Question bank solution

UNIT - 1

Section - A

a) List the components of a microprocessor?

- Microprocessor Components

1.Control Unit.

2.I/O Units.

3.Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

4.Registers.

5.Cache.

b) What are the different Registers in a Computer?

- There are some following registers in a computer:-

1.Output register

2.Input register

3.Program counter

4.Address register

5.Data register

6.Accumulator

7.Instruction register

8.Temporary register

c) Explain the benefits of studying Computer Architecture?

- Computer architectures represent the means of interconnectivity for a computer's hardware

components as well as the mode of data transfer and processing exhibited. Different computer
architecture configurations have been developed to speed up the movement of data, allowing for
increased data processing.

d) List the different types of ROM?

- Types of Read-Only Memory (ROM):

1.MROM (Masked read-only memory)

2.PROM (Programmable read-only memory)

3.EPROM (Erasable programmable read-only memory)

4.EEPROM (Electrically erasable programmable read-only memory)

1. MROM (Masked read-only memory): We know that ROM is as old as semiconductor technology.
MROM was the very first ROM that consists of a grid of word lines and bit lines joined together
transistor switches. This type of ROM data is physically encoded in the circuit and only be programmed
during fabrication. It was not so expensive.

2. PROM (Programmable read-only memory): PROM is a form of digital memory. In this type of ROM,
each bit is locked by a fuse or anti-fuse. The data stored in it are permanently stored and can not be
changed or erasable. It is used in low-level programs such as firmware or microcode.

3. EPROM (Erasable programmable read-only memory): EPROM also called EROM, is a type of PROM but
it can be reprogrammed. The data stored in EPROM can be erased and reprogrammed again by
ultraviolet light. Reprogrammed of it is limited. Before the era of EEPROM and flash memory, EPROM
was used in microcontrollers.

4. EEPROM (Electrically erasable programmable read-only memory): As its name refers, it can be
programmed and erased electrically. The data and program of this ROM can be erased and programmed
about ten thousand times. The duration of erasing and programming of the EEPROM is near about 4ms
to 10ms. It is used in microcontrollers and remote keyless systems.

e) Explain computer architecture in detail.

- Computer architecture is the organisation of the components which make up a computer system and
the meaning of the operations which guide its function.

It defines what is seen on the machine interface, which is targeted by programming languages and
their compilers.

f) Explain Primary Memory.

- Primary memory is computer memory that a processor or computer accesses first or directly.

It allows a processor to access running execution applications and services that are temporarily stored
in a specific memory location.

Primary memory is also known as primary storage or main memory.

**Type of primary memory**

1.RAM

2.ROM

g) What is the use of ALU in computer?

- ALU is a main component of the central processing unit, which stands for arithmetic logic unit and
performs arithmetic and logic operations.

It is also known as an integer unit (IU) that is an integrated circuit within a CPU or GPU, which is the last
component to perform calculations in the processor.

It has the ability to perform all processes related to arithmetic and logic operations such as addition,
subtraction, and shifting operations, including Boolean comparisons (XOR, OR, AND, and NOT
operations).

Also, binary numbers can accomplish mathematical and bitwise operations.

The arithmetic logic unit is split into AU (arithmetic unit) and LU (logic unit).

The operands and code used by the ALU tell it which operations have to perform according to input
data.

When the ALU completes the processing of input, the information is sent to the computer's memory.

The operations performed by ALU are:

1.Logical Operations: The logical operations consist of NOR, NOT, AND, NAND, OR, XOR, and more.

2.Bit-Shifting Operations: It is responsible for displacement in the locations of the bits to the by right or
left by a certain number of places that are known as a multiplication operation.

3.Arithmetic Operations: Although it performs multiplication and division, this refers to bit addition and
subtraction. But multiplication and division operations are more costly to make. In the place of
multiplication, addition can be used as a substitute and subtraction for division.

h) What are the full form of RAM, ROM and HDD?

- RAM : Random Access Memory

ROM : Read Only Memory

HDD : Hard Disk Drive

i) What is full form CPU?

- CPU stands for Central Processing Unit

The component of a computer system that controls the interpretation and execution of instructions.

The CPU of a PC consists of a single microprocessor, while the CPU of a more powerful mainframe
consists of multiple processing devices, and in some cases, hundreds of them.

j) Explain encoder with the help of diagram.

- An encoder (or "simple encoder") in digital electronics is a one-hot to binary converter.

