COLLEGE OF AGRECLTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCE

DEPARTEMENT OF SOIL RESOURCE AND WATERSHED

MANGEMENT

ASSESSMENT OF FARMERS’ ATTITUDES TOWARDS

PARTICIPATION IN WATERSHED MANAGEMENT IN THE CASE OF
KEYA KELA KEBELE

RESEARCH SUBMITTED TO DEPARTMENT SOIL RESOURCE AND

WATERSHED MANAGEMENT IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF THE BACHELOR OF
SCIENCE IN SOIL RESOURCE AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT.

BY: -GROUP MEMBERS ID

1. ABEBE TEMESGEN 1321

2. AYANA GUREMESA 1376

3. ELSABET GIRMA 1289

4. GETACHEW ADAMU 1725

5. MOLLA LAKE 1208

ADVISOR: TEMESGEN S. (M.Sc.)

JUNE, 2023
BONGA, ETHIOPIA.

1
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS......................................................................................................................I
LIST OF TABLES..............................................................................................................................III
LIST OF ABBREVIATION...............................................................................................................IV
ABSTRACT..........................................................................................................................................V
CHAPTER ONE...................................................................................................................................1
1. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................1
1.1. Background of the Study...........................................................................................................1
1.2. Statement of the Problem..........................................................................................................2
1.3. Objectives of the Study..............................................................................................................2
1.3.1. General Objective...............................................................................................................2
1.3.2. Specific Objectives..............................................................................................................3
1.3.3 Research Question...............................................................................................................3
1.4. Significance of the Study...........................................................................................................3
1.5 Limitation of the study...............................................................................................................3
1.6. Scope of the Study.....................................................................................................................4
1.7. Organization of the Paper.........................................................................................................4
CHAPTER TWO..................................................................................................................................5
2. LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................................5
2.1. Definition of Key Terms............................................................................................................5
2.1.1Attitudes................................................................................................................................5
2.1.2. Watershed...........................................................................................................................5
2.2. Approaches for Watershed management.................................................................................6
2.2.1. Integrated Approach..........................................................................................................6
2.2.2. Consortium..........................................................................................................................6
2.3. Watershed Management for Sustainable Development..........................................................6
2.3.1. Agricultural Scheme...........................................................................................................7
2.3.2. Rural Development Scheme...............................................................................................7
2.4. Environmental Benefits of Watershed Management..............................................................7
3. RESEARCH METHEODOLOGY.................................................................................................9
3.1 DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA.........................................................................................9
3.1.1. Geographical location.........................................................................................................9
3.1.2 Population............................................................................................................................9

I
 3.1.3 Topography and climate 9
3.1.4. Soil texture and land use....................................................................................................9
3.1.5. Land forms and slopes......................................................................................................11
3.1.6 Crop and livestock production system.............................................................................11
3.2. Sampling Technique and sample size.....................................................................................11
3.3. Type and Source of data..........................................................................................................12
3.3.1.. Primary data....................................................................................................................12
3.3.2 Secondary data...................................................................................................................12
3.3.3 Method of Data Collection................................................................................................12
3.3.4 Method of Data analysis....................................................................................................12
3.3.5. Ethical Consideration in the Fieldwork..........................................................................12
CHAPTER FOUR..............................................................................................................................13
4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION.......................................................................................................13
4.1. Background Information of Respondents..............................................................................13
4.1.1Distribution of Sampled Farmers by Sex..........................................................................13
4.1.2. Distribution of Sampled Farmers by Educational Level...............................................14
4.1.3. Description of Sample Respondents of Farmers by Marital Status..............................14
4.2. Measures of Farmers according to their Attitudes...............................................................15
4.3. Description of Farmers Participation on Watershed Management Practice......................16
4.4. Description of Environmental activities of Farmers on Watershed Management..............16
4.5. Description of Respondents of Requesting on Major Objectives of Watershed Programs 17
4.6. Description of the Importance of Watershed Management Practice for Respondents on
making Decision..............................................................................................................................17
4.7. Description of Respondents on Implementing Watershed Program for Community
Service.............................................................................................................................................18
CHAPTER FIVE................................................................................................................................19
5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION............................................................................19
5.1. Conclusion................................................................................................................................19
5.2. Recommendation.....................................................................................................................19
6. REFERENCES...............................................................................................................................20

