Ancillary Services of Distributed Power Generation Systems

Marco Liserre liserre@ieee.org

Ancillary Services oI Distributed Power
Generation Systems
Marco Liserre
liserrepoliba.it
Ancillary Services of Distributed Power Generation Systems
Marco Liserre liserre@ieee.org
Agenda
Definition of ancillary services
Active and reactive capability of DPGS
Power Flow through a line
Droop Control
Services at Load Level
Services at Electric Power System (EPS) Level
Ancillary Services of Distributed Power Generation Systems
Marco Liserre liserre@ieee.org
The EEE 1547.3 "EEE Guide for Monitoring, nformation Exchange, and Control of
Distributed Resources nterconnected with Electric Power Systems defines ancillary
services only those provided by DPGS at the Electric Power Systems Area
They are: load regulation, energy losses, spinning and non-spinning reserve, reactive
supply.
However future ancillary services may include also power quality enhancement
Moreover they can also be defined at Load Level (e.g. UPS functionality)
Ancillary services contribute to a systemic approach to the management of the new
power system characterized by an higher inflow from DPGS
Anyway ancillary services could facilitate the penetration of RES in power systems
efinition of ancillary services
Ancillary Services of Distributed Power Generation Systems
Marco Liserre liserre@ieee.org
Ancillary services are based on the specific characteristic of inverter-based
DPGS that can be used to inject active, reactive power and harmonics in the
grid (the second and third even if the energy source is not available)
Some of the ancillary services are similar to those that traditional power plant
provide to contribute to the safe and stable system operation
However DPGS ancillary services are mainly considered at a distribution level
hence part of the features of active distribution grid (smart grid) and not at
transmission level (where traditional power plants are usually connected)
Moreover when a DPGS is LV-connected the grid frequency and the grid
voltage cannot be controlled independently since low-voltage distribution lines
have a not negligible resistance
Hence these issues can not be considered as a mere transposition of known
concepts at a different level since they are involved in a wider change of the
power system
efinition of ancillary services
Ancillary Services of Distributed Power Generation Systems
Marco Liserre liserre@ieee.org
Active and reactive capability of the
inverter-based !$
!
0

'

"
!

'

'

"
!

'

'

"
!

'

'

"
!

'

'

"
!

'

'

"

'

Active and reactive power

management of the DPGS depends
on the grid converter
!

& trasf distr

'

rid

"
!

!
"
!
"
1:ll power converter hal1 power converter (DFIG)
Ancillary Services of Distributed Power Generation Systems
Marco Liserre liserre@ieee.org
n case of an inductive line
The previous equations can be used for:
controlling the power sharing among different systems feeding/absorbing power (parallel
operation of inverters for UPS applications or micro-grid)
Support of voltage profile and frequency in the EPS area where the DPGS is connected
Support of the load by DPGS (UPS functionality)
!ower Flow through a line

2
1
cos cos sin sin ! ' '

o o

= +
|

2
1
cos sin sin cos " ' '

o o

= +
|
sin

'
! =
2
cos '
"

=
The equations are the basis of the droop control that is the most straightforward way of
relating P,f and Q,V
Ancillary Services of Distributed Power Generation Systems
Marco Liserre liserre@ieee.org
Using short-line model and complex phasors, the analysis below is valid for
both single-phase and balanced three-phase systems.
At the section A
For a mainly inductive line
\ \
0 \
o \
A
A
o
cos cos

' ' '

!

o = +

2
sin sin

' ' '

"

o = +
cos

d

#! "
' ' '
'
o
+
A = = sin

6

! #"
' '
'
o

A = =

!
' '
o =

"
' '
'
=
roop control technique: inductive line
Ancillary Services of Distributed Power Generation Systems
Marco Liserre liserre@ieee.org
The angle can be controlled regulating the active power P whereas the inverter
voltage VA is controllable through the reactive power Q.
Control of the frequency dynamically controls the power angle and, thus, the real
power flow.
Thus by adjusting P and Q independently, frequency and amplitude of the grid
voltage are determined
From another point of view to share the P and Q among several units working in
parallel

0 0 5
f f k ! ! =

0 0 6
' ' k " " =
roop control technique: inductive line
""
'
!!
1
Ancillary Services of Distributed Power Generation Systems
Marco Liserre liserre@ieee.org
2ple2entation of the droop characteristics




