10

Matrices 10.1

Chapter Matrices
INTEXT EXERCISE: 1
1. If aij = 0 6 i ! j, matrix is diagonal
5. f ] Ag = 2A2 - 3A
2. Adding the equations,
3A = = G &A == G A2 = = G= G== G
6 6 2 2 -2 1 -2 1 4 1

12 - 9 4 -3 0 3 0 3 0 9

A2 = = G= G G-= G
cos a sin a cos a sin a
2A2 - 3A = =
8 2 -6 3
3.
- sin a cos a - sin a cos a 0 18 0 9

== G
cos2 a - sin2 a 2 cos a sin a
== G
14 - 1

- 2 sin a cos a - sin2 a + cos2 a 0 9

== G
cos 2a sin 2a

- sin 2a cos 2a 6. A T =- A

A== G , B== G
3 2 -1 2
4. & A, A T are skew symmetric
1 4 -1 1
7.
AB = = G= G== G
3 2 -1 2 -5 8 A ! 0.

1 4 -1 1 -5 6
cos i sin i cos i - sin i
8. AA T = = G= G
BA = = G= G== G
-1 2 3 2 -1 6
- sin i cos i sin i cos i
-1 1 1 4 -2 2
== G
1 0

AA T = = G= G = = G
3 2 3 1 13 11
0 1
1 4 2 4 11 17
9. From theory
A2 = = G= G = = G
3 2 3 2 11 14

1 4 1 4 7 18 10. A n is symmetric 6 n ! N, not only for odd values
B2 = = G= G== G
-1 2 -1 2 -1 0
of n .
-1 1 -1 1 0 -1
clearly, answer is (d)
INTEXT EXERCISE: 2
1. From theory.
A ^adj A h =
10 0
4. 0 10
2. AA T = I , BB T = I
& A 2 = 100
] ABg] ABgT = ABB T A T = AA T = I

] BAg] BAgT = BAA T B T = BB T = I
& A = 10

5. AB = I
& AB, BA are also orthogonal.
R VR V
3. A - mI = 0 SSS2 0 7WWWSSS- x - 14x 7x WWW
& SS0 1 0WWSS 0 1 0 WW
1-m 3 SS WWSS W
& =0 S1 - 2 1WS x - 4x - 2xWW
2 2-m T XT X
& ]m - 1g]m - 2g - 6 = 0 & 5x = 1

& m2 - 3m - 4 = 0 1
&x= 5

& m =- 1, 4
10.2 Mathematics
6. det ^^Adj A h]2 ABg-1 h 1 K 3
9. 3 K -2 = 0
det ^Adj A h 2 3 -4
det ]2ABg

&- 4K + 6 - K ]- 12 + 4g + 3 ]9 - 2K g = 0
A 1 1
= = 4#2 = 8
4 A B
&- 2K + 33 = 0
-
1 2 1 adj A
7. A -1 = = G = 33
2 -1 A &K= 2

== G
1/5 2/5 1 1 -1
2/5 - 1/5 a2 b2 c2
10. 3= 12 - 21 12
a 4 1 a b c
8. 1 1 1
b 3 1 =0
a2 b2 c2
c 2 1

& a - 4 ]b - cg + ]2b - 3cg = 0
1 1 -1
1
= 1 -1 1
a2 b2 c2
1 1 1
& a - 2b + c = 0
! 0 Also, x = ! a , y = ! b , z = ! c are solutions.
& a, b, c are in AP
Thus the system has finitely many solutions.

EXERCISE - 1
RS V
Types of Matrices and Algebra of Matrices SS1 3 m + 2WW
1. It is obvious. W
7. The matrix SS2 4 8 WW is singular
SS W
S3 5 10 WW
T X
2. Clearly, AB = = G= G
cos a - sin a cos b - sin b
sin a cos a sin b cos b 1 3 m+2
If 2 4 8
cos ^a + bh - sin ^a + bh
=0
== G = BA ^verifyh 3 5 10
sin ^a + bh cos ^a + bh
RS V
SS1 0 1WWW & 1 ]40 - 40g - 3 ]20 - 24g + ]m + 2g]10 - 12g = 0
3. D = SS0 1 1WW =- 1 ! 0,
SS W
S1 0 0WW & 2 ]m + 2g = 12 & m = 4.
T X
hence matrix is non-singular. 8. By inspection, A’ is a matrix of order 3 × 3 and B’

RS VR V RS V is a matrix of order 3×2. Therefore multiplication of

SS1 0 0 WWWSSS1 0 0 WWW SS1 0 0WWW
4. A2 = A.A = SS0 1 0 WWSS0 1 0 WW = SS0 1 0WW = I these matrices is defined.
SS WS W SS W
Sa b - 1WWSSa b - 1WW S0 0 1WW
T XT X T X 9. In the product AB, the required element

A2 = = G= G = = G, and C33 = ]- 2g 3 + 2.5 + 0.0 =- 6 + 10 = 4.

1 1 1 1 1 2
5.
0 1 0 1 0 1
10. Since a square matrix A whose elements aij = 0 for
A3 = A2 .A = = G= G = = G
1 2 1 1 1 3

0 1 0 1 0 1
i < j .Then A is the lower triangular matrix.
& A n = A n - 1 .A = = G= G = = G.
1 n-1 1 1 1 n


0 1 0 1 0 1 11. 6aij@n # n square matrix is a upper triangular matrix
6. Since AB = O,even if A ! O and B ! O.
for aij = 0, i > j .
 Matrices 10.3
12. A = k B , by fundamental concept.
n RS VW RS VW
SS1 2 - 1WW SS1 0 0WW
22. A = SS3 0 2 WW, B = SS2 1 0WW
13. We have AB = B and BA = A . SS W SS W
S4 5 0 WW S0 1 3WW
T X T X
Therefore A2 + B2 = AA + BB = A ] BAg + B ] ABg
RS
SS 1 # 1 + 2 # 2 + ]- 1 g ]0g
S
AB = S 3 # 1 + 0 # 2 + 2 # 0
SS
= ] ABg A + ] BAg B = BA + AB = A + B, S 4#1+5#2+0#0
T
1 # 0 + 2 # 1 + ]- 1g]1 g 1 # 0 + 2 # 0 + ]- 1g]3 gWW
V
(a AB = B and BA = A) W
3 # 0 + 0 # 1 + 2 # 1 3 # 0 + 0 # 0 + 2 # 3 WW
W
14. A + B is defined & A and B are of same order 4 # 0 + 5 # 1 + 0 # 1 4 # 0 + 5 # 0 + 0 # 3 WW
RS V X
SS 5 1 - 3WWW
Also AB is defined & Number of columns in A ` AB = SS 3 2 6 WW .
SS W
S14 5 0 WW
= Number of rows in B Obviously, both T X
23. Given AB = A, ` B = I & BA = B, ` A = I
simultaneously mean that the matrices A and B are
Hence, A2 = A and B2 = B.
square matrices of same order. Special Types of Matrices, Transpose, Adjoint and
Inverse of Matrices
15. Given, A and B are square matrices of order n × n. RS V
SS 3 - 2 - 1WWW
We know that ] A - Bg2 = ] A - Bg] A - Bg 24. Let A = SS- 4 1 - 1WW, then
SS W
S 2 0 1 WW
T X
= A2 - AB - BA + B2 Note that AB ! BA in general.
3 -2 -1
A = -4 1 -1 = 1
16. We know that every identity matrix is a scalar matrix.
2 0 1
17. Given, Matrix A = = G.
0 -1
The matrix of cofactors of A
1 0
RS V R V
SSc11 c12 c13WWW SSS1 2 - 2WWW
Weknowthat A2 = A.A = = G= G== G
0 -1 0 -1 -1 0
= SSc21 c22 c23WW = SS2 5 - 4WW
1 0 1 0 0 -1 SS W S W
Sc31 c32 c33WW SS3 7 - 5WW
]- 1g8 0 T X T X
Therefore A16 = ] A2g8 = =
8
G == G
-1 0 RS V
0 ]- 1g8
SS 1 2 3 WW
0 -1
Therefore, adj ] Ag = SSS 2 5
W
7 WW
W
= = G.
1 0 SS- 2 - 4 - 5WW
TR XV
0 1
SS 1 2 3 WW
S W
18. Matrix multiplication distributive and associative
1
` A = A .adjA = SS 2 5
-1
7 WW, ^a A = 1h
SS W
S- 2 - 4 - 5WW
not commutative. T X
25. ] ABg-1 = B -1 A -1 .
19. On expansion, A = k2 + 1, which can be never zero.
RS V
SS- 4 - 3 - 3WWW
Hence matrix A is invertible for all real k. 26. The cofactors of N = SS 1 0 1 WW are
SS W
S 4 4 3 WW
1 2 T X
20. Put a = 1; ` A = = 4-4 = 0
2 4 c11 =- 4, c12 = 1, c13 = 4; c21 =- 3, c22 = 0, c23 = 4
Hence, A is a singular matrix for a = 1. c31 =- 3, c32 = 1, c33 = 3
21. First note that PQ must be of order 3×2 and its SRS- 4 - 3 - 3VWW
S W
` adj N = SS 1 0 1 WW = N.
^1, 1hth entry is i ]- ig + 0 - i ] i g = 2 . SS W
S 4 4 3 WW
T X
10.4 Mathematics
27. It is obvious. 38. Adj A = A n-1
= dn - 1 .
28. ] I - Ag] I + Ag = I - A2 = O,
39. It is obvious.
{Since A is involuntory, therefore A = I} . 2

40. As I3 I3 = I3, therefore I3-1 = I3 .

RS V RS V
SS1 0 0WWW SSk 0 0WWW
29. Let I = SS0 1 0WW , then kI = SS0 k 0WW 41. When aij = 0 for i ! j and aij is constant for i = j,
SS W SS W
S0 0 1WW S0 0 kWW
T X T X then the matrix 6aij@n # n is called a scalar matrix.
RS 2 VW
SSk 0 0 WW
& adj ]kI g = SS 0 k2 0 WW = k2 I 42. The given matrix is a skew-symmetric matrix
SS W
S 0 0 k2WW
T X 5a A' =- A?.
30. We know by the fundamental concept that
43. Given, Square matrices A and B of same order. We
adj ^adj A h = A n-2
A.
know that if A and B are non-singular matrices of the
31. For A = = G, adj ] Ag = = G and A =- 1 .
i 0 i/2 0
0 i/2 0 i 2 same orders, then ] ABg-1 = B -1 A -1 .

