Proc.

ICOMITEE 2021, October 27th-28th 2021, Banyuwangi, Indonesia

Analysis of Frequency Stability with SCES’s type

of Virtual Inertia Control for The IEEE 9 Bus
2021 International Conference on Computer Science, Information Technology, and Electrical Engineering (ICOMITEE) | 978-1-6654-0147-0/21/$31.00 ©2021 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICOMITEE53461.2021.9650178

System
Novia U. Putri Farli Rossi Akhmad Jayadi
Faculty of Engineering and Computer Faculty of Engineering and Computer Faculty of Engineering and Computer
Science Science Science
Universitas Teknokrat Indonesia Universitas Teknokrat Indonesia Universitas Teknokrat Indonesia
Lampung, Indonesia Lampung, Indonesia Lampung, Indonesia
noviautami@teknokrat.ac.id farli@teknokrat.ac.id akhmad.jayadi@teknokrat.ac.id

Jaka P. Sembiring Haekal Maulana

Faculty of Engineering and Computer
Science
Universitas Teknokrat Indonesia
Lampung, Indonesia
jakapersada@teknokrat.ac.id
Faculty of Engineering and Computer
Science
Universitas Teknokrat Indonesia
Lampung, Indonesia
haekal_maulana@teknokrat.ac.id

Abstract—istrD ibuted Energy Resources (DER) is an
alternative energy that can supply a promising future of electric
power. However, DER like a PV doesn’t have inertia when
connected to the grid which causes frequency oscillations so that
the load is released on the system. To overcome this, we need the
concept of virtual inertia control (VIC) type Super Capacitive
Energy Storage (SCES) on the DER. This paper presents the
effect of frequency with the addition of SCES type VIC in the
mathematical modeling of the IEEE 9 Bus in two areas. The
results show that there is a significant change in frequency when
the SCES type VIC is added in a short time when the frequency
oscillation occurs. In addition, the SCES type VIC can provide
an appropriate solution in maintaining frequency stability in the
power system.
Keywords—Distribute Energy Resources, Virtual Inertia
Control, Grid, PV, Super Capacitive Energy Storage
I. INTRODUCTION
The concept of DER (Distributed Energy Resource) has
proven to be alternative energy to supply primary national
power. DER plants, especially PVs, are widely utilized.
However, its implementation is still not optimal. In recent
years, large-scale integration between DER and conventional
power plants is urgently needed. A balanced change must
follow the fulfilment of the load in the power supply. One way
to meet the power demand is the addition of power plants. The
addition of power plants requires very high costs in terms of
development and the availability of fuel to overcome this can
utilize DER resources, integrate conventional generators with
DER can reduce dependence on the required fuel, but the
problem faced is the stability of the system where integrating
DER with conventional generators without control causes a
decrease instability due to the nature of DER which does not
have inertia (inertia).
The government’s role in overcoming the lack of national
electric power supply has been implemented by projecting
DER as an additional power force [1]. However, in the
operation of the PV integrated power system, there are many
obstacles, for example, frequency deviation due to unstable
inertia. The nature of the PV, which does not have inertia, can
increase the frequency deviation of the power grid. Deviations
of frequency values can result in failure of power system
operation, safety, reliability, and efficiency by damaging
equipment, reducing load performance, overloading
transmission lines, and triggering protective devices,
especially non-inertial systems, which can significantly
increase the frequency deviation of the electricity network.
The research was conducted by adding VIC to the IEEE 9
Bus system to determine the system’s response when a grid
process occurs between the system and DER. The addition of
VIC will later handle these deviations in the integrated electric
power system, especially the frequency of the non-inertial
system, the concept of Virtual Inertia Control (VIC). Virtually
operating as a synchronous generator can help by showing the
amount of inertia and attenuation properties of conventional
synchronous generators, the addition of a SCES (Super
Capacitive Energy Storage) type VIC can store static charges
on the network system during the grid process by utilizing a
capacitor plate to store more power on the grid system. It can
maintain a large part of the stability of a good frequency
system in future power systems without compromising the
stability of the electric power system..
To deal with these deviations in the integrated power
system, especially the frequency when the conventional power
system and DER are in the on-grid position, namely by adding
virtual inertia to non-inertial systems, the Virtual Inertia
Control (VIC) concept which operates as a synchronous
generator can help by showing the amount of inertia and
attenuation properties of conventional synchronous generators,
the addition of SCES (Super Capacitive Energy Storage) type
VIC can store static charges on the network system during the
grid process by utilizing capacitor plates to store more power
in the system. It can maintain a large part of the stability of a
good frequency system in future power systems without
compromising the stability of the electric power system.
II. THEORETICAL BASIS
A. Virtual Inertia Control (VIC)
The principle of Virtual Inertia Control (VIC) is based on
integrating dynamic converter technology of static and
dynamic operation on electromechanical characteristics. This
integration can be represented by the VIC concept, as shown

