PHYSICS OTHER TYPES OF MEASUREMENTS

- Branch of science that deals with - Time

matter and energy. - Temperature
- Density
BRANCHES OF PHYSICS - PH
1. Thermodynamics
2. Electricity and Magnetism METRIC/SI SYSTEM
3. Mechanics (INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF
4. Waves UNITS)
5. Relativity and Modern Physics - Form of measurement used by
scientists
ESTIMATION
- Estimation is using your knowledge
of something similar in size or
amount to determine the size of the
new object.

PRECISION
- is a description of how close
measurements are to each other.

ACCURACY
- is comparing your measurement to
the actual or accepted value.

SYSTEMATIC ERRORS ENGLISH SYSTEM

- Consistent/repeatable - Used in the U.S.
- Can be caused by faulty measuring
equipment or flawed experiment

RANDOM ERRORS
- Unexpected
- No pattern of errors
- Highly unavoided

BASIC TYPES OF MEASUREMENTS

- Length
- Volume
- Mass
REMEMBER:
1 foot = 12 inches
2.54 cm = 1 inch
3 feet = 1 yard
5280 feet = 1 mile
1.6 km = 1 mile
1000 mm = 1m
100 cm = 1m
1000 m = 1km
16 ounces = 1 pound
1kg = 2.2 pounds
4 quarts = gallon
***273***
VECTOR AND SCALAR QUANTITIES
VECTOR
- quantities that have both magnitude
and direction
- graphically represented by arrows
- described using a standard (x,y)
plane frame
- In physics, convention dictates
vector direction that is measured
from the x-axis
Example:
35 m East - Vector
35 m - Scalar
ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF
VECTORS:
- PARALLEL VECTORS can be
solved algebraically by adding the
two MAGNITUDES.
- PERPENDICULAR VECTORS
use TRIGONOMETRY and its
diagram does not need to be scaled
RESULTANT VECTOR:
FORMULA
Fx = Fcosθ
Fy = Fsinθ
R = √(∑fx)² + (∑fy)²
 can be solved by KINEMATIC
MOTION EQUATIONS
- defined as a change in an object's
POSITION over a GIVEN PERIOD
OF TIME.

UNIFORMLY ACCELERATION
MOTION FORMULAS
Vf = final
velocity (m/s)
Vi = initial
velocity (m/s)
a = constant UPWARDS:
acceleration - final velocity is ALWAYS 0
(m/s²)
t = time (s) DOWNWARDS:
d = displacement - initial velocity is ALWAYS 0
(m)
GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF MOTION HANGTIME:
- a graph does not only contain total hangtime = time upwards + time
numerical information but also downwards
reveals relationships between
physical quantities. PROJECTILE MOTION

FREE FALL - Projectile motion is the motion of an

object thrown or projected into the
ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY air, subject to only the acceleration
- the acceleration of free-falling of gravity. The object is called a
objects projectile, and its path is called its
- constant on the surface of the Earth, trajectory. In this lesson, we
9.8m/s² consider two-dimensional projectile
motion, such as that of a football or
FREE FALL MOTION other object for which air resistance
- any object that is falling under the is negligible.
sole influence of gravity
- whether upwards or downwards, an TWO TYPES OF PROJECTILE
object will still experience an MOTION:
acceleration of 9.8m/s² 1. Motion of objects projected
- assuming that there is NO AIR horizontally
RESISTANCE, all free-fall problems - motion is accelerated
 - acceleration is constant and CIRCULAR MOTION:
downward
- g = -9.8m/s² An AXIS is the straight line around which
- the horizontal component of velocity rotation takes place.
is constant
- the horizontal and vertical motion TWO TYPES OF CIRCULAR
are independent of each other, but MOTION:
has a common time ROTATION OR SPIN - when an object
2. Motion of objects projected at an turns about an internal axis—that is, an axis
angle located within the body of the object
- motion is accelerated REVOLUTION - when an object turns
- acceleration is constant and about an external axis
downward
- g = 9.8m/s² CENTRIPETAL FORCE
- the horizontal component of velocity - The force exerted on a whirling can
is constant is toward the center. NO outward
- the horizontal and vertical motion force acts on the can.
are independent of each other, but - keeps an object in circular motion.
has a common time - Creates a curved path

t = total time of flight (s)

R = horizontal range (m)
H = maximum height (m)

LOCATION AFTER TIME FORMULA:

Vx = Vi(cosθ)(t)
Vy = Vi(sinθ)(t - gt²/t)

NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION
- Two of the most important quantities
in physics are FORCE and
ACCELERATION
- Acceleration is the rate at which the
velocity changes with time.
- Force - a push or a pull.
- FORMULA:
TWO QUANTITIES THAT
CHARACTERIZE A FORCE
- the strength, or magnitude of the
force
- the direction in which the force acts
FIRST LAW OF MOTION:
- LAW OF INERTIA (Inertia means
"laziness")
- The tendency of an object to resist
any change in its motion is referred
to as its inertia.
- Objects don't start or stop moving on
their own.
- The net force is the vector sum of all
the individual forces acting on an
object.
SECOND LAW OF MOTION
- LAW OF ACCELERATION
- tells how a force changes an object's
motion.
- “the rate of change of momentum of
a body over time is directly
proportional to the force applied and
occurs in the same direction as the
applied force.”
- The acceleration of a system is
directly proportional to and in the
same direction as the net external
force acting on the system, and
inversely proportional to its mass.
F = ma
F = net force
m = mass (constant)
a = acceleration due to gravity (9.8m/s²)
WEIGHT AND GRAVITATIONAL
FORCE:
- If air resistance is negligible, the net
force on a falling object is the
gravitational force, commonly called
its weight w .
FORMULA:
W = mg
THIRD LAW OF MOTION
- Forces always come in pairs. That is,
there are no isolated forces in the
universe.
- The forces in a pair are equal in
magnitude and opposite in direction.
- The forces in a pair act on different
objects.
- “For every action, there is an equal
and opposite reaction.”
FRICTION MAXIMUM FORCE OF STATIC
- opposes the motion of one surface FRICTION FORMULA:
over another
- has both positive and negative Fsmax = μ(N)
aspects
- reduce the efficiency of machines
- sliding one surface over another
requires enough force to overcome
the resistance

TWO TYPES OF FRICTION:

1. KINETIC FRICTION
- encountered when surfaces slide
against one another
- magnitude of the force of kinetic
friction depends on the normal force
- force of kinetic is proportional to the
normal force
-
KINETIC FRICTION FORMULA:
Ff = μ(N)
μ = Ff / N

Ff = force of friction
μ = coefficient of friction
N = normal force

2. STATIC FRICTION
- opposes the sliding of the one
nonmoving surface past another
- due to microscopic surface
irregularities
- can have values ranging from zero to
some well-defined maximum
- stationary objects begin to move
when the applied force equals the
maximum force of static friction
- static friction is greater than the force
of kinetic friction