` A -1 = A ^adj A h =
1 1 =i/2 0G =- i 0 G
44. We have, A ^adj A h = = G
= . 10 0
- 1/2 0 i 0 - 2i
0 10
32. A ^adj A h = A.A -1 A = A I.
or A ^adj A h = 10 = G = 10I
1 0
…..(i)
0 1
33. It is obvious.
and A -1 = A ^adj A h
1
RS V
SS 1 0 0WWW
34. A = SS 5 2 0WW
SS W A ^adj A h = A I …..(ii)
S- 1 6 1WW
T X
` From equation (i) and (ii), we get A = 10.
RS V R V
SS2 - 5 32 WWW SSS 2 0 0WWW
& adj ] Ag = SS0 1 - 6WW = SS- 5 1 0WW . 45. By fundamental property,
SS W S W
S0 0 2 WW SS 32 - 6 2WW
T X T X adj ]mX g = m n - 1 ^adj X h .
35. Let A be a symmetric matrix.
Here n = 3
Then AA -1 = I & ] AA -1gT = I
` adj ]mX g = m3 - 1 ^adj X h
& ]A g A = I & ]A g = ]A g
-1 T T -1 T T -1

adj ]mX g = m2 ^adj X h

& ] A g = ] Ag , ]a A = Ag
-1 T -1 T

Relation Between Determinants and Matrices and

& A -1 is a symmetric matrix. Solution of Equations

36. Since A is a skew-symmetric matrix, therefore 46. Since det ]- Ag = ]- 1g3 det A =- det A.

A T =- A & ] A T gn = ]- Agn & ] A ngT = 47. We know that if A, B are n square matrices, then

)
A n, if n is even AB = A B .

- A n, if n is odd
37. If A' = A, then order of A' will be same to order of

A. So it is a square matrix.
 Matrices 10.5
RS VR V R V 51.
SS1 2 3WWW SSS xWWW SSS 6 WWW A =- 1, B = 3 & AB =- 3
48. SS3 1 2WW SS yWW = SS- 6WW
SS WS W S W
2 3 1W S zW S 0 W & 3AB = ]3 g3 ]- 3g =- 81.
T XT X T X
RS V
&AX=B SS1 2 3 WWW
52. A = SS1 4 9 WW
SS W
& X = A -1 B S1 8 27WW
T X
SRS - 5 7 7 WW
V Let cij be cofactor of aij in A.
SS 18 18 18 WW
SS 1 -5 7 WWW
-1
A = SS 18 Then cofactor of elements of A are given by
SS 18 18 WW
SS 7 1 - 5 WW
S 18 18 18 WW 4 9 2 3 2 3
T X C11 = = 36, C21 = =- 30, C31 =
8 27 8 27 4 9
RS VW
SS- 4WW =6
X = A -1 B = SS 2 WW
S W
S2W 1 9 1 3 1 3
T X C12 = =- 18, C22 = = 24, C32 =
1 27 1 27 1 9
& x =- 4, y = 2, z = 2
=- 6
SRS 1 - 1 - 1 WVW
SRS 1 0 1WVW SS 2 2 2 WWW 1 4 1 2 1 2
SS WW S C13 = = 4, C23 = =- 6, C33 = =2
-1 S 1 1 - 1 WW
49. Let A = S- 1 1 0W & A SS 2 2 2 WW
1 8 1 8 1 4
SS WW S
S 0 - 1 1W SS 1 1 1 WW
T X SS 2 2 2 WW
T X SRS 36 - 30 6 VWW
& Adj ] Ag = SS- 18 24 - 6WW
S W
SRS 1 - 1 - 1 WVW
SS W
SS 2 2 2 W RS VW RS VW S 4 - 6 2 WW
SS 1 1 - 1 WWW SS1WW SS- 1WW T X
WS W S W
& Adj ] Ag = 36 ]48 - 36g + 30 ]- 36 + 24g + 6
` AX = B & X = A -1 B = SS 2 2 2 WW SS1WW = SS 0 WW .
SS
SS 1 1 1 WW SS2WW SS 2 WW
2 WW T X T X
]108 - 96g
S2 2
T X
RS VWRS VW RS VW
SS 1 0 1WWSSxWW SS1WW & Adj ] Ag = 144.
Aliter: SS- 1 1 0WWSSyWW = SS1WW
SS WS W S W
S 0 - 1 1WWSSzWW SS2WW
T XT X T X Aliter :- adj A = A n-1
RS VW RS VW
SS x + 0y + z WW SS1WW x+z = 1
& SS- x + y + 0zWW = SS1WW & - x + y = 1 = 123 - 1 = 144
SS W S W
S 0x - y + z WW SS2WW z-y = 2
T X T X 0 1 -1
& ^ x, y, zh = ^- 1, 0, 2h .
53.
D = -1 0 2 = 0
1 -2 0
50. Let A be a skew-symmetric matrix of odd order,

say ]2n + 1g . Since A is skew-symmetric, therefore

1 1 -1

D1 = - 2 0 2 = 14 & D1 ! 0
A T =- A. 3 -2 0

& A T = - A & A T = ]- 1g2n + 1 A a D = 0 and D1 ! 0 , hence the system is

& A T =- A & A =- A inconsistent, so it has no solution.

& 2 A = 0 & A = 0.
10.6 Mathematics
2 1 -1 D = 0, D1 ! 0
54. D = 1 - 3 2 = 0
1 4 -3 Hence number of solutions is zero

2 1 7 55. Given A = 6 and B = 5A2

D1 = 1 - 3 1 = 7
1 4 5 & B = 5 A 2 = 5 # 36 = 180.

EXERCISE - 2
Types of Matrices and Algebra of Matrices
10. Since A2 = = G= G== G! A
1 2 1 2 -4 2
1 2 1 2 5 8
M2 = = G= G== G
-3 0 -3 0 -3 -6
1.
2 3 2 3 8 13
B2 = = G= G== G! B
-1 0 -1 0 1 0
2
M - λM - I2 2 3 2 3 4 9

Now AB = = G= G== G
1 2 -1 0 3 6
5-λ-1 8 - 2λ
== G= 0 & λ = 4 -3 0 2 3 3 0
8 - 2λ 13 - 3λ - 1
and BA = = G= G== G
2. It is obvious that (m,n) =(3, 4). -1 0 1 2 -1 -2
2 3 -3 0 -7 4
3. By inspection, A2 and A matrix is of order 3 # 3,
Obviously, AB ! BA.
while B matrix is of order 3 # 2 . Therefore,
11. A = = G & A2 = = G= I
0 i 1 0
-i 0 0 1
A2 + 2B - 2A is not defined.
& ] A2g20 = A 40 = ] I g20 = = G .
1 0

A = A.A = = 2 G= G
ab b2 ab b2 0 1
4. 2
- a - ab - a2 - ab RS VW RS V
SS2WW SS2 4 6 WWW
12. BA = SS3WW [1 2 3] 1 # 3 = SS3 6 9 WW
== 3 G= O
a2 b2 - a2 b2 ab3 - ab3
SS WW SS W
- a b + a3 b - a2 b2 + a2 b2 S4W3 # 1 S4 8 12WW3 # 3
T X T X
RS VW
& A3 = A.A2 = 0 and A n = 0, for all n $ 2. SS2WW
AB = 51 2 3?1 # 3 SS3WW = 520?1 # 1 .
5. It is obvious. SS WW
S4W3 # 1
SRS2 0 0WVW RS 5 V R V T X
S 2 0 0 WW SSS2 0 0WWW So, AB and BA are defined.
SS WW S W
6. A = S0 2 0W & A = SS 0 2 0 WW = 2 SS0 2 0WW
5 5 4
SS W SS W SS W 13. AB = O & AB = O
S0 0 2WW S 0 0 25WW S0 0 2WW
T X T X T X
& A . B = 0 & A = 0 or B = 0
= 16 A.
When AB = O, neither A nor B may be O.
7. It is based on fundamental concept.
For example if A = = G and B = = G, then
1 0 0 0

0 0 1 0
3 1 5 -1
8. A== G B== G
AB = = G .
0 0
4 1 2 3
0 0
AX = B
14. aij = 2 ]3i - 2ig
1
-1
&X=A B
& a11 = 1/2, a12 =- 1/2 and a21 = 2, a22 = 1
-1 1 5 -1 -3 4
== G= G == G
` A = 6aij@2 # 2 = = G
4 -3 2 3 14 - 13 a11 a12

a21 a22
9. We have ] A + Bg] A - Bg = A2 - AB + BA - B2
`A == G.
1/2 - 1/2

` Option (a) is not true. 2 1
 Matrices 10.7
JK- 1 0 0 NO
15. Given kA = = G & k= G== G
0 3a 0 2 0 3a K O
2b 24 3 -4 2b 24 (ii) ]- 1g I = KKK 0 - 1 0 OOO ! A
KK 0 0 - 1OO
& 2k = 3a, 3k = 2b, - 4k = 24 L P

2k 3k (iii) A = 1 ! 0 & A -1 exists.

& a = 3 , b = 2 , k =- 6
(iv) Clearly A, is not a zero matrix.
& k =- 6, a =- 4, b =- 9
Special Types of Matrices, Transpose, Adjoint and
2+x 3 4 Inverse of Matrices
16. Given, 1 - 1 2 = 0 21. In A -1 , the element of 2nd row and 3rd column is
x 1 -5
the c32 element of the matrix ^cij h of cofactors of
& ]2 + xg]5 - 2g - 3 ]- 5 - 2xg + 4 ]1 + xg = 0
element of A, (due to transposition) divided by
& 6 + 3x + 15 + 6x + 4 + 4x = 0
D = A =- 2.
]- 1g3 + 2 M32 - ]- 2g
25
& 13x =- 25 & x =- 13 .
` Required element = -2 = - 2 =- 1.
RS VR V R V
SS1 1 0WWWSSS1 1 0WWW SSS2 3 1WWW
where M32 = minor of c32 in A = = G = 0 - 2 =- 2.
1 1
17. A2 = AA = SS1 2 1WWSS1 2 1WW = SS5 6 2WW
SS WS W S W 2 0
S2 1 0WWSS2 1 0WW SS3 4 1WW
T XT X T X
22. R ] s g R ] t g = = G= G
cos s sin s cos t sin t
RS VWRS VW RS V
SS2 3 1WWSS1 1 0WW SS 7 9 3WWW - sin s cos s - sin t cos t
& A3 = A2 A = SS5 6 2WWSS1 2 1WW = SS15 19 6WW
cos ]s + tg sin ]t + sg

== G = R ]s + tg .
SS WS W S W
S3 4 1WWSS2 1 0WW SS 9 12 4WW
- sin ]s + tg cos ]t + sg

T XT X T X
RS VW
SS1 0 0WW 23. Since A,B are symmetric & A = A' and B = B'
Here, A - 3A = SS0 1 0WW = I & A3 - 3A2 - I = 0.
3 2

= ] AB - BAg ' = ] ABg ' - ] BAg ' = B'A' - A'B'

SS W
S0 0 1WW
T X
=- ] A'B' - B'A'g =- ] AB - BAg
18. 2A + 2B = = G, A - 2B = = G
2 0 -1 1
2 2 0 1
& ] AB - BAg is skew-symmetric.
On adding, we get 3A = = G & A = = G.
1 1 1/3 1/3

2 1 2/3 1/3 24. ] M'AM g ' = M'A'M = M'AM
19. Determinants of unit matrix of any order = 1.
{A is symmetric. Hence M'AM is a symmetric
JK 0 0 - 1NO
K O
20. Let A = KKK 0 - 1 0 OOO matrix).
KK- 1 0 0 OO
L P 25. A square matrix is to be orthogonal matrix if
Check by options.
A'A = I = AA'
JK 0 0 - 1NOJK 0 0 - 1NO
K OK O
(i) A = KKK 0 - 1 0 OOOKKK 0 - 1 0 OOO
2
& A ==
cos a sin a
G, A' = =
cos a - sin a
G
KK- 1 0 0 OOKK- 1 0 0 OO - sin a cos a sin a cos a
L PL P
& AA' = = G, A'A = = G
1 0 1 0
JK1 0 0NO
K O 0 1 0 1
A = KKK0 1 0OOO = I
2

KK0 0 1 OO ` AA' = A'A = I.