II
 LIST OF TABLES page

Table 1 : Land use coverage of keya kella kebele.........................................................................14

Table 2: Age Composition of the Sampled Farmers.....................................................................14
Table 3: Educational Level of Respondents..................................................................................15
Table 4: Martial Status of the Respondents...................................................................................15
Table 5: Classification of Farmers according to their Attitude towards the Watershed
Management Attitudes of Respondents on Watershed Management............................................16
Table 6 : Participation of Respondents on Watershed Management.............................................17
Table 7: Environmental Activities of eh Respondents..................................................................17
Table 8: Major Objectives of Watershed Management Program..................................................18
Table 9: Importance of making Decision about New Management of Watershed Program.........18
Table 10: Implementation of Watershed for Community Service.................................................19

III
 LIST OF ABBREVIATION

IWM Integrated Watershed Management

CSA Central Statistics Agency

CBPWD community based participatory watershed development

WP Watershed Program

WMP Watershed Management Program

IV
 ABSTRACT
The main purpose of this study is to assess the farmer’s attitude toward participation in
watershed management practice. This study was conducted in Keyakela Keble, Bonga town in
keffa Zone, and south west Region State of Ethiopia. Watershed management is very
necessary to the area where soil erosion is affected. Watershed management controls soil
from any environmental damage like erosion, degradation, etc. For this study, 24 households
from total households 489 were selected by using systematic random sampling technique.
Both primary and secondary data sources were used in this study. For primary data
collection, household surveys, questionnaires, key informant interview, focus group
discussion and personal observation were used as tools to collect the necessary information.
For secondary data collection, document review was used to collect valuable information.
The major finding of this study shown that there is reduction in soil erosion, land degradation
and increasing nutrient in soil. Generally, watershed management plays significant role in
any environment to improve their surrounding area.

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 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of the Study
Watershed management is the study of relevant characteristics of watershed aimed at the
stainable distribution of its resources and the process of creating and implementing plans
programs and projects to sustain and enhance watershed functions that affect the plant,
animals and human community’s boundary. As a consequence of population increase water
for good production is becoming an increasingly scarce resources and the situation is further
aggravated by climate change (Modeln, 2007).

The rain fed areas the host spots of poverty, malnutrition, food insecurity, porn to sever land
degradation, water security and poor social and institutional infrastructure (Rock, Storm, et al,
2007, Wani; et al, 2007). Watershed development program is therefore, considered as an
effective tool for addressing many of the problems and recognized as a potential engine for
agricultural growth and development in fragile and marginal rain fed area (Joshi: et, al, 2005,
Ahuwalia and Wari, et al, 2006). Management of natural resource at Watershed scale
produces multiple benefits in terms of increasing food production, improving livelihoods,
protecting environment, addressing gender and equity issues along with biodiversity concerns
(Wani, et al, 2003, and Rock Starm, et al, 2002).

The development of watershed program was started in 1970s and 1980s in developing
countries because of being one of the developing counters. Ethiopia started watershed project
management and planning activities in the year of 1980s. A planning unit for developing large
watershed comprised 30-40 thousand hectors for being destructing and mismanaging land
resource. Despite the fact, there is sever land degradation in Ethiopia highlands, efforts
undertaken for users the scenario have been minimal and mainly been the form companies
and quite often farmers have not been involved in the planning process (Azene, 2001, Paulos,
et al, 2004).

Attitudes towards local land users such farmers are critical for sustainable conservation
endeavors. For example, in research conducted by (HU, et al, 2006) on the losses hill area of
China, the contribution of attitudes in conservation of natural resource was found to have a
significant role in successful implementation of soil conservation project. (Napier et al, 2008).

