1.1 What is Science? * Is Science only observed in the laboratory? r James Lee, a marine biologist, is being irterviewed for a school Science newsletter. ‘hy area of interest isin coral reefs: Besides doing experiments in the Dr Lee, can you tell us what hhboratory, ¥ go on field trips to you do asa marine biologist? Faces such as Pulou Hontu to study Sy Corel reefs What do you like best about f being a marin biologist? enjoy studying the diversity of rnarine creatures. I alo like doing research that helps me learn more ