Table of Contents

CULTURE

 Characteristics of Culture
 Cultural Variation
 Types of Cultural Variation
 Social Difference
 Kinds of Social Difference
 Political Identity
 Types of Political Identity

How culture is being transmitted

 Acculturation
 Enculturation
 Assimilation
 Socialization

CHARACTERISTIC OF POLITICS

 Political Ideology
 Types of Political Ideology and Style of
 Government

Aspects of culture
6 Recognized Institution in every society

Cultural, Social, Political and Economics Symbol

 Function of Symbol & Symbolism

  Types of symbols.
 Cultural practices in the Philippines

The Human Evolution and the Capacity for Cultures

 Stage in Human Evolution

Form and function of social Organization

 Concept of social organization and social

organization
 12 Characteristics of Social Group

Concept of Social Group

 Types of Social Group

Forms and Function of Social Organization

State

 4 Elements of State
 The Origin of the State
 Function of the state
 Non-state Institution

Education

 Types of Education
 Aims of Education
 Function of Education towards individual
 Function of Education towards the society
 Function of education towards the nation
 SOCIAL STRATIFICATION

 Three types of class

 Components of social stratification
 Forms of social stratification
 Types of social mobility
 Social Mobility may be hindered by the
following factors
 SYSTEM OF STRATIFICATION
 3 DOMINANT THEORIES FOR GLOBAL
INEQUALITY

Culture can be defined as all the ways of life

including arts, beliefs and institution of a population
that are passed down generation by generation. Culture
has been called the way life for an entire society. As
such it includes codes of manner, dress language,
religion, rituals, art.

Culture is a shared characteristic by group of

people and compass, place of birth, religion, language,
cuisine, social behavior, art, literature and music. One of
the important basis that defines society.

Characteristics of Culture
1. Culture is learned
2. Culture is shared
3. Culture is dynamic
4. Culture is transferable
5. Culture is inherated
6. Culture is symbol
7. Culture is integrated
8. Culture is adoptive

Cultural Variation- refers to the reach diversity in social

practices that different culture exhibit around the world.

Types of Cultural Variation

1. Ethnicity- the expression of the set of cultural ideas

held by indigenous people.
Example: Ilocano, Mangyan, and Maranao.

2. Religion- it is a system of beliefs and practices.

Example: Christians, Muslim and Hinduism.

3. Nationality- the legal relationship that binds a person

and a country.

Social Difference- situation were people felt

discriminated and there are also individuals on the basis
of social characteristics and qualities.

Kinds of Social Difference

1. Gender- socially constructed characteristic of being

male or female.

2. Socio-economic- category of persons who have more

or less the same socio-economics privilege

3. Exceptionality- refers to the state of being

intellectually gifted or having physically or mentally
challenge.

Political Identity- always associated with group

affiliation and describes the ways in which being
political the way in which being a member of a certain
group has specific political opinion and attitude.
Types of Political Identity

1. Political Party- benefit from partisan (seeks to

cultural parti-san loyalty among their members)

2. Political Affiliation- signifies membership in a group

that defines a word view and a core set of common
values.

3. Political Loyalist- remains loyal specially to a political

cause.

How culture is being transmitted

1. Acculturation- it begins when two culture meet. To

accurate is to take or the culture and norms of a society
that is not your own or is not native to you.

Example of Acculturation
1. Learning new language
2. Adopting new custom
3. Changing dress and appearances
4. Adjusting to new foods
5. Modifying new behavior to confirm to new social
friends.

2. Enculturation- it is the process by which we learned

the requirements of our surrounding culture and
acquire the behavior and values appropriate for this
culture.
3. Assimilation- is similar to acculturation but does not
the minority culture as the minority group will gradually
adopt the customs and attitude of the dominant
culture. It happens when a person from a certain culture
become surrounded by different culture sometimes
he/she decides to forget the original culture and adopt
new culture completely.

4. Socialization- is the process through which we learn

the norms customs values and process and roles of the
society from birth through death.

CHARACTERISTIC OF POLITICS

Politics help you to know your right.

