TITLE

CONSTRUCTION OF MINI-WIND TURBINE SUPPLYING 5V

PROJECT SUBMITTED

BY

SHADRACH OGHENEMARO DSPZ/SOE/20/036701

TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONIC

ENGINEERING

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE COURSE

REQUIREMENT, FOR THE AWARD OF THE NATIONAL
DIPLOMA (ND) IN ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONIC
ENGINEERING, SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY,
DELTA STATE POLYTECHNIC, OZORO, DELTA STATE.

JULY, 2022.
i.
 CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that the project work done on "Construction Of Mini-

Wind Turbine Supplying 5v", was submitted by Shadrach
Oghenemaro, (DSPZ/SOE/20/036701), under the guidance of
Nathaniel U. A., presented to the Department of Electrical/Electronic
Engineering Technology, in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the
award of National Diploma in Electrical Engineering at Delta State
Polythecnic, Ozoro and had not been submitted to any other Polythecnic
for the award of National Diploma or any other degree.

Certified By:

Shadrach Oghenemaro ____________________

DSPZ/SOE/20/036701

ii.
 APPROVAL PAGE
This project work titled “Construction Of Mini-Wind Turbine
Supplying 5v” had been assessed and approved by:

____________________ ____________________
Nathaniel U. A. Date
(Project Supervisor)

____________________ ____________________
Engr. Friday Odoh Date
(Head of Department)

____________________ ____________________
External Examiner Date

iii.
 DEDICATION

I solely dedicate this project to God Almighty, whose grace is sufficient

for me, especially for making this project a reality.

He gave me the knowledge and wisdom and also inspired me and

removed every obstacle and translated all my efforts to reality.

Glory be to his name amen.

iv.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Firstly, I wish to express my profound gratitude to God Almighty who is

the source of all knowledge and wisdom, for his tender mercy, love and
provision throughout my stay in Delta State Polytechnic Ozoro. I also
thank God for granting me the ability of carrying out this project work
successfully. May all the glory be to his name Amen.
I wish to express my genuine appreciation to my project supervisor
Engr. Nathaniel U. A. for his wonderful contribution I my academic
excellence and for his guide in ensuring that this project is a success.
I wish to place on record my earnest appreciation to my parents Mr. and
Mrs. OWHORAWHO, and the rest of my family for their confidence I
me, and also for their encouragement while standing by me financially
for the success of my National Diploma (ND) program.
My thanks goes to my H.O.D and other lecturers in the department of
Electrical/Electronic Engineering for all the efforts they put in impacting
knowledge into their students including me.
This acknowledgement is incomplete without saying thanks to my
friends in the department and my well-wishers who have assisted and
advised me during the course of this project work. May God bless you
all abundantly.

v.
 Abstract
Increasing demand in energy facilitated the need of clean energy such as
wind energy. Residences, buildings and commercial sites needs more
power, but also continuous power. Important facilities such as wireless
or radio sets requires small amount of energy, but with a continuous
supply. This project was done to construct a Vertical Axis Wind Turbine
for small scale use. After an introduction about the historical
background of wind turbine, the report deals with a more accurate
analysis of the main type of Vertical axis wind turbine, showing their
characteristics, advantages and disadvantages, differences between
vertical axis wind turbine and horizontal axis wind turbine and their
operations. The parameters of the wind turbines was discussed and the
generator (dynamo) are reported as well.
 vi.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE------------------------------------------------------------------i
CERTIFICATION-----------------------------------------------------------ii
APPROVAL PAGE----------------------------------------------------------iii
DEDICATION----------------------------------------------------------------iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT--------------------------------------------------v
ABSTRACT-------------------------------------------------------------------vi

