Memorization

1. ! + b)2 = a 2 + 2ab + b 2
(a
2. ! − b)2 = a 2 − 2ab + b 2
(a
3. !a 2 − b 2 = (a + b)(a − b)

4. !a 3 − b 3 = (a − b)(a 2 + ab + b 2)

5. !a 3 + b 3 = (a + b)(a 2 − ab + b 2)

6. Coordinate Geometry

(a) ! Distance between A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2 ) = (x1 − x2)2 − (y1 − y2)2

( 2 2 )
x1 + x2 y1 + y2
(b) ! Mid-point of the line segment joining A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2 ) = ,

(c) Slope
! of A B where θ is the inclination of A B = tan θ
y1 − y2
(d) ! Slope of the line segment joining A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2 ) =
x1 − x2
(e) Let
! m1 and m 2 be the slopes of two lines l1 and l2 respectively.
(i) ! l1 ⊥ l2, then m1 × m 2 = − 1
If

(ii) ! l1 ∥ l2, then m1 = m 2

If

(f) Suppose
! l passes through (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) and its slope is m . Then the linear equation in
(i) Point-slope
! form: (y − y1) = m(x − x1) / (y − y2 ) = m(x − x2 )
y − y1 y − y1 y − y2 y1 − y2
x2 − x1 / x − x2
(ii) ! Two-point form: = 2 =
x − x1 x1 − x2

7. Quadratic Equation

(a) ! x 2 + bx + c = 0, then Δ
Given a quadratic equation a ! = b 2 − 4ac and
−b ± b 2 − 4ac
x! =
2a
(b) If α
! and β
! are the roots of a quadratic equation, then the quadratic equation in general form is 

! x 2 − (α + β )x + αβ = 0 .

(c) If (h,
! k) are the coordinates of the vertex of the graph of a quadratic function, then the
quadratic equation is ! a(x − h)2 + k = 0 where a ≠ 0.


1
Memorization

8. Complete the table below and answer in surd form.

!0∘ !30∘ !45∘ !60∘ !90∘
1 2 3
!sin !0 ! ! ! !1
2 2 2
3 2 1
!cos !1 ! ! ! !0
2 2 2
1 3
!tan !0 ! / !1 ! 3 !undefined
3 3

✴ For Q9 to Q11, please refer to the figure below. (Answer 1 solution if necessary.)

c b

B C
a

/
2 2 2 a2 + b2 − c2
9. ! Cosine formula : c = a + b − 2abcos C cos C =
2ab

/
a b c sin A sin B sin C
10. Sine
! formula : = = = =
sin A sin B sin C a b c

11. Area of triangle:

1
(a) ! Area of ΔABC = absin C
2

(b) ! Area of ΔABC = s(s − a)(s − b)(s − c) (Heron's Formula)

a+b+c
• ! where s= 

2
2
Memorization

12. Law of indices:

✴ Given !a, b are real numbers and !m, n are integers.

(a) !a m × a n = a m+n
m n am
(b) !a ÷ a = = a m−n where a ≠ 0.
a n
m
(c) !(ab) = a m b m

(b)
m
a am
(d) ! = m = a mb −m where b ≠ 0.
b
1
(e) !a −m = where a ≠ 0.
am
(f) !(a m)n = a mn
(g) !a 0 = 1 where a ≠ 0.
1
! m=
a a for integer m where a, m > 0.
m
(h)
m m
am
n
!a n = ( a) = for integers m and n where a, n > 0.
n
(i)

13. Laws of logarithms:

✴ Given !M, N, a, b > 0 and !a, b ≠ 1.

(a) !loga 1 = 0
(b) !loga a = 1
(c) !loga(MN ) = loga M + loga N
M
(d) !loga = loga M − loga N
N
(e) !loga(M k ) = kloga M (k is any real number.)
(f) !a loga M = M
logb N
(g) !loga N = where b > 0 and b ≠ 1.
logb a
(h) ! a x = undefined
log for x ≤ 0.


3
Memorization

14. Definitions of trigonometric ratios of any angle

y
(a) ! θ=
sin where r = x2 + y2 .
r
x
(b) ! cos θ= where r = x2 + y2 .
r
y
(c) ! θ=
tan where r = x2 + y2 .
x

15. Trigonometric identities:

sin θ
(a) tan
! θ=
cos θ

(b) !sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1

(c) Complete the following table.
!sin !cos !tan
1
!90∘ − θ !cos θ !sin θ !
tan θ
1
!90∘ + θ !cos θ !− sin θ !−
tan θ
!180∘ − θ !sin θ !− cos θ !− tan θ
!180∘ + θ !− sin θ !− cos θ !tan θ
1
!270∘ − θ !− cos θ !− sin θ !
tan θ
1
!270∘ + θ !− cos θ !sin θ !−
tan θ
!360∘ − θ !− sin θ !cos θ !− tan θ
!− θ !− sin θ !cos θ !− tan θ