1
1.2. Statement of the Problem
The development of rural livelihoods in Ethiopian rests on its natural resource base
understanding farmers environmental activities as important contribution for selecting viable
land resource management as conservancy bases to assess the effectiveness of introduced
conservation of management method by avoiding potential conflicts (Hu et al, 2006).A
number of socio-economic characteristics like extension contact, and literacy have caused
attitude difference among farmers training received and satisfaction with participation and age
level, level of literacy and economic activity that influence of farmers’ attitude towards
conservation of natural resource and watershed management. In case of the study area
especially emphasizes are given to farmers attitudes towards integrated watershed
management program for improvement of household, livelihood security situation by
upgrading or increasing rural farmers consideration about watershed management from small
scale farmers to large scale farmers.

The previous researchers were not enough assessed about people’s participation towards
watershed management in order to conserve the fertility of soil. But we have conducted the
farmer’s attitude on watershed management by considering socio economic characteristics in
order to solve watershade management problems to enhance the fertility of soil and increasing
productivity as a production in the study area.

1.3. Objectives of the Study

1.3.1. General Objective
The General objective of this research was assessing the farmers’ attitude towards
participation in watershed management practice in case of keyakela Keble

1.3.2. Specific Objectives

• To identify the key watershed management problem in the study area
• To assess the participation of community in watershed management practices
• To identify the factors affecting participation of farmers in watershed
management practices in the study area.

1.3.3 Research Question

• What are the key watershed management problems in the study area?

2
 • How farmer’s participated in watershed management practice?
• What are the factorctors affecting farmers’ attitudes towards participation in watershed 
management practices in keyakella Keble?

1.4. Significance of the Study

Now days in many developing countries, the nature and magnitude of the watershed
degradation as brought the long-term reduction of quality and quantity of land water
resource. As being one of the developing countries, Ethiopia is running watershed
project to protect, conserve and improve watershed management practice to project or
promote sustainable development and to meet its objective in different part of the
country. Our country is designing and implementing watershed project as long-term
approach to solve the problem of watershed degradation. The outcome of the study
was generate information for different stakeholders, engineers, researchers, policy
maker’s governmental and non-governmental organization, and farmer’s local level
organizations to design and develop effective sustainable integrated watershed
management practices and strategies. .

1.5 Limitation of the study

To write effect research, sufficient amount of money and time is mandatory. Again,
willingness of farmers to respond targeted questionnaires of the study and responding in
appropriate answers to questionnaire were the problems that encouraged at a time of
questionnaires distributed in the study area.

1.6. Scope of the Study

The scope of this research was to investigate the level of farmers attitude towards
participation of watershed management practices at local level and to assess some of the
factors that determine the participation of farmers and attitude towards watershed
management practice. It constitutes the demographic, socio-economic, political, cultural and
psychological factors. Even though, those factors are many in number they are interrelated
and multiple.

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1.7. Organization of the Paper
Overall, the study comprises six-chapter, chapter one deals with the introduction consisting of
statements of the problem’s objectives of the study, general and specific objectives, research
questions, significance of the study, limitation of the study, scope of the study and
organization of the paper while chapter two deals with review related on attitudes of farmers
towards
participation on watershed management practice. Chapter three deals with the methodology se
ction of the research. Chapter four deals with result and discussions and chapter five deals
conclusion and recommendations and finally chapter six deals references.

CHAPTER TWO
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Definition of Key Terms
2.1.1Attitudes
Attitudes refer to a person physiological stand about objective of issues. It implies that a
person is no longer natural towards different objective or issues. As Napier et al, 2008) noted
unless the attitudes of all stakeholders in concentrated area are assessed and represented,
4
conservation planning program implementation effects way not achieved; it is anticipated
outcome. Farmers with positive attitude towards conservation efforts are excited on the
activities and maintenance of conservation structure (Bekele and Holden, 2000; Hu et al,
2006). This implies it uses less to compare people in to accepting systems of conservation
such as soil and water resources flat they do not appreciate, understanding farmers’
environmental attitude has important contribution for selecting available land resource
management options as it conserves as a bases to assess the effectiveness of introduced
conservation by avoiding potential conflict (HU et al, 2006).