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Study--------------------------------------------------1
1.2 Statement of Problem--------------------------------------------------2
1.3 Significance of Study--------------------------------------------------3
1.4 Scope of Study---------------------------------------------------------3
1.5 Limitation of Study----------------------------------------------------3
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW5
2.1 Brief History of VAWT----------------------------------------------5
2.1.1 The First Renewable Wind Turbine--------------------------5
2.1.2 The Wind Turbine Turning Point-----------------------------5
2.1.3 The 21st Century Wind Turbine-------------------------------6
2.2 Concept of VAWT-----------------------------------------------------7
2.3 Types of Wind Turbines----------------------------------------------7
2.3.1 HAWT------------------------------------------------------------8
2.3.2 VAWT------------------------------------------------------------11
2.3.3 Advantages of VAWT------------------------------------------12
2.3.4 Disadvantages of VAWT---------------------------------------13
2.3.5 Difference Between VAWT and HAWT---------------------14
2.4 Major Components of a Wind Turbine------------------------------15
CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY
3.1 Selection of equipment for Mini-Wind Turbine (VAWT)--------19
3.2 Construction Procedures-----------------------------------------------21
3.3 Working Process of the Mini-Wind Turbine------------------------23
CHAPTER FOUR: TESTING, RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Performance Test and Evaluation------------------------------------24
4.2 Test Procedures---------------------------------------------------------24
4.3 Discussion on the Performance Test---------------------------------26
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion----------------------------------------------------------------27
References---------------------------------------------------------------------28

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY

A wind turbine is a device that converts the kinetic energy of wind into
electrical energy. Hundreds of thousands of large turbines, in
installations known as wind farms, now generate over 650 Gigawatts of
power, with 60GW added each year. (WWEA, 2020). They are an
increasingly important source of intermittent renewable energy, and are
used in many countries to lower energy costs and reduce reliance on
fossil fuels. One study claimed that, as of 2009, wind had the “lowest
relative greenhouse gas emissions, the least water consumption demands
and the most favorable social impacts” compared to photovoltaic, hydro,
geothermal, coal and gas energy sources (Annelle et.al, 2009).
Smaller wind turbines are used for applications such as battery charging
auxiliary power for boats or caravans, and to power ‘traffic warning
signs’. Larger turbines can contribute to a domestic power supply while
selling unused power bank to the utility supplier via the electrical grid.

Small wind turbines may be used for a variety of applications including

on or off grid residences, telecom towers, offshore platforms, rural
schools and clinics, remote monitoring and other purposes that require
energy where there is no electric grid. Small wind turbines may be as

small as a fifty-watt generator for boat or caravan use. Hybrid solar and
wind powered units are increasingly been used for traffic signage,
particularly in rural locations, as they avoid the need to lay long cables
from the nearest mains connection point. (Anon, 2013). The U.S
Department of Energy’s National Renewable Energy Laboratory
(NREL) defines small wind turbines as those smaller than or equal to
100 kilowatts (NREL, 2011).Small units often have direct drive
generators, direct current output, aeroelastic blades, lifetime bearings
and use a vane to point into the wind.

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

The issue of epileptic power supply from the national grid in Nigeria is
deteriorating. The epileptic nature of power supply has led to an increase
in the purchase of fuel generators, diesel engines, candles, lamps and
other alternatives to get electric power supply. These generators, in turn,
produce dangerous gasses and chemicals which greatly affect our health
and that of the environment, hence the need to use wind energy which
produces clean energy.

1.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

The main objective of this study is the construction of mini-wind turbine

supplying 5v, for secondary power supply alternative, to carry out
activities which require a small amount of power supply. Specifically,

this study will achieve the following:

i. To know the benefit of smaller wind turbine

ii. To construct and realize a simple, reliable model
iii. To have more knowledge on how a mini-wind turbine works
iv. To show the advantages of wind turbines over fossil fuel
generators
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

This section describes the importance of this project and the advantages.
The following are importance of these work:

i. It is an eco-friendly energy alternative

ii. Not only is wind power free to harness, but its also 100%
renewable
 iii. It is cost-effective
1.5 SCOPE OF STUDY

Well, our major focus in this wind turbine is to provide an alternative

means of power supply for small commercial and domestic use.

1.6 LIMITATION OF STUDY

This section describes the limitation of this work. One of the

disadvantages is that turbines require wind to generate power. Turbine
blades can sometimes injure or kill birds. Lightning can cause damage to

wind turbines.
 4

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 BRIEF HISTORY OF VAWT

During the last century, the wind turbine has been used as a device for
generating electricity. Developments in the field of aerodynamics,
mechanical/electrical engineering, control technology, and electronics
provide the technical basis for wind turbines commonly used today.

2.1.1 THE FIRST RENEWABLE WIND TURBINE (Flynn, 2018)

Professor James Blyth was a Scottish engineer who worked at

Anderson’s college in the heart of Glassgow in 1887. Using
accumulators developed by Frenchman Camilie Faure, Blyth set up a
number of wind sails in his back garden to power the lights In his
cottage. At the time, after the initial success, he offered to power the
surrounding houses but was turned down as his neighbors thought it was
the Devil’s work. Blyth went on to supply the power for a local asylum
but the idea of a wind turbine for electricity production did not catch on
at the time.