L P
10.8 Mathematics
26. 3A3 + 2A2 + 5A + I = 0 & I =- 3A3 - 2A2 - 5A JK 4 2 2 NOO
KK
38. Given, KK- 5 0 aOOO = 10A -1
& IA -1 =- 3A2 - 2A - 5I & A -1 =-^3A2 + 2A + 5I h KK 1 - 2 3 OO
L P
27. It is skew-symmetric. JK 4
K 2 2 NOOJKK1 - 1 1 NOO JKK10 0 0 NOO
RS V & KKK- 5 0 aOOOKKK2 1 - 3OOO = KKK 0 10 0 OOO
SS0 1 0WWW KK 1 3 OOKK1 1 1 OO KK 0 0 10OO
28. A = SS1 0 0WW & A =- 1 ]1 + 0g =- 1
-2
L PL P L P
SS W
S0 0 1WW &- 5 + a = 0 & a = 5
T X
RS V
SS A11 A21 A31WWW (Equating the element of 2nd row and first column).
adj ] Ag = SS A12 A22 A32WW
SS W
S A13 A23 A33WW 39. It is obvious.
T X
& A11 = 0, A12 =- 1, A13 = 0 Relation Between Determinants and Matrices and
A21 =- 1, A22 = 0, A23 = 0 Solution of Equations
40. Here A ! 0. Hence unique solution.
A31 = 0, A32 = 0, A33 =- 1
RS V
RS V SS2 0 0WWW
adj ] A g SS0 1 0WWW 41. A = SS0 2 0WW = 2I
SS W
& A -1 = = SS1 0 0WW = A. S0 0 2WW
A SS W T X
S0 0 1WW RS V
T X SS2 4 6WWW
29. Since adj A = A n-1
, therefore A = 0 ` AB = 2IB = 2B = SS0 2 6WW
SS W
S0 0 4WW
T X
& adj A = 0 & adj A is also singular. 2 4 6
Therefore AB = 0 2 6 = 2 ]8 g = 16
30. A. = G== G= G== G = 2= G = 2I.
1 1 1 -1 1 1 2 0 1 0 0 0 4
-1 1 1 1 -1 1 0 2 0 1
Aliter: A = 2 # 2 # 2 = 8, B = 1 # 1 # 2 = 2
31. It is obvious.

32. We have, ] AA T g = ] A T gT A T = AA T (by reversal law)
` AB = A B = 2 # 8 = 16.

` AA T is symmetric matrix. 42. Form (ii) equation, 2 ^ x + y h = 3 or 2.2 = 3 or 4 = 3

Which is not feasible, so given equation has no
33. A = 1 ! 0 , therefore A is invertible. Thus (d) is
not correct. solution.

34. A2 - A + I = 0 43. A .adj ] Ag = A 3

for order n, DD' = D n .
& I = A - A 2 & I = A ] I - Ag
44. AX = B
& A -1 I = A -1 (A ] I - Ag) & A -1 = I - A.
SRS 2 1 WV
35. Since A2 = O (Zero matrix) and 2 is the least +ve SS 3 3 0 WW RS VW
SS - 1 W S0W
1 WWW SS3WW
integer for which A2 = O . Thus, A is nilpotent of & X = A -1 B = SS 2 0 2 WW SS WW
SS S W
index 2. SS 5 - 1 - 1 WWW T4X
S 6 3 2 W
T X
3 2 4 RS VW
SS 1 WW
36. K = A ; A = 1 2 - 1 = 11.
& X = SS 2 WW
0 1 1 SS WW
S- 3W
37. A. ^adj A h = A I . Here A = cos2 x + sin2 x = 1.
T X
&x=1
Hence, A. ^adj A h) = = G .
1 0
y=2
0 1
z =- 3
 Matrices 10.9
1 1 -1
a2 b2 c2
45. 3= 12 - 21 12
a b c
1 1 1
a2 b2 c2
1 1 -1
1
= 2 2 2 1 -1 1
a b c
1 1 1
! 0 Also, x = ! a , y = ! b , z = ! c are solutions. Thus the system has finitely many solutions.

EXERCISE - 3
Numerical Type
or = G== G
a2 + bc ab + b - ab a b
ac + c - ac bc + ]1 - ag2 c 1-a
A == G
0 1
1.
or = G== G
3 0 a2 + bc b a b
c bc + ]1 - ag2 c 1-a
& A2 = A $ A = = G= G = = G
0 1 0 1 3 0
3 0 3 0 0 3 or a2 + bc = a

a - a2 = bc = 1/4 (given)
& A 4 = A2 $ A2 = = G= G = = G
3 0 3 0 32 0
0 3 0 3 0 32
f ]ag = 1/4

& A8 = = G
4
3 0
0 34 3. Given A2 = A

& I = ] I - 0.4Ag] I - aAg

and A6 = A 4 $ A2 = = 2G= G== G
32 0 3 0 33 0
0 3 0 3 0 33
= I - IaA - 0.4AI + 0.4aA2
Let V = = G
x
y
= I - Aa - 0.4A + 0.4aA
A 8 + A6 + A 4 + A2 + I
= I - A ]0.4 + ag + 0.4aA
= G+= G+= G+= G+= G== G
81 0 27 0 9 0 3 0 1 0 121 0
0 81 0 27 0 9 0 3 0 1 0 121
& 0.4a = 0.4 + a
] A 8 + A6 + A 4 + A2 + I g V = = G
0
11 & a =- 2/3

or = G= G = = G or = G== G
121 0 x 0 121x 0 & 9a = 6

0 121 y 11 121y 11 SRS3ax2 3bx2 3cx2WVW
S W
& x = 0 and y = 1/11 4. We have AB = SS a b c WW
SS W
S 6ax 6bx 6cx WW
T X
& V == G== G
x 0
Now tr. ] ABg = tr. ]C g

y 1/11

= G is an idempotent matrix. & 3ax2 + b + 6cx = ]x + 2g2 + 2x + 5x2 6x ! R

a b
2.
c 1-a
a b 2 a b (Identity)
&= G == G
c 1-a c 1-a
& 3ax2 + 6cx + b = 6x2 + 6x + 4
or = G= G== G
a b a b a b
c 1-a c 1-a c 1-a & a = 2, c = 1, b = 4
10.10 Mathematics
5. Given that AA T = 4I 9. A = a2 - 4

& A 2 = 4 or A = ! 2 A3 = 125
& A = 5 = a2 - 4
adj A
So A T = 4A -1 = 4 A & a2 = 9
RS V RS V 10. AB = A
SSa11 a21 a31WWW SSc11 c21 c31WWW
4
V A
& SSa12 a22 a32WW = A SSc12 c22 c32WW & ABA = 2
SS W SS W
Sa13 a23 a33WW Sc13 c23 c33WW
T X T X & AB = A2
4
Now aij = A cij & A = A2

&- 2cij = A cij ^as aij + 2cij = 0 h

4
&k=1

& A =- 2 Now A + 4I = A + AA T BA = B

V B
= A I + AT & BAB = 2

=- 2 I + A & BA = B2

& A + 4I + 2 A + I = 0, & B = B2

2 &l=1
so on comparing, we get 5m = 2 &= 5
] A + Bg3 = ] A2 + AB + BA + B2g] A + Bg
Hence, 10m = 4
= ] A + A + B + Bg] A + Bg
6. A diagonal matrix is commutative with every square
= 2 ] A + Bg2
matrix if it is scalar matrix; so every diagonal
element is 4. Therefore, A = 64 = 2 # 2 ] A + Bg

1 = 4 ] A + Bg
7. adj A -1 = A -1 2 =
A2
&m=4
& _adj A -1 i =
-1 1

adj A -1 & k+l+m = 6
2
= A =2 =4 2
11. AB = I
ABCr = Cr
A =e o
1 2
8.
-1 3 tr ]Crg = ]2r - 1g .3r

/ tr]Crg = / ]2r - 1g3r

50 50

Characteristic polynomial = ]1 - mg]3 - mg + 2 r=1 r=1

51
2
= m - 4m + 5 = 3 + 49.3
& a = 49, b = 51
& A2 - 4A + 5I = 0
a+b
& 25 = 4
Now, A6 - 4A5 + 8A 4 - 12A3 + 14A2

= ^ A2 - 4A + 5I h^ A 4 + 3A2 - I h + ]- 4A + 5I g

=- 4A + 5I

a + b =- 4 + 5 = I
 Matrices 10.11
12. AB = ] ABg -1

14. M2 = e oe o=e o
1 2 1 2 5 8
& ] ABg2 = I 2 3 2 3 8 13
] ABg3 = AB, ] ABg4 = I and so on M2 - mM - I2 = 0
AB + ] ABg2 + ] ABg3 + ... + ] ABg100
&e o-e o-e o= 0
5 8 m 2m 1 0

= 50 ] AB + I g 8 13 2m 3m 0 1

&e o= 0
J NJ N 4 - m 8 - 2m
KKK2 0 7 OOOKKK- x 14x 7x OOO
Now, AB = KK0 1 0OOKK 0 1 0 O 8 - 2m 12 - 3m
KK1 - 2 1 OOKK x - 4x - 2xOOO
L PL P &m=4
JK5x N 15. A2 = 5A - 7I
KK 0 0 OO
= KK 0 1 0 OOO A3 = 5A2 - 7A
KK 0 10x - 2 5xOO
= 5 ]5A - 7I g - 7A
L P

JK5x 0 0 NOOJKK5x 0 0 NOO
KK
] ABg = KK 0
2
1 O K
0 OOKK 0 1 0 OOO = 18A - 35I
KK 0 10x - 2 5xOOKK 0 10x - 2 5xOO
L PL P A 4 = 18A2 - 35A
=I = 18 ]5A - 7I g - 35A
1
&x= 5
= 55A - 126I
50 ] AB + I g l
tr b 100 A5 = 55A2 - 126A

= 55 ]5A - 7I g - 126A
= 2 ]3 + 3g = 3
1

= 149A - 385I
13. A = e o
cos a sin a
- sin a cos a 4a - 6b 4 # 149 + 6 # 385
1453 = 1453 =2
A2 = e oe o
cos a sin a cos a - sin a
16. BT A = AT
- sin a cos a sin a cos a
AT B = A

