2019 6th International Conference on Signal Processing and Integrated Networks (SPIN)
Mammogram Image Enhancement Using Entropy and
CLAHE Based Intuitionistic Fuzzy Method
Jyoti Dabass Shaveta Arora
EECE Department
EECE Department
The Northcap University
The Northcap University
Gurgaon, India
Gurgaon, India
jyotidabas91@gmail.com
shavetaarora@ncuindia.edu
Abstract—Mortality rate because of breast cancer
diminishes to a large extent if the categorization of breast
lesions as malignant or benign is done properly. But this
process is quite complicated owing to erroneous detection of
noise pixels as false positives. It can be reduced by proper
enhancement of the features of the mammogram giving an
indication of cancer. In this paper, contrast limited adaptive
histogram equalization (CLAHE) and entropy-based
intuitionistic fuzzy method are anticipated for improving the
contrast of digital mammogram images. To validate the
efficacy of the proposed algorithm over type II fuzzy set-based
techniques, subjective, quantitative and visual evaluation is
done on publicly available MIAS database. Experimental
results prove that the proposed technique gives better visual
quality. It provides high values of subjective and quantitative
metrics compared to several states of art algorithms.
Keywords—CLAHE (contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram
Equalization); Entropy; Fuzzy Image Processing; Image
Enhancement; Intuitionistic Fuzzy Set; Mammogram.
I. INTRODUCTION
Breast Cancer is one of the most recurrently detected
cancer in women [1,30]. It instigates from breast tissues
especially from lobules delivering ducts with milk.
Calcifications and masses are the most common abnormality
detected by mammography indicate breast cancer [2]. From
radiologists’ point of view, a mass screened on a
mammogram can be either malignant or benign depending
on the shape of abnormality. Usually, benign tumors are oval
or round in shape while malignant tumors are of a partially
rounded shape having irregular or spiked outline. Cysts,
breast hematose, and fibroadenomas are basically considered
under benign or non-cancerous tumors while abnormal or
uncontrolled way growing breast tissue signifies malignant
or cancerous tumors [2].
For the early detection of breast cancer, radiologists
recommend mammography which utilizes a constricted
range of grey levels. In this, a histogram structure is not
properly defined. Cancerous and noncancerous masses
become visible as white regions in mammographic films
while fatty tissues look as black regions. Additional breast
components comprising tumors, connective tissues, glands,
calcium deposits emerge in shades of grey inclining more
towards the brighter intensity on digital mammograms [3].
978-1-7281-1380-7/19/$31.00 ©2019 IEEE
Rekha Vig Madasu Hanmandlu
CSE Department
EECE Department
MVSR Engineering College
The Northcap University
Hyderabad, India
Gurgaon, India
mhmandlu@gmail.com
rekha_vig@yahoo.co.in
These changing grey level depictions make interpretation of
digital mammogram a cumbersome task. A large number of
digital mammogram image produce every year requiring
quick and accurate interpretation for saving lives. Sometimes
radiologists misinterpret non- cancerous regions as cancer
(false positive values). They sometimes miss cancer (false
negative values) which leads to failing detection of 30%
breast cancer cases [4]. In order to assist radiologists in
detecting cancer fast and accurately various computed
diagnostic systems are available in which mammogram
images are first pre-processed for enhancing contrast without
affecting the brightness of the image. These enhancement
methods should preserve the information contained in the
image as loss of information may lead to false interpretation
of results leading to severe losses.
Mammogram images have a lot of uncertainty or
vagueness owing to blurriness, low contrast, and noise.
Fuzzy techniques work well in dealing with uncertainty. In
literature, various fuzzy based techniques are projected for
improving the contrast of digital mammograms. Rule-based
enhancement techniques exploiting sequence based mapped
real transform domain enhance the visual quality of digital
mammograms [5] while FC-CLAHE (Fuzzy clipped
Contrast Limited adaptive histogram equalization) utilizes
fuzzy inference system to overcome the drawback of
conventional histogram equalization based techniques being
unsuitable in enhancing the contrast of real-time medical
images [6]. Enhancement method based on maximization of
local entropy and decomposition of the image using Haar
wavelet provides better content, feature similarity, and edge
contrast measure value for mammogram images [7]. These
techniques fail in presence or two or more uncertainties.