That is, if there are 2n input lines, and at most only one of them will ever be high, the binary code of
this 'hot' line is produced on the n-bit output lines.

A binary encoder is the dual of a binary decoder.

 1st Question bank solution

a) What is the full form of RAM, ROM, and HDD?

-> RAM - Random access memory

-> ROM - Read only memory

-> HDD - Hard disk drives

b) What is Register in a Computer?

- Registers are a type of computer memory used to quickly accept, store, and transfer data and

instructions that are being used immediately by the CPU.

The registers used by the CPU are often termed as Processor registers.

c) What are the benefits of studying Computer Architecture?

- Computer architecture is the organisation of the components which make up a computer system and

the meaning of the operations which guide its function.

It defines what is seen on the machine interface, which is targeted by programming languages and

their compilers.

d) What is the disadvantage of ROM?

- Some of the disadvantages of ROM are:-

*ROM is read-only, and cannot be modified.

*If changes are required, it is not possible.

e) Explain RTL meaning.

- register transfer language

In computer science, register transfer language (RTL) is a kind of intermediate representation (IR) that

is very close to assembly language, such as that which is used in a compiler.

It is used to describe data flow at the register-transfer level of an architecture.

f) Explain Primary Memory.

- Primary Memory is a section of computer memory that the CPU can access directly.

Primary Memory has a faster access time than secondary memory and is faster than cache memory in a

memory hierarchy.

Primary Memory, on average, has a storage capacity that is lower than secondary memory but higher

than cache memory.

g) What is the full form of ALU?

- An arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a key component of a computer's central processor unit.

The ALU performs all arithmetic and logic operations that must be performed on instruction words.

The ALU is split into two parts in some microprocessor architectures: the AU and the LU.

h) What is a clock in a computer?

- In general, the clock refers to a microchip that regulates the timing and speed of all computer

functions.

In the chip is a crystal that vibrates at a specific frequency when electricity is applied.

The shortest time interval any computer can observer is one clock cycle, or one vibration of the clock

chip.

i) What is full form CPU?

- A central processing unit, also called a central processor, main processor or just processor, is the

electronic circuitry that executes instructions comprising a computer program.

The CPU performs basic arithmetic, logic, controlling, and input/output operations specified by the

instructions in the program.

j) What is the RTC Real Time clock?

- A real time clock, or RTC, is a digital clock with a primary function to keep accurate track of time even

when a power supply is turned off or a device is placed in low power mode.

RTC's are comprised of a controller, oscillator, and an embedded quartz crystal resonator.

Unit -2

a) Describe floating point notation?

- A floating-point representation can implement operations for the high values.

The numerical evaluation are carried out using floating point values.

It can create calculation easy , scientific numbers are described follows :-

The number 5,600,000 can be described as o.56 * 10 to the power 7

Therefore 0.56 is mantissa and 7 is a value of exponent

There are two types of floating point representation:-

1.Single Precision

2.Double Precision

b) What is the full form of RISC and CISC?

- CISC : Complex Instruction Set Computer

RISC : Complex Instruction Set Computer

c) Define logical address?

- A logical address is the address at which an item (memory cell, storage element, network host) appears
to reside from the perspective of an executing application program.

A logical address may be different from the physical address due to the operation of an address
translator or mapping function.

d) What are the major characteristics of a Pipeline?

- The major characteristics of a pipeline are:

a) Pipelining cannot be executed on a single task, as it works by splitting multiple tasks into a number of
subtasks and operating on them concurrently.

b) The speedup or efficiency achieved by suing a pipeline depends on the number of pipe stages and the
number of obtainable tasks that can be subdivided.

c) If the task that can be subdivided has uneven length of execution times, then the speedup of the
pipeline is decreased.

d) Though the pipeline architecture does not decrease the time of execution of a one task, it reduces the
overall time taken for the whole job to get completed.

e) Define Subtraction in CPU?

- Binary subtraction is one of the four binary operations, where we perform the subtraction method for
two binary numbers (comprising only two digits, 0 and 1). This operation is similar to the basic
arithmetic subtraction performed on decimal numbers in Maths.

f) Differentiate between different types of Buses?

- Three types of bus are used.

1.Address bus - carries memory addresses from the processor to other components such as primary
storage and input/output devices.

2.Data bus - carries the data between the processor and other components.

3.Control bus - carries control signals from the processor to other components.

g) What is full adder? List the truth table of full adder and draw the logic diagram.

- Full Adder is the adder which adds three inputs and produces two outputs.

The first two inputs are A and B and the third input is an input carry as C-IN.