=e o
1 0
AAT B = A 2

0 1
Then A3 = A, A 4 = I and so on. B = A2

0 1 0 -1
B = A + 4A2 + 6A3 + 4A 4 + A5 & ==
B G & BT = = G
-1 0 1 0
= A + 4I + 6A + 4I + A
0 -K
G== G
0 - 2
= 8A + 8I `=

K 2 2 0
` = 2 & K4 = 4
K
= 8e o
1 + cos a sin a

17. AX = mX & ] A - mI gX = 0
- sin a 1 + cos a
B =1
but X ! 0 & A - mI = 0

& 64 6]1 + cos ag2 + sin2 a@ = 1 4-m 6 6

& 1 3 - m 2 =0
1 -1 -5 -2 - m
& 2 + 2 cos a = 64
& ]m - 1g]m - 2g2 = 0 & m = 1, 2, 2

1 - 127
& cos a = 128 - 1 = 128

Sum of distinct values 1 + 2 = 3
4 values of a in 6- 2r, 2r@
10.12 Mathematics
1 - ]1 + 2 + 3g 1 - 100
RS V RS V
SS 3 1 0WWW SS 3 1 0WWW ==
G ... = G
18. A = SS 1 - 3 0WW, AT = SS 1 - 3 0WW 0 1 0 1
SS W SS W
S0 0 2WW S0 0 2WW 1 - ]1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 100g
T
T
X T X ==
G
AA & = 4I 0 1
4 $ adj A 4 $ adjA 100 ]101g
& T = 4A -1 =
A = -8
& a =- 2 =- 5050, b = 0
A
a
` + b =- 5050
& 2AT + adj A = 0

a = 2AT + adj A + AAT
d 22. A 2 - 4A + 4I = O & ] A - 2I g2 = O & A = 2I

& = 4I = 43 I = 64
d B = A ] A 4 + 4A3 + 6A 2 + 4A + 1g = A ] A + I g4

` d =8 = 2I ]3I g4 = 162I

19. Let A = =
-4 -5
G , then A =- 8 + 10 = 2 det ]Bg = ]162g2 = 26244

2 2
23. P = adj.Q
1 1

` 3= A -1
= = 2 & 2 3= 1 & P = adj.Q = Q

2
A
20. Characteristic equation of A is A - xI = 0 ` P = ]4g2 & P = 16

RS V
SS1 c 3WWW
& 3 - 3x 2 - x - 3 = 0
x & SS1 3 3WW = 16

SS W
2 4 4W

or T X
A3 - 3A 2 - A - 3I = 0
& 1 ]0 g - c ]- 2g + 3 ]- 2g = 16

] A - I g3 = 4A + 2I

& 2c = 22 & c = 11
^] - I g3 - 4Ah = 2I 24. adj. ^adj.A h = adj.A = ]16g2 = 256
2
A
25. det. ] MM - M ' M g = det. ] M - M 'g $ det.M
1 -1 1 -2 1 -3 1 - 100
21. = G= G= G ... = G M
a is 3rd order matrix
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
1 - ]1 + 2g 1 - 3 1 - 100
& M - M ' is skew-symmetric matrix
==
G= G ... = G
0 1 0 1 0 1 & det. ] M - M 'g = 0

EXERCISE - 4
Single Option Correct
A = diag ^d1, d2, ..., dnh Given, A3 = A
2. If A is nth root of I2, then A n = I2 . Now,
1.
& diag ^d13, d23, ..., d n3 i = diag ^d1, d2, ...dnh A2 = = G= G== G
a b a b a2 2ab

0 a 0 a 0 a2
& d13 = d1, d23 = d2,..., d n3 = dn
A3 = A2 A = = 2 G= G== G
a2 2ab a b a 3 3a 2 b

Hence, all d1, d2, d3,..., dn have three possible values 0 a 0 a 0 a3

Thus, A n = I & = G== G

! 1, 0. Each diagonal element can be selected in a n na n - 1 b 1 0
0 an 0 1
three ways. Hence, the number of different matrices
& a n = 1, b = 0
is 3 . n
 Matrices 10.13
8. A is involuntary. Hence, A = I & A = A
AB = = G= G
2 -1
cos2 i cos i sin i cos2 z cos z sin z
3. 2
cos i sin i sin i cos z sin z sin2 z
also, ]kAg-1 = k ] Ag-1
1
==
cos2 i cos2 z + cos i cos z sin i sin z

cos i sin i cos2 z + cos i sin i cos z sin z
or b 2 A l = 2 ] Ag-1
1 -1
G
cos2 i cos z sin z + cos i sin i sin2 z
cos i cos z sin i sin z + sin2 i sin2 z or 2A
cos i cos z cos ^i - zh cos i sin z ^cos ^i - zhh 9. b A' - 2 I lb A - 2 I l = I and b A' + 2 I lb A + 2 I l
1 1 1 1
== G
sin i cos z cos ^i - zh cos i sin z ^cos i - z)h
=I

= ^cos ^i - zhh= G
cos i cos z cos i sin z
& A + A' = 0 (subtracting the two results)
sin i cos z sin i sin z
or A' =- A
Now, AB = O & cos ^i - zh = 0 & i - z =
& A2 =- 4 I or b 4 l = ^det ] Agh2
3 -3 n

]2n + 1g r/2, n ! Z.
Hence, n is even
4. (i) AB n = ABBBBgB
10. Z is idempotent, then
= ] ABg BBBgB

= B ] ABg BBBgB
Z2 = Z & Z3, Z 4, ..., Z n = Z

= BB ] ABg BBgB ` ] I + Z gn = n C0 I n + n C1 I n - 1 Z + n C2 I n - 2 Z2 + ... +

h n
Cn Z n

= Bn A = n C0 I + n C1 Z + n C2 Z + n C3 Z + ... + n Cn Z

(ii) Similarly , ] ABgn = A n B n = I + ^n C1 + n C2 + n C3 + ... + n Cnh Z

5. From given data, A = 2 4 & adj A = ]2 4g3 = I + ]2 n - 1gZ

& adj ^adj A h = ]2 4g9 = 236 11. We have, AB = A ^adj A h = A In

1 = & 2 0 = ' ]7 + 1g 1 = 1
` AB + KIn = A In + KIn
&'
det (adj (adj A)) 36 12
7 7
7 7
= ^ A + kh In
6. Given A2 = A. Now,
& AB + KIn = ( A + k) In
] I + Ag3 - 7A = I3 + 3I2 A + 3IA2 + A3 - 7A
^a aIn = a nh
= I + 3A + 3A + A - 7A

= I+O = ^ A + K hn

=I 12. A2005 - 6A2004 = A 2004

A - 6I

7. We have, A2 = O, A k = O, 6k $ 2
= ]- 22g 22004 = ]- 11g]2 g2005
0 11
= 22004
Thus, ] A + I g50 = I + 50A
2 -2
13. Given B r = I or B r B -1 = 1B -1
& a = 1, b = 0, c = 0, d = 1
or B r - 1 = B -1

& A -1 B r - 1 A - A -1 B -1 A = A -1 B -1 A - A -1 B -1 A = O
10.14 Mathematics
14. We have, A = ]a + ibg]a - ibg - ]- c + idg]c + idg 18. ] A -1 BAg2 = ] A -1 BAg] A -1 BAg

= a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 = 1 = A -1 B ] AA -1gBA = A -1 BIBA = A -1 B2 A

and adj ] Ag = = G & ] A -1 BAg3 = ] A -1 B2 Ag] A -1 BAg

a - ib - c - id
c - id a + ib

Then A -1 = =
a - ib - c - id
G = A -1 B2 ] AA -1gBA = A -1 B2 IBA
- c + id a - ib
= A -1 B3 A and so on & ] A -1 BAgn = A -1 B n A
15. We know that adj ^adj A h = A ]n - 1g2
19. A = e o & A2 = e oe o=e o
a 0 a 0 a 0 a2 0
]n - 1g2 0 b 0 b 0 b 0 b2
& adj (adj (adj A)) = adj A
& A3 = e oe o e o
a2 0 a 0 a3 0
]n - 1g3 =
= A 0 b2 0 b 0 b3
8
= 2 = 256
& An = e o
an 0

16. A ]xg A ^ y h = ]1 - xg-1 ^1 - yh = G= G
-1 1 -x 1 -y 0 bn
-x 1 -y 1
& ] A ng-1 =
1 eb 0 o ea o
n -n
0
1 + xy - ^ x + y h
=
= ^1 + xy - ^ x + y hh =
n n
G
-1 a b 0 an 0 b -n
- ^ x + y h 1 + xy

& lim ] A ng-1 = e o as a > 1 and b > 1
0 0
RS V
S x + y WW n"3 0 0
x + y -1 SSS 1 - 1 + xy WW
WW = A ] z g
= d1 - n S
1 + xy SS x + y 20. ] I - Ag f ] Ag = I + A
W
S 1 + xy 1 WW
T X or f ] Ag = ] I + Ag] I - Ag-1
1 tan x
= ] I + Ag] I + A + A2g
17. A = 2
= 1 + tan x ! 0
- tan x 1
So A is invertible. Also,
= I + A + A2 + A + A2 + A3
T
adj A = = G == G
1 tan x 1 - tan x

- tan x 1 tan x 1 = I + 2A + 2A2
1
Now, A -1 = A adjA 21. We have, 6F ]xgG ^ y h@ = 6G ^ y h@ 6F ]xg@-1
-1 -1

= G ^- y h F ]- xg
1
=
^1 + tan2 xh= G
1 - tan x
tan x 1
22. Given A,B,A + I, A + B are idempotent. Hence,
RS V
SS 1 - tan x WW
A2 = A, B2 = B, ] A + I g2 = A + I and
2 W
S 1 + tan x 1 + tan x WW
2

= SS tan x 1 WW
SS
S 1 + tan2 x 1 + tan2 x WW
T X ] A + Bg2 = A + B
RS V
SS 1 - tan x WW
1 - tan x S 1 + tan x 1 + tan x WW
` A T A -1 = = GSS
2 2 & A2 + B2 + AB + BA = A + B
WW
tan x 1 SS tan x2 1 W
S 1 + tan x 1 + tan2 x WW & A + B + AB + BA = A + B
T X
SRS 1 - tan2 x - 2 tan x WVW
SS W & AB + BA = O
1 + tan2 x 1 + tan2 x WW
= SS 2 W
SS 2 tan x 1 - tan x WW
S 1 + tan2 x 1 + tan2 x W
T X
== G
cos 2x - sin 2x

sin 2x cos 2x
 Matrices 10.15
RS V
SS 1 2 0WWW
RS V
SS2 - 1 5WWW 28. We have, ] A - 2I g] A - 4I g = O
23. A + 2B = SS 6 - 3 3WW and 2A - B = SS2 - 1 6WW
SS W SS W or A2 - 2A - 4A + 8I = O
S- 5 3 1WW S0 1 2WW
T X T X
& tr ] Ag + 2tr ] Bg =- 1 and 2tr ] Ag - tr ] Bg = 3 or A2 - 6A + 8I = O

Let tr ] Ag = x and tr ] Bg = y. Then, or A -1 ^ A2 - 6A + 8I h = A -1 O

x + 2y =- 1 and 2x - y = 3 or A - 6I + 8A -1 = O

Solving, x = 1 and y =- 1. or A + 8A -1 = 6I

Hence, tr ] Ag - tr ] Bg = x - y = 2
1 4
or 6 A + 3 A -1 = I

24. A = 1 ]0 - 10g - 2 ]2 - 6g + 3 ]4 - 0g 29. Given, A2 = 2A - I

=- 10 + 8 + 12 = 10 Now, A3 = A ] A2g

& A ! 0 & Unique solution = A ]2A - I g

RS V
SSa1 a2 a3WW = 2A2 - A
W
25. Matrix SSb1 b2 b3 WW is orthogonal if
= 2 ]2A - I g - A
SS W
Sc1 c2 c3WW
T X
/ ai2 = / bi2 = / ci2 = 1; / ai bi = / bi ci = / ci ai = 3A - 2I

=0 A 4 = A ] A 3g

26. tr ] Ag = / aij = A ]3A - 2I g

i=j

= ]a11 + a22 + a33 + ... + a10310g

= 3A2 - 2A

= ^w2 + w 4 + w6 + ... + w20h = 3 ]2A - I g - 2A
= w2 ^1 + w2 + w 4 + ... + w18h = 4A - 3I
= w2 [(1 + w + w2) + ... + (1 + w + w2) + 1]
= w2 # 1 Following this, we can say A n = nA - ]n - 1gI.