So advanced fuzzy techniques are proposed which gives
better results in presence of uncertainties giving more
conformable to aspects of human decision making [8]. It has
drawn much attention in the field of medical image
processing in recent years [9-14]. Intuitionistic fuzzy sets
work well in enhancing the contrast. They use restricted
equivalence membership functions to analyze the mammary
glands [15]. Another advanced fuzzy set is a type II fuzzy set
which deals with more uncertainties by considering the fuzzy
membership functions. But all these techniques are
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 2019 6th International Conference on Signal Processing and Integrated Networks (SPIN)
application dependent. For enhancing the contrast of digital
mammograms, we found CLAHE and entropy-based
intuitionistic fuzzy set better compared to type II fuzzy set-
based techniques. Our method is superior because it deals
with uncertainties without enhancing noise and with
preservation of brightness, shape and information content of
the image.
The organization of the paper is as trails. Section I
introduces the topic followed by a discussion of related work
in section II. Section III gives details of the proposed
techniques followed by experimental results and discussions
in section IV. Finally, section V provides the conclusion and
future scope.
II. RELATED WORK
Zadeh in 1965 proposed fuzzy set theory to deal with
uncertainty and fuzziness in medical images utilizing the
concept of non-membership degree and membership degree.
These techniques do not work well when different types of
uncertainties or more uncertainties are required as they deal
with vagueness by considering improper or user-defined
membership functions which may be triangular, gamma,
Gaussian or other causing variations in results.
Medical images are not well and equally illuminated
for the accurate diagnosis [16]. So, researchers from the
medical domain started exploiting advanced fuzzy sets
including type II fuzzy sets and intuitionistic fuzzy sets [31-
32]. Fuzzy techniques face difficulty in case of more
uncertainties due to the use of the membership functions in
the range of 0 and 1. To overcome this drawback, Atanassov
[17] proposed to introduce uncertainty while defining
membership function which led non-membership function as
less than or equal to the complement of the membership
function. He termed this as an intuitionistic fuzzy set which
can be denoted by ‘I’ in a finite set  ൌ ൛ƒଵ ǡ ƒ ଶ ǡ ǥ Ǥ ƒ ୬ሽ and
can be represented mathematically as
‫ ܫ‬ൌ ሼሺܽǡ ߤூ ሺܽሻǡ ‫ݒ‬ூ ሺܽሻǡ ߨூ ሺܽሻȁܽ߳‫ܣ‬ (1)
where the functions ሼሺƒǡ Ɋ୍ ሺƒሻǡ ˜୍ ሺƒሻǡ Ɏ୍ ሺƒሻǣ ՜ ሾͲǡͳሿ
are respectively the membership functions, nonmembership
function and the hesitation function of an element ‘a’ in a
finite set A with the obligatory consideration
ሼߤூ ሺܽሻ ൅  ‫ݒ‬ூ ሺܽሻ ൅ ߨூ ሺܽሻ ൌ ͳ (2)
This makes it obvious
Ͳ ൑ ߨூ ሺܽሻ ൑ ͳ݂‫ܣ א ݈݈ܽܽݎ݋‬ (3)
Another advanced fuzzy set is a type II Fuzzy set which is
pioneered by Zadeh. It is capable of dealing with different
types of uncertainties by considering the membership
function as fuzzy. For the finite fuzzy set ൌ ൛ƒଵ ǡ ƒ ଶ ǡ ǥ Ǥ ƒ ୬ሽ ,
type II fuzzy set can be represented mathematically as
‫ܫ‬௧௬௣௘ூூ ൌ ሼܽǡ ߤ௨ ሺܽሻǡ ߤ௟ ሺܽሻȁܽ ‫ܣ א‬ (4)
withߤ௟ ሺܽሻ ൏ ߤሺܽሻ ൏ ߤ௨ ሺܽሻǡ ߤ߳ሾͲǡͳሿ (5)
Where Ɋ୳ ሺƒሻƒ†Ɋ୪ ሺƒሻ denotes upper and lower
membership functions given in [18] and represented as
25
ߤ ௨௣ ൌ ሾߤሺܽሻሿఈ (6)
ߤ ௟௢௪ ൌ ሾߤሺܽሻሿଵȀఈ (7)
Where ߙ ‫ א‬ሾͲǡͳሿǤ
In order to exemplify the usefulness of the proposed
algorithm, we take into consideration type II fuzzy set-based
techniques for comparison. The first technique is proposed
by Chaira [19] in 2014 in which first image I of size R*C is
fuzzified using formula
௔ି௔೘೔೙
ߤூ ሺܽሻ ൌ (8)
௔೘ೌೣ ି௔೘೔೙
where ‘a’ is the grey level that ranges from 0 to L-1.