Politics clarifies what you believe.
Politics is a living subject
Politics helps you to understand our nation parties

Political Ideology is a set of ideas, belief, value and

opinion exhibiting pattern that competes deliberating as
well as intentionally over providing plans of action for
public policy making to attempt to justify, explain or
exchange the social and political processes.

Types of Political Ideology and Style of Government

Anarchism- society without government, law, policies
police or authority. A system of self-control.
Absolutism- system where the ruler have unlimited
control.
Aristocracy- privilege of social class whose members
possess a disproportionately large percentage of society
wealth prestige and political influence.
Autocracy-supreme political power it is in the hand of
the person.
Communism- extreme left using ideology based on the
revolutionary socialist teaching of Karl Marx.
Conservative- governmental system where the existing
institution maintained emphasizing free-enterprise a
minimal governmental intervention.
Democracy- government by thee people usually
through elected representative.
Dictatorship- government by aa single person with
absolute control over the resources of the state.
Society- group of people living together in organize
communities.
Institution- organized system of social relationship that
represent a society’s common values and procedures

Aspects of culture
1. Non- Material Culture- including belief, traditions,
and perceptions.
Material Culture- humans materials invention such as
tools, instruments, and weapon.

2. Subculture- culture within a larger culture practiced

by society.
Counterculture- tender to be conflict with the dominant
culture opposes the standards.
3. Ideal Culture- in the ways in which people describe
their way of life
Real Culture- refers to the cultural behavior of people in
the society.

6 Recognized Institution in Every Society

Family-considered as the bedrock foundation of the

society.
Education- to perverse and transfer knowledge
Economy- responsible for production and allocation of
scare resource and service
Government- status policy and law is enforced
Media- responsible for circulation of vital information
Religion- organized collection of beliefs, extended to
explain the meaning, origin and purpose of life and
existence.
Cultural, Social, Political and Economics Symbol

Function of Symbol & Symbolism

Social Symbol are used to transfer culture and beliefs
from group to another group.
Symbols are also used to preserve traditions or belief of
a certain group of people.
All symbols contain the face and hidden value, the
hidden value in a functional perspective.
Symbol& symbolism have been used to create
movement, speed ideas and share advocacies.

Types of Symbol

1. Cultural Symbol- signifies ideology of particular

culture that has meaning within that culture.

2. Social symbol- human societies and its modes of

organization.

3. Political symbol- represent political stand point.

4. Economic symbol- for good and services.

Cultural practices in the Philippines

Traditional Medical Practices- belief in “Albularyo”

herbal medicine and alternative medicine.
Religions Spiritual Practices- Obando Festival in Bulacan
for fertility.
Culinary Practices- having 3 meals everyday.

Elements of Culture
Norms- societies standards of acceptable behavior.
Folkways- are norms which members of society have
come to accept as the proper way of dealing with
everyday living and social interaction.
Mores- customs or folkways a society needs to adhere
to strictly.
Laws- formalized mores that are legislated approved
and implemented in the society.
Beliefs- as the means by people make sense of their
experiences.

2 Classification of Beliefs
1. Scientific
2. Non- Scientific

Symbols-are illustration used to represent a particular

meaning of something.
Language- system of symbols that individuals utilize to
communicate, interact and share their views.
Values- define as desirable, trans situational goals that
vary in importance and serve as guiding principles in
people lives.
The Human Evolution and the Capacity for Cultures

Biological and Cultural Evolution- is the focal point to

help us changed commenced and influence the flow of
lifestyle in the modern age.

Stage in Human Evolution

Dryopithecus- genus of extinct ape that is
representative of early members of the lineage that
includes humans and other apes.

Australopithecus
- they lived on
the ground, they
used stone as
weapon and
walk erect
Under Australopithecus are:

Australopithecus Ramidus- species that measure 1.2

meter tall. The fossil appears the foremen magnum.
They had teeth like people.

Australopithecus Afarensis- “Lucy” is the popular fossil.