2.1.2 THE WIND TURBINE TURNING POINT

Many remote places like farm in the U.S did begin to use wind turbines

for power in the early part of the 20th century, but it was still not being

considered as a viable method to provide power for towns and cities

around the world. The big change for wind turbine power came with the
fuel crisis of the early 70s when government was forced to consider
other, more sustainable and efficient sources of energy. A lot of the
development in this stage came from the U.S with a NASA based
research program that was designed to find a utility scale energy
resource. By the 1980s, governments were getting involved in trying to
promote cleaner energy sources with the state of Carlifornia offering tax
rebates for wind power. (Flynn, 2018).

2.1.3 THE 21ST CENTURY WIND TURBINE

We are probably used to it now, (although there are not much wind
turbines in Nigeria) driving along a country road and seeing a host of
wind turbines turning slowly, producing valuable electricity, on large
farms and hidden in the sea mist offshore. With concern rising over the
development of clean energies and just as importantly, the responsibility
of creating energy security, wind farm development has moved on at a
pace in the last 20years, particularly in the U.K. (Flynn, 2018)

At the beginning of 2014 there were over 5000 wind turbines In the UK,
creating more than 3500MW of energy. The largest wind farm in the
world, is located near London and provides 630MW of power to the

surrounding areas. Despite the recent reduction in government green

subsidies, wind turbines currently provide the most electricity out of all
the renewable technologies, including solar panels. (Flynn, 2018).

2.2 CONCEPT OF VAWT

A Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT) is a type of wind turbine where

the main rotor shaft is set transverse to the wind (but not necessarily
vertically) while the main components are located at the base of the
turbine. This arrangement allows the generator and gearbox to be located
close to the ground, facilitating service and repair. VAWTs do not need
to be pointed into the wind, (Jha, 2010), which removes the need for
wind-sensing and orientation mechanisms.
The VAWT produces energy by utilizing wind power the same way
Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines do. It usually comprises of two or three
blades with a vertically operating main rotor and the main blades that
you have on the unit, the more energy it will receive and the more
efficiency it will offer. Wind drives the rotor to turn, the rotation
connects the generator and the generator converts the mechanical energy
into electricity.

2.3 TYPES OF WIND TURBINES

Wind turbines are classified into two general types: Horizontal Axis

Wind Turbines (HAWT) and Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWT). A

horizontal axis machine has its blades rotating on an axis parallel to the
ground. A vertical axis machine has its blades rotating on an axis
perpendicular to the ground. There are a number of available designs for
each
2.3.1 HAWT

Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWTs) are the most common wind
machine designs in use today. HAWTs utilize aerodynamic blades (i.e

airfoils) fitted to the rotor which can be position either upwind or

downwind. HAWTs are typically either two- or three-bladed and operate

at high lade tip speeds. Machines with upwind rotors require a yaw, or
tail vane, to help them orient into the wind while downwind rotors have
blades that are coned allowing the turbine to orient on its own. One
drawback identified with downwind rotors, however, is that they have
been known to ‘walk’ around when trying to line up with winds during
low speed conditions, diminishing low wind speed energy production.
(Gipe, 2009).

Modern HAWTs use the aerodynamic lift force to turn each rotor blade,

in a manner similar to the way an airplane flies. The lift force generally
works as follows. When exposed to winds, air flows around both the
upper and lower portions of the blade. As a result of the blade’s
curvature, however, air passes over the top of the blade more quickly
(owing to a longer fetch length) than the lower portion, producing a low-
pressure area on the topside. The pressure difference created between the
top and bottom sides of the blade produces a force in the direction of the
top of the blade (Mathew, 2006)

As shown in the figure below, the lift force acts perpendicular to the
‘relative wind’ acting on the wind turbine lade (Gipe, 2004). The force

of the lift is actually stronger than the force of the wind against the
blade, or the drag, which acts in parallel with the airflows. This allows
turbine blades to turn at speeds greater than could be achieved relying on
drag forces alone. Although some wind turbines also use the drag force
to produce energy, most HAWTs are designed to minimize drag while
maximizing lift. (Matthew, 2006).
While large HAWTs orient themselves using electronic controls and
anemometers to detect wind directions, most small HAWTs with upwind
rotors use a yaw system that passively orients the rotor into the
prevailing wind. On top or near buildings in urban areas, wind direction
changes can be frequent and dramatic as a result of interaction effects