30. We have = G= G== G

a b a b 1 0
= w2 c -a c -a 0 1

27. A ^a, bh = cos2 ae b + sin2 ae b = e b or =

a2 + bc
2
0
G== G
1 0
0 a + bc 0 1
Now, A ^a, bh = adj ^ A ^a, bhh
-1 1 or a2 + bc - 1 = 0
eb
RS b V Multiple Options Correct
SSe cos a - sin ae 0WWW 31. det ]- Ag = ]- 1gn det ] Ag
b

1
= b SSe b sin a cos ae b 0WW
e SS W
1WW
det ] A -1g =
S 0 0 1
det ] Ag
T X =1
RS VW
det ^adj A h = A
SScos a - sin a 0 WW
n-1
=1
= SSsin a cos a 0 WW
SS W
S 0 0 e - bWW
T X Hence, ~A = ~ n A = 1 only when n = 3k, k ! Z.
= A ^- a, - bh
10.16 Mathematics
32. Given, ] A + Bg2 = A2 + B2 + 2AB Therefore, A is nonsingular; hence, its inverse exists.
or ] A + Bg] A + Bg = A2 + B2 + 2AB Also, multiplying the given equation both sides with
or A2 + AB + BA + B2 = A2 + B2 + 2AB
A -1, we get A -1 =- 2 ] A + I g
1

or BA = AB
Also, if A were skew-symmetric AT =- A
or = G= G== G= G
a 1 1 -1 1 -1 a 1
b -1 2 1 2 1 b -1 & A 2 + A + 2I = 0

or = G== G Taking transpose ] A 2gT + AT + 2I = 0

a + 2 -a + 1 a-b 1+1

b - 2 -b - 1 2a + b 2 - 1

The corresponding elements of equal matrices are ] AT g2 + AT + 2I = 0
equal. a + 2 = a - b, - a + 1 = 2 & a =- 1 ]- Ag2 + ]- Ag + 2I = 0

b - 2 = 2a + b, - b - 1 = 1 & b =- 2 A 2 - A + 2I = 0

& a =- 1, b =- 2 & A 2 + 2I =- A
& - A + A = 0 & 2A = 0 Not possible
33. Given AB = A, BA = B
36. B is an idempotent matrix
& B # AB = B # A
` B2 = B
or ] BAg B = B or B = B 2
Now, A2 = ] I - Bg2
Also, A # B # A = AB = ] I - Bg] I - Bg
= I - IB - IB + B2
& ] ABg A = A
= I - B - B + B2
& A2 = A = I - 2B + B2

Now ] A T g2 = ] A T # A T g = ] A # AgT = ] A2gT = A T

= I - 2B + B
= I-B
Similarly, ] B T g2 = B T =A
Hence, A T and B T are idempotent. Therefore, A is idempotent, Again

AB = ] I - Bg B = IB - B2 = B - B2 = B2 - B2 = O \
34. We have, A ]ig = 1

similarly, BA = B ] I - Bg = BI - B2 = B - B = O.
Hence, A is invertible.
sin ]r + ig i cos ]r + ig
A ]r + ig = = G 37. sin A = = G
cos i sin i
i cos ]r + ig sin ]r + ig

- sin i cos i

== G =- A ]ig and cos A = = G

- sin i - i cos i sin i cos i

- i cos i - sin i cos i sin i

adj ] A ]igg = =
` sin A = cos2 i + sin2 i = 1.
G
sin i - i cos i

- i cos i sin i
Hence, sin A is invertible. Also,
& A ]ig = = G = A ]r - ig
sin i - i cos i
-1

]sin Ag # ]sin AgT = = G= G

- i cos i sin i cos i sin i cos i - sin i

- sin i cos i sin i cos i
35. Given A2 + A + 2I = O
== G
cos2 i + sin2 i 0
& A2 + A =- 2I
0 cos2 i + sin2 i
& A2 + A = - 2I
== G =I
1 0
& A A + I = ]- 2gn
0 1
& A !0
 Matrices 10.17
Hence, sin A is orthogonal. Also, 41. Since A is skew-symmetric, A =- A. We have,
T

2 sin A cos A = 2 = G= G
cos i sin i sin i cos i
A2 + I = O
- sin i cos i cos i sin i
& A2 =- I or AA =- I
= 2= 2 G
2 sin i cos i cos2 i + sin2 i

cos i - sin2 i 0 & A ]- Ag = I

= 2= G ! sin 2A
sin 2i 1
& AA T = I
cos 2i 0
adj ] Ag Again, we know that A = A T and kA = k n A
38. A -1 = A
where n is the order of A. Now,
adj ^adj A h
` ^adj A h =
-1

adj A A T = ]- 1gn # A or A T = ]1 gn A
A n-2 A A
or 61 - ]- 1gn@ A = 0
= =
A
A n-1
Also A ^adj A h = A I
Hence, either A = 0 or 1 - ]- 1gn = 0 , i.e., n is

or A -1 _adj A -1 i = A -1 I even. But A2 = O - I =- I

or A -1 _adj A -1 i = or AA -1 _adj A -1 i =
I A.I
A A & A 2 = ]- 1gn I = ]- 1gn ! 0
or I _adj A -1 i = or _adj A -1 i = = ^adj A h
A A -1
A A Hence, the only possibility is that A is of even order.

SRS0 1 1WVW SRS- 1 1 1 WVW 42. We have

SS WW 1 S W
39. S = S1 0 1W or S = 2 SS 1 - 1 1 WW A2 B = A ] ABg = AA = A2, B2 A = B ] BAg = BB = B2
-1
SS WW SS W
S1 1 0W S 1 1 - 1WW
T X T X
RS VWRS V ABA = A ] BAg = AB = A
SS0 1 1WWSSb + c c + a b - c WWW
We have SA = SS1 0 1WWSSc - b c + a a - bWW
SS WS W and BAB = B ] ABg = BA
S1 1 0WWSSb - c a - c a + bWW
RS VT XT X
SS 0 2a 2aWWW = B.
= SS2b 0 2bWW
SS W RS VR V R V
S2c 2c 0 WW SS1 2 2WWWSSS1 2 2WWW SSS9 8 8WWW
T RS X V R V 43. A2 = SS2 1 2WWSS2 1 2WW = SS8 9 8WW
SS 0 2a 2aWWW SSS- 1 1 1 WWW SS WS W S
S2 2 1WWSS2 2 1WW SS8 8 9WW
W
1
` SAS -1 = SS2b 0 2bWW 2 SS 1 - 1 1 WW T XT X T X
SS WW SS W
S2c 2c 0 W S 1 1 - 1WW We have,
RS VRT XV T X
SS0 a aWWWSSS- 1 1 1 WWW RS V RS V RS V
= SSb 0 bWWSS 1 - 1 1 WW SS9 8 8WWW SS1 2 2WWW SS1 0 0WWW
SS WS W A2 - 4A = 5I3 = SS8 9 8WW - 4 SS2 1 2WW - 5 SS0 1 0WW = O
Sc c 0WWSS 1 1 - 1WW SS W SS W SS W
TR XT X S8 8 9WW S2 2 1WW S0 0 1WW
SS2a 0 0 WVW T X T X T X
S W
= SS 0 2b 0 WW
SS W or 5I3 = A2 - 4A = A ] A - 4I3g
S 0 0 2cWW
T X
= diag ^2a, 2b, 2ch or I3 = 5 ] A - 4I3g or A -1 = 5 ] A - 4I3g
A 1

40. All are properties of diagonal matrix.

Note that A = 5. Since A 3 = A 3 = 53 ! 0, A3 is

invertible. Similarly, A2 is invertible

10.18 Mathematics
adj ]- Ag ]- 1gn - 1 adj ]ag adj ] Ag 46. Here X is an n # 1 matrix, C is a n # n matrix,
44. ]- Ag-1 = -A
= ] gn
-1 A
= =
- A
and X T is a 1 # n matrix. Hence, X T CX is a 1 # 1
-A -1
(for any value of n) Given A = O n

matrix. Let X T CX = k. Then

Now, ] I - Ag] I + A + A2 + ... + A n - 1g = I - A n = I
^ X T CX hT = X T C T ] X T gT = X T ]- C g X =- X T CX =
or ] I - Ag-1 = I + A + A2 + ... + A n - 1
- k & k =- k & k = 0
AA -1 = I

& ] AA -1gT = IT = I & X T CX is a null matrix.

