A.

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:

1. Define the following:

a) Heat - Heat is a form of energy that flows from a hot body to a cold body.
b) Energy - Energy is the capacity of doing work.
c) Temperature - The temperature of a substance (or body) is a measure of the
degree of hotness (or coldness) of the substance (or body).
d) Conduction - The process of transmission of heat energy in solids without the
actual movement of particles from their positions is called conduction.
e) Convection - The process of transfer of heat in a liquid or gas by the movement of
the liquid or gas is called convection.
f) Radiation - The process by which heat travels without the help of a material
medium is called radiation.
g) Heat Insulators – Those substances which do not allow the heat energy to flow
through them easily are called bad conductors of heat or heat insulators.
h) Good Conductors of heat- Those substances which allow the heat energy to flow
through them easily are called good conductors of heat

2. By giving two examples, prove that heat is a form of energy which is capable of
doing work.

Ans: (i) When we heat a pan of water, the water at the bottom rises. The heat gives the
water the energy to rise.

(ii) When a pressure cooker is heated, the weight on its lid is pushed up by the steam.
Heat gives steam the energy to lift the weight of the lid.

These examples show that heat is able to perform work and hence heat is a form of
energy.

3. What determines the direction of the flow of heat between two objects in contact?

Ans: The temperature of the two objects in contact determines the flow of heat between
them. Heat always flows from a body at a higher temperature to a body at a lower
temperature.

4. Name two commonly used scales for measuring temperature.

Ans: The two commonly used scales for measuring temperature are the Celsius scale
and the Fahrenheit scale.

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5. Write the difference between the above two scales.

Ans:

CELSIUS SCALE FAHRENHEIT SCALE

On the Celsius scale, the lower fixed On the Fahrenheit scale, the lower fixed
point is taken as 0°C point is taken as 32°F

The upper fixed point is taken as 100°C The upper fixed point is taken as 212°F

The distance between upper and lower The distance between upper and lower
fixed points is divided into 100 equal fixed points is divided into 180 equal
divisions. divisions.

6. Write the difference between a laboratory thermometer and a clinical

thermometer.

LABORATORY THERMOMETER CLINICAL THERMOMETER

It is generally scaled from -10°C to 110°C.
No kink is present, so mercury falls on its
own.
It is used to measure the temperature of
objects in the laboratory.
Jerks need not be given, mercury level
falls automatically.
Temperature is read while being in
contact with the source.
It is scaled from 35°C to 42°C or from
94°F to 108°F
There is a kink near the bulb to prevent
the fall of mercury level.
It is used to measure the temperature of
the human body.
Jerks need to be given to lower the
mercury level.
Temperature can be read after removing
it from the source.

7. Describe the structure and the working of a thermometer with a labelled diagram.

A thermometer has a bulb filled with mercury and a glass stem with a thin, hollow tube
running within it. The tube ends in the bulb at one end and is sealed at the other end.

When the bulb is in contact with a hot object, the mercury gets heated and rises in the
thin tube called the capillary tube. The marking up to which the mercury rises tells us
the temperature of the object.

Clinical Thermometer

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 Laboratory Thermometer

8. What is a laboratory thermometer?

The thermometer which is used to measure the temperature of objects in the

laboratory is called a laboratory thermometer. Its range is -10°C to 110°C.

9. Define the upper and lower fixed point of a thermometer.

The upper fixed point is taken as the temperature at which water boils.

The lower fixed point is taken as the temperature at which ice melts.

10. If a solid is heated at one end, by which mode does heat travel from the hot end to
the cold end?

Conduction

11. Write the differences between the transfer of heat by conduction and byconvection.

CONDUCTION
Heat is transferred without the actual
movement of the particles
This process takes place due to the
difference in temperature.
It takes place in rigid bodies and liquids
when they are heated from the top with
the exception of mercury.
CONVECTION
Heat is transferred due to the movement
of the molecules themselves
This process takes place due to
differences in densities.
It takes place in fluids through the actual
movement of the particles

12. Write the differences between the transfer of heat by conduction and by radiation.

CONDUCTION
Material medium is necessary.
Heat travels from a hot body to a cold
body when they are in direct contact.
It takes place in rigid bodies and liquids
when they are heated from the top with
the exception of mercury.
It heats up the medium.
Conduction does not occur in vacuum.
RADIATION
Material medium is not required.
Heat travels in a straight line in all
directions from a hot body without the
help of a material medium.
All hot objects give away heat energy by
radiation.
It does not heat up the medium.
Radiation can occur in vacuum.

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13. What happens to the radiant heat when it falls on a body? What does the
absorption of radiant heat depend on?