10

from surrounding objects. Consequently, HAWTs are at a disadvantage

due to difficulty aligning properly and quickly. Where continuous
misalignment occurs, the efficiency of HAWT is reduced. HAWT can
be used in urban areas as long as they can be placed high enough and
away from surrounding objects to reduce turbulence.
2.2.2 VAWT

A Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT) is a type of wind turbine where

the main rotor shaft is set transverse to the wind while the main
components are located at the base of the turbine. This arrangement
allows the generator and gearbox to be located close to the ground,
facilitating service and repair. VAWTs do not need to be pointed into the
wind, (Jha, 2010), which removes the need for wind-sensing and
orientation mechanisms. Major drawbacks for early designs (Savonius,
Darrieus and Giromill) included the significant torque ripple during each
revolution, and the large bending moments on the blades. Later designs
addressed the torque ripple by sweeping the blades helically (Gorlov

type). (Castelli, 2016). Savonius Vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) are

not widespread, but their simplicity and better performance in disturbed

flow-fields compared to small Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT)
make them a good alternative for distributed generation device in an

11

urban environment. (Alessandro, 2020).

A vertical axis wind turbine has its axis perpendicular to the wind
streamlines and vertical to the ground. A more general term that includes
this option is “Transverse Axis Wind Turbine” or “cross-flow wind
turbine”. For example, the original Darrieus patent, US patent 1835018,
includes both option.

Drag-type VAWTs such as the Savonius rotor typically operate at lower

tip speed ratios than lift-based VAWTs such as Darrieus rotors and
cycloturbines

Computer modeling suggests that wind farms constructed using vertical

axis wind turbines are 15% more efficient than conventional horizontal
axis wind turbines as they generate less turbulence (Hansen, 2021).

2.2.3 ADVANTAGES OF VAWT

VAWTs offer a number of advantages over traditional Horizontal Axis

wind Turbine (HAWTs):

i. Omni-directional VAWTs may not need to track the wind. This

means they don’t require a complex mechanism and motors to
yaw the rotor and pitch the blades. (Dominieus et. Al, 2018)
ii. Gearbox replacement and maintenance are simpler and more

12

iii. efficient, because the gearbox is accessible at ground level

iv. instead of requiring the operator work hundreds of feet in the
air. Motor and gearbox failures generally are significant
operation and maintenance considerations.
v. Some designs can use screw pile foundations, which reduces the
road transport of concrete and the carbon cost of installation.
Screw piles can be fully recycled at end of life.
vi. VAWTs may operate in conditions unsuitable for HAWTs. For
example, the Savonius rotor, which can operate in irregular,
slow wind ground-level contexts, is often used in remote or
unattended locations although it is the most ‘inefficient’, drag-
type, VAWT

2.2.4 DISADVANTAGES OF VAWT

VAWTs often suffer from dynamic stall of the blades as the angle of
attack varies rapidly, (Honnery, et.al, 2018)

The blades of a VAWT are fatigue-prone due to the wide variation in

applied forces during each rotation. This can e overcome by the use

of composite materials and improvements in design, including the use

of aerodynamic wing tips that cause the spreader wing connections to

13

have a static load. The vertically oriented blades can twist and bend
during each turn, shortening their usable lifetimes.
 Other than the drag-types, VAWTs have proven less reliable than
HAWTs, (Chiras,2010), although modern designs have overcome
many early issues.

2.2.5 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN VAWT AND HAWT

HORIZONTAL AXIS WIND VERTICAL AXIS WIND

TURBINE TURBINE
1. The rotating axis of the The rotating axis of the blades is
blades is parallel to the perpendicular to the direction of
direction of the wind the wind
2. The main rotor shaft runs The main rotor shaft runs
horizontally in HAWTs vertically in VAWTs
3. HAWTs are generally used VAWTs are mainly beneficial in
under streamline wind areas with turbulent wind flow
conditions where a constant such as rooftops, coastlines,
stream and direction of cityscapes, etc.
wind is available
4. The rotor faces the wind The rotor can accept wind stream
stream to capture maximum from any direction
wind energy
5. Inspection and maintenance Inspection and maintenance is
is difficult in HAWT easy
6. HAWTs extract more power VAWTs extract less power from
 from the wind the wind
7. They are more efficient than They are less efficient than
VAWTs HAWTs
8. They operate fine in They can operate even in low
moderate wind speeds wind speeds

2.3 MAJOR COMPONENTS OF A WIND TURBINE

A wind turbine consists of five major parts and many minor parts. The
main components are the foundation, the tower, the rotor and hub
(including three blades) the nacelle, and the generator.