& ] A -1gT AT = I a1 a2 a3
47. A = a4 a5 a6
& ] A -1gT ] AT g] AT g-1 = I ] AT g-1 a7 a8 a9
& ] A -1gT = ] AT g-1
a1 + a3
a1 2 a3
45. Let i = k = 1 (say). Then, a4 + a6
= a4 2 a6
Ai Ak = Ak Ai = A1 A1 a7 + a9
a7 2 a9
RS V R V
SS0 0 0 1WW SS0 0 0 1WW a1 a1 + a3 a3 a1 a1 a3 a1 a3 a3
SS0 W S W 1 1 1
0 1 0WW SS0 0 1 0WW = 2 a4 a4 + a6 a6 = 2 a4 a4 a6 + 2 a4 a6 a6
Ai Ak = A1 A1 = SS W#S W
SS0 1 0 0WW SS0 1 0 0WW a7 a7 + a9 a9 a7 a7 a9 a7 a9 a9
SS1 W S W
0 0 0WW SS1 0 0 0WW
V T X T X
A = 12 ]0 + 0g = 0
RS
SS1 0 0 0WWW
S0 1 0 0WW
= SSS W=I
SS0 0 1 0WWW Also B =
a1 ia2
= a12 + a 22 ! 0
SS0 0 0 1WW ia2 a1
T R X V R V R V
SS 0 0 0 i WW SS 0 0 0 i WW SS1 0 0 0WW 48. adj A = A n-1
SS WW SS WW SS W
S0 0 -i 0W S 0 0 -i 0W S0 1 0 0WW
& adj ] KAg = KA
A2 A2 SS
= W#S W=S W=I
SS 0 i 0 0WW SS 0 i 0 0WW SS0 0 1 0WW n-1
SS- i W S W S W
0 0 0WW SS- i 0 0 0WW SS0 0 0 1WW
= ^ K n ^ A hh
T X T X T X n-1
` Ai Ak + Ak Ai = i + l = 2l

If i ! k let i = 1 and k = 2, then = K n]n - 1g A n-1

RS V R V R V 1 a a2
SS0 0 0 1WW SS 0 0 0 i WW SS- i 0 0 0WW
cos ^ p - d h x cos px cos ^ p + d h x
W S W S W

SS0 0 1 0WW SS 0 0 -i 0WW SS 0 i 0 0WW 49.
sin ^ p - d h x sin px sin ^ p + d h x
Ai Ak = A1 A2 = SS W#S W=S W
SS0 1 0 0WW SS 0 i 0 0WW SS 0 0 -i 0WW
W S W S W
SS1 0 0 0WW SS- i 0 0 0WW SS 0 0 0 i WW
= 1 ^sin ]dxgh - a 6sin ]2dxg@ + a 2 6sin ]dxg@
R T V XR T VW SRX T VX
SS 0 0 0 i WW SS0 0 0 1W S- i 0 0 0 WW
SS W S W S W
0 0 - i 0WW SS0 0WW SS 0 0 WW
= ]1 + a 2g^sin ]dxgh - a sin ]2dxg
S 0 1 i 0
A2 A1 = SS W#S W=S W
SS 0 i 0 0WWW SSS0 1 0 0WW SS 0 0 -i 0 WW
W S W
SS- i 0 0 0WW SS1 0 0 0WW SS 0 0 0 - iWW
T X T X T X & Depends on a, d, x
& A1 A2 + A2 A1 = O
 Matrices 10.19
Comprehension Type RS VW RS VW RS V
SS25 0 0 WW SS1 0 0WW SS 1 0 0WWW
Passage – 1 (Question 50 – 52) & A50 = SS25 25 0 WW - 24 SS0 1 0WW = SS25 1 0WW
SS W SS W S W
S25 0 25WW S0 0 1WW SS25 0 1WW
T X T X T X
50. Let a = = G
a b
c d 50
` A =1

& A2 - ]a + dg A + ]ad - bcgI Also, tr ] A50g = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3. Further

RS VR V R V R V R V
== G= G - ]a + dg= G + ]ad - bcg= G SS 1 0 0WWWSSSxWWW SSS 1 WWW SSSxWWW SSS1WWW
a b a b a b 1 0

c d c d c d 0 1 SS25 1 0WWSSyWW = SS25WW & SSyWW = SS0WW
SS WS W S W S W S W
S25 0 1WWSSzWW SS25WW SSzWW SS0WW
== 2G - = G
a2 + bc ab + bd a2 + ad ab + bd T XT X T X T X T X

ac + cd bc + d ac + cd ad + d2 SRS0WVW SRS0WVW SRS1 0 0WVW
SS WW SS WW S W
+= G Similarly, , 2 = S1W and , 3 = S0W & , SS0 1 0WW
ad - bc 0
SS WW SS WW SS W
0 ad - bc S0W S1W S0 0 1WW
T X T X T X
=O
i.e., , = 1
51. If A = O, tr ] Ag = 0.
PASSAGE – 3 (Question 56 – 58)
Suppose A ! O and RS V
SS 2 1 1 WWW
56. A = SS 2 3 4 WW
A== G . Then A = 0 and
a b SS W
S- 1 - 1 - 2WW
c d T X
A2 - ]a + dg A + ]ad - bcgI = 0
RS VW
SS m 0 0 WW
& m I = SS0 m 0WW
SS W
& a+d = 0 S0 0 mWW
T X
RS V
52. ] I + Ag100 = 100 C0 I100 + 100 C1 I99 A + 100 C2 I98 A2 + ... + 2 -
SS m 1 1 WW
W
& A - m = SS 2 3 - m 4 WW
SS W
100
C100 A100 S - 1 - 1 - 2 - mWW
T X
= I + 100A + O + O + ... + O & det ] A - mI g =- ]m - 1g]m + 1g]m - 3g

= I + 100A Thus, the characteristic roots are - 1, 1 and 3

PASSAGE – 2 (Question 53 – 55) 57. Option (a) is not correct since its characteristic
-m 1
determinant is .The characteristic equation
A n - A n - 2 = A2 - I & A50 = A 48 + A2 - I 1 -m

is m2 - 1 = 0. Therefore, m = 1, - 1 Hence,
Further,
eigenvalues are 1 and - 1 .We similarly note that
A 48 = A 46 + A2 - I matrices given in options (b) and (c) have
A 46 = A 44 + A2 - I eigenvalues 1 and - 1. Hence, they are not correct.
Option (d) has characteristic equation ]1 - mg2 = 0.
h h h h
4 2 2

A = A +A -I
A50 = 25A2 - 24I Hence, eigenvalues are not 1 and - 1.
RS VR V R V
SS1 0 0WWWSSS1 0 0WWW SSS1 0 0WWW
Here, A2 = SS1 0 1WWSS1 0 1WW = SS1 1 0WW
SS WS W S W
S0 1 0WWSS0 1 0WW SS1 0 1WW
T XT X T X
10.20 Mathematics
RS V RS V
SSa1 b1 c1WWW 1 b - a - 1 SS
1 - 2WW
(ii) We have BA = > HSS 3 1 WW
W
58. Let A = SSa2 b2 c2WW
SS W a 1 2 SSS W
Sa3 b3 c3WW - 1 2 WW
T R X V T X
SSa1 - m b1 c1 WW
== G
SS W 2 + 3b - 3a b - a - 4
& A - m = S a2 b2 - m c2 WW
SS W a+1 5 - 2a
S a3 b3 c3 - mWW
T X ` Tr ] BAg = 3b - 5a + 7
& det ] A - mI g = ]a1 - mg6]b2 - mg]c3 - mg - b3 c2@
& For Tr. ] BAg to be maximum,
- b1 6a2 ]c3 - mg - a3 c2@ + c1 6a2 b3 - a3 ]b2 - mg@
a =- 8 and b = 2
Now one of the eigenvalues is zero, so one root of
equation should be zero. Therefore, constant term in
So, BA = = G
32 6
the above polynomial is zero. - 7 21

` det. ] BAg =
` a1 b2 c3 - a1 b3 c2 - b1 a2 c3 + b1 c2 a3 + c1 a2 b3 - c1 a3 b2 32 6
= 714
= 0 (collecting constant terms) - 7 21
But this value is value of determinant of A. (iii) Tr. ] BAg = 3b - 5a + 7 = Tr. ] ABg
(verify yourself)
& For tr. ] ABg to be maximum,
` det A = 0

PASSAGE – 4 (Question 59 – 61)

a = 2 and b =- 8 So, BA = = G
- 28 - 14
Given, f ]xg = - log2 r sin -1 b 5 l
2 x+3
3 1

& log2 r sin -1 b 5 l # 0

2 x+3 ` det.(BA) = - 28 + 42 = 14 = det.(adj..(BA))

As, det.(adj.P) = P n-1
where n is the order of
& 0 < r sin -1 b 5 l # 1 (Double-inequality)
2 x+3

matrix P.
& - 1 # r sin -1 b 5 l # 1
2 x+3

Matching Column Type

& - 2 # sin -1 b 5 l # 2
r x+3 r
62. a. Since A is idempotent, we have A2 = A

x+3 & A3 = AA2 = AA = A2 = A, A 4 = AA3 = AA = A2 = A

&- 1 # 5 # 1 &- 5 # x + 3 # 5
& - 8 # x # 2 ....(1) & An = A

Also, r sin -1 b 5 l > 0 & ] I - Agn = n C0 I - n C1 A + n C2 A2 - n C3 A3 + ...

2 x+3

& x !- 3 ...(2) = I + ^- n C1 + n C2 - n C3 + ...h A

` ]1 g + ]2 g = I + [^n C0 - n C1 + n C2 - n C3 + ...) - n C0] A = I - A
& Domain of f ]xg = x ! 6- 8, 2@ - !- 3 +
b. A is involuntary. Hence, A2 = I
(i) As, a, b, ! I and a, b ! domain of f ]xg, so,
& A3 = A5 = ... = A and A = A = A = ... = I
a & b ! "- 8, - 7, - 6, - 5, - 4, - 2, - 1, 0, 1, 2 ,
2 4 6

& ] I - Agn = n C0 I - n C1 A + n C2 A2 - n C3 A3 + ...
Hence, the number of ordered pairs ( a, b ) is
= n C0 I - n C1 A + n C2 I - n C3 A + n C4 I - ...
= 10 # 10 = 100
= ^n C0 + n C2 + n C4 + ...h I - ^n C1 A + n C3 + n C5 + ...h
 Matrices 10.21
A=2 n-1
] I - Ag b. We have ] I - Ag] I + A + A + .... + A g
2 7

& [] I - Agn] A -1 = 2 n - 1 (I - a) A -1 = 2 n - 1 ] A -1 - I g = I + A + A2 + ... + A7 + ]- A - A2 - A3 - A 4 ... - A8g

c. If A is nilpotent of index 2, then = I - A8 = I ( if A8 = O)

A2 = A3 = A 4 ... = A n = O
c. A skew-symmetric matrix of odd order is singular
& ] I - Ag = C0 I - C1 A + C2 A - C3 A + ...
n n n n 2 n 3

d. If A is symmetric, A -1 is also symmetric for

= I - nA + O + O + ...
matrix of any order.
= I - nA
64. a. A = 2 & 2A -1 = 23 / A = 4
d. A is orthogonal. Hence, AA T = I
b. adj (adj ]2Ag) = 2A 4 = 212 A 4 = 212 /212 = 1
& ] A T g-1 = A
c. ] A + Bg2 = A2 + B2
63. a. Since A is idempotent, A = A = A = g = A.
2 3 4
& AB + BA = O
Now, ] A + I g = I + C1 A + C2 A + ... + Cn A
n n n 2 n n
& AB = - BA =- BA =- AB
= I + n C1 A + n C2 A2 + ... + n Cn A n
& AB = 0
= I + n C1 A + n C2 A + ... + n Cn A
= I + ^n C1 + n C2 + ... + n Cnh A & B =0
= I + ]2 n - 1gA
d. ABC is undefined
& 2 n - 1 = 127 &n=7