ƒ ୫୧୬ and ƒ ୫ୟ୶ are the minimum and maximum grey level
values of the image respectively. In order to calculate new
membership function upper and lower membership functions
are calculated using
ߤ ௨௣ ൌ ሾߤሺܽሻሿఈ (9)
ߤ ௟௢௪ ൌ ሾߤሺܽሻሿଵȀఈ (10)
Where ߙ ‫ א‬ሾͲǡͳሿǤ
It is observed that with ߙ=0.8, the enhanced image
has better contrast. Using equation 9 and equation 10, nthe
ew membership function is calculated utilizing fuzzy T-
conorm method which is statistical in nature and is given as
ఓ ೠ೛ ሺ௔ሻାఓ ೗೚ೢሺ௔ሻା௞Ǥఓ ೠ೛ ሺ௔ሻǤఓ ೗೚ೢሺ௔ሻǤ
ߤ ௘௡௛௖ ൌ ሺଵା௞ሻఓ ೠ೛ ሺ௔ሻǤఓ ೗೚ೢሺ௔ሻାଵ
(11)
Where Ɋ୪୭୵ ሺƒሻ and Ɋ୳୮ ሺƒሻ are lower and upper membership
function of type II fuzzy set respectively and k denotes the
average of the image. Value of k is computed using
k=average*10. It shows the problem of over contrast
enhancement when applied on digital mammograms [19].
Results are shown for different values of parameter ߙǤ
In 2018, Bora and Thakur [20] proposed a type II fuzzy
set based enhancement method which overcomes the
problem of over-contrast enhancement in the method
proposed by Chaira. In this, the first image I of size R*C is
fuzzified using the formula
௔ି௔೘೔೙
ߤூ ሺܽሻ ൌ (12)
௔೘ೌೣ ି௔೘೔೙
where ‘a’ is the grey level ranging from 0 to L-1.