The installation of all these elements requires specific wind turbine

equipment to fulfill the needs of each one.

1. WIND TURBINE FOUNDATION

The foundation is in the ground for on shore turbines; it is invisible

because it is covered with dirt. It is a large, heavy structural block of
concrete that must support the entire turbine and the forces acting on it.

15

In offshore turbines, the foundation is under water and not visible. For
offshore turbines far from the sea, the base floats but has enough mass to
support and sustain the weight of the turbine and any forces exerted on
it.

2. WIND ENERGY TURBINE

The towers of most modern turbines are made of round steel tubes. A
rule of thumb for a turbine tower is that it is the same height as the
circle’s diameter its blade makes as they spin. Generally, the taller the
turbine, the more susceptible to high-speed winds. Because the farther
we are from the ground, the stronger the wind (the wind does not have
the same speed at different heights).

3. WIND TURBINE ROTOR

The rotor is the rotating part of the turbine; it consists of three blades
and a central part connecting the blades, the hub.

Although it is the most common, a turbine does not necessarily have

three blades. But the three blade rotor has advantages such as optimum
efficiency. The blades aren’t strong; they’re hollow and made of
composite material that’s both lightweight and strong. The trend is to
make them bigger (for more power), lighter, and more robust. For
aerodynamics, the blades are shaped like an airfoil (like an airplane’s

16
wings). Also, they are not flat and have a twist between their root and
tip. The blade can rotate up to 90o around its axis. This movement is
called pitch.

The function of the hub is to hold the blades and allow them to rotate
relative to rest of the turbine body.

4. WIND TURBINE NACELLE

The nacelle houses all the components that need to be on top of the
turbine.

The nacelle of a wind turbine is a complex electromechanical system

with quite a few components that function correctly with precision.
Significant turbine parts are the generator and the turbine shaft that
transfers the harvested power from wind to the generator through a
gearbox. The gearbox is an essential part of the wind turbine; its on the
cable car.

Since the turbine must follow the wind and adjust its direction according
to the wind direction, its rotor must turn relative to the tower. The
rotation is called yaw motion, I which the nacelle and the rotor rotate
around the tower axis.

17
 5. WIND ENERGY GENERATOR

A generator is a component that converts the mechanical energy of the

rotor (obtained from the wind) into electrical energy. The generator has
the same structure as the electric motor.

18
 CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.1 SELECTION OF COMPONENT FOR MINI-WIND

TURBINE (VAWT)

The components for the mini-VAWT supplying 5v, were chosen based
on the requirements of the amplifier. The components needed will be
mentioned below, along with their purpose to accomplish the aim of this
project.

1. Dynamo

A dynamo is an electrical generator that creates direct current using

commutator. In the mini-VAWT, the dynamo will be connected directly
to the rotors. The dynamo used in this project is capable of supplying 3-
5volts

19
 2. PVC Pipe and ACP Sheet (or plastic glass)

The PVC pipe and ACP sheet were used to construct the rotors. A more
detailed diagram of the mini- VAWT can be found at the appendix of
thus material. The diagram shows the materials used in the various parts

of the turbine.

3. L-Clamps

The L-clamps were also used to construct the rotors. They form the
extension connecting the ACP sheets to the dynamo
 4. Plate Washer and Nuts

The plate washer and nuts are welded together, then finally, they are
welded on the L-clamps to be fitted on the dynamo. During the selection
of the washer, it had to fit perfectly on the dynamo.