When radiant heat falls on a body, a part of it is absorbed by the body and the rest
is reflected by it.

The absorption of radiant heat reflects depends on

• the colour of the object and

• nature of its surface.

14. Explain how does heat travel through water?

Heat transfer in liquids takes place through the process of convection.

When a beaker containing water is kept over a burner, water at the bottom of the
beaker (near the flame) gets heated, expands and becomes lighter. This hot water
(being lighter) rises upwards and carries heat along with it. The cold water from
above (being denser) sinks downwards to take the place of hot rising water. This
cold water then gets heated by the burner and also rises upwards carrying its heat
upwards. And more cold water sinks downwards. This process of hot water rising
upwards and cold water sinking downwards takes place again and again due to
which the whole water in the beaker gets heated uniformly.

The circulatory movements of water in the beaker in which hot water rises and cold
water sinks again and again, are called convection currents. These convection
currents transfer heat from water at the bottom of the beaker to the top of the
beaker rapidly.

15. Name two conductors and two insulators of heat.

Two conductors of heat are metals like aluminium, iron, copper, etc and alloys.

Two insulators of heat are paper, glass, wood, plastic, rubber, etc

16. Are most liquids good or bad conductors of heat?

Most liquids are bad conductors of heat with the exception of mercury which is a
very good conductor of heat.

17. Name a liquid that is a good conductor of heat.

Mercury

18. What conditions are necessary for the transfer of heat from one body to another by
conduction only?

Heat is transferred from one object to another by conduction only if

• the two objects are in contact and

• their temperatures are not the same.

19. List any four effects of heat.

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 The four effects of heat are as follows:

➢ Heat causes a rise in temperature.

➢ Heat causes expansion.
➢ Heat causes a change in the state of matter.
➢ Heat causes a chemical change in matter.

20. How does heat from the sun reach us?

The heat from the Sun reaches us through the process of radiation. There is a vast
empty space (vacuum) between the Earth and the Sun. Therefore, heat can be
transferred to the Earth from the Sun only through radiation, as it does not require
any medium. The radiant heat travels similarly to the speed of light.

21. Give reason:

a) Clinical thermometers have a kink.

The kink does not allow the mercury to fall as soon as the thermometer is taken out
of the mouth and hence allows the user to note the correct reading.
b) Convection cannot take place in solids.
In convection, the particles of a liquid (or gas) actually move from the hotter
regions to the colder regions to transfer heat. The transfer of heat by convection
cannot take place in solids because the particles in the solids are fixed at a place
and hence cannot move about freely.
c) Convection cannot take place in vacuum.
In convection, the particles of a liquid (or gas) actually move from the hotter
regions to the colder regions to transfer heat. The transfer of heat by convection
cannot take place in vacuum because there are no particles of any kind in empty
space which can move and transfer heat.
d) A laboratory thermometer is not suitable for measuring body temperature.
Or, There is no kink in the laboratory thermometer.
A laboratory thermometer is not suitable for measuring human body temperature
due to the absence of kink. It prevents the backflow of mercury into the
thermometer when the thermometer bulb is removed from the patient's mouth. If
we use a laboratory thermometer, the mercury level will fall down immediately as
soon as the thermometer is taken out of the patient's mouth which will give the
wrong reading of the body temperature.
Also, a lab thermometer is very long and has a wide range of measurements and is
difficult to handle. Therefore, it is not advisable to use a laboratory thermometer for
measuring human body temperature.
e) In a mercury thermometer, the level of mercury rises when its bulb comes in contact
with a hot object.
This is because mercury expands on heating, hence its level rises in the capillary
when comes in contact with a hot object.
f) The clinical thermometer is not used to measure high temperatures.

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 The clinical thermometer has a range of 35°C to 42°C. It cannot be used to measure
the temperature of boiling water because the temperature of boiling water is more
than the fixed range of the clinical thermometer. If we try to measure the
temperature of boiling water, it will break down.
g) A few sharp jerks are given to a clinical thermometer before using it.
A few sharp jerks are given to the thermometer before use to ensure an accurate
reading causing the mercury level to flow into the bulb at a lower temperature than
normal.
h) It is not advised to hold the thermometer by its bulb while reading it.
It is advised not to hold the thermometer by its bulb while reading it because if we
hold a thermometer by its bulb, the mercury in the bulb will expand due to our body
temperature and effect the actual reading.
i) Shopkeepers selling ice blocks usually cover them with jute sacks.