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 Proc. ICOMITEE 2021, October 27th-28th 2021, Banyuwangi, Indonesia

in Fig. 1. The three different VIC components are a PEC

(which consists of two power conversion stages, namely DC
to DC level and DC to AC level), an energy storage device
(battery, supercapacitor, flywheel), and the control scheme
that controls the power exchange between the energy storage
and the power system. This power exchange supports system
power by preventing frequency fluctuations similar to a
rotational inertial synchronous generator[2]. The VIC is
usually placed between the Distributed Generator (or DC
source) and the grid. The DC source leading to the VIC
algorithm performs the function of a synchronous generator
by providing inertia and damping to support the grid system.

Fig. 2. The dynamics model of Load Frequency Control

LFC modelling is depicted in Fig. 2. The core research

Fig. 1. Principle of Virtual Inertia Control (VIC)
VIC can help the system by showing the amount of inertia
and damping properties of conventional synchronous
generators. The VIC concept can retain most of the DER
(Distributed Energy System) in future electric power systems
without compromising the stability of the power system by
adding inverters, buck-boost converters, and thyristors (power
electronics) to the VIC made in parallel.
focuses on adding inertia control and PLTS dynamic models
so that adjustments to the LFC structure are not carried out to
reduce errors in The frequency requires area control error
(ACE), changes in active power are needed to stabilize the
frequency by changing the rotor angle. In contrast, reactive
power follows changes in the magnitude of the voltage that
occurs in the generator excitation. The change in torque value
on the rotor is determined by the moment of inertia and also
by the angular velocity of the rotor.
D. Automatic Generation Control (AGC)
AGC control is needed to adjust the integrator to return the
frequency value automatically. The role of AGC in a power
system is to divide the load and generator so that the frequency
value is maintained.

B. Control System (Control Loop)

The control system is management, command, or
arrangement carried out by a system. In control, several types
of control theory are often used, for example, classical control
theory, namely conventional control theory, modern control
theory, and robust control theory. In a power system,
automatic control is needed in the operation that involves
several performances of a mechanical machine. The control
function is more precisely to maintain and regulate changes in
system conditions from the beginning of the system to achieve
the desired output. There are nine basic terminologies of the
control system, namely Controlled variable, Control signal,
Plants, Process, System, Disturbance, Feedback control,
Servomechanisms, Automatic regulation system.
C. Load Frequency Control
LFC is a system with a variety of control to maintain the
stability of the generating system. The modelling is done by
combining microgrid, PV, load, and inertia control, the
addition of a microgrid can represent a weak and integrated
PV system, the combination between conventional and
renewable generators PV can cause unstable frequency
variations, so inertia control is needed, which aims to maintain
the stability of an integrated system continuously.
Fig. 3. Automatic Generation Control dynamics model
In Fig. 3, AGC modelling is a system of combining LFC 1
area with AGC; if only relying on LFC 1 area is very
vulnerable to disturbance because it depends on governor
speed regulation, then AGC control is needed to restore the
system to the desired state. AGC control modelling requires
an integrator block that aims to force the frequency deviation
to zero.
E. PV Dynamic Model
PV consists of a semiconductor material called photo-
electric. In the PV, the effect of the light hitting will form
electrons and holes. The electrons and holes around the PN
junction move towards the N layer and the P layer. The
crossing of the electrons and holes arises a potential difference
at both ends of the solar cell. If both ends of the solar cell are
loaded, an electric current will flow through the load.

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 Proc. ICOMITEE 2021, October 27th-28th 2021, Banyuwangi, Indonesia

PV modelling is depicted in Figure 4. It can be connected

with LFC modelling carried out in the mathematical form as
follows:

