PRACRES REVIEWER
gain insights into their challenges,
Research Design in Methodology
— it refers to overall plan or strategy that a
researcher employs to answer research
question or test hypotheses
— it includes research methods, data
collection techniques, and data analysis
procedures
— it acts as a guide throughout the
research process.
Descriptive design
— it is a type of research design that aims
to describe or explain the characteristics,
behaviors, phenomena of a particular
population or situation
— it is about providing an accurate
representation or summary of the observed
variable without manipulating them
Ethnographic Research
— qualitative research approach that
involves studying and understanding the
culture, behavior, and practices of a specific
group of people
— can be done by observation or immersion
of yourself in the setting
— it aims to gain an in-depth understanding
of the social and cultural aspects of the
group being studied
Particular Case that is Ethnographic
— an example of a case where
ethnographic research can be applied in the
Philippines is the study of indigenous
communities and their traditional practices.
Examples here in Pampanga are Aetas.
— we can learn about their cultural beliefs,
social structures, rituals, and daily lives.
Importance of Ethnographic Research
— by conducting ethnographic research, it
can be documented so we can preserve the
cultural heritage of these communities and
resilience, and contributions to society.
Case Study
— a case study is an in-depth investigation
of a particular individual, group,
organization, or event.
— it involves a detailed examination of a
specific case within its real-life context,
aiming to understand the complexities,
dynamics, and interrelationships among
various factors.
Case Study is Commonly used in
— commonly used in fields such as
psychology, sociology, business, and
medicine to explore phenomena that cannot
be easily generalized and to generate rich
and contextualized insights.
Methodology? (how do u conduct your
research)
— refers to the overall approach or strategy
employed in conducting research.
— it encompasses the systematic
procedures, techniques, tools, and
theoretical frameworks used to collect and
analyze data, interpret findings, and draw
conclusions.
— involves making decisions about
research design, data collection methods,
sampling techniques, data analysis
procedures, and ethical considerations,
among other aspects.
Sampling Design (the way the
participants are chosen)
—it involves selecting participants based on
subjective criteria rather than random
selection.
— often used when researchers seek to
gain in-depth insights, explore specific
characteristics or experiences, or select
cases that are particularly relevant or
unique to the research objectives.
Non Probability Sampling Design
(qualitative in nature)
— it is a sampling method commonly used
in qualitative research. It involves selecting
participants based on subjective criteria
rather than random selection.
— is often used when researchers seek to
gain in-depth insights, explore specific
characteristics or experiences, or select
cases that are particularly relevant or
unique to the research objectives.
Purposeful Sampling (used in qualitative
research)
— selecting participants or cases that are
knowledgeable and have a lot of
experiences that are relevant to the
research objectives.
— it aims to maximize the richness and
depth of data by selecting individuals who
can provide the most valuable and accurate
information
Deviant Case Sampling Design (focuses
in unusual cases or ordinary
characteristics)
— it focuses on selecting unusual or
atypical cases that deviate from the norm or
possess distinctive characteristics.
— it is often employed in fields such as
sociology, psychology, or organizational
studies, where understanding outliers or
exceptions can help refine or expand
existing knowledge and theories.
Purposive Vs. Purposeful Sampling
— purposeful qualitative, purposive
quantitative
— purposeful sampling is a sampling
technique used to recruit participants who
can provide in-depth and detailed
information about the phenomenon under
investigation
— purposive is a type nonprobability
sampling in which the researcher
consciously selects specific elements or
subjects for inclusion in a study in order to
ensure that the elements will have certain
characteristics relevant to the study
Sampling design
— method you use to choose your sample
— sampling design explains how the
population of the study where selected
Local of the study
— natural settings
— discusses the place or the setting of the
study
— it briefly describes the place where the
study is conducted
— setting where the participants are located
3 Modes of Data Collection
— Hybrid, Face-to-face, and Online
Online Survey Questionnaire
Advantages
— it is relatively inexpensive, easy to
administer, potentially more consistent than
the other methods, assures confidentiality,
and minimizes biases based on
question-phrasing modes.
In-depth Interview Advantages
— you will be able to get detailed
information, we can understand more of the
participants thoughts, knowledge and
behavior because we can add follow-up
questions
Focus Group Discussion Advantages
— it is flexible and we can get rich data
because participants get to share their ideas
and they can discussed the topics freely all
together
How do we analyze qualitative data?
— by transcribing, coding, clustering, and
using thematic analysis
4 Qualitative Data Analysis
— Transcript, Coding, Clustering, Thematic
Analysis
Ethical Considerations in Quali
- voluntary participation, informed consent,
data privacy, confidentiality, anonymity, have
the right to back out
Data collection/Data Gathering
Procedure
- it is the step by step process of gathering
information from participants
Data Collection Importance
— it allows us to explore ideas and to have
a further explanation
Types of Data Collection in Quali
- Interview, FGD, Observation,
Questionnaire
First Step in Interviewing
— provide a consent form, assent form and
letter of request
— we use letter of request to get a
permission
Contained in Consent and Assent Form
— title and information of research,
purposes of the research, the rights of
participants, informations about what it
means to take part, date
Consent Vs. Assent Form
— consent may only be given to a person
who is 18 and above while assent is an
agreement by individuals who can’t give
legal and valid consent
Instruments Allowed In Quali
— observation, interview, questionnaire,
FGD, audio and video recorders,
independent
During the interview, what can you do to
get in-depth answers?
— ask follow-up questions
First Consideration in Preparing
Interview Questions
— make sure that it is aligned with your
research questions, so we will be able to get
the most accurate data or knowledge that is
need for research objectives
3 Kinds of Themes
— expected, emergent, and divergent
30. Emergent and Divergent
— divergent themes are unexpected
themes that emerge during research and
may not be related to the research question,
while emergent themes are unplanned but
still related to the research question and
emerge from the collected data.
Inclusion in Thematic Analysis
— explanation of what the theme is all
about, literature review, and we put the
response of the participants to support or to
further substantiate the theme
Conclusions
— it answers your research questions and
your conclusion is connected in your
themes
Paragraphs in Conclusion
— one paragraph per research question
Part of Discussion
— lessons learned, conclusion and
recommendation
Inclusion in Lesson Learned
— these are the knowledge that you have
gained in the process of conducting your
research
— lessons learned from participants, topic,
and what you have learned as a researcher
Recommendations
— these are suggestions or solutions that
we can provide to address certain problems
based on the results of the study
— significance is the source for the people
that we will include in recommendations
specific location of research, journal or
article from your citation
Themes
— is the way where we can see the patterns
in our data, it is where we get the most
important codes and see how these codes
are combined to present the results that we
have got based on the participants’ answer
Thematic Analysis
— it is a method of analyzing qualitative
data

2 Types of Citation
— in-text and reference list

To Avoid Plagiarism
— paraphrasing and citation

Relation of In-text and Reference List

Citation
— dapat same sila ng number or amount
— in-text citation is included in the
paragraph while reference list is included
references

Information Included in References

— Authors Surname, Date of Publish, Title
of the Book or Research Paper, and the
Source, Link or DOI

What is DOI
— Digital Object Identifiers (useful in
locating references on web)

Why do we prefer DOI?

—it allows a quick and precise searching, it
is more credible, it will help readers to
easily locate a document or to get the – Liyan Turla