ƒ ୫୧୬ and ƒ ୫ୟ୶ are the minimum and maximum values of the
grey levels of the image respectively. Then in order to
calculate the new membership function which increases the
contrast of the image, the lower and upper membership
functions are calculated using
ߤ ௟௢௪ ൌ ሾߤሺܽሻሿଵȀఈ (13)
ߤ ௨௣ ൌ ሾߤሺܽሻሿఈ (14)
Where Ƚ ൌ ͲǤͷ and Ɋሺƒሻ denotes fuzzified image. This
new membership function is calculated by the expression
given in equation 11 gives the enhanced image
 2019 6th International Conference on Signal Processing and Integrated Networks (SPIN)

ఓ ೗೚ೢ ሺ௔ሻǤ௞ା௞Ǥఓ ೠ೛ ሺ௔ሻሺଵି௞ሻ ଵ ଶఓ಺ ൫௔ೣ೤ ൯ణ಺ ሺ௔ೣ೤ሻାగ಺ మ ሺ௔ೣ೤ ሻ

ߤ ௘௡௛௖ ൌ (15) ‫ܧ‬ሺ‫ܫ‬ூிௌ ሻ ൌ σோିଵ ஼ିଵ
௫ୀ଴ σ௬ୀ଴ (22)
ሺଵା௞ሻఓ ೠ೛ ሺ௔ሻǤఓ ೗೚ೢ ሺ௔ሻାଵ ோ஼ గ಺ మ ൫௔ೣ೤ ൯ାఓ಺ మ ൫௔ೣ೤ ൯ାణ಺ మ ሺ௔ೣ೤ ሻ
The optimal value of k that keep up a correspondence to the
Where Ɋ୪୭୵ ሺƒሻ and Ɋ୳୮ ሺƒሻ are lower and upper maximum value of entropy is written as
membership function of type II fuzzy set respectively. K ݇௢௣௧௠ ൌ ƒšሺ‫ܧܨܫ‬ሺ‫ܫ‬ூிௌ Ǣ ݇ሻ (23)
lying between 0 and 1 is calculated using Once optimal parameter ୭୮୲୫ , is obtained when the image
݇ൌ
௔ೌೡ೐ೝೌ೒೐
(16) is represented in the intuitionistic fuzzy domain using
௅ ‫ܫ‬ூிௌ̴௢௣௧௠ ൌ ൛൏ ܽǡ ߤூ ൫ܽǢ ݇௢௣௧௠ ൯ǡ ߴூ ൫ܽǢ ݇௢௣௧௠ ൯ ൐ ȁܽ ‫א‬
where ƒୟ୴ୣ୰ୟ୥ୣ denotes average of grey levels of the
ሺͲǡ Ǥ Ǥ ‫ ܮ‬െ ͳሻሽൟ (24)
window and L is a number of grey levels [20]. Both these
method were not able to remove the vagueness in defining In order to deconstruct this intuitionistic fuzzy image to a
the region of interest and boundaries. Also, there are chances
of enhancement of noise in these methods. The visual quality
too can be improved. This motivated us to propose a
technique that can improve the efficiency of these
techniques. The proposed technique is discussed in detail in
section 3.
III. PROPOSED METHOD
To enhance the contrast and to remove the vagueness
in defining boundaries and region of interest in greyscale
digital mammogram images, we proposed an intuitionistic
fuzzification scheme based on the optimization of
intuitionistic fuzzy entropy and CLAHE (Contrast Limited
Adaptive Histogram Equalization). For the implementation
of this technique an image I of size R*C with L grey levels
ranging from 0 to L-1 is considered which is basically an
array of fuzzy skeletons [21-22] whose each element
represents the membership of the corresponding pixel wrt
image property. We use the property “brightness” of the
intensity level to improve the contrast. In the first step, we
consider an intuitionistic fuzzy image which can be
characterized as
‫ܫ‬ூிௌ ൌ ሼ‫ݔ‬ǡ ߤ௔ ǡ ߴ௔ ሻሽǡ ܽ ‫ א‬ሼͲǡͳǡʹǡ ǥ Ǥ ǡ ‫ ܮ‬െ ͳሽ
where ‘a’ denotes the pixel value.
Then in next step image, ‘I’ is fuzzified using the formula
given as
௔ି௔೘೔೙
ߤூ ሺܽሻ ൌ (18)
௔೘ೌೣ ି௔೘೔೙
where ‘a’ denotes grey level ranging from 0 to L-1. L=256(in
our case). ƒ ୫ୟ୶ and ƒ୫୧୬ symbolizes the maximum and
minimum grey level values of the image respectively. On
the basis of fuzzy set theory, we computed the membership
degree of this intuitionistic fuzzy image which is given as
ߤூிௌ ሺܽǢ ݇ሻ ൌ ͳ െ ሺͳ െ ߤூ ሺܽሻሻ௞ିଵ (19)
For calculating the non-membership function standard fuzzy
negation, ‫׎‬ሺšሻ ൌ ሺͳ െ šሻ୩ ǡ  ൒ ͳ, is used which results in
the following expression
ߴூிௌ ሺܽǢ ݇ሻ ൌ ሺͳ െ ߤூ ሺܽǢ ݇ሻሻ௞ሺ௞ିଵሻ (20)
It is followed by computation of the hesitation degree using
both membership and non-membership function shown in
equation 17
ߨூிௌ ሺܽǢ ݇ሻ ൌ ͳ െ ߤூிௌ ሺܽǢ ݇ሻ െ ߴூிௌ ሺܽǢ ݇ሻ (21)
Here the value of k is not permanent for all the images, so to
attain the finest value of k, intuitionistic fuzzy entropy is
used. This concept of entropy is also provided in [23] and
given as
fuzzy image, an Atanassov operator is applied to ୍୊ୗ̴୭୮୲୫ .