Numerical Type 3. Given,

cos i - sin i cos i sin i
1. Let A = [aii] 3 # 3 A== G and A T = = G
sin i cos i - sin i cos i
tr (AAT ) = 3

cos i - sin i cos i sin i
a112 + a122 + a132 + a 21
Now AA T = = G= G
2 2
+ .......... + a33 =3
sin i cos i - sin i cos i

possible cases
= I
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1 " 1 _bb cos i sin i
bb
b & A -1 = A T = = G
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, - 1, - 1, - 1 " 1 b` 9 C # 8 = 84 # 8 = 672 - sin i cos i
0, 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 , - 1 " 3 bbb 6
cos ]nig sin ]nig
bb Now, A -n = = G
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, - 1, 1, - 1 " 3 b
a - sin ]nig cos ]nig
Single Options Correct cos 50i sin 50i
RS1 1 2 WVW ` A -50 = = G
SS - sin 50i cos 50i
W
2. ; A ;= SSS1 3 4WW = ((9 + 4) - 1 (3 - 4) +
WW r
SS At i = 12 , we have
1 - 1 3W
T X RS V
SS cos 50 # r sin 50 # r WWW
2 (- 1 - 3)) = 13 + 1 - 8 = 6 12 12 W
A -50 = SSS W
; adjB ; = ; adjadjA ; = ; A ; (n - 1) =; A ; 4 = (36) 2
SS- sin 50 # r cos 50 # r WWW
2

12 12
RS T VW RS 3 VW X
; C ; = ; 3A ; = 33 # 6
SS cos r sin r WW SS 1 WW
S 6 6 W SS 2 2 WW
; adjB ; = SS WW = S
36 # 36 SS- sin r r W S 1 3 WW
= 3 =8 6 cos 6 W SS- 2 2 WW
;C; 3 #6 T X T X
10.22 Mathematics
4. Given, RS VR V
SS 3 1 WWWSSS 3 - 1 WW
W
RS t V
SSe e t - cos t e -t sin t WWW 6. PP = SS
T S 2 2 WWSS 2 2 WW
A = SSe t - e t cos t - e t sin t - e -t sin t + e -t cos tWW SS - 1 3 WWSS 1 3 WW
SS t WW S 2 WS W
2 WS 2 2 W
Se 2e -t sin t - 2e -t cos t W T XT X
T X
== G= I
1 cos t sin t 1 0

Now, |A| = e -t 1 - cos t - sin t - sin t + cos t 0 1
1 2 sin t - 2 cos t Now, P T Q2015 P
1 cos t sin t = P T PAP T Q2014 P = AP T Q2014 P

=e -t
0 - sin t - 2 cos t cos t - 2 sin t
0 2 sin t - cos t - 2 cos t - sin t AP T PAP T Q2013 P

[Applying R2 → R2 – R1, R3 → R3 – R1] = A2 P T Q2013 P

= e–t[(–sin t – 2cos t) (–2cos t – sin t)
– (cos t – 2sin t) (2sin t – cos t)] = A2 P T PAP T Q2012 P
= e–t[5cos2t + 5sin2t] = A3 P T Q2012 P
= 5e ≠ 0 6 t ∈ R
–t

=
∴ A is invertible 6 t ∈R.
h
5. For non–zero solutions, D = 0
= A2014 P T Q P
1 k 3
= A2014 P T PAP T P
3 k -2 = 0
2 4 -3 = A2014 A

1(–3k + 8) – k ( – 9 + 4) + 3 (12 – 2k) = 0 = A2015
1 1 2015

(–3k + 8) + 5k + 36 – 6k = 0 = = G
0 1

44 = 4k & k = 11
== G
1 2015

Now equation becomes .......
0 1

x + 11y + 3z = 0 ..(1)
A== G and A T = = G
5a - b 5a 3
7.

3x + 11y – 2z = 0 ..(2) 3 2 -b 2

AA T = = G

2x + 4y – 3z = 0 ..(3) 25a2 + b2 15a - 2b


3x + 15y = 0 ... Solve (1) and (3) 15a - 2b 13

Now, A adj A = A I2 = = G
10a + 3b 0

x = – 5y
0 10a + 3b

` 6y + 3z = 0
Given AA T = A. adj A

– 2y = z
15a - 2b = 0 ... ]1 g
xz ^- 5y h^- 2y h
2 =
y y2
= 10 10a + 3b = 13 ... ]2 g
Solving we get 5a = 2 and b = 3
` 5a + b = 5
 Matrices 10.23
8. A 2016
- 2A 2015
-A 2014
12. 5 adj A

= A 2014
A2 - 2A - I = 53 adj A

= ]- 1g2014
20 5
= 53 A 2 = 5
- 15 - 5
=- 25 1
& A =! 5

9. A2 - 5A + 7I = 0 13. B = A -1 A' & AB = A'

& 7I = 5A - A2 ABB' = A'B' = ] BAg ' = ] A -1 A'Ag' = ] A -1 AA'g' = A.

& I = A # 7 ]5I - Ag
1
& BB' = I.

& A -1 = 7 ]5I - Ag
1
14. B2 = 0

] I + Bg50 - 50B
Also, A3 - 2A2 - 3A + I
= A ]5A - 7I g - 2 ]5A - 7I g - 3A + I

=c
I + 50 C 1 B + 50 C2 B2 + ... + 50 C50 B50 m
= 5 ]5A - 7I g - 7A - 10A + 14I - 3A + I 1444444444442444444444443 - 50 B
=0

= 5A - 20I
=I
= 5 ] A - 4I g So both statements are true.
det I = 1.
10. AA T
15. Pre-multiplying by A -1, we have
RS VR V RS V
SS1 2 2 WWWSSS1 2 aWWW SS9 0 0WWW
RS V R V
= SS2 1 - 2WWSS2 1 2WW = SS0 9 0WW S 0 0 1WW SS1 2 3WW
SS WWSS WW SS W S W S W
Sa 2 b WS2 - 2 b W S0 0 9WW A -1 SS1 0 0WW = SS0 2 3WW
T XT X T X SS W S W
RS VW RS V S0 1 0WW SS0 1 1WW
9 0 a + 4 + 2b 9 0 0WW T

SS WW SS W RS X T VWRS X V-1
& SS 0 9 2a + 2 - 2bWW = SS0 9 0WW SS1 2 3WWSS0 0 1WWW
SS W S W
Sa + 4 + 2b 0 a2 + 4 + b2 WW SS0 0 9WW & A -1 = SS0 2 3WWSS1 0 0WW
T X T X SS WS W
S0 1 1WWSS0 1 0WW
& a + 2b =- 4 & a - b =- 1 RS TV XT X
SS3 1 2WWW
& a =- 2 , b =- 1 = SS3 0 2WW
SS W
S1 0 1WW
11. A = = G
0 -1 T X
RS V
1 0 SS 1 a 3WW
W
16. P = SS1 3 3WW
A2 = = G
-1 0 SS W
S2 4 4WW
0 -1 T X

A3 = = G
0 1
Adj A = A 2

-1 0
Adj A = 16
A == G 1 ]12 - 12g - a ]4 - 6g + 3 ]4 - 6g = 16.
1 0
4

0 1
2a - 6 = 16.
On evaluating the terms in the options given, we 2a = 22.
observe that (c) is not correct. a = 11.
10.24 Mathematics

Single Option Correct

& I = det(M).M2 …. (i)
1 0
& det(I) = (det(M))5
= G
cos 4 i 1 + sin2 i
1. M = a = G +
b
0 1 M - 1 - cos i sin 4 i
2
& 1 = det(M) …. (ii)
on comparing we have
From (i) I = M2
b cos 4 i
(adj M)2 = adj (M2) = adj I = I
sin 4 i = a + | M |
b ]1 + sin2 ig 4.
M adj M = |M| I ⇒ a = 2, b = 1
- 1 - sin2 i = |M | RS V
SS0 1 2WWW
& a = sin q + cos4 q 4
M& = SS1 2 3WW & M =- 2
SS W
Now a = (sin2 q + cos2q)2 – 2 sin2 q cos2 q 3 1 1W
T X
sin2 2i 1 (a) (adj M)–1 + (adj M–1) = (|M| M–1)–1 + |M–1| M =
= 1- 2 & a * = 2
We have, |M| = sin4 q cos4 q + (1 + sin2q) (1 + cos2q) M M 2M
+ = =- M
M M M
= 2 + sin2 q cos2 q + sin4 q cos4 q
RS VW RS1 VW RS VW RS VR V R V
= (sin2 q cos2 q + 1/2)2 + 7/4 SSaWW SS WW SSaWW SS- 1 1 - 1WWWSSS1 WWW SSS 1 WWW
1
(b) M SSbWW = SS2WW & SSbWW =- 2 SS 8 - 6 2 WWSS2WW = SS- 1WW
& b =- M =- 4 - bsin2 i cos2 i + 2 l
7 1 2 SS WW SS WW SS WW SS WS W S W
c 3 c S- 5 3 - 1WWS3W S 1 W
T X T X T X T XT X T X
& b * =- 4 - b 4 + 2 l =- 4 - 16 =- 16
7 1 1 2 7 9 37 a = 1, b = – 1, g = 1 ⇒ a – b + g = 3

29 (c) |adj M2| = |M2|2 = |M|4 = 16
* a + b * =- 16
(d) a = 2, b = 1, a + b = 3
RS V
SSa1 a2 a3WWW 5. R = PQP–1
2. M = SSa4 a5 a6WW ai ! "0, 1, 2 , det (R) = det (PQP–1)
SS W
Sa7 a8 a9WW
T X |R| = |PQP–1|
RS VR V
SSa1 a4 a7WWWSSSa1 a2 a3WWW = |P| ∙ |Q| ∙ |P–1|
M T M = SSa2 a5 a8WWSSa4 a5 a6WW = |P| ∙ |Q| ∙
1
SS WS W P
Sa3 a6 a9WWSSa7 a8 a9WW
T XT X
= |Q|
& dij ] M T M g = ^a12 + a 42 + a72h + ^a22 + a52 + a82h + ^a32 + a62 + a92h 2 x x
2 x
det (Q) = 0 4 0 = 4
x 6
where a i2 ! "0, 1, 4 ,
9
5= / ai2 x x 6
i=1
= 4 (12 – x2) = 48 – 4x2.
9! 9#8#7#6
(I) 5ai = 1, 4ai = 0 & 5!4! = 24 = 126 det (R) = det (Q) = 48 – 4x2

(II) 1ai = 1, 1ai = 2, 7ai = 0 (a) For x = 0

RS VR V
9! SS1 1 1 WWWSSS2 0 0WWW
& 7!1!1! = 9 # 8 = 72 PQ = SS0 2 2WWSS0 4 0WW
S WS W
S0 0 8WS0 0 6W
Total = 72 + 126 = 198 RS T V X T X
SS2 4 6 WWW
Multiple Options Correct = SS0 8 12WW
SS W
3. det (M) ! 0 0 0 18W
T X
1 ^AdjP h

