, a typical
Abdulrahman [15], Lin [16], Moupfouma [17]. empirical equation, easy to use, less design parameters and
wider applications than other models.
Definitely, the ITU-R P.530-17 model is suitable for rain
attenuation prediction with visible distance ground link TABLE I. VALUES �� , �� , �� , �� AT 20 - 300 GHZ [23]
length below 60km and frequency below 100GHz. In this
case, literature [18] pointed out that although the model � ��� �� �� �� ��
performs well in the temperate region by combining the 20 0.075 0.069 1.099 1.065
measured data and simulation analysis, but, there are large 25 0.124 0.113 1.061 1.030
errors in the tropical prediction simulation. In order to solve 30 0.187 0.167 1.021 1.000
this problem, there is an updated and revised model called 35 0.263 0.233 0.979 0.963
Silva-Mello model, which is a model suitable for rain 40 0.350 0.310 0.939 0.929
45 0.442 0.393 0.903 0.879
attenuation prediction in tropical areas. As a result, when it
50 0.536 0.479 0.873 0.868
comes to tropical predictive performance, Silva-Mello model 60 0.707 0.642 0.826 0.824
[14] is better than the ITU suggested model. In addition, the 70 0.851 0.784 0.793 0.793
Abdulrahman model [15] which is obtained by modifying the 80 0.975 0.906 0.769 0.769
distance coefficient of the ITU proposed model is a rain 90 1.060 0.999 0.753 0.754
attenuation model based from the measured and analyzed 100 1.120 1.060 0.743 0.744
rain attenuation data of seven ground wireless links in 120 1.180 1.130 0.731 0.732
Malaysia. Moreover, the Lin model [16] is an empirical 150 1.310 1.270 0.710 0.711
model obtained from statistical 11 GHz ground wireless link 300 1.360 1.350 0.688 0.689
rain attenuation data in Georgia for over 20 years, which
utilizes simple empirical formulas to derive long term rain ITU-R.618 rain attenuation prediction model is studied
decay prediction laws suitable for ground wireless links. on the basis of Laws-Parsons raindrops size distribution [21],
Finally, the Moupfouma model [17] is an improved model and its core part is the "equivalent path length" [22], that is,
based on the ITU proposed model in which the author makes the inhomogeneous nature of rainfall along the path depends
rain attenuation prediction for 30 global ground wireless on the equivalent path, using the shortening factor, thus
links with a length from 1.3 km to 58 km and a frequency multiplying the shortened path length and the unit path
range between 7 GHz and 38GHz. And, the simulation attenuation rate just leads to the actual measured rainfall
attenuation. The equation is calculated as follows.

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 �� = ��� (1) (2) Calculate the length of inclined path under the rain roof
2
�� + �� + �� − �� ��� � ��� 2� ℎ −ℎ
�= (2) �ℎ�� � ≥ 5� , �� =
� � (8)
2 ����
���� + ���� + �� �� − ���� ���2� ��� 2� 2(ℎ − ℎ �)
�= (3) �ℎ�� � ≤ 5� , �� =
�
2� (9)
2 2(ℎ − ℎ �)
Among them, αR means the rain attenuation rate, in ��/��;
�
���2� + + ����
��
� represents the rainfall rate, in mm/hr; θ means the elevat-
ion of the propagation path, in radian. (3) Calculate the horizontal projection of the oblique path
Represents and horizontal polarization at ξ = 0 , vertical o �� = �� ���� (10)
at ξ = 90o and circular polarization when ξ = 45o. kH, kV, γH , γV (4) Input rainfall rate
is determined by Table I [23]. (5) Calculate the characteristic attenuation of the rainfall rate
(dB/Km)
B. Elevation Angle Correction
�� = ��� (11)
For the antenna angle of elevation of the Earth station,
since the orbital position of Ka band communication satellite (6) Calculate the level shortening factor of the rainfall rate
is inconsistent with that of C or Ku band communication �=
1
(12)
satellite [24], the antenna elevation needs to be corrected. 1+0.78
�� ��
�
−0.38(1−�−2�� )

