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Enda Lecture Midterm
Enda Lecture Midterm
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Republic of the Philippines
BICOL STATE COLLEGE OF APPLIED SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
City of Naga
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Republic of the Philippines
BICOL STATE COLLEGE OF APPLIED SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
City of Naga
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Republic of the Philippines
BICOL STATE COLLEGE OF APPLIED SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
City of Naga
b. Line Graph
The most practical and effective device
which shows a general trend, patterns or
changes over a given time. It makes use
of ordered pairs and graph or ordered
pairs in a coordinate plane. The
categories or time periods are
chronologically arranged on the
horizontal axis and the relevant values
3. GRAPHICAL FORM are indicated in the vertical axis.
The most effective way of presenting
statistical data because important
relationships are brought about clearly.
Comparison and trends of quantitative
values are readily available to enable ease
of communication of results or information.
a. BAR GRAPH
Used to organize data/information visually.
Bar graphs are helpful in comparing
quantities. It can be horizontal or vertical.
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Republic of the Philippines
BICOL STATE COLLEGE OF APPLIED SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
City of Naga
Sturge’s Rule
𝐾 = 1 + 3.3 log 𝑁
𝐾 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑠
𝑁 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
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Republic of the Philippines
BICOL STATE COLLEGE OF APPLIED SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
City of Naga
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Republic of the Philippines
BICOL STATE COLLEGE OF APPLIED SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
City of Naga
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Republic of the Philippines
BICOL STATE COLLEGE OF APPLIED SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
City of Naga
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Republic of the Philippines
BICOL STATE COLLEGE OF APPLIED SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
City of Naga
Example: Class 𝑓 𝑐𝑓
Find the median of the ages of 9 middle Limits
management employees of a certain company. The 10-17 7 𝑐𝑓 =7
ages are 53,45,59,48,54,46,51,58,55. 18-25 18 25
26-33 10 35
Arrange the data in order: 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 (𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒) = 34-41 5 40
<=>
= 5𝑡ℎ 42-49 5 45
?
50-57 2 47
45, 46, 48, 51, 53, 54, 55, 58, 59 58-65 3 50
N = 50
therefore, the median age is 53
𝐿𝐵 = 18 − 0.5 = 17.5
Example: The daily rates of a sample of eight
𝑖 = 18 − 10 = 8
employees at CGK Inc, are P 550, P420, P560.
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P500, P700, P670, P860, P480. e f−7
𝑀𝒆𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏 = 17.5 + … 2 ‡ 8 = 21.056
Arrange the data in order: 18
P420, P480, P500, P550, P560, P670, P700, P860
8+1
Thus, the median is 21.056, observed that the
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 (𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒) = = 4.5 𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑘 median will fall within the class boundary of the
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median class.
550 + 560
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 (𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒) = = 555
2 MODE – the mode for ungrouped data is
Therefore, the median daily rate is 555.
defined as the value that appears with the
highest frequency. That is the item that appears
MEDIAN for GROUPED DATA: most often. It is used with nominal data. It can
be easily identified by inspection of ungrouped
For N = 50 set of data by getting the score or item which
occurs most frequently.
𝑵 𝟓𝟎
𝑴𝒆𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏 (𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒌 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆) = =
𝟐 𝟐 When all values appear with the same
= 𝟐𝟓𝒕𝒉 𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒌 frequency, the mode does not exist. A
𝑵 distribution with only one mode is called
e 𝟐 f − 𝒄𝒇
𝑴𝒆𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏 = 𝑳𝑩 + … ‡𝒊 unimodal while a distribution which has two
𝒇 modes is bimodal; and for same sets of data
Where: with three or more modes is known as multi-
𝐿𝐵 = 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠
modal.