5. Ply-board

The ply-board is been used to construct the base of the turbine

3.2 CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURES

To successfully construct the mini-wind turbine, the following steps had

to be taken:

1. Take 30cm long 4II PVC pipe

21
2. Divide it into 4 equal vertical parts, by using an angle grinder or
hacksaw
Note: Handle the cutting with care!!! If you are not familiar with
an angle grinder, I kindly recommend you not to do it yourself
3. Cut 4 pieces of ACP sheets (or plastic glass). They should be of
length 30cm & width 6cm.
4. Make holes on the PVC pipes using 6mm drill bit.
Tip: Make holes on one of the 4 pieces of PVC pipe. Then, use a
pencil to mark those on the other PVC pipes, to get more accurate
holes.
5. Make holes on the ACP sheets, using the PVC. Use 6mm drill bit
to make the holes
6. Buy 4 L-clamps
7. Use angle grinder to make a required length of 12.5cm
8. Use the L-clamps to mark and make holes on the ACP, to connect
the L-clamps
9. Get plate washer and nuts.
Note: Nut should fit perfectly on the dynamo pulley. So, get the
dynamo before buying the nut
10. Weld the nut on the plate washer
11. Weld L-clamps at the back of the plate washer on step 9
22
 12. Use the ply-boards to design and construct the base and
tower of the turbine.
13. Connect your dynamo to the base
14. Fix the dynamo on the turbine
15. Assemble the propellers (4 pieces of 30cm long PVC and
ACP sheets). Use screws and nuts
16. Connect the propellers to the L-clamps (this forms the rotor)
17. Connect the rotor to the dynamo pulley

3.3 WORKING PROCESS OF THE MINI-WIND TURBINE

Vertical Axis Wind Turbines are wind turbines whose rotors rotate
around a vertical shaft with vertically oriented blades. They produce
electricity y utilizing wind power the same way horizontal axis wind
turbines do; Wind drives the rotor to turn, the rotation connects to the
generator, and the generator converts the mechanical energy into
electricity.

23
 CHAPTER FOUR

TESTING, RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 PERFORMANCE TEST AND EVALUATION

For the test, the following equipment and materials were used:

1. Stopwatch
2. Multimeter
3. Voltage regulator

4.2 TEST PROCEDURES

The first step involved is measurement of the speed of the turbine blade
in rev/min. This was achieved by the rotation of the wind blade at
different wind speed. A stopwatch was also used to determine the time
in seconds after each revolution of the wind turbine blade.

The second step was to determine the amount of EMF (volt) and amount
of current generated by the turbine. This was achieved by connecting a
voltage regulator for stable voltage.

The multimeter was used to measure the voltage and the current output.

24
 RESULT OF PERFORMANCE TEST

S/N RPM EMF (volt) DC

CURRENT
(A)
1 0 0 0
2 45 6 3.3
3 55 8 2.5
4 60 9.5 2.1
5 70 11 1.82
6 80 12 1.67
7 90 13 1.54

25
4.3 DISCUSSION ON THE PERFORMANCE TEST

From the graph above, the speed of the turbine was gotten by running it
with an electric motor and the RPM was taken and the voltage output
was taken with a multimeter. From the graph also, we find out that as the
speed increases, there is increase in voltage and this in turn implies a
watt change at different speeds. This also implies that when there is high
wind, there is a higher RPM.

26
 CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 CONCLUSION

In the world today, most machines are designed with the aim of limiting
greenhouse gas emissions which is a major cause of climate change.
Non-renewable source of energy looks to be slowly losing its
dominance. Through innovative ideas in technology, renewable sources
of energy have been tapped to provide this clean energy.

By using this clean renewable source of energy, not only will it reduce
the money spent on electricity bills but also help our planet recover from
the effects of pollution and therefore reduce emission of greenhouse
gases to the ozone layer.

The Vertical axis wind turbine was fabricated and tested to meet the
challenge of environmental pollution and low cost of operation since
there is no cost for fueling. The turbine is mainly for small scale use,
operation and maintenance. The turbine capacity is adequate for its
purpose and has been proven to be efficient in generation of current.

27
 REFERENCES

1. Carlin, P. W., Laxson, A. S., & Muljadi, E. B. (2001), “the history

and state of the art of variable speed wind turbine technology.

National Renewable Energy Laboratory.

2. Darrieus, G. J. (1931). “turbine having its rotating shaft transverse

to take flow of current”

3. Manwell, J. F., Mcgowan, J. G., & Rogers, A. L. (2002). “Wind

Energy Explained.”

4. Peace, S. (2004). “Another Approach to Wind.”

5. Peace, S. (2003). “Why not vertical axis?”

6. Smith, D. R. (1987). “The Wind Farm at Altamount Pass Area”