The output carry is designated as C-OUT and the normal outputis designated as S which is SUM.

A full adder logic is designed in such a manner that can take eight inputs together to create a byte-wide
adder and cascade the carry bit from one adder to the another.

Logical Expression for SUM:

= A’ B’ C-IN + A’ B C-IN’ + A B’ C-IN’ + A B C-IN

= C-IN (A’ B’ + A B) + C-IN’ (A’ B + A B’)

= C-IN XOR (A XOR B)

= (1,2,4,7)

Logical Expression for C-OUT:

= A’ B C-IN + A B’ C-IN + A B C-IN’ + A B C-IN

= A B + B C-IN + A C-IN

= (3,5,6,7)
h) What is the full form of CISC?

- CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer)

A computer in which individual instructions may perform many operations and take many cycles to
execute, in contrast with reduced instruction set computer (RISC).

i) Describe the Addition in CPU?

- The CPU is the brain of a computer, containing all the circuitry needed to process input, store data, and
output results.

The CPU is constantly following instructions of computer programs that tell it which data to process
and how to process it.

Without a CPU, we could not run programs on a computer.

Addition is performed by the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU).

The two numbers you add together will be stored in two separate registers.

The ALU will add these two numbers and store the result in another record.

j) Which memory does exist in the CPU itself?

- Cache memory, which also is a type of random access memory, does not need to be refreshed.

It is built directly into the CPU to give the processor the fastest possible access to memory locations
and provides nanosecond speed access time to frequently referenced instructions and data.

1st Question bank solution

a) How many types of registers in a system? Name them.

- AR ( Address registers ) PC ( Program counter ) MDR ( Memory data registers ) IR ( index registers )

b) What is the full form of RISC and CISC?

- CISC : Complex Instruction Set Computer

RISC : Complex Instruction Set Computer

c) What is the address?

- A memory address is a reference to a specific memory location used at various levels by software and
hardware.

Memory addresses are fixed-length sequences of digits conventionally displayed and manipulated as
unsigned integers.

d) What is memory?

- Memory is the faculty of the mind by which data or information is encoded, stored, and retrieved
when needed.

It is the retention of information over time for the purpose of influencing future action.

e) What is Subtraction in CPU?

- Binary subtraction is one of the four binary operations, where we perform the subtraction method for
two binary numbers (comprising only two digits, 0 and 1). This operation is similar to the basic
arithmetic subtraction performed on decimal numbers in Maths.

f) What is the requirement of different Buses?

- The system needs different buses because of the fast internal connection between the components
and is also used to transfer data and control signals between the processor and other parts.
g) What is the use of ax, bx and cx registers?

- AX, BX, CX, and DX are general purpose registers.

They can be assigned to any value you want. Of course you need to adjust it into your need.

AX is usually called accumulator register, or just accumulator.

h) What is the full form of CISC?

- CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer)

A computer in which individual instructions may perform many operations and take many cycles to
execute, in contrast with reduced instruction set computer (RISC).

i) Describe the Addition in CPU?

- The CPU is the brain of a computer, containing all the circuitry needed to process input, store data, and
output results.

The CPU is constantly following instructions of computer programs that tell it which data to process
and how to process it.

Without a CPU, we could not run programs on a computer.

Addition is performed by the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU).

The two numbers you add together will be stored in two separate registers.

The ALU will add these two numbers and store the result in another record.

j) Which memory does exist in the CPU itself?

- Cache memory, which also is a type of random access memory, does not need to be refreshed.

It is built directly into the CPU to give the processor the fastest possible access to memory locations
and provides nanosecond speed access time to frequently referenced instructions and data.
 Unit - 3

a) What is the right Shift operation?

- Logical Right Shift

In this shift, each bit moves to the right one by one and the least significant bit(LSB) is rejected and the
empty MSB is filled with zero.

Arithmetic Right Shift:

In this shift, each bit is moved to the right one by one and the least significant(LSB) bit is rejected and
the empty most significant bit(MSB) is filled with the value of the previous MSB.

Circular Right Shift:

In this micro shift operation each bit in the register is shifted to the right one by one. After shifting, the
MSB becomes empty, so the value of the LSB is filled in there.

b) What will be the result if add operation done on 01010101 and 00010010 words?

- Result = 01100111

c) Write 5 floating point operands.

- No idea

d) What is the use of MBR?

- The Master Boot Record (MBR) is the information in the first sector of a hard disk or a removable drive.