Using reference [25], the geometric relationship between (7) Calculate the vertical factor of the rainfall rate
satellite and earth station can be obtained, as shown in Fig.1,
and the simplified plane geometric relationship Fig.2. �' = ���−1 (
ℎ� − ℎ�
) (13)
�� �
�� �
, �' > �
�� = ���� (14)
ℎ� − ℎ�
, ��ℎ���
����
36 − � , � < 36
�= (15)
0 , ��ℎ���
1
�=
−
� �� �� (16)
1 + ����(31 1 − � 1+� − 0.45)
�2
(8) Calculate the valid path length
Fig. 1. Geometric diagram of satellite and Earth stations [21] �� = ��� (17)

(9) Calculation of the rain attenuation value (dB)

� = ���� (18)
The parameters are represented as follows:
�1 The longitude of the satellite (angle)
�2 Ground station longitude (angle)
� Angle of elevation of main beam of ground station antenna
� Ground station latitude (angle)
Fig. 2. Planar geometry of the satellite and the Earth station [21] ℎ� The height of the satellite from the ground (km)
�� Earth radius (km)
According to the above geometric relationship, the � Rainfall Rate (mm/h)
elevation angle can be modified as follows. ℎ� Ground Station Elevation (km)
�� � Frequency (GHz)
���� ��� �1 − �2 − �� Earth Radius (6371 km)
�� + ℎ� (4)
���� =
1 − (���� ��� �1 − �2 )2 ℎ� Ground Station Elevation (km)
�
���� ��� �1 − �2 − +�
�� ℎ� (5) D. Measuring Equipment
� = ���−1 ( )
1 − (���� ��� �1 − �2 )2
Undoubtedly, it is a huge challenge to complete the
For stationary satellites, measurement of all tropical rainfall data due to the vast range
�� 6371 of tropical areas. Therefore, in this paper, Malaysia KLIA
= ≈ 0.151 (6)
�� + ℎ� 6371 + 35786.6 Sepang region was taken as an example, and the records of
daily rainfall rate between 2000 and 2020 were measured
C. Prediction Model and collected via rain sensor from the Malaysia Meteorologi-
The calculation steps of predication model used in this cal Bureau. The rain sensor for collecting rainfall and
paper are as follows: measuring rainfall rate of Malaysia meteorological bureau is
shown in the Fig.3 (Available from the official website of the
(1) Calculate the rain roof height Malaysian Meteorological Bureau https://www.met.gov.my/
5 − 0.075 � − 23 � > 23� pendidikan/cuaca/peralatanmeteorologi)
5 0� ≤ � ≤ 23�
ℎ � �� = 5 −21� ≤ � ≤ 0� (7) The receiving funnel can transport rainwater to two
5 + 0.1(� + 21) −71� ≤ � ≤ −21� seesaw like containers. When the container collects 0.2 mm
0 � ≤ −71� of rainwater, the quality of the water causes the container to

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tilt down and empty its space. Each time the container tilts
downward, it sends an electrical signal so that the amount of
rain can be recorded over time. The maximum detectable
rainfall is 200 mm/h.
Fig. 3. Rain Sensor
E. Simulation Parameters
All the simulation analysis parts of this project are based
on a ASUS Enshi 4th Generation laptop computer using
MATLAB R2016b. For other important parameters involved
in this project, please refer to Table II.
TABLE II. SIMULATION PARAMETERS
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This section mainly takes the KLIA Sepang of Malaysia
as an example to analyze the impact characteristics of
climate change mainly due to changing rainfall rate in
tropical areas on millimeter-wave communication at different
frequencies. Among them, frequencies below 10GHz were
less affected by rainfall attenuation and are not analyzed in
this paper. Hopefully, this paper can provide some
contributing reference and standard value to various civil
military projects needing to use mmWave communication
technology in the later period.
A. Rainfall rate results
Data on recorded rainfall rate in this paper were
measured and collected via rain sensor from the
meteorological station (2o44' N, 101o42' E, Elevation: 16.1 m)
of the Malaysia Meteorological Service in KLIA SEPANG,
Malaysia from 2000 to 2020 as shown in Fig.6.