2.1.2. Watershed
Watershed is defined as a geo hydrological unit which drains in to a common point. It is also
called drainage basin or catchment area, is defined as an area in which all water goes to
common outlet. Watershed is not simply the hydrological unit but also socio-political and
iconological entity which plays crucial role in determining food, social and economic security
and provides life support service for rural people (Wani et al., 2008).

2.1.3. Integrated Watershed management

IWM is the process of managing human activities and utilizing natural resources on a
watershed basis, taking account of social, economic and environmental issues, as well as
community interests and benefits. Watershed-based local development planning started in
Ethiopia in the early 1980s. It gradually passed through different initiatives, and in 2005
experiences was captured in the comprehensive Community-based Participatory Watershed
Development (CBPWD) Guideline, developed by the then-Ministry of Agriculture and
Natural Resources Development (Desta, et al., 2005).

5
2.2. Approaches for Watershed management
Watersheds come in all shapes and sizes and are nested at different scales depending on where
the point of converging flows is located. Watersheds cross regional, state, and national
boundaries. An estimation of over $450 billion in food and fiber, manufactured goods, and
tourism depends on clean water and healthy watersheds (US EPA, 2011).
2.2.1. Integrated Approach
This approach suggests that the integration of technology with the natural boundary the
drainage area for optimum development of land, water and plant resources to meet basic
needs of people and animals in sustainable manner. This approach aims to improve standard
of living common people increasing his earning capacity by offering all facility requires for
optimum production (Holden, 2005).

2.2.2. Consortium
Consortium approach emphasis on all collective action and community participation has been
including primary stakeholder, government and non-government organization and other
institution Easy access and timely advice to local farmers are important drivers for the
observed impressive impacts in the watershed. This leads to enhance awareness of the farmers
and their ability to consent with the right people when problems arise. IT requires
multidisciplinary professions in the field of engineering, agronomy, forest, economy and
marketing. It is not always possible to get all the required support and skill set in one
organization. (Reddy, 2008).

2.3. Watershed Management for Sustainable Development

Sustainable integrated watershed management can be defined as a process of utilization
development and conservation of land, water and forest resource for continual improving
livelihoods, for household and communities in hydrological independent geographical area.
Thus, it deals with the sustainable development of farmers, their own and common property
resource for poverty alleviation. In the case of small, medium and marginal farmers and other
land users. In a given watershed both upstream and downstream management activities help
to sustainable watershed which leads to holistic integrated development approach (Kasavaroa,
2009).

6
2.3.1. Agricultural Scheme
Farmers those slowly depend on agricultures holds high uncertainty and risk of failure due to
various extreme events, pests and disease attack, market shacks and shortage of rainfall. The
attempts taken towards to watershed development activities with multiple interventions
enhance the resource based and livelihoods of the rural people. Watershed management put
emphasis on crop diversification and intensification through the use of advanced technology,
epically good variety of used, balanced fertilizer, application, integrated use of pesticides by
providing supplementary irrigation (Modden, 2007).

2.3.2. Rural Development Scheme

Rural people face complex and diverse economic, social and environmental challenges.
Watershed management program assists rural community in different way. As it consists of
participatory approaches, watershed project implantation provides the rural peoples to
maximize their economy through capacity building and involving them in beam to have
effective soil and water conservation practice. The objective of watershed management
comprises to support the scale up on the best land management adoption of this management
and technology by small holder farmers in high potential and food secure area (Morad, 2008).