5
6
s ! !
' ' s " "
=
=
'
c
, I
c
voltage and current of the converter
I
g
grid current
G
p
(s) , G
q
(s) compensators transfer functions
Ancillary Services of Distributed Power Generation Systems
Marco Liserre liserre@ieee.org
roop control technique: RL line
Distribution lines have a not negligible resistive nature, hence more complex formula
have to be considered
n case the aim is to control the active power injected by the DPGS and the reactive
power exchanged with the grid the following equations can be used
However they are dependent on the grid impedance nature

1
cos sin

! ' '

o o = +
|

1
sin cos

" ' '

o o =
|
tan / # o =
Ancillary Services of Distributed Power Generation Systems
Marco Liserre liserre@ieee.org
roop control technique: !" decoupling
n order to remove from active and reactive powers the dependence of line impedance
the following transformation is proposed:
that leads to
hence the control laws can be formulated as
sin cos

! ! " o o =
cos sin

" ! " o o = +
sin
'
!

=
2
cos
'
"

=
n these formula active and reactive
powers are clearly related to the phase
(frequency) and amplitude of the voltage
how it was in the pure inductive case


sin cos
5
s ! ! " " o o

=
|


cos sin
6
' ' s ! ! " " o o

= +
|
that express the reference
amplitude and phase of the
voltage produced by the DPGS
to have the desired P and Q
Ancillary Services of Distributed Power Generation Systems
Marco Liserre liserre@ieee.org
2ple2entation of the droop characteristics
with ! " decoupling

i 5
5
2 2 s
s
s
+
=

6 5
s n =
Ancillary Services of Distributed Power Generation Systems
Marco Liserre liserre@ieee.org
$tability and robustness analysis
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
5
2
4
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
3
2
Root locus for 0.00002 < mp
< 0.001 and mi=0.0002
Root locus for 0.000002 < mi
< 0.0018 and mp=0.00006
Root locus diagram for grid
inductance variations: 8.5 mH
< Lg< 5000 mH
Using the small-signal analysis it is possible to check stability margin and robustness
respect to parameter variation such as the grid inductance
2
2 2
`
` sin cos
`
2
4
20as
4 4
; s ' s
5 s
s s



1 + 1
=

+ +
|
2
2 2
`
` cos sin
`
2
4
20as
4 4
; s ' s
6 s
s s



1 1
=

+ +
|

` `
` sin cos
i 5
2 2 s
s ; s ' s
s

+
= 1 + 1

`
` ` cos sin
5
; s n ; s ' s = 1 1
Ancillary Services of Distributed Power Generation Systems
Marco Liserre liserre@ieee.org
'oltage support provided by the !$ at load level
compensation of a voltage dip of 0.15 pu
current-controlled converter in normal
conditions
voltage-controlled converter in normal
conditions
Vload
E
load
g
c
Vload
E
load
g
c
Vload
E
load
c
g
VLg
VLg VLg
+

Ancillary Services of Distributed Power Generation Systems

Marco Liserre liserre@ieee.org
n normal conditions the shunt controller
provides a current I
C
= I
load
n case of voltage dips it provides the
active power required by the load and it
injects the reactive power needed to
stabilize the load voltage
The amount of reactive power is
inversely proportional to the grid
impedance
A large inductance will help in mitigating
voltage sags although it is not
recommendable during normal operation
'oltage support provided by the !$ at load level
Ancillary Services of Distributed Power Generation Systems
Marco Liserre liserre@ieee.org
!' syste2 with shunt-connected 2ultifunctional
converter
The voltage sags compensation
requires a large-rated converter
However the PV shunt-connected
converter is already rated for
supplying full power
An inductance L
g
*
of 0.1 pu is placed
on the grid line (inductive line)
t is possible to control the voltage
frequency and amplitude adjusting
active and reactive power
independently.

Ancillary Services of Distributed Power Generation Systems

Marco Liserre liserre@ieee.org
The droop controller provides the reference for the voltage control
ultifunctional !' inverter
Ancillary Services of Distributed Power Generation Systems
Marco Liserre liserre@ieee.org
'oltage control
The PV inverter is voltage controlled
The current injection is controlled
indirectly
The voltage error is pre-processed by
the repetitive controller (the periodic
signal generator of the fundamental
component and of the selected
harmonics)
The P controller improves the
stability of the system
The voltage in the PCC is constant
and equal to the desired value
n presence of a voltage dip Ig is
forced to be phase-shifted by almost
90 with respect to the corresponding
grid voltage

the 3rd and the 5th harmonics are compensated

1
0
2 2
cos

i
DFT a
i k
F : i :

6

=
+
= +


| ' '