Shopkeepers selling ice blocks usually cover them with jute sacks because jute sack is
an insulating material as jute fibres have a number of fine pores filled with trapped air.
Air is a bad conductor of heat, so it prevents ice from melting at a faster rate.

j) If a pan is removed from the fire, then why does it cool down?
When a pan is removed from the fire, it loses heat to the surroundings by radiation
and it cools down.
k) We wear dark-coloured clothes in winter and light-coloured clothes in summer.
We wear dark-coloured clothes in winter to keep us warm as they absorb all the
heat radiation coming from the sun whereas light-coloured clothes reflect most of
the heat radiation coming from the sun that falls on them and therefore we feel
more comfortable wearing them in the summer.
l) Room heaters have shiny reflectors.
Since, the shiny surface absorbs very little heat due to which the reflectors reflect all
the heat which makes the room heaters more effective. So, due to this reason, room
heaters have shiny reflectors.
m) Woollen clothes keep us warmer in winter than cotton clothes.
Woollen clothes contain a large amount of trapped air. Since air is a bad conductor
of heat it does not allow the body heat to flow out, as a result of which, we feel
warm and comfortable.
n) Two thin sweaters feel warmer than one thick sweater.
This is because air is trapped between them and the air is a bad conductor of heat.
It does not let heat pass from our body to the surrounding.
o) Ventilators in houses are provided at the top of the walls.
Ventilators are provided in the rooms at the top of the walls because if the air inside
the room gets hot, the hot air rises up and flows out through these ventilators and
thus cool air remains at the bottom. It brings cool and fresh air into the room. Thus,
ventilators maintain conventional currents to keep the air fresh in the room.
p) The freezer is located at the top of the refrigerator.
This is because it cools the rest of the space in the fridge by convection currents.
The air near the freezer cools and descends while the warmer air from the bottom

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 rises up. The convection current so set-up quickly cool the entire chamber of the
refrigerator.
q) In a room it is best to place a room heater on the floor but an air conditioner near
the ceiling.
In a room, it is best to place a room heater on the floor but an AC near the
ceiling because the heater produces hot air which rises up making the air in the
room warm whereas AC is usually used in summer to keep the air cool and is placed
near the ceiling so that the cold air spreads in the room making it cool.
r) Cloudy nights are warmer than clear nights.
Cloudy nights are warmer compared to clear cloudless nights because clouds reflect
back the heat given off by the earth.
s) Utensils are made of metal while their handles are made of plastic.
This is because metals are good conductor of heat and hence food will get cooked
easily in the utensils. Their handles are made of plastic because plastic is insulator
of heat, so does not get heated while cooking and enables safe usage of the utensil.
t) The radiators in cars are painted black.
This is because black bodies are better radiators.

22. Explain the reason for serving tea in China clay cups and plates.

Tea is generally served in China clay cup and plates because China clay is a bad
conductor of heat which do not allow the heat to pass through it and hence keep the
tea hot.

23. Explain the reason for wrapping ice in gunny bags.

Since we know that gunny bags consist of a number of fine pores which are filled
with air. As air is a bad conductor of heat, so due to this reason, it does not allow
the external heat to move inside and melts the ice.

24. Explain with the help of diagrams how sea and land breezes are set up.

During the day, the land gets heated up faster than the sea. So, the air above the
land becomes warmer and lighter and moves upward. The air above the sea, which
is relatively cooler, rushes to take its place. This results in sea breeze during the day.

During the night, the land cools faster than the sea. Therefore, the air above the
land is cooler and denser, while the air above the sea is warmer and lighter. The air
above the sea will move upwards and the cooler air from the land will rush to take
its place. This causes land breeze during the night.

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25. Black objects absorb more heat than white or polished ones. Give two daily uses of
this principle.

• Cooking utensils have black-polished/black-painted outer surfaces to absorb

more heat. This helps in cooking the food in less time.
• During winter, we wear black or dark-coloured clothes, as these can absorb
more heat and keep us warm than white or dull-coloured ones.

26. Black objects radiate more heat than white objects. Give two everyday uses of this
principle.

• The back of the refrigerators are painted with a dull black colour so that they
can radiate the heat to the surroundings and cool themselves down.
• Hot plates are coloured black so that they can radiate more heat energy to
serve their purpose efficiently.

27. Explain the reason for the following statement, “When heat is applied at the bottom
of the water vessel, then it gets heated more quickly than when it is heated at the
top.”

Or, Two test tubes full of water are heated - one from below and the other near the
top. In which case will the water heat up faster and why?

When water is heated from below, the water near the flame gets hot. Its density
decreases and hence becomes light and rises up. Cooler water from above comes
down to take its place. So, convection currents are set up and the whole water gets
heated.