Parameter Value
Computer system Windows 10 (64 bit)
Fig.6. Rain rate in KLIA SEPANG from 2000 to 2020
Simulation software MATLAB.R2016b
Satellite longitude 136.5o
Ground station latitude 2.733� Fig.6 shows the rainfall rate intensity of KLIA SEPANG
Ground station longitude 101.7� for two decades (i.e. 2000 to 2020). In most cases, the
Ground station elevation 16.1� rainfall rate intensity is mainly distributed at 20-60mm/h.
Ground station antenna angle 49.4705� The worst year occurred in 2017, with a maximum rainfall
Earth radius 6371 km rate intensity of over 140 mm/h and near 150 mm/h. So the
Height of satellite from the ground 35786.6km
range of rainfall rates in this paper will mainly consider 0
Moreover, the ground station selected for the simulation mm/h to 150 mm/h, where more attention will be paid to 20-
of the project is located in Kuala Lumpur International 60 mm/h, as this is a common data available in most cases.
Airport, 64000 Sepang Selangor, Malaysia, as shown in the Comparing the rainfall rate data of Malaysia measured by
Fig.4. (image screenshot from Google Maps) Al Samman et al [19]. For one year from September 2018,
the maximum rainfall rate at station A (3o11'7”N, 101o43'46”E,
Elevation: 49 m) and station B (3o10'21”N, 101o43'10”E, Elevation: 43
m) is 108 mm / h, and the general rainfall rates are 38mm/h,
50mm/h, 58mm/h and 60mm/h [19], which is consistent with
the data obtained from the Meteorological Bureau. Due to
two aspects of validation can be considered that the rainfall
rate data used in this paper is effective and feasible.
B. Simulation calculation
This subsection takes the example of the APStar-6C
Fig. 4. The location of KLIA Sepang (2o44' N, 101o42' E) communication satellite launched at 136.5o E (i.e. �1 = 136.5� )
at the Xichang Satellite Launch Center at 0:06 on May
In addition, the simple structure diagram of ground 4,2018. This satellite is equipped with a C, Ku, Ka frequency
station and geosynchronous orbit communication satellite is band of 45 transponders, with a designed life of 15 years. It
shown in the Fig.5. will provide high-quality services, including VSAT, video
broadcast, live broadcast to households, mobile network base
station transmission, to customers with its high-power base
station resources. It can cover China, Southeast Asia,
Australia, Hawaii and other countries and regions [26].
Besides, combined with the KLIA SEPANG area (Earth
station latitude � = 2� 44' , longitude �2 = 101� 42' , ground
station elevation �� = 0.0161��).
The rain attenuation characteristics of the measured
rainfall rate data on the earth space inclined path from the
earth station to the satellite under different working
Fig. 5. Ground station and satellite communication frequencies are simulated and calculated by MATLAB.

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 According to equation (5), the elevation angle of the main
beam of the ground station antenna can be calculated ( � =
49.4705� ). In combination with equation (2), (3) and Table I,
the � values and � values at each frequency corresponding to
horizontal polarization, vertical polarization and circular
polarization can be calculated.
C. Results analysis
Based on the parameters and equation model mentioned
above, the rainfall rate data measured by rain sensor were
imported into the MATLAB software for simulation
computational analysis.