This concept of Atanassov’s operator is discussed in [24]
and given as
ࣞఉ ቀ‫ܫ‬ூிௌ೚೛೟೘ ቁ ൌ ሼܽǡ ߤூ ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൅ ߚߨூ ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻǡ ߴூ ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൅ ሺͳ െ
ߚሻߨூ ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻȁ‫ܺ߳ݔ‬ǡ ߚ߳ሾͲǡͳሿ (25)
By changing the values ofȾ, one can obtain different images
in the fuzzy domain. For finding the optimal value ofȾ, the
maximum index of fuzziness intuitionistic defuzzification
[25] is exploited according to the following scheme
Ͳ݂݅ߚ௢௣௧௠ ᇱ ൏ Ͳ
ᇱ ᇱ
ߚ௢௣௧௠ ൌ ൞ߚ௢௣௧௠ ݂݅Ͳ ൑ ߚ௢௣௧௠ ൑ ͳ (26)
ᇱ
ͳ݂݅ߚ௢௣௧௠ ൐ ͳ
where
σಽషభ
ೌసబ ௛಺ ሺ௔ሻగ಺ ൫௔Ǣ௞೚೛೟೘ ൯ሺଵିଶఓ಺ ሺ௔Ǣ௞೚೛೟೘ ሻ
ߚ௢௣௧௠ ᇱ ൌ (27)
ଶ σಽషభ మ
ೌసబ ௛಺ ሺ௔ሻగ಺ ሺ௔Ǣ௞೚೛೟೘ ሻሻ
where Š୍ signifies the histogram of the image. For
defuzzifying i.e. getting back the image in the grey level
domain is we use the expression provided as
ܽᇱ ൌ ሺ‫ ܮ‬െ ͳሻߤࣞഁ ൫‫ܫ‬௢௣௧௠ ൯ሺܽሻ (28)
೚೛೟೘
And ߤࣞഁ ൫‫ܫ‬ூிௌ̴௢௣௧௠ ൯ሺܽሻ ൌ ߚ௢௣௧௠ ൅ ൫ͳ െ
ߚ௢௣௧௠ ൯ߤூ ൫ܽǢ ݇௢௣௧௠ ൯ െ ߚ௢௣௧௠ ߴூ ሺܽǢ ݇௢௣௧௠ ሻ
(17)
(29)
Here ƒᇱ and provides final and initial image intensity levels
respectively. Now on this grey scale mammogram image,
CLAHE is applied which is basically a classic local contrast
enhancement method in order to improve the local fine
points of the image successfully. It clips part of histogram
higher than the threshold and redistributes clipped pixels to
every grey level in order to eliminate the noise enhancement.
It includes division of the image into continuous and non-
continuous overlapping tiles followed by even allocation of
clipped pixels to grey levels by trimming the histogram
higher than the threshold. In the next stage, histogram
equalization is applied to every pixel. It is followed by
interpolation of mapping between neighboring tiles. In the
end, intensity mappings of four neighboring are used to
interpolate the outcome mapping at each pixel which gives
better contrast images with preservation of shape,
information content, and brightness without enhancing noise[
26].