2.4. Environmental Benefits of Watershed Management

Watersheds are complex systems where a water, soil, flora, fauna and natural resource use
practice interact. Hence, watershed degradation has environmental and socio-economic effects
for beyond the more obviously on site and downstream impacts. For the same reasons
watershed management intervention may bring local regional and global environmental
benefit. However, watershed management program has tended to neglect environmental
impacts beyond implication land and water impacts. Also, the same project did target broader
environmental objective to community agriculture and watershed project. Integrated approach
to natural resource management at the watershed level could in principle developed address
the complex system dynamics in watershed and to achieve global environmental benefit
( Parasadu, 2008).

7
 CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHEODOLOGY

3.1 DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA

3.1.1. Geographical location
The study was conducted in Bonga town which is located in south west regional state 449Km
away from Addis Ababa in the west side. The geographical extent of Bonga town range from
90 38'north and 370 4'east latitude and longitude respectively.

3.1.2 Population
The total population of Bonga town is 20960 from these 55% are males and 45% are females.
From this town our research was conducted in keyakala Keble. The total population of the
Keble was 3482 and the numbers of house hold 489

3.1.3 Topography and climate

Bonga town located at an elevation of 1714 meters above sea level, Bonga has a tropical wet
and dry or savanna climate  The town's yearly temperature is 22.11ºC (71.8ºF) and it is -
0.12% lower than Ethiopia's averages respectively.
3.1.4. Soil texture and land use
The soil texture is dominated by loam and clay soil. The land use cover of the area is
described by as follows on the total area

Table 1: Land use coverage of Keyakella kebele.

Land use Portion from total area (%)

Cultivated land 30%

Forest land 50%

Grassland 15%

Road and others 5%

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3.1.5. Land forms and slopes
Most land forms in watershed area suitable for crop and livestock production.

Table 2: land forms and slopes

No Land forms Area coverage

Hectare In (%) Slope (%)

1     Mountainous 8.844 1.94 15-30

2 Hills 89.97 19.8 8-15

3    Gentle slopes 310.03 52.1 3-8

4 Flat (level) 206.55 26.4 0-3

Source: (BOA, 2018)

3.1.6 Crop and livestock production system

In Keyakala Keble cropping system is cereal base substance production with medium use of
external inputs and dominated by many crops the leading cereal crops grown by the majority
of the famers are both in terms of area coverage and farmers preference are: avocado,
bananas, mango etc. All types of livestock species including cattle, sheep, and goat, donkey,
horse, and honey bees are present.

3.2. Sampling Technique and sample size

The sampling technique used to conduct this study would be simple random sampling
techniques. A simple random sampling method was used to select sample respondents in the
Keyakala Keble because in keyakella Keble the attitude of farmers participation in watershed
management at local are week then we selected it, has 489 households. By considering time,
budget and number of households 24 (5%) of the total households select by forming strata
based on educational status, sex and wealth.

9
3.3. Type and Source of data
3.3.1.. Primary data
The primary data was collected directly from Keble households by face to face interview,
questioner and physical observation.
3.3.2 Secondary data

These data was collected from different published and unpublished documents, project reports
and government officials.

3.3.3 Method of Data Collection

Both primary and secondary data collection method were used. The primary data was
collected through interview, questionnaires and the secondary data was collected through
published like written materials and unpublished documents like internet of Keble
administration office.

3.3.4 Method of Data analysis

The data collection from the respondents was analyzed by using both qualitative and
quantitative data statistical method. The quantitative data was analyzed by descriptive
statistical method like percentages. The qualitative data was analyzed by explanation of
behavior attitude and narration.

3.3.5. Ethical Consideration in the Fieldwork

During the data collection the research has taken permission by explaining the objective of the
study for the concerned bodies or office leader by showing the request for cooperation which
was written from Bonga University College of agricultures and natural resource department of
soil resource and watershed management. After having permission from concerned body, the
research explains the objectives of the research for those who were selects to respond the
questions to get the required information and collected data.

