1. What is Gastrectomy?

Gastrectomy is surgery to remove part or all of the

stomach
- A gastrectomy is a medical procedure where all or part of the stomach is
surgically removed. A gastrectomy is often used to treat stomach cancer.
There are 4 main types of gastrectomy, depending on which part of
stomach need to be removed: total gastrectomy (the whole stomach is
removed), partial gastrectomy (the lower part of the stomach is removed),
sleeve gastrectomy (the lower part of the stomach is removed),
esophagogastrectomy (the top part of the stomach and the part of the
esophagus, the tube connecting your throat to your stomach is removed)
2. What is Hematuria?
Hematuria or is defined as the presence of blood or red blood cells in the
urine

- Hematuria is the medical term for the red blood cells in the urine. Red
blood cells in the urine can come from the kidney or anywhere in the
urinary tract. There are 2 main types of hematuria: gross and microscopic.
Gross hematuria means that you can see the blood with the naked eye
because the urine is pink, red, … Microscopic hematuria means that the
urine is normal in color, but there are an increased number of red blood
cells seem with a microscope
3. What is cell?
Cells are the smallest living units of an organism.
The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life forms

- Cell is defined as the smallest, basic unit of life. Cell is responsible for all of
life’s processes. Cell are the structural, functional and biological units of all
living. All cells can replicate itself independently. Therefor, they are knowsn
as the building locks of life.
4. Introduce parts of a medical term?
Medical terms are built from word parts. Those word parts are prefix, word
root, suffix, and combining form vowel

- Prefix: when included, the prefix appears at the beginning of a medical

term and usually indicates a location, direction, type, quality and quantity.
- Root: the root gives a term its essential meaning. Nearly all medical terms
contain at least one root. When a prefix is absent the term begins with a
root.
- Suffix: the suffix appears at the the end of a term and may indicate a
specialty, test, procedure, function, disorder, or status. Otherwise it may
simply define whether the word is a noun, verb or adj.
5. What is appendicitis?
Appendicitis is an inflammation of the appendix, a finger-shaped pouch that
projects from your colon on the lower right side of your abdomen.
- Appendicitis is inflamation of appendix, a finger-like pouch attached to
large intestine. The appendix is in the lower-right area of your abdoment or
belly. Appendicitis is a painful swelling of a appendix.
6. What is hemodialysis?
- Hemodialysis is a treatment that removes wastes and extra fluids from your
blood. During hemodialysis your blood is pumped through soft tubes to a
dialysis machine where it goes through a special filter called a dialyzer.
Smaller waste product, such as urea and creatinine, extra fluid more from
your blood through the membrane, and are removed.
7. What is acne?
- Acne is skin condition that occurs when your hair follicles become plugged
with oil and dead skin cells. It causes whiteheads, blackheads or pimples.
Ance is most common among teenager, though it affects people of all ages.
8. What is colonoscopy?
A colonoscopy is a test to check inside your bowels
- A colonoscopy is an exam used to look for changes such as swollen,
irritated tissues, polyps or cancer- in the large intestine (colon) and rectum.
During a colonoscopy, a long, flexible tube is inserted into the rectum.

9. What is saliva?
the liquid produced in your mouth to keep the mouth wet and to help to
prepare food to be digested
- Saliva is a clear liquid that’s made in your mouth 24 hours a day every day.
It’s made up mostly of water, with a few other chemicals. This slippery stuff
is produced by the salivary glands.
10.What is arthroscopy?
 is a procedure for diagnosing and treating joint problems
- Arthroscopy is a procedure for diagnosing and treating joint problems. A
surgeon inserts a narrow tube attached to a fiber-optic video camera
through a small incision- about the size of a button hole. The view inside
your joint is transmitted to a high-definition video monitor. Surgeons can
even repair some types of joint damage during arthroscopy, with pencil-
thin surgical instruments inserted through additional small incisions.
11.What are bacteria?
- Bacteria are microscopic, single-celled organisms that exist in their millions,
in every evironment, both inside and outside other organsims. Some
bacteria are harmful, but most serve a useful purpose. They support many
forms of life, both plant and animal. They are used in industrial and
medicinal processes.
12.Introduce structural units of the human body in different levels?
Organism: Organ system:Organ:Tissue:
Cell:Molecule :Atom :