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
In this section, experiments are conducted on low contrast
publicly available MIAS database consisting 322 different
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 2019 6th International Conference on Signal Processing and Integrated Networks (SPIN)

categories of mammogram images with size 1024*1024

pixels having 8 bit per pixel in order to validate the pre-
eminence of the proposed technique over type II fuzzy set-
based techniques. To implement the proposed technique
MATLAB 2018 software installed in the system having an i3
processor and window8 operating system is used. To
compare the results of type II based enhancement technique
and proposed technique both subjective and quantitative g) Original Image (mdb206.jpg) h) Chaira Enhancement method (Ƚ=0.8)
evaluation is done. In order to show the efficiency of the
proposed technique in improving the visual quality of digital
mammograms, both malignant and digital mammogram
images are utilized. Figure 1 represents the comparison of
these techniques. In 1a) original and low contrast dense
benign digital mammogram image (mdb099) is shown. 1e)
represents the low contrast dense malignant mammogram
image (mdb206). 1b) and 1f) shows the results obtained by i) Chaira Enhancement method (Ƚ=4.8) j) CEM (Ƚ=4.8)
applying the type II enhancement technique proposed by
Chaira [19]. 1c) and 1 g) shows the resultant images obtained
by applying the type II based enhancement technique
proposed by Bora and Thakur [20]. 1d) and 1g) provides the
results achieved by applying the proposed technique. It is
clearly visible that the type II enhancement technique by
Chaira gets affected with the problem of over contrast
enhancement. Enhancement technique by Bora and Thakur is k) Bora& Thakur enhancement method l) Proposed Method
not able to improve the visual quality to a large extent. The Fig.1 : Assessment of various enhancement techniques using MIAS
proposed technique improves the contrast and removes the database a) Original low contrast image (dense benign type digital
vagueness in defining the region of interest and the mammogram (mdb099)) b) to d) and h) to i) result of enhancement
method by chaira e) and k)result of enhancement method by bora&
boundaries. CLAHE used in the proposed technique Thakur l) and f) Proposed method g) Original low contrast image
overcomes the problem of noise enhancement. Apart from (dense malignant type digital mammogram (mdb206))
these, the quantitative and subjective superiority of the
proposed technique is discussed in section 4.1 and section
4.2 respectively. 4.1 QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT

We have used two quantitative metrics i.e. Discrete

a) Original Image (mdb099.jpg)
c) Chaira Enhancement method (CEM) (Ƚ=4.8) d) CEM (Ƚ=0.08)
e) Bora& Thakur enhancement method
b) Chaira Enhancement method (Ƚ=0.8)
f) Proposed Method
Entropy (DE) and Peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR).
Discrete Entropy essentially computes the information
contained in the image after enhancement. It can be
embodied as
‫ݕ݌݋ݎݐ݊ܧ‬ሺ‫ܧ‬ሻ ൌ σ஼ିଵ௫ǡ௬ୀ଴ ܲሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ሻሺെŽሺܲሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ሻሻ (30)
where ܲሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ሻ stand for the likelihood of a probable result.
The range of summing up (x, y=0) to (C-1) indicates the
need for consideration of each cell in the matrix. The
information content is considered preserved when the
entropy of output image approaches nearer to that of input
image [27]. Peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) decides the
extent of resemblance between an enhanced image and
original image [28-29,33].
ெ௑ మ
ܴܲܵܰ ൌ ͳͲ݈‫݃݋‬ (31)
ெௌா
Here MX symbolizes probable highest assessment in the
image frequently taken as 255. MSE correspond to mean
squared error difference between the original and enhanced
image and can be written as
ଵ
‫ ܧܵܯ‬ൌ σோ௫ୀଵ σ஼௬ୀଵሺ‫ܱܧ‬௫௬ െ ‫ܰܫ‬௫௬ ሻଶ (32)
ோ஼
For better image quality, its value should be high [27].