10
 CHAPTER FOUR: RESULT AND DISCUSSION
This chapter deals with the analysis of the attitudes of farmers in the study area that derived
from data through the mechanism of field survey questionnaires. To address the intended
outstanding issues and objectives of the researcher in the study area questionnaires were
distributed over 24 sampled farmers. The study area was divided by upstream population and
down streams population settlement. Watershed management projects were running both
upstream and downstream area was mostly the part of project was watershed activity has been
going ahead.

4.1. Background Information of Respondents

Table 3 Age Group of the Sampled Respondents

Age No of Respondents Percentage

18-30 5 20.8%
31-42 10 41.6%
Above 9 37.5%
Total 24 100%
Source: - Field Survey, 2023

The table above shows, age groups of watershed activities of participants in which (20.8%) of
population were youth (41.6%) were adult and (37.5%) nearly old age. The shows watershed
management activities were mostly dominated by adult peoples.

4.1.1Distribution of Sampled Farmers by Sex

Table 4 Sex Composition of the Sampled Farmers

Sex No of Respondents Percentage

Male 15 62.5%
Female 9 37.5%
Total 24 100%
Source: - Field Survey, 2023

The above table shows the respondent’s sex composition on watershed program in which15 of
farmers out of 24 sampled farmers was male and 9 farmers out of 24 sampled farmers were

11
female population. From these the researcher found that watershed management program was
both sex inclusion and nearly un equal participation of male and female were practiced in the
study area.

4.1.2. Distribution of Sampled Farmers by Educational Level

Table 5: Educational Level of Respondents

Educational level No of Respondents Percentage

Cannot read and write 4 16.6%
Grade 1-8 10 41.6%
Grade 9-12 10 41.6%
Total above 24 100%
Source: - Field Survey, 2023

As the above table indicates, the number of respondents about (16.6%) was showing of the
sampled farmers were uneducated at all in the case of study area. And remained respondents
of education were having been no more difference percentage of education level

4.1.3. Description of Sample Respondents of Farmers by Marital Status

Table 6 Martial Status of the Respondents

Marital status No of Respondents Percentage

Married 19 79.1%
Divorced 3 12.5%
Widowed 2 8.3%
Total above 24 100%
Source: - Field Survey, 2023

The above table indicates that from the sampled farmers 19 out to 24 were married and 12,
3and 2 were unmarred, divorced and widowed respectively. Therefore, the researcher found
that most of the sampled groups in study area are above 50% were married that participate in
watershed management practice.

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4.2. Measures of Farmers according to their Attitude
Towards the watershed management practice farmers’ attitude were measured or tested using
ranking methods. A liker scale was used to give marks to each respondent and to separate
participant in to agree, disagree and strongly disagree. Each farmer responded to the item on
three-point liker scale ranging from agrees to strongly disagree. Sample weighting (1- 3) were
assigned to the response categories on the base of favor and disfavor for the item.

The agree response with a weight of 3 was given for the most favor statements, the, disagree
and strongly disagree were given value of 1 2, and 3, respectively. The maximum was given
for strongly agree in the case of positive statements. Higher values for positive statement
indicated positive attitudes towards watershed management.

Table 7 Classification of Farmers according to their Attitude towards the Watershed

Management Attitudes of Respondents on Watershed Management

Strongly agree No Respondents Percentage

Agree 13 54.1%
Disagree 8 33.3%
Strongly disagree 3 12.5%
Total above 24 100%
Source: - Field Survey, 2023

The table on the above indicates the view of farmers regarding the need for watershed in this
Keble of the total interviewed farmers 13(54.1%) had strongly agree, 8(33.3%) were,
3(12.5%) were disagree and had no respondents were strongly disagree attitudes towards
watershed management practice in study area among selected. Attitudes statement:- soil and
resources were are basis of life so that should be strictly conserved, tree should be planted on
closed and hill not on the farm, plantation of tree on garden prevents soil erosion, mulching
prevents loss of farmer land, it is the responsibility of local people to protect natural resource
from damage, maturing improves water conservation in the soil, regeneration of plant has
increased in recent years in watershed, only land owners should plant trees, drainage prevents
water logging in the soil and I am volunteer to participate in conservation activity

13
4.3. Description of Farmers Participation on Watershed Management Practice
Farmers were participated on watershed management during problem Identification,
prioritization, planning and implementation of watershed management.