Atoms are made up of subatomic particles such as

the proton, electron and neutron. Two or more
atoms combine to form a molecule . A variety of
molecules combine to form the fluid and organelles
of a body cell. A tissue is a group of many similar
cells. An organ composed of two or more tissue
types. Each organ performs one or more specific
physiological functions An organ system is a group
of organs that work together to perform major
functions or meet physiological needs of the body.
Many organ system work harmoniously together to
perform the functions of an independent organism.
-
- Simplified definition of the various level within the body are: chemical, cell,
tissue, organ, organ system and organism. Chemical: atoms and molecule.
Cell is the smallest living unit of the human body. When smaller cells are
organised into one group, they are called a tissue. Several different tissues
organised into a larger group form an organ. When a group of organs work
together to perform one general function, they form a system. The nervous
system, composed of the brain, spinal cord and nerves, is the most complex
of all the body systems.
13.What is urinalysis? A urinalysis is a test of your urine
- A urinalysis is a test that examines the visual, chemical and microscopic
aspects of your urine. It can include a variety of tests that detect and
measure various compounds that pass through your urine using a single
sample of urine. Healthcare provides often use urinalysis to screen for or
monitor certain common health conditions
14.Define superior and inferior the term ‘superior’ describes the anatomical
structures located above another whereas the term ‘inferior’ describes the
anatomical structures located below another structure.
- Superior- toward the head end of the body
- Inferior- away from the head, lower
Ex: abdomen is superior to (the leg, the ankle, the knee)
Abdomen is inferior to (the chest, the dead, the nose, the ear)
15.What is melanoma? a type of cancer that appears as a dark spot or tumour
on the skin
- Melanoma is the most serious type of skin cancer, develops in the cells that
produce melanin. Melanoma can also form in your eyes and rarely inside
your body. The exact causes of all melanomas aren’t clear but exposure to
UV from sunlight or tanning lamps increases your risk of developing
melanoma
16.What is osteoporosis? a condition in which the bones become weak and are
easily broken, usually when people get older or because they do not eat
enough of certain substances
- Osteoporosis is a health condition that weaken bones, making them fragile
and more likely to break. It develops slowly over several years and is often
only diagnosed when a fall or sudden impact causes a bone to break. The
most common injuries in people with osteoporosis are broken wrist
1/ Introduce main components and functions of the digestive system.
- Components: + GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT: mount, oral cavity,
pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus
+ ACCESSORY ORGANS: SALIVARY GLANDS, LIVER,
PANCREAS, GALLBLADDER
- Functions: INGESTION, DIGESTION, ABSORPTION, ELIMINATION
The human digestive system consists of the gastrointestinal tract plus the
accessory organs of digestion. The gastrointestinal tract includes mount, oral
cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and anus.
beside that, the accessory digestive organs have SALIVARY GLANDS, LIVER,
PANCREAS and GALLBLADDER. mount, oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus is the
path which transport food and water you eat to your stomach. Stomach
further break down the food particles with acids and enzymes So that
these particles can be absorbed by our small intestine. When the foods
reach the small intestine a lot of juices from liver and pancreas help break
down those particles. The particles that are not absorbed by the small
intestine, reach the large intestine.
The digestive system have 4 main function: INGESTION, DIGESTION,
ABSORPTION, ELIMINATION.first,it is ingestion is a stage when you chew and
swallow food and water. digestion is a simple process Where large insoluble
food particles are broken down into smaller water soluble molecules. So that,
they can be absorbed by blood and give energy to different parts of our body
and it’s absorption. Finally, elimination is and end of food and you will
eliminate waste which your body isn’t need through anus

2/ Introduce main components and functions of the urinary system.

- Components: kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra, urinary meatus
- Functions: The purpose of the urinary system is to eliminate waste from the
body, regulate blood volume and blood pressure, control levels of
electrolytes and metabolites, and regulate blood pH.
 urinary system include kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra and urinary
meatus. The kidneys filter the substances from blood and form urine. after
that urine will run through ureter to urinary bladder. When the urinary bladder
stored a volume of urine, it will be eliminate from the body through urethra,
urinary meatus
urinary system have many funtion. The purpose of the urinary system is to
eliminate waste from the body, regulate blood volume and blood pressure,
control levels of electrolytes and metabolites, and regulate blood pH
3/ Introduce main components and functions of the integumentary system.
- Components: skin, hair, nail, sweat gland, sebaceous gland
- Functions: protect the body, homeostasis(cân bằng nội môi), sensory(camr
giác), secretory( kích thích bài tiết), excretory(bài tiết)
The integumentary system is the largest organ of the body that forms a
physical barrier between the external environment and the internal
environment that it serves to protect and maintain The integumentary system
includes the skin (epidermis, dermis, hypodermis), associated glands, hair and
nails. Skin is the largest and heaviest organ in your body includes: epidermis,
dermis, hypodermis. Next, nails protect the end of your finger and toes. Your
hair is made of a protein called keratin. Glands are found throughout your skin.
Your integumentary system consists of the following glands: sweat glands and
sebaceous glands
The integumentary system have may funtions. It’s protect your body that
forms a physical barrier between the external environment. It protects your
body from infection and injuries you could get from your external
environment. It’s your body’s coat of armor and the first line of defense
against viruses, bacteria and other microbes. It shields your body from harmful
light (protects you from the sun’s ultraviolet rays) and help regulate your body
temperature. Your integumentary system stores fat, water, glucose and
vitaminD and helps support your immune system to protect you from diseases.
Moreover, it excretes sebum, sweat and other waste from your body absorbs
and helps heal abrasions, cuts and other injuries. Morever it help you sense
many thing in the world.
4/ Introduce main components and functions of the musculoskeletal system.
- Components: bones, muscles, joints,
- Functions:
o bones provides the shape and form for the body, support and
protection, allows bodily movement, produces blood for the body,
and stores minerals
o Muscles: move the body
o joints connect individual bones and may allow bones to move
against each other to cause movement
Your musculoskeletal system includes your bones, muscles, joints. bones provides
the shape and form for the body, support and protection, allows bodily
movement, produces blood for the body, and stores minerals. Muscles work with
bones and other connective tissues to help you move. joints connect individual
bones and may allow bones to move against each other to cause movement

Together, they support your body’s weight, maintain your posture and help you
move.
 Viết thành 2 đoạn, 1 đoạn về main components và 1 đoạn về main functions
chung của hệ cơ quan đó.
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