These two quantitative metrics not only take account of
enhancement impact but also takes into consideration the

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 2019 6th International Conference on Signal Processing and Integrated Networks (SPIN)

issue of noise sensitivity. From the results given in Table 1,
it can be deduced that the proposed technique gives a high
value of entropy and PSNR compared to type II fuzzy set
based enhancement techniques. This shows the efficiency of
the proposed technique in enhancing digital mammograms.
TABLE II PROPORTIONAL RESULTS OF VIEWER PERFORMANCE
IN A SCALE OF 1-10 FOR THE VISUAL UPGRADING OF
DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHIC IMAGES AFTER IMPROVING
CONTRAST BY MEANS OF THE ANTICIPATED
COMPUTER AIDED DIAGNOSIS TECHNIQUE. 1=VERY
POOR, 10=EXCELLENT.

TABLE I COMPARISON RESULTS OBTAINED BY PROPOSED ENHANCEMENT Expert Visual The score in Efficacy of
ALGORITHMS ON MAMMOGRAM IMAGES TAKEN FROM MIAS Radiologists/ augmentation the range of proposed CAD
DATABASE technologists after 1-10 for in identifying
enhancement if visual and classifying
Image Quantitative Type II Type II Proposed any. AGREE/ improvement digital
Evaluation method by method by Technique DISAGREE mammograms
Chaira[19] Bora[20] (Score in range
mdb068 Entropy 3.2321 5.0060 5.5278 of 1-10)
PSNR 8.2368 8.2342 24.8726 I AGREE 8 8
mdb256 Entropy 2.9950 4.4209 4.4740 II AGREE 8 7
PSNR 8.3178 8.3146 24.1090
III AGREE 7 9
mdb171 Entropy 2.3008 4.2439 4.5230
PSNR 7.3308 7.3274 24.2105 IV AGREE 9 8
mdb265 Entropy 2.2676 3.7450 4.1544 V AGREE 9 8
PSNR 9.3525 9.3490 24.1761 VI AGREE 8 9
mdb099 Entropy 2.1665 3.8412 4.2972 AGREE
PSNR 9.3144 9.3116 25.2702
VII 8 8
mdb005 Entropy 2.9509 5.0365 5.3609 VIII AGREE 9 7
PSNR 8.6355 8.6306 19.3795 IX AGREE 9 8
mdb322 Entropy 2.8802 4.3210 5.0998 X AGREE 7 8
PSNR 8.2990 8.2966 23.3941 AGREE
mdb267 Entropy 3.0946 5.2617
XI 8 8
5.6547
XII AGREE 9 7
PSNR 7.4217 7.4176 23.2461
mdb315 Entropy 3.2876 5.1481 5.4858 Mean AGREE 8.25 7.91
PSNR 8.9301 8.9260 21.6766
mdb300 Entropy 2.9483 4.4838 4.4586
PSNR 9.8456 9.8403 16.4746 V. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
mdb206 Entropy 2.8657 4.6562 4.7190
PSNR 9.1343 9.1300 20.4265 In this manuscript, contrast limited adaptive histogram
Average Entropy 2.8172 4.5967 4.8868 equalization and entropy-based intuitionistic fuzzy image
PSNR 8.6198 8.6161 22.4759 enhancement technique are proposed for improving the
visual quality of mammogram images. The results are
compared with type II fuzzy set based enhancement
methods. Experimental results both subjective and
4.2 SUBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT quantitative one proves the efficiency of the proposed
A visual assessment was carried out before and after technique in augmenting the contrast of digital
enhancement in order to calculate approximately the efficacy mammograms. The proposed technique removes the
of the projected technique in improving the contrast of uncertainty in boundary or region of interest without
digital mammograms by removing uncertainty in the region affecting the information content and shape of the image. It
of interest and boundaries. Twelve observers including is applicable for pre-processing all categories of breast
technologists and radiologists blinded to the study evaluated images including dense glandular mammograms, fatty
the digital mammograms and reported their response in a glands, and fatty mammograms. In the future, the proposed
standardized form. Comparative outcome of the evaluation work can be carried out for colored medical images.
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