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Republic of the Philippines
BICOL STATE COLLEGE OF APPLIED SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
City of Naga
Class 𝑓 𝑐𝑓
Limits
10-17 7 𝑐𝑓 =7
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Republic of the Philippines
BICOL STATE COLLEGE OF APPLIED SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
City of Naga
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Republic of the Philippines
BICOL STATE COLLEGE OF APPLIED SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
City of Naga
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Republic of the Philippines
BICOL STATE COLLEGE OF APPLIED SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
City of Naga
such that 25% of the observations are in each group. The cut off 𝑘𝑁
points are called quartiles. ž Ÿ − 𝑐𝑓
DECILE split data into 10 parts and PERCENTILES split the data 𝑄+ = 𝐿𝐵 + • 4 𝑖
𝑓
into 100 parts (Centiles), the median is the 50th percentile or the
5th decile. 31
ž Ÿ−3
𝑄* = 39.5 + • 4 3 = 41.875
QUARTILES for ungrouped data 6
2(31) 31
𝒌(𝑵 + 𝟏) 𝑄, 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑒𝑑 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = = = 15.5
𝑸𝒌 = 4 2
𝟒 2 ∗ 31
ž Ÿ−9
𝑄, = 42.5 + • 4 3 = 44.45
𝑸𝒌 = 𝑸𝒖𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒍𝒆 10
𝑵 = 𝒑𝒐𝒑𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝒌 = 𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒍𝒆 𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 3(31) 93
𝑄) 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑒𝑑 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = = = 23.25
4 4
Example: 3 ∗ 31
ž Ÿ − 19
𝑄) = 45.5 + • 4 3 = 46.01
Find the first, second, and third quartiles of the ages of 9 middle- 5
management employees of a certain company. The ages are
53,45,59,48, 54,46,51,58 and 55. DETERMINE THE 𝐷- CLASS
𝟒𝟔 + 𝟒𝟖
𝑸𝟏 = = 𝟒𝟕
𝟐
PERCENTILE
𝑸𝟐 = 𝟓𝒕𝒉 =53 DETERMINE THE 𝑃,, Class
55 + 58 ,,∗/0
𝑄) = 7.5𝑡ℎ = = 𝟓𝟔. 𝟓 𝑃,, 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑒𝑑 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = = 11th
2 *00
Class 𝑓 𝑐𝑓
For GROUPED DATA: Limit
s
1𝑁 31 10-17 7 7
𝑄* 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑒𝑑 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = = = 7.75
4 4 18-25 18 25
Class 𝑓 𝑐𝑓 26-33 10 35
Limits
37 – 39 3 3 34-41 5 40
40 – 42 6 9 42-49 5 45
43 – 45 10 19
46 – 48 5 24 50-57 2 47
49 – 51 4 28
52 – 54 2 30
58-65 3 50
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Republic of the Philippines
BICOL STATE COLLEGE OF APPLIED SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
City of Naga
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Republic of the Philippines
BICOL STATE COLLEGE OF APPLIED SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
City of Naga
SKEWNESS
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Republic of the Philippines
BICOL STATE COLLEGE OF APPLIED SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
City of Naga
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Republic of the Philippines
BICOL STATE COLLEGE OF APPLIED SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
City of Naga
MEASURES OF KURTOSIS
The degree of peakedness of a
frequency curve of a
distribution in relation to a Ku > 3 Ku =3 Ku <
normal distribution is known 3
as kurtosis (Ku).
')𝟒
∑(𝒙( 𝒙
𝑲𝒖 = 𝒏𝒔𝟒
for ungrouped
data
')𝟒
∑ 𝒇(𝒙( 𝒙
𝑲𝒖 = 𝒏𝒔𝟒
for grouped
A frequency distribution with a data
relatively high curve of peak is
called leptokurtic. This means
that the values in the
distribution are heavily
concentrated or piled up in the
center. A leptokurtic curve has
long tails.
A flat-topped distribution,
where the values are relatively
even in distribution about a
center is known as platykurtic
curve. This type of curve
possesses short tails.
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