They had small skull, flat nose, no chin, huge teeth, and
jaw. They were able to walk using were two legs.

c. Australopithecus Robustus- discover by Robert

Broom. They were the first
man within the class of
Homohabilis. They were taller
than Australopithecus
Afarensis and
Australopithecus Ramidus

1. Homo Habilis - They have diminished

the estimate o molars and premolars
compared to Australopithecus.

2. Homo Erectus- founded by

Eugene Dubois. They used tools that
made from bones and
wood. There is also
evidence of the
use of fire.

Homo Sapiens
Neanderthelesis
- is has bigger
brain than the advance man, they are carnivores and
they had huge head and jaw

3.
Homo

Sapiens- buried dead with ornament tools and flower.

They build shelter and followed migratory animal.

4. Homo Sapien Sapiens- they are omnivores and they

had skillful hands. They develop the power of mind.
Form and function of social Organization

Concept of social organization and social organization

Homas (1950) defines a group as collection of two or

more persons/who are in social interaction, who are
guided by similar norms, values, and expectations.

Donald Light (1984) defines group as set of individuals

that shared values and goals.

Social Group- shared common interest and interaction

and social organization.

Social Organization- refers to a type of collectivity

established for the pursuit of the specific aims or goals
characterized by formal structure of rules, authority
relations, a division labor and limited membership or
admission. (Jarry 1995)

Social status is a collection of rights and duties that goes

with a position in a group. A status may be ascribed or
achieved.

1. Ascribed Status- is the status by virtue of one’s birth.

2. Achieved Status- use of intelligence and skills, choice,
through some stroke of good fortune.

Social Role- pattern of behavior that accompanies a

status is a social role.

12 Characteristics of Social Group

1. Given number of individuals
-Without members of individuals, no social group
-two or more than individuals are necessary to form
group.

2. Reciprocal Relations
-are the basis or foundation of social group without
which social group cannot be formed.
-members must interact or inter –related with each
other.
3. Common Goals
the aims, objective and ideas of the members.
4. Sense of unity and solidarity
it creates loyalty and sympathy among the members of
social group.
5. A strong sense of awe-feeling
-the members identify themselves with the group and
consider other as outsiders.
6. Group Norms
-maintains unity and integrity in the groups.
7. Similar Behavior
-helps in the achievement of common goals.
8. Awareness
-members of a social group are aware about the
membership which distinguishes them from others.
9. Group Control
-social group exercises some sort of control over its
members and over their activities. 10. Social Group may
be permanent or temporary in nature.
11. Social Group are dynamic in nature
-it responds to difficult changes.
Social Groups have established pattern.

Concept of Social Group

Types of Social Group

1. According to Social Ties

Primary Group
The most fundamental unit of the society
Members have intimate, personal continuous face to
face.
Characterized by strong ties of love and affection
The Do’s and Don’ts of behavior are learned here
Example: Families, gangs, cliques, play groups,
friendship group.
Secondary Group
Group with which the contrast later in life
Characterized by impersonal business-like.
People need other for the satisfaction.
Example: industrial worker, business associates, faculty
staff, company employees.

2. According to Self- Identification

In group a social unit in which individual s feel home.

Out group which do not belong due to difference.

Reference group or psychological group, group to which
we consciously or unconsciously

3. According to Purpose
Special Interest Group- group which are organized to
meet the special interest.
Task group- assigned to accomplish job
Influence group- support or influence social action.

4. According to Geographical location and degree or

Quality Relationship
Gemeinshaft
-relationship is personal or traditional.
-community of intimate, private and exclusive.
-culture is homogenous.
Gesseishaft
- relationship are formal, construal or bargain-like.
-Culture is heterogeneous and move advanced.

According to Form of Organization

Formal group
-social organization that have purpose and objectives
are explicitly defined.
-their goals are clearly stated, and the division of labors
is based on member’s ability or merit.
Bureaucracy
-heretical arranged in large scale.
-formal, rationally organized social structure.
Informal group
-it arises spontaneously out the interaction of two or
more persons.
-primary groups and members are bound by emotions
and sentiments.