It identifies how and where the system's operating system (OS) is located in order to be booted
(loaded) into the computer's main storage or random access memory (RAM).
e) What is the overflow of a register?

- the overflow flag (sometimes called the V flag) is usually a single bit in a system status register used to
indicate when an arithmetic overflow has occurred in an operation, indicating that the signed two's-
complement result would not fit in the number of bits used for the result.

f) Explain fixed point representation.

- fixed-point representation is a real data type for numbers.

Fixed point representation can convert data into binary form, and then the data is processed, stored,
and used by the computer.

It has a fixed number of bits for the integral and fractional parts.

g) What is the left shift operation?

- Logical Left Shift:

In this shift, one position moves each bit to the left one by one. The Empty least significant bit (LSB) is
filled with zero (i.e, the serial input), and the most significant bit (MSB) is rejected.

Arithmetic Left Shift:

In this shift, each bit is moved to the left one by one. The empty least significant bit (LSB) is filled with
zero and the most significant bit (MSB) is rejected. Same as the Left Logical Shift.

Circular Left Shift:

In this micro shift operation each bit in the register is shifted to the left one by one. After shifting, the
LSB becomes empty, so the value of the MSB is filled in there.

h) What is execution of instruction?

- Instruction execution be divided into five stages as fetch, decode, execute, memory access and write
back, denoted by Fi, Di, Ei, Mi and Wi.
 Execution of a program consists of a sequence of these steps.

i) What is borrow in subtraction?is

- Subtraction with borrowing - also sometimes known as regrouping or exchanging - is a technique that
lets us subtract any number from another.

It works on a similar principle as addition with regrouping, which you might also hear referred to as
carrying over.

j) Show how 2 bits are added in CPU?

- When the two single bits, A and B are added together, the addition of “0 + 0”, “0 + 1” and “1 + 0”
results in either a “0” or a “1” until you get to the final column of “1 + 1” then the sum is equal to “2”.

1st Question bank solution

a) What is the right Shift operation?

- Logical Right Shift

In this shift, each bit moves to the right one by one and the least significant bit(LSB) is rejected and the
empty MSB is filled with zero.

Arithmetic Right Shift:

In this shift, each bit is moved to the right one by one and the least significant(LSB) bit is rejected and
the empty most significant bit(MSB) is filled with the value of the previous MSB.

Circular Right Shift:

In this micro shift operation each bit in the register is shifted to the right one by one. After shifting, the
MSB becomes empty, so the value of the LSB is filled in there.

b) What will be the result if add operation done on 01010101 and 00010010 words?
- Result = 01100111

c) Differentiate between operand and operator.

- The operators indicate what action or operation to perform.

The operands indicate what items to apply the action to.

An operand can be any of the following kinds of data items: Constant.

d) What is the use of MBR?

- The Master Boot Record (MBR) is the information in the first sector of a hard disk or a removable drive.

It identifies how and where the system's operating system (OS) is located in order to be booted
(loaded) into the computer's main storage or random access memory (RAM).

e) What is the overflow of a register?

- the overflow flag (sometimes called the V flag) is usually a single bit in a system status register used to
indicate when an arithmetic overflow has occurred in an operation, indicating that the signed two's-
complement result would not fit in the number of bits used for the result.

f) What is a pointer?

- A pointer is a variable that stores the memory address of another variable as its value. A pointer
variable points to a data type (like int ) of the same type, and is created with the * operator.

g) What is the left shift operation?

- Logical Left Shift:

In this shift, one position moves each bit to the left one by one. The Empty least significant bit (LSB) is
filled with zero (i.e, the serial input), and the most significant bit (MSB) is rejected.
Arithmetic Left Shift:

In this shift, each bit is moved to the left one by one. The empty least significant bit (LSB) is filled with
zero and the most significant bit (MSB) is rejected. Same as the Left Logical Shift.

Circular Left Shift:

In this micro shift operation each bit in the register is shifted to the left one by one. After shifting, the
LSB becomes empty, so the value of the MSB is filled in there.

h) What is execution of instruction?

- Instruction execution be divided into five stages as fetch, decode, execute, memory access and write
back, denoted by Fi, Di, Ei, Mi and Wi.

Execution of a program consists of a sequence of these steps.

i) What is borrow in subtraction?

- Subtraction with borrowing - also sometimes known as regrouping or exchanging - is a technique that
lets us subtract any number from another.

It works on a similar principle as addition with regrouping, which you might also hear referred to as
carrying over.

j) Show how 2 bits are added in CPU?