M–1 = adj(adj M) P =
–1
'
P
RS VW

& M–1 = det(M).M S6 - 3 0 WW
1S

& M–1M = det(M).M2 = 6 SS0 3 - 2WW
S W
S0 0 2 W
T X
 Matrices 10.25
R= PQP –1 RS V R VW RS V
SS10 0WW SSS1 0 0W SS0 1 0WWW
RS V R V WW WW
SS2 4 6 WWW SSS6 - 3 0 WWW 6. P1 = SS0
SS
1 0W, P2 = SS0
W S
0 1W, P3 = SS1 0 0WW
W S W
1
= SS0 8 12WW 6 SS0 3 - 2WW 0
0 1W S0 1 0W S0 0 1W
SS WW SS W TR XV TR XV TR X
0 0 18 0 0 2W 1 0WW
SS0 SS0 0 1WW S0 0 1WVW
T X T R X V S WW S W S
S W
RS VW SS2 1 2 WW P4 = SS0 0 1W, P5 = SS1 0 0WW, P6 = SS0 1 0WW
S 12 6 4 W S 3 WW SS W SS W SS W
1 SS 0 24 8 WW SSS W 0 0W
1 0 1 0W 1 0 0W
= 6 S
SS WW = S0 4 4 WW T
RS X VW T X T X
0 0 36W SS S 3 WW SS2 1 3WW
T X 0 0 6W X = / Pk SS1 0 2WW P kT
R V R TV X SS W
SSS1 WWW SSS1 WWW 3 2 1W
Given, R SSaWW = 6 SSaWW T X
SS WW SS WW RS V
b b SS2 1 3WWW
T RX V T X Let A = SS1 0 2WW
SSS1 WWW SS W
3 2 1W
⇒ (R – 6I) SSaWW = 0 T X
SS WW
b A = AT.
RS T 2X VW
SS- 4 1 WRS VW XT = (P1AP1T + P2AP2T + ... + P6AP6T)T
SS 3 WWSS1 WW
& SS 0 - 2 4 WWWSSaWW = 0 = X
SS 3 WSS WW
S 0 0 0 WWTbX So X is symmetric matrix
T X RS VW
2 SS1 WW
&- 4 + a + 3 b = 0 … (1) Let Q = SS1 WW
SS WW
4 1
- 2a + 3 b = 0 … (2) T X
XT = P1AP1TQ + P2AP2TQ + ... + P6AP6TQ
From (1) and (2)
= P1AQ + P2AQ + ... + P6AQ
2a = 4 ⇒ a = 2 and b = 3 R V
SSS6WWW
So, a + b = 5.
= (P1 + P2 + ... + P6) AQ, AQ = SS3WW
(b) For x = 1 SS WW
RS VWRS VW RS VW 6
det (R) = 48 – 4x2 = 48 – 4 = 40 SS2 2 2WWSS6WW SS30WW T X
SS2 2 2WWSS3WW = SS30WW = 30Q & a = 30
det (R) ≠ 0 SS WS W S W
RS VW RS0VW 2 2 2WS6W S30W
SSaWW SS WW T XT X T X
R SSbWW = SS0WW XQ = 30Q ⇒ (X – 30I) Q = O has non-trivial
SS WW SS WW
c 0 RS1 VW
T X SS WW
⇒ a = b =Xg = 0
T
solution as Q = SSS1 WWW . So, |X – 30I| = 0,
Hence, ati + btj + ckt cannot be a unit vector. SS WW
1
2 x x So, not invertible. T X
(c) det 0 4 0 +8
trace (Pk A Pk ' ) = 3
x x 5
2 x
⇒ Trace X = 3 × 6 = 18.
=4 +8
x 5
7. Δ = 0 so for at least one solutions Δ1 = Δ2 = Δ3 = 0
= 4 (10 – x2) + 8 = 40 – 4x2 + 8 = 48 – 4x2. ⇒ b1 + 7b2 = 13b3 ..........(1)
(d) PQ = QP
option (a) Δ ≠ 0 ⇒ unique solution ⇒ option (a) is
RS VWRS VW RS VWRS VW
SS1 1 1 WWSS2 x xWW SS2 x xWWSS1 1 1 WW correct
SS0 2 2WWSS0 4 0WW = SS0 4 0WWSS0 2 2WW
option (d) Δ ≠ 0 ⇒ unique solution ⇒ option (d) is
SS WS W S WS W
0 0 3WSx x 6W Sx x 6WS0 0 3W correct
T XT X T XT X
If we equate a12 from both
option (c) Δ = 0 ⇒ equations are x – 2y + 5z = –b1
x + 4 + x = 2 + 2x b

x – 2y + 5z = 22
⇒4=2

x – 2y + 5z = b3
⇒ x ∈ f, no value exists.
10.26 Mathematics

There planes are parallel so they must be coincident 11. MN = NM

b
⇒ –b1 = 22 = b3 N2 M = N ] NM g

All b1, b2, b3 obtained from equation (1) may not = N ] MN g
= ] NM g N
satisfy this relation so option (c) is wrong.

111
option (b) 3= 522 = 0 . Also Δ1 = 0
= ] MN g N
211

For infinite solutions, Δ2 and Δ3 must be 0 = MN2 ....(1)
1 b1 1 ] M - N g] M + N g = M2 + MN2 - N2 M - N 4
2 2
⇒ 5 b2 2 = 0

2 b3 1 = M2 - N 4 (by(1))

⇒ –b1 –b2 + 3b3 = 0 which does not satisfy (1) for =0
all b1, b2, b3 so option(b) is wrong
As M - N2 ! 0 & M + N2 = 0 ...(2)
8. From options square of the determinant value of
matrices in option (A) and (C) is -1 which is not real Now, M2 + MN2 = M ] M + N2g
so options (A) & (C) = M M + N2
= 0 (by(2))
9. PQ = KI
Since M + N2 = 0 so B option is correct
Q = K.P -1
(B) If A = 0 then AU will have 3 solutions,
RS V
SS 5a - 10 - a WW
W Thus ^ M 2 + MN 2h U = 0 will have many 'U' as
K SS 3a - 6 - 3a - 4WW
SS W solution
S- 10 12 - 2 WW
= T X
12a + 20
& B is correct
]3a + 4g8 = 12a + 20 a b
24a + 32 = 12a + 20 12. M = = G
b c
12a =- 12
a b
a =- 1 (A) = G & = G are transpose
b c
Q = K3 . 1
a b
&= G== G & a = b = c
P

K3 K2 b c & M = 0 & wrong
& 12a + 20 = 2
(B) 6b c@ & = G are transpose
a
8
K= 2 =4 b
(C) P . Q 2 & a = b = c & wrong
8 # b 48 l = 29
3 2

a 0
(C) = G & M = ac
(D) Q . P 2 0 c
K3 P 2 a b & ac ! λ 2
P .
= 43 # 8 29 (D) M = = G
b c & D is correct
10. (c) ] X 4 Z3 - Z3 X 4gT = ] X 4 Z3gT - ]Z3 X 4gT
= ]Z T g3 ] X T g4 - ] X T g4 ]Z T g3
= Z3 X4 - X4 Z3
=- ] X 4 Z3 - Z3 X 4g
(d) ] X23 + Y23gT =- X23 - Y23 & X23 + Y23
is skew-symmetric
 Matrices 10.27
13. (a) ] N T MN g = N T M T N = N T MN if M is
RS V
SS1 a a WWW
T 2

15. D = Sa 1 a WW = 0
S
symmetric and is - N T MN if M is skew symmetric SS W
Sa a 1 WW
] MN - NM gT = N T M T - M T N T = NM - MN =- ] MN - NM g .
T X
1 ]1 - a2g - a ]a - a3g + a2 ]a2 - a2g = 0
(b)

So, ] MN - NM g is skew symmetric
1 - a2 - a2 + a 4 = 0
(c) ] MN gT = N T M T = NM ! MN if M and N are
1 + a 4 = 2a 2 a 4 - 2a2 + 1 = 0
symmetric. So, MN is not symmetric
]a2 - 1g2 = 0
(d) ^adj.M h^adj.N h = adj ] NM g ! adj ] MN g .

Integer Type a2 = 1 a =! 1

14. M-I If a = 1 a =- 1
x-y+z = 1
a b x+y+z = 1
A2 = = G
a 2 + bc ab + bd
Let A = =
G
x+y+z = 1
x-y+z = 1
c d ac + dc bc + d 2 - x + y - z =- 1
x + y + z =- 1
A3 = = 2 G
3 2 2 2
a + 2abc + bdc a b + abd + b c + bd x-y+z = 1
No solution
2 2
a c + adc + bc + d c abc + 2bcd + d3 Infinite

Given trace(A) = a + d = 3 Hence 1 + a + a2 = 1 . Ans. a =- 1

and trace(A3) = a3 + d3 + 3abc + 3bcd = –18 SRSa d l WVW SRS0WVW SRS- 1WVW
SS WW SS WW S W

& a3 + d3 + 3bc(a + d) = –18 16. Let M = Sb e mW S1W = SS 2 WW
SS WW SS WW S W
Sc f n W3 # 3 S0W3 # 1 SS 3 WW

& a3 + d3 + 9bc = –18 T X T X T X

& (a + d)((a + d)2 – 3ad) + 9bc = –18 d =- 1 RSSa d l VWWSRS 1 WVW SRS 1 WVW
S WS W S W
e = 2 . SSb e mWWSS- 1WW = SS 1 WW

& 3(9 – 3ad) + 9bc = –18 SS WWSS WW SS WW
f = 3 Sc f n WS 0 W S- 1W

& ad – bc = 5 = determinant of A T XT X T X
a-d = 1 & a = 3

M-II
b-e = 1 & b = 3
a b
A==
G ; 3 = ad - bc c - f =- 1 & c = 2
c d
A - mI = ]a - mg]d - mg - bc SRSa d l WVWSRS1WVW SRS 0 WVW
S WS W S W
= SSb e mWWSS1WW = SS 0 WW
= m 2 - ]a + d g m + ad - bc

SS WS W S W
Sc f n WWSS1WW SS12WW
= m 2 - 3m + 3
T XT X T X
a+d+l = 0 & l = 1
& = A 2 - 3A + 3 I
O
b + e + m = 0 & m =- 5
& 2 = 3A - 3 I
A
c + f + n = 12 & n = 7
& 3 = 3A 2 - 3 A
A
= 3 ]3A - 3 I g - 3 A
RS V
SS0 - 1 1 WWW
= ]9 - 3gA - 3 3 I
M = SS3 2 - 5WW Sum of diagonal entries = 9.
SS W
S2 3 7 WW
a b
= ]9 - 3g=
1 0
G- 3 3= G T X
c d 0 1
` trace A3 = ]9 - 3g]a + d g - 6 3

& - 18 = ]9 - 3g]3 g - 6 3

27
= -93
9
& 3 = 45 & 3 = 5
10.28 Mathematics
17. A = ]2k + 1g3, B = 0

(since B is a skew-symmetric matrix of order 3)

& det ^adj A h = A n-1

= ((2k + 1) 3) 2 = 106

& 2k + 1 = 10 or 2k = 9

& 5K ? = 4.