Forms and Function of Social Organization

Social Organization- is a pattern of relationships

between and among individuals and social groups.
Social Group- is a collectivity of two or more individuals
who are in the state of interaction with one another.
Involuntary Group- is a group that an individual cannot
join or leave by his/her own choice.
Voluntary Group- it is an group that an individual can be
join or leave by his/her own choice.
Delegate Group- it is a group that serve as a
representative of the larger number of people.
Unsocial Group- group that remains detached within a
society.
Antisocial Group- group that acts against the interest of
society.
Pro social Group- group of people that works for the
betterment of society.
Social Interaction- shared between interstimulation and
reaction between at least two people and group is
referred to as social interaction.
Social Status- collection of rights and duties that goes
with a position in a group.
Network- being affiliated with a group is one way of
forming.

3 General Levels of Network

Micro Level- network start from a single individual,
expanding his/her contract with other individuals.
Meso Level- more complicated than micro level but has
low density of connection.
Macro Level- most complex level of network where a
high density of collection is present.

Group- number of people with similar norms, values

and expectation.
State
State- community of person, occupying a definite
portion of earth’s surface having its own government,
through which the inhalant render habitual obedience
free from outside control.

4 Elements of State

A. People or Population- it is important that a

community of a person is composed of both males and
females for purpose of reproduction.

B. Territory- the territory should be fixed and bounded

portion of the earth’s surface.

C. Government- the government is that body where

people, through their representatives, can express their
desire. This is where the laws to be implemented in the
country are in acted.
There are branches of Government
Legislative- which formulate the will of the state i.e.
performs the lawmaking functions.
Executive- inforce and implements the law i.e. performs
the law application functions.
Judiciary- which applies the laws to specific cases and
settles the disputes i.e. performs adjudication functions.
D. Sovereignty- the supreme power of the state to rate
itself without interference from other state. This means
that state is an independent entity where people enjoy
freedom.
Sovereignty has two dimension
Internal Sovereignty- it means the power of the state
to order and regulate the activities of all the people,
group and institutions which are at work within its
territory.

External Sovereignty- it means completely

independence of the state from the internal control. It
also means the full freedom of the state to participate in
the activities of the community of the nations.

The Origin of the State

Divine Theory
-it holds that the state was created by God for the
people.
-the state its advocates maintain was created by God
and govern by His deputy or vicegerent.
-the ruler was divinely appointed agent and he was
responsible for his actions to God alone.

Social Contract Theory

-the people have agreed to establish the state to their
common benefit.
-each man living there in led a life of his own,
uncontrolled by any laws of human’s imposition.
Force Theory
-it was established through the use of force in order to
people to follow.
-a person physically stronger than captured and slaved
the weak.
-the powerful conquered the weak this process of
conquest and domination continued till the victorious
tribe secured control over a define territory.

Function of the state

A. It maintains laws, order and stability, resolves various
kinds of disputes through the legal system.
It provides common defense.
B. Look out for the welfare of the population in ways
that are beyond the means of the individuals, such as
implementing public health measures.

Non-state Institution- there are institution which are

not owned and controlled by government.
Forms of Non-State Institution
A. Banks and Corporations
bank is a financial institution which deals deposits and
advanced and other related services.
BDO Unibank Inc.- is the largest of the banks in the
Philippines in terms of assets.
Metropolitan Banks and TCO- Metropolitan banks and
Trust Company or Metrobank is one of the premier
financial institutions in the country. It currently offers a
wide range of banking products and services all over the
world.
Land Bank of the Philippines- the government owned
the Land bank of the Philippines is considered the
largest formal credit institution banks in the rural areas.
It also one of the top commercial banks in the
Philippines in terms of assets, loans and deposits. Land
Bank was established in 1963 to help farmers and
fisherman through revenues from its commercial
banking operations.
There are three main functions of the banks:
A. Banks are depository of saving.
B. Banks are largely responsible for the payments
system.
C. Banks issue loans to both people and companies.