- When the two single bits, A and B are added together, the addition of “0 + 0”, “0 + 1” and “1 + 0”
results in either a “0” or a “1” until you get to the final column of “1 + 1” then the sum is equal to “2”.
 Unit - 4

a) Give five input devices names.

- Input Device

Keyboard,

Mouse.

Joy Stick.

Light Pen.

Microphone.

Scanner.

Barcode Reader.

b) Give five output devices names.

- Output Device

Printers.

Monitors.

Speakers.

Projector.

Headphones.

c) What is associate memory?

- Associative memory is defined as the ability to learn and remember the relationship between
unrelated items.

This would include, for example, remembering the name of someone or the aroma of a particular
perfume.
d) Draw an interrupt circuit?

e) What is the full form of DMA?

- Direct Memory Access (DMA) is a capability provided by some computer bus architectures that allows
data to be sent directly from an attached device (such as a disk drive) to the memory on the computer's
motherboard.

f) Write the full form of FDD, HDD, CD-ROM and SSD.

- FDD is Feature-Driven Development.

HDD is Hard Disk Drive

CD-ROM is compact disk read only memory

SSD is solid state drives

g) What is a USB port and which type of devices can be connected with a USB port?

- Universal Serial Bus-> A hardware interface that can attach up to 127 peripheral devices to a computer,
including keyboards, mice, printers, flash drives and external storage. USB is also used for charging
phones, tablets and myriad portable devices (see USB power and USB charger).
h) Discuss any six ways of improving the cache performance.

- Reducing the hit time – Small and simple first-level caches and way-prediction. Both techniques also
generally decrease power consumption.

1.Increasing cache bandwidth – Pipelined caches, multi-banked caches, and non-blocking caches. These
techniques have varying impacts on power consumption.

2.Reducing the miss penalty – Critical word first and merging write buffers. These optimizations have
little impact on power.

3.Reducing the miss rate – Compiler optimizations. Obviously any improvement at compile time
improves power consumption.

4.Reducing the miss penalty or miss rate via parallelism – Hardware prefetching and compiler
prefetching. These optimizations generally increase power consumption, primarily due to prefetched
data that are unused.

Cache performance using higher cache block size, and higher associativity, reduce miss rate, reduce miss
penalty, and reduce the time to hit in the cache.

i) What is the relation of data transfer in terms of speed, if the length of the bus increases?

- A faster bus

Increasing the bus speed adds more down beats (or "hooks", in our analogy) per second to the bus.
More down beats per second means more opportunities per second for sending out code and data. Thus
doubling a bus's clock speed also doubles its theoretical peak bandwidth.

j) What is a cache miss?

- A cache miss is an event in which a system or application makes a request to retrieve data from a
cache, but that specific data is not currently in cache memory. Contrast this to a cache hit, in which the
requested data is successfully retrieved from the cache.
 1st Question bank solution

a) Give five components of CPU.

- The central processing unit (CPU) consists of six main components:

1.control unit (CU)

2.arithmetic logic unit (ALU)

3.registers.

4.cache.

5.buses.

6.clock.

b) Give five output devices names.

- Output Device

1.Printers.

2.Monitors.

3.Speakers.

4.Projector.

5.Headphones.

c) Give the use of input devices

- An input device allows data such as text, images, video or sound to be entered into a computer system.

Keyboard - The most common input device used for entering text. Includes keys for word processing

and data inputting, and for performing specific functions.

d) Draw a basic computer system.

 -

e) What is the full form of DMA?

- Direct Memory Access (DMA) is a capability provided by some computer bus architectures that allows

data to be sent directly from an attached device (such as a disk drive) to the memory on the computer's

motherboard.

f) Write the full form of FDD, HDD, CD-ROM and SSD.

- The full form of FDD is Feature-Driven Development. FDD is a framework for developing software that

uses an agile model to progress, organize, and implement the required features.

-HDD stands for hard disk drives

-SSD stands for solid state drives

-CD-ROM stands for compact disc read-only memory

g) What is a USB port and which type of devices can be connected with a USB port?

- (Universal Serial Bus) A hardware interface that can attach up to 127 peripheral devices to a computer,

including keyboards, mice, printers, flash drives and external storage. USB is also used for charging

phones, tablets and myriad portable devices (see USB power and USB charger).

h) Explain what type of device is keyboard, and why?

- A keyboard is for putting information including letters, words and numbers into your computer.
You press the individual buttons on the keyboard when you type.