Table 8 : Participation of Respondents on Watershed Management

Participation No of Respondents Percentage

Moderate 13 54.1%
High 6 25%
Very high 5 20.8%
Total above 24 100%

14
4.4. Description of Environmental activities of Farmers on Watershed Management

Table 9 Environmental Activities of eh Respondents

Activities No of Respondents Percentage

Planting trees 8 33.3%
Soil conservation 4 16.6%
Rehabilitation 6 25%
All 6 25%
Total above 24 100%
Source: - Field Survey, 2023

The above table shows that out 24 sampled respondents 8 about (33.3%) 4 (16.6%) of the
sampled farmers were participated in all environmental activities, 6(25%), 6(25%) and
15(16.6%) of them were participated only in soil conservation,

4.5. Description of Respondents of Requesting on Major Objectives of Watershed
Programs

Table 10 Major Objectives of Watershed Management Program

Objective No of Respondents Percentage

Conservation 8 33.3%
Upgrading 4 16.6%
Utilization of natural endowment 3 12.5%
All 9 37.5%
Total above 24 100%
Source: - Field Survey, 2023

Table 8 shows that out of 24 sampled respondents 8(33.3%) of respondents were clearly
understood the objective of watershed which are all conservation, upgrading and utilization of
natural endowment (land, water and plant)

15
4.6. Description of the Importance of Watershed Management Practice for Respondents
on making Decision
Table 11 Importance of making Decision about New Management of Watershed Program

How important is it? No of Respondents Percentage

Not at all - -
Somewhat important 10 41.6%
Undecided - -
Important 6 25%
Very important 8 33.3%
Total above 24 100%
Source: - Field Survey, 2023

As the above table shows, the sampled respondents replied that somewhat important these
indicated that in the study area farmers were informed to adopt the problems of watershed and
reasonable possible their own decision on new management practice of watershed practice.

4.7. Description of Respondents on Implementing Watershed Program for Community

Service

Table 12 Implementation of Watershed for Community Service

Implementation watershed management No of Respondents Percentage

program for your community is important
Economic viable
Soil and water conservation
Developing skill and attitude
All
Total above
Source: - Field Survey, 2023
9 37.5%
3 12.5%
4 16.6%
8 33.3%
24 100%

As table 10 shows, the sampled respondents of farmers were replied that all alternative to
requested on implementation of watershed program for the community were important for
conservation of soil and water, economic viable, developing skill and attitudes. The sampled

16
groups were 8 out of 24 and these were nearly 2(37.5%) out of 100% and clearly indicated
watershed project development in the resulted in good improvement of farmers participation
on management approach.

CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1. Conclusion
Farmers, involvement and development their attitude towards integrated watershed
management which consists of land, water and plant are important to good management of
natural resource, farmers with positive attitudes towards natural resource conservation also
bring importance in natural conservation and management of land resource.

Training and creation of awareness to farmers with right people increases their attitude
towards conservation efforts. So, it is advantageous for watershed management program to
achieve its designed objective by attempting farmers to adopt different activity running over
watershed program. It is some time the same activities were found by the researcher in the
study area for example, percentages of sample respondents of farmers on decision making
were 94% on watershed management program problem identification, prioritization, planning
and implementation. Also, in the study area high awareness of farmers towards mitigation
measures in bare lands, by planting trees, preparing soil banking (this means reduce the risk of
flood) and terracing activities were running in combination now a day for achievement of
integrated watershed management program.