When water is heated from the top, the water present in the upper portion becomes
hot and these hot water molecules being lighter, gets fixed over the surface. It will
conduct a very small amount of heat to the bottom part of the water because water
is a poor conductor of heat. Hence, water will not be heated properly.

28. Two objects at the same temperature - one bigger than the other - are placed in
contact. Will heat be transferred from one object to another? Explain.

We know heat gets transferred from a body having a higher temperature to a body
having a lower temperature until they are at the same temperature irrespective of
their size. Here, as both objects are at the same temperature, there will not be any
heat transfer from one object to another due to thermal equilibrium.

29. Is the body temperature of every person 37°C?

No, the body temperature of every person is not 37°C. It is an average temperature.
It could be slightly higher or slightly lower.

30. While reading a clinical thermometer, what precautions should we take?

A clinical thermometer should not be used for any object other than the human
body. There are some following precautions which are to be observed while reading
a clinical thermometer.
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 ➢ It should be washed before and after use, preferably with an antiseptic solution.
➢ It should be ensured that the mercury level is below 35°C before use.
➢ It should be read keeping the level of mercury along the line of sight.
➢ The thermometer must be handled with care.
➢ It should not be held by the bulb while reading.

31. State the limitation of a clinical thermometer.

The clinical thermometer cannot be used for measuring the temperature of any
object more than 42°C (i.e. more than the body temperature). If it is kept in the sun
or near a flame, then this clinical thermometer can break.

32. Two identical tin cans A and B are taken. The outer surface of can A is painted black
and the outer surface of can B is painted white. An equal amount of water is poured
into each and then they are left in the mid-day sun for about an hour. The
temperature of the water is then measured in both cans. In which can, water is
warmer?

Can A which is painted black will be hotter when kept under the sun for an hour
because the black body absorbs more heat and does not let it out from it. It is the
property of the black body to absorb heat and there is no chance of heat to escape.

33. A candle is lit. One hand is kept above the flame and one hand is on
the side of the flame as shown in the figure. Do both hands feel
equally hot? If not, which hand feels hotter? And why?

The air around the candle gets heated up and rises, and cool air
from the sides comes and takes its place. Hence the air towards the
top gets heated by convection. Therefore, the hand above the flame
feels hot. On the sides, however, there is no convection and air do
not feel as hot as at the top.

34. A rectangular wooden box having a sliding pane

glass front is used to make the interior visible. Two
wide glass tubes are fitted in the holes at the top of
the box as shown in the figure. A lighted candle below
one of the glass tubes is placed and a smoking paper
above the other glass tube is held. It was observed 2 1
that the smoke travels from Chimney 1 and comes out
of chimney 2. Explain why this happens.

The air above the candle flame gets heated, expands,

becomes lighter, rises And goes out of chimney 2. This
makes the air and smoke from the smoking paper rush in
through Chimney 1 to fill up the space thus created. The
mixture of air and smoke gets heated by the candle and
goes out through Chimney 2. This movement of hot and cold air sets up convection
current.

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35. Paper pins are stuck to a metal rod with wax and a lighted candle is kept below the
rod as shown in the diagram below.

a) Which one of the paper pins will fall off the metal rod first?
The paper pin P falls off first as the heat travels along the length of the rod from
the hot end to the cold end.
b) What does this experiment illustrate?
This experiment illustrates that heat gets transferred from hot part of a body to
cold part.
36. Which canned drink will remain cold the longest? Why?

P will remain cold the longest because bubble pack is a poor conductor of heat
than cotton wool and aluminium foil because the air trapped inside it acts as an
insulating layer and does not allow heat to flow in.
37. A student took an iron rod and a wooden rod and wrapped each of them in a
piece of paper. These were then heated. It was found that the paper around the
iron rod does not burn whereas the one around the wooden rod catches fire.
Why?

It is because iron is a good conductor of heat, so, the heat given to the paper
wrapped around iron readily gets transferred to the iron rod. On the other
hand, wood is a bad conductor of heat, therefore, the heat, in this case, does not
get transferred to the wood and the paper starts burning.
38. Rohan wants to test whether a white object or a black object would heat up faster
in the Sun. The given picture shows you his experiment. These thermometers were
left out in the Sun for 30 minutes. Which thermometer will show the highest
temperature and why?

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 Thermometer 2 will show the highest temperature as a black surface absorbs
more heat than a bright surface.
39. Two glass test tubes are heated from two different
places of the test tubes. In which test tube will all the
water heat up first?
(a)In X only
(b)In Y only
(c)In both X and Y at same time
(d)Cannot be determined

3. 6.

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 7. 9.

10.

8.

Science Xam Idea should also be followed thoroughly along with this.

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