The number keys across the top of the keyboard are also found on the right of the keyboard.

The letter keys are in the centre of the keyboard.

i) What is the relation of data transfer in terms of speed, if the length of the bus increases?

- A faster bus

Increasing the bus speed adds more down beats (or "hooks", in our analogy) per second to the bus.

More down beats per second means more opportunities per second for sending out code and data.

Thus doubling a bus's clock speed also doubles its theoretical peak bandwidth.

j) What is a cache miss?

- A cache miss is an event in which a system or application makes a request to retrieve data from a

cache, but that specific data is not currently in cache memory. Contrast this to a cache hit, in which the

requested data is successfully retrieved from the cache.

Unit - 5

a) Give five benefits of RAM.

- 1. Stress-free video editing

2. Multitasking

3. Lightning-fast browsing

4. Print effortlessly

5. Game on

b) Give disadvantage of RAM memory.

-Disadvantages

Slower than the CPU cache.

Not cost friendly.

Volatile.

Space limited.

c) Give the use of cache memory.

- Cache memory is an extremely fast memory type that acts as a buffer between RAM and the CPU.

It holds frequently requested data and instructions so that they are immediately available to the CPU
when needed.

Cache memory is used to reduce the average time to access data from the Main memory.

d) Define bus arbitration.

- Bus Arbitration refers to the process by which the current bus master accesses and then leaves the
control of the bus and passes it to another bus requesting processor unit. The controller that has access
to a bus at an instance is known as a Bus master.

e) Which unit is greater bit or byte, what is relation of bit and Byte?

- One byte is equivalent to eight bits. A bit is considered to be the smallest unit of data measurement.

f) Explain how much bits a 1KB RAM store?

- 1kb - 1024 * 8 =8192 (1 byte contain 8 bits)

g) What is the need for DMA transfer?

- Direct memory access (DMA) is the process of transferring data without the involvement of the
processor itself.

It is often used for transferring data to/from input/output devices.

 A separate DMA controller is required to handle the transfer.

h) Draw bus structure to RAM from CPU, how many types of buses are required for proper working?

- three types

There are three types of bus lines: Data bus, Address bus, and Control bus.

i) Explain how RAM is random access memory?

- RAM is short for random access memory. It's called random access because the data can be quickly
read and modified in any order. Compare this with older storage media like CD-RWs, where data is
accessed in a fixed sequence that's slower.

j) What is the full form of BIOS?

- BIOS (basic input/output system) is the program a computer's microprocessor uses to start the
computer system after it is powered on.

It also manages data flow between the computer's operating system (OS) and attached devices, such as
the hard disk, video adapter, keyboard, mouse and printer.

1st Question bank solution

a) Give five benefits of RAM.

- Stress-free video editing.

Multitasking.

Game on.

Lightning-fast browsing.

Print effortlessly.

b) Give disadvantage of RAM memory.

- Disadvantages
1.Slower than the CPU cache.

2.Not cost friendly.

3.Volatile.

4.Space limited.

c) Give the use of cache memory.

- Cache is the temporary memory officially termed “CPU cache memory.”

This chip-based feature of your computer lets you access some information more quickly than if you

access it from your computer's main hard drive.

d) Why is memory required?

- Memory is the electronic holding place for the instructions and data a computer needs to reach

quickly.

It's where information is stored for immediate use.

Memory is one of the basic functions of a computer, because without it, a computer would not be

able to function properly.

e) Which unit is greater bit or byte, what is relation of bit and Byte?

- Byte is greater than bit

realtion between bit and byte - One byte is equivalent to eight bits.

f) Explain how much bits a 1KB RAM store?

- 1 Kilobyte is equal to 8000 bits (eight thousand bits)

g) Suppose we want to transmit a byte simultaneously to B device from A device, how much data line is

required.

- two data lines are required.

h) Draw bus structure to RAM from CPU, how many types of buses are required for proper working?
- three buses are required for proper working

# diagram is in homework

i) Explain how RAM is random access memory?

- RAM (random access memory) is a computer's short-term memory, where the data that the processor

is currently using is stored.

Your computer can access RAM memory much faster than data on a hard disk, SSD, or other longterm
storage device, which is why RAM capacity is critical for system performance.

j) What is the full form of BIOS?

- basic input/output system) is the program a computer's microprocessor uses to start the computer

system after it is powered on.

It also manages data flow between the computer's operating system (OS) and attached devices, such

as the hard disk, video adapter, keyboard, mouse and printer