Fig. 6. IEEE 9 Bus System

The Single Line Diagram (SLD) of the IEEE 9 BUS

Fig. 4. PV Grid Modeling
F. Super Capacitive Energy Storage (SCES)
In maintaining and returning the frequency to the
frequency required, SCES application required, SCES has
response time fast and charge/discharge rates of thousands
without compromising the efficiency of the system power,
besides that the high density of the generator can be
maintained both when supplying power to the transmission
network [3].
C
FiEgS
. 5’s. MSodelling
The capacitive function can be used to store energy and
as a safety, store and discharge a static charge on the system
when it occurs interference is also one of the advantages of
applying SCES, the contribution of SCES on inertia control
that is receiving frequency variations.
power system consists of three generators, transformer and
load. Generator, transformer and load can be seen in the
figure 6. Generator G1 is connected to slack bus 1, while
generator G2 and G3 are connected to the PV-bus. Loads A,
B and C are connected respectively on bus bars 5, 6 and 8.
The IEEE 9 BUS modeling is a general form of generating
system modeled by IEEE Group as parameter standard and
testing for power system problems. Connected generator in
one grid system with different capacity values becomes a new
problem for system stability in addition to the power
generated also the appropriate frequency becomes one of the
benchmarks for system stability, so it is determined that the
modeling appropriate for electric power systems.
Stability frequency is done by adding VIC in some
power systems low inertia. There are several things about the
inertial power system low with VIC in it to operate optimally
two Area LFC system modeling, output frequency of PV, if
the total load demand is less than the solar cell output power
then the VIC connected to the power system will work so that
it can control frequency output, if the total load demand is
greater than the PV’s output power then load demand will be
supplied by the total output power of the generating network
conventional and power system.
Overall the block diagram of the system model is designed
to have two conditions which can be seen in Figure 6 and
Figure 7.

ITIHI.OD
MSE
This can be represented by the VIC concept, as shown in
Fig. 5. Three distinct VIC components (consist) of two power
conversion stages, namely a DC to DC level and a DC to AC
level), an energy storage device (battery, supercapacitor,
flywheel, etc.) and a control scheme that controls the exchange
of power between energy stores and power system. This
power exchange supports system power by preventing
frequency fluctuations similar to rotational inertia SG[4].

Fig. 7. Design of Area LFC 2 Model with Distribution Load

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 Proc. ICOMITEE 2021, October 27th-28th 2021, Banyuwangi, Indonesia

2
2 . 2Wk . d = P −P (3)
p sm dt2 m e

Equation (4) will be obtained when substituting

Wk
H= into (3).
SB

d2
= Pm − Pe (pu) (4)
2 2H
. .
p sm dt2

The electric rotational speed concerning the mechanical

rotational speed is ω = P ω so that (4) becomes
sm 2 s

2H d2
. = Pm − Pe (pu) (5)
s dt2

Substituting ωS = 2πfinto (5), gotten

H d2
. = Pm − Pe (pu) (6)
*f dt2

Equation (5) or (6) is called the swing equation, which is

Fig. 8. Design of Area LFC 2 Model with DER as Load the basic equation that regulates the dynamics (motion) of
synchronous engine rotation of stability studies [3-5]. The
In the modeling of the low inertia power system used in load and power equation in this study has different variations,
this research is on grid with conventional generator. The represented by the following (7)
system model to be made consists of two conditions, the first d∆ g
condition is the load distribution of consumers with ∆Pin,g − ∆Pout,g = Mg ( dt
) (7)
conventional generators as the main source, the second
condition is that the load is connected to a conventional It is assumed that Hgov,g(s) is a representation of the
generator with DER (Distribute Energy Resource), namely governor function, then (7) becomes,
PV as an addition power and load, these two conditions will
−Hgov,g(s)∆ωg − ∆Pg = Mgs∆ωg (8)
be compared to analyze how much frequency affects inertia.
Power supply to the system power connected to the load And
∆ g
comes from conventional generating networks and DER. The G (s) = = − 1
source of power used in the power system is PV. The system P ,g (9)
∆Pg Mgs+Hgov,g(s)
consists of two generating areas and is modeled in a
mathematical system. To get the result of the expansion of Hgov,g(s) , it is
Kg
The basic principle of synchronous machine rotor rotation simplified to become H gov,g(s) = , then we get,
(1+sTg)
equations is that the moment of rotational acceleration
(accelerating torque) is the product of the moment of inertia J Tgs+1
(moment of inertia) of the rotor with its angular acceleration GP ,g (s) = − (10)
MgTgs2+Mgs+Kg
2
d θm
, the rotor dynamic differential equation [5]. From (10), it can be explained that resonance occurs if the
2 load power fluctuates in frequency if the frequency exceeds
dt
the tolerance limit, then VSG is needed to overcome the
If Jωm is the angular moment of the rotor, then it can be resonance that occurs, the VSG equation can be obtained by
stated that M or the inertia constant. The spin period has a setting Tvsg = 0 then the equation becomes,
relationship with kinetic energy, which is written in the
following equation [6]. GP ,g(s) = − 1 (11)
Mvsg s+Kvsg
1 2 1 Because G (s) does not have frequency resonance,
Pω,g
Wk = ωm = Mωm
2 2 VSG can avoid unnecessary interference between parallel
or grids, therefore the relationship of the equation ∆Pvsg +
M= k 2W
 ∆Pg = ∆PL is obtained by ∆Pvsgand ∆Pgas follow
sm
The equation of swing concerning the angle of electric P′vsgP′g 0(∆ vsg−∆ g P′vsg
{∆Pvsg = P′vsg+ P′g s + P′vsg+ P′g ∆PL } (12)
power is P′vsgP′g 0(∆ g−∆ vsg P′g
2 ∆Pg = + ∆P L
m P′vsg+ P′g s P′vsg+ P′g
2Md = P m − Pe (2)
p dt2