Ancillary Services of Distributed Power Generation Systems
Marco Liserre liserre@ieee.org
$i2ulation results: grid nor2al conditions
0 0. 5 1 1. 5 2 2. 5 3 3. 5 1 1. 5 5
-10
0
10
l |re[ s|
c
u
r
r
e
r
l
[
A
|


0 0. 5 1 1. 5 2 2. 5 3 3. 5 1 1. 5 5
-10
0
10
l |re[ s|
c
u
r
r
e
r
l
[
A
|


0 0. 5 1 1. 5 2 2. 5 3 3. 5 1 1. 5 5
-2
0
2
l |re[ s|
c
u
r
r
e
r
l
[
A
|
0 1 2 3 1 5
-200
0
200
100
00
800
1000
1200
1100
100
1800
l | re[ s |
P
[
w
|
,

0
[
v
a
r
|


P
0
active and reactive power provided by the PV
inverter
inverter current
c
(top), load current I
load
(middle),
grid current I
g
(bottom).
Ancillary Services of Distributed Power Generation Systems
Marco Liserre liserre@ieee.org
$i2ulation results: voltage sag of 0.15 pu
active and reactive power provided by the PV
inverter
grid voltage I
c
inverter
current
I
g
= grid current I
load
load current
Ancillary Services of Distributed Power Generation Systems
Marco Liserre liserre@ieee.org
'oltage har2onic 2itigation
perimental results
obtained in case of
distorting load and without
shunt converter: A grid
voltage [300V/div], C load
voltage [300V/div], 1 load
current [10V/div].
perimental results in case of distorting load and shunt converter connected to the grid: A) grid
voltage [300V/div], C) load voltage [300V/div], 1) load current [10V/div].
Without compensation (Black bar), with
compensation (white bar)
Ancillary Services of Distributed Power Generation Systems
Marco Liserre liserre@ieee.org

peri2ental setup: !olitecnico di Bari

Ancillary Services of Distributed Power Generation Systems
Marco Liserre liserre@ieee.org
peri2ental results: voltage dip duration equal
to 1.5 s
grid voltage (top) : voltage dip of 0.15 pu, load voltage '
load
(middle), grid current I
g
(bottom)
without droop control
Ancillary Services of Distributed Power Generation Systems
Marco Liserre liserre@ieee.org
High wind condition + reactive power compensation
High wind condition
upgrade for 600 kW WT systems using 300 kW back-to-back converter
Reactive power co2pensation at the !
reduction in mechanical stress
reactive power control without capacitor banks
Ancillary Services of Distributed Power Generation Systems
Marco Liserre liserre@ieee.org
'oltage support provided by the !$ at !$ area
The reactive power injection by grid-connected systems can enhance the voltage
profile
The goal is to reduce the active power supplied by the low-voltage feeder,
injecting reactive power to support the voltage amplitude decreasing the current
and as a consequence the losses
without reactive
power injection
with reactive power
injection
grid inverter grid inverter
I 50 50 50 50
E ' 228 228 228 230
P 24.5 0 21.3 0
Q 'ar n.a. 0 n.a. 16.5
Ancillary Services of Distributed Power Generation Systems
Marco Liserre liserre@ieee.org
Active filter operation
Only current is
compensated
The WTs are cleaning the
line current
!ower "uality nhance2ent provided by the !$ at
!$ area
Ancillary Services of Distributed Power Generation Systems
Marco Liserre liserre@ieee.org
Ancillary services are considered as those services that the DPGS can provide
to the grid in order to behave more similarly to a traditional power plant
However DPGS are connected at distribution network level, hence new
problems and new possibilities arises
Moreover DPGS are usually installed to meet demand of local loads hence
they could be used to provide ancillary services also to the loads
n general if the full power of the DPGS is managed by a PWM inverter, full
control on active and reactive power and on the harmonics can be used to
make DPGS contributing to the stabile and safe operation of the EPS area
where it is connected and even to allow micro-grid operation
Since all the ancillary services are connected to the management of the power
flow in the grid hence the power flow theory and the consequent droop control
are useful to guarantee the desired dynamic performances and robustness
against grid impedance variation
onclusions
Ancillary Services of Distributed Power Generation Systems
Marco Liserre liserre@ieee.org
References
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Resources Interconnected with Electric Power Systems, 2007
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Ancillary Services of Distributed Power Generation Systems
Marco Liserre liserre@ieee.org
References
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Connected Photovoltaic System with Power Quality Conditioner Functionality, accepted for
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NJ: IEEE Press, 1999.
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Electron., vol.52, no.4, Aug. 2005, pp. 1126-1135.
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