17
5.2. Recommendation

 The government should be able to provide training and awareness creation to those
having low participation attitude in watershed management practice.
 Government and non-governmental organization should be working together in local
community on watershed management practices.
 Local community should accept and implement the rule and regulation of the local
government.
 Local community leaders should motivate the farmers in order to actively participate
in watershed management practices.
 The government and Non-governmental organizations should give special attention to
women, farmer with different disabilities, and elders.

6. REFERENCES
Baral N. (2006), Resources use and Conservation Attitudes of Local Peoples in the Western
Teri Landscape, Nepal (Thesis), Florida International University

Bekele Shiferaw and S. T. Holden (2000), Resource Degradation and Adaptation of Land
Conservation Technologies in Ethiopia High Lands

Groaf G. D (2004), Soil Conservation and Sustainable Land Use: An Economic Approach
Royal Tropical Institute Amsterdam

Hu. Chen-Xira, Fu and Hubert (2006), Farmers’ Attitude, towards the Grain for Green
Program in the Losses Hill Area, china

JoshipkIha, Ak, Wanirp, Tashi and Shiyani RL (2005), Meta-Analysis to Assess

Modden D 700, Water for High; A Comprehensive Assessment of watershed management in

Agriculture

Napier T. L. K. Mcutcheon 4, T, Fish (2003), Factors Affecting Natural Resource

Conservation Investment Resident of the Lower Bigwanutcree Watershed and Water
Conservation.

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Sign RV. (2000), Ed Watershed Planning Management, Yash Publishing House Bikaner,
Rajas than India

Uses Conapts Approached and Practice in the integrated watershed management Experience
and Lesson from Asia in Integrated Management of Watershed for Agricultural
Diversification and sustainable Livelihoods in Eastern Africa

Wanisp, Reddy VaakatesWarlusBaad (2003), Community Approached for Improved

Livelihood through Consortium Approach in Drought Porn Rain Fed Area.

APPENDIX

This questionnaire was prepare by Bonga University fourth year soil resource and Watershed
management studies for the purpose of collecting information for senior essay entitled
“assessment of farmer’s attitude towards to the watershed management’ in south west Bonga
town keyakella Keble for fulfillment of first-degree educational qualification. So, your
contribution is very essential for the study and we asking you to give appropriate and accurate
answer in the box with Excellency for your cooperation. Put your answer “X” in box and
explain your answer the question is given in the form of at (-_) or dash

Part I: Questionnaires

• Name of respondents __________________________

• Educational level of respondents: A. Cannot read and write B. Grade 1-8 Grade 9-12
Above grade 12

• Age group respondent: A. 18-30 B. 31-42 C. Above 42

• Sex of the respondents: A. Male B. Female

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• Marital status of the respondents: A. Married B. Unmarried C. Divorced D.
Widowed

• When you make decision about new management practices in watershed program in
your locality, how important is it? A. Not all-important B. Somewhat important C.
Undecided D. Important

• During problem identification, prioritization, planning and implementation of

watershed management program, farmers, participation and involvement is:

A. Low B. Moderate C. High D. Very high

• How likely that watershed management program is essential for rural community?

• Unlikely B. Likely C. Will not happen D. None

• The major objective of watershed program is: A. Conservation B. Upgrading

C. Utilization of natural endowment D. All

• What is your appreciation towards watershed management activities?

A. High B. Moderate C. Low D. Natural

• For the above question if you select “high”, how it can be measured?

• Depend on your participation

• By awareness creation

• By governmental body and non-government

• Both

• Implementing watershed program for your community important for:

• Economic viable C. Developing skill and attitude

• Soil and water conservation D. All

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• If you are helping government staff in developing and implementing different activity
on watershed, what environmental protection activities you are doing?

• Planting tree B. Rehabilitation C. Soil conservation D. All

• For question number 13 do you select “planning tree” as considered as environmental

friend? A. Yes B. No

• For question number 14 on the above if your select “planting tree” what are
environmental roles your planting tree have?
__________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_
• What are the measure effects of watershed management in the study area?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
______
• What the reason of watershed management in your locality?

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