If the value of M in (2) is substituted into (3), it will be ΔPLpu to the frequency deviation Δωrpu is derived from
obtained Figure 2 and expressed as (12) shown at the bottom of this
page.

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 Proc. ICOMITEE 2021, October 27th-28th 2021, Banyuwangi, Indonesia

Δ r _pu The frequency in the PV in areas 1 and 2 without VIC. At

GPL ⟶ r (s) = ΔPL _pu the 1st second, frequency oscillations occur in area 1 and area
−R(1+sTG)+(1+sTRH)(1+sTRH) 2 resulting in a decrease in the frequency of 52 Hz in Fig. 10.
= (13) This is due to an imbalance between generator capacity and
(2Hs+D)(1+sTG)(1+sTRH) R+ sFHP TRH + 1
the addition of PVs in the distribution network so that both
While the frequency deviation that occurs in the integrated areas 1 and area 2 require a long time to recover the frequency.
system without VIC can be represented as Δfi and the At the 50th second, the frequency condition is stable in area 1
following equation; and area 2 of 60 Hz.
Δfi = 1
(ΔPm,i + ΔPW,i − ΔPL,I − ΔPTie,i) (14)
2His+Di

Thus :
ΔPm = 1
(ΔPgi) (15)
1+sT8i

∆Ptie = T(∆δ1 − ∆δ2) (16)

ΔPgi = 1
(ΔPACE,i − 1 Δωi) (17)
1+sTgi Ri
ACE Ki
ΔPACE,i = + ΔPTie,i = (βiωi) + ΔPTie,i (18)
s s

IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The frequency at distribution load in areas 1 and 2 without
VIC. In the 1st second, frequency oscillations occur in area 1
and area 2, resulting in a decrease in the frequency of 50 Hz
as in Fig.8. This is due to an imbalance between generator
capacity and additional load on the distribution networks, so
area 1 and area 2 take a long time to recover the frequency. In
the 80th second, the frequency condition is stable in area 1 and
area 2 of 60 Hz.

Fig. 10. Frequency of the distribution load in areas 1 and 2 with VIC

In Fig. 11 shows the frequency of the PV in areas 1 and 2

with VIC. In the 1st second, the frequency oscillation in area
1 and area 2 decreases by 50 Hz, but in the 5th second, it
stabilizes at 60 Hz. This is due to the addition of virtual inertia
control, which can stabilize the frequency in the power
system.

Fig. 9. Frequency at distribution load in areas 1 and 2 without VIC

In Fig. 9 is the frequency of the distribution load in areas

1 and 2 with VIC. In the 1st second, the frequency oscillation
in area 1 and area 2 decreases by 50 Hz, but in the 5th second
it stabilizes at 60 Hz, this is due to the addition of virtual
inertia control which can stabilize the frequency in the power
system.

Fig. 11. The frequency at the PV in areas 1 and 2 without VIC

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 Proc. ICOMITEE 2021, October 27th-28th 2021, Banyuwangi, Indonesia
Fig. 12. Frequency of the PV in areas 1 and 2 with VIC
The frequency in the PV in areas 1 and 2 with VIC. At the
1st second, frequency oscillations occur in area 1 and area 2
resulting in a decrease in the frequency of 52 Hz in Fig. 12.
This is due to an imbalance between generator capacity and
the addition of PVs in the distribution network so that both
areas 1 and area 2 require a long time to recover the frequency.
V. CONCLUSION
SCES type virtual inertia control returns the nominal
frequency value of 60 Hz when the frequency oscillation
occurs at 5 seconds compared to without using SCES type
Virtual inertia control. The load used is the load on the
distribution network and PV, when integrated without VIC all
experience frequency oscillations with a relatively long
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recovery time compared to using VIC, which takes a few
seconds so that VIC can be relied on in the power system.
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