Fig. 9. Relationship between rainfall rate and attenuation values under

vertical polarization at different frequency

In addition, the rain attenuation value of millimeter wave

in 30-50GHz frequency band, which is widely used at pres-
ent, has good and acceptable attenuation value results when
the rainfall rate is less than 60mm/h, which is undoubtedly an
important recognition that millimeter wave communication
technology can be developed in tropical areas.

Fig. 7. Relationship between rainfall rate and attenuation values under

horizontal polarization at different frequency

Fig.7 simulates the change of attenuation rate under

horizontal polarization with the increase of rainfall rate when
the frequency is from 20GHz to 300GHz (the higher the
frequency, the greater the simulated interval value). As can
be seen from the above figure, the greater the frequency, the
greater the attenuation value; At the same frequency, the
greater the rainfall rate, the greater the corresponding
attenuation value. Fig. 10. Relationship between rainfall rate and attenuation value under
different polarization at 30-40GHz frequency
Comparing the 73.5 GHz millimeter wave rain
attenuation data of Malaysia measured by Al Samman, et al
in September, 2018, it shows that the maximum measured
rain attenuation is about 21.6dB/km when the maximum
rainfall is 108 mm / h [19], which is similar to the value
calculated in this paper according to equation (1) to (5) and
Table I. Therefore, the simulation results in this paper can be
considered as effective and reliable data.

Fig. 11. Relationship between rainfall rate and attenuation value under
different polarization at 40-50GHz frequency

Fig.10 and Fig.11 simulate the attenuation characteristics

Fig. 8. Relationship between rainfall rate and attenuation values under
circular polarization at different frequency
Fig.8 and Fig.9 simulate the change of attenuation rate
under circular and vertical polarization with the increase of
rainfall rate when the frequency is from 20GHz to 300GHz.
As can be seen from the above figure, the greater the
frequency, the greater the attenuation; At the same frequency,
the greater the rainfall rate, the greater the attenuation value.
of attenuation rate under horizontal polarization, vertical
polarization and circular polarization with the increase of
rainfall rate when the frequency is from 30GHz to 40GHz
and 40GHz to 50GHz. As the above figures shown, the
greater the frequency, the greater the attenuation rate; At the
same frequency, when the rainfall rate is constant, the
attenuation rate of vertical polarization is the minimum,
followed by circular polarization, and the largest is
horizontal polarization. The results show that when the
rainfall rate is 20-60mm/h, the attenuation value appears
linearly in the range of 15dB to 90dB, which shows
affirmation for the development of millimeter wave
communication technology in the tropical region.

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 In addition, this project also simulated and analyzed the
average rain attenuation value of 30 GHz in one year under
vertical polarization from 2000 to 2020, which is used to
reflect the impact of climate change on millimeter wave rain
attenuation in the past 20 years, as shown in Fig.12.
Fig. 12. Climate change on Annual average rain attenuation
Fig.12 shows the impact of climate change from 2000 to
2020 on rain attenuation during millimeter wave
transmission. It can be seen from the figure that climate
change has an upward trend on the rain attenuation of
millimeter wave propagation with the increase of time. In
conclusion, the project has certain practical reference value
and standard for the impact of rain attenuation caused by
climate change in tropical areas.
V. CONCLUSIONS
This paper mainly analyzes the attenuation characteristics
of millimeter wave caused by climate change in the tropics.
Climate change in the tropics is mainly reflected in the
change of rainfall rate, this paper focused on the simulation
calculation and analysis of the impact of rainfall on the
attenuation characteristics of millimeter wave during its
propagation. The finding has important theoretical and
practical significance for the development and application of
millimeter wave communication technology in tropical areas.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work was supported in part by IGNITE-Interference
Modeling for 5G and FSS Coexistence at mmWave With
Climate Change Considerations in the Tropical Region under
Grant FRGS/1/2021/TK0/UPM/01/1; and in part by NAPD-
Networked ASEAN Peatland Data under Grant UPM-NICT
6380024-10801. (Corresponding author: Lu Li and Aduwati
Sali.)
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