A corporation is a company or group of people

authorized to act as single entity and recognized as such
in law.

Cooperatives and Trade Unions

Cooperatives is firm owned, controlled, and operated
by a group of uses for their own benefits.
A Trade Unions is an organization made up of member
(a member based organization) and its membership
must be made up mainly of worker.

C. Transnational Advocacy Group

Advocacy and advocacy groups represent a wide range
of categories and support several issue listed on
worldadvocacy.com. The Advocacy Institute a us based
global organization, for example, is dedicated to
strengthening the capacity political, social and economic
justice advocates to influence and change public policy.

Education
- education is the process of facilitating learning of the
acquisition of knowledge, skills, values, beliefs and
habits. Education can take place in formal or informal
settings and any experience that has a formative effect
on the way one thinks, feels or acts may be considered
educational. The mythology of teaching is called
pedagogy.

Types of Education
Formal Education
-it is an institutional activity because of the process is
done in school, college, and universities.
-it follows hierarchical structure from primary to
secondary to tertiary education.
-follows standardized well-defined and organized
curriculum.
-the teachers-student’s relationship is confined to the
process of teaching.

Non-formal Education
-it is a process of learning derived
from an organized and systematic education.
-its curriculum is flexible diversified in content and
method.Informal Education
-it is a lifelong process where learning comes naturally
from the daily experience.
-it does not require a specific educational institution or
set of curriculums.

Aims of Education
Individual
a. development as an individual of a human being.
b. moral and spiritual development
c. cultural development
d. harmonious development
e. promote positive physical development
f. development of good citizenship
g. development of a right personality
h. development of good leadership
i. emotional and mental development
j. character building

Social
-thought education the child should be provided with
the required assistance to become.
Reproductive and well-adjusted member of the society,
irrespective of the socioeconomic status.

Vocational
-education should prepare the child to earn through his
livelihood so that he can lead a
Productive life in society.

Intellectual
-developing of the intelligence through education will
enable the child to lead an independent life colt
confidence.

Cultural
-by undergoing education a child become civilized.
Cultural development is development of
aesthetic sense respect for other's culture.

Moral
-values like honesty, loyalty, tolerance, justice self-
control and sincerity promote the social and moral
standards set by the society.
Good Citizenship
-education enables the children to grow as productive
citizens by following the social and moral
Standards set by the society.

Function of Education Towards individual

1. Characteristics
a. Development of inborn potential
b. Modifying behavior
2. All-around development
3. Preparing for the future
4. Helping for adjustability

Function of Education Towards the society

a. Social change and control
b. Reconstruction of experiences
c. Providing opportunity and equality
d. Development of social and moral value

Function of education towards the nation

a. Inculcating civic and social responsibility
b.Training for leadership, national integration and total
national development

WHO (World Health Organization)

- Track the spread of the virus
- Assess gaps and needs
- Equip frontline health workers

UNICEF-assure children and families around the world

with all the evidence-based information.
CEPI (Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovation)
- Leading for the financing research and developing.

SOCIAL STRATIFICATION– it is defined as the

arrangement of any social group or society into
hierarchy position they are unequal with regard to
power property social evaluation and for physic
gratification. Stratification is a process of interaction or
differentiation whereby some people come to rank
higher than others.
-Social stratification is structed and hierarchal ranking of
individuals based occupation, income, wealth and
(social political) power.
-The members are divided into social classes or sets of
people sharing similar socioeconomic status.

Generally, there are three classes in every society;

Upper Class– refers to the elite families who are the

most productive and success.
Middle Class–the incomes provide a comfortable
lifestyle.
Lower Class–having the lowest status in the society.

Each class can be subdivided into strata, example the

upper stratum, the middle stratum and the lower
stratum. More over a social stratum can be formed
upon the bases of kinship or caste or both. Determining
the structures of social stratification arises from
inequalities of status among persons, therefore the
degree of social inequality determines person social
stratum. Generally, the greater the social complexity of
a society, the more social strata exists, by way of social
differentiation.
COMPONENTS OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION

1.Social Class– refers to the level or category where

persons have more or less the same
Socioeconomic privileges in society.

2.Social Status–refers to the position of an individual or

group of a social structure.

3.Social Rule–refers to the behavior expected of a

person who
occupies a particular status.

FORMS OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION

- Caste is a hereditary endogamous social group in
which a person’s rank and its
Accompanying rights and obligations are ascribed on
the basis of his birth into a particular
group. Class stratification on the basis of class is
dominant in modern society. In this, a
person’s position depends to a very great extent upon
achievement and his ability to use to
advantage the inborn characteristics and wealth that he
may possess.

TYPES OF SOCIAL MOBILITY

1.Horizontal Social Mobility–this is the change of
position of a person to another position of
The same rank. For example, when a chemistry teacher
decides to shift to another job that
Requires his/her skills in chemistry, he/she is practicing
horizontal social mobility because
he/she will experience a similar level of difficulty and
status in the new position.

2.Vertical Social Mobility–the more interesting the

mechanism for sociologist is vertical social
mobility, which happens when a person moves from one
social class to another. A successful engineer who once
was a poor working student in a state university is an
example of a person who experiences vertical social
mobility.

This type of mobility may be upward or downward. It

may also be further analyzed in relation to time.

A. Intragenerational Mobility–is the movement of

social position that started with the parents
And was felt by even children.

B. Intergenerational Mobility–is the movement in social

position that happens within a
person’s adult life.

Social Mobility may be hindered by the following

factors;
a. Educational attainment
b.Childhood poverty with associated c.psychological and
behavioral development
d. The family and all the financial, social, and cultural
aspects that are formed within it
Attitudes, expectations and aspirations
Economic barriers.

What is Global Stratification?

- Hierarchal arrangement of individuals and groups and
societies around the world.

How is society stratified globally?

- Social class socioeconomic status gender race.

When does stratification result in inequality?

- When resources, opportunity and privileges are
distributed based on individual position in the social
hierarchy.

SYSTEM OF STRATIFICATION
- Sociologists distinguish between two types of system
of stratification. Closed system accommodate little
change in social position. They do not allow people to
shift levels and do not permit social relationship
between levels. Closed system include estate, slavery
and interaction between layers and classes. How
different system operate reflects, emphasize, edit and
foster specific cultural values, snapping individual
beliefs. In this section, we’ll review class and caste
stratification system, plus discuss the ideal system of
mento cracy.

3 DOMINANT THEORIES FOR GLOBAL INEQUALITY

Development and Modernization Theory–poor nation

remain poor because they hold into.

Traditional attitudes and beliefs, technologies and

institution.
Dependency Theory–blames colonialism and neo-
colonialism (continuing economic
Dependence on former colonial countries) for global
stratification.
World System Theory–all countries are divided into a
three-tier hierarchy based on their Relationship to the
global economy and country’s position in this hierarchy
determines its own economic development.

SOCIAL MOBILITY - Social Mobility refers to change of

individuals, families, household or other categories of
People within or between social class in a society. It is a
change in social status relative to one’s current social
location within a given society.
TYPES OF SOCIAL MOBILITY

Horizontal Mobility–this happen when a person

changes their occupation but there overall social
standing remains unchanged.

Vertical Mobility–it is a change in the occupational,

political, or religious status of a person that causes a
change in their societal position. A person or social
object moves from one social class to another.

Upward Mobility–it is when a person moves from a

lower position in society to a higher one. It can also
include people occupying higher positions in the same
societal group. However, upward mobility while seen as
a good thing canal so come at a cost for individual.

Downward Mobility–it is when a person moves from

higher position in society to a lower one. It happens
when someone is caught performing a wrongful act that
can result in the
loss of the position they are currently hold.

Intergenerational Mobility–this happens when the

social position changes from one generation to another.
The change can be upward or downward.

Intrageneration Mobility–change in societal position

occurs during the life span of a single generation. It can
also refer to a change in position between siblings. One
way is when a person climbs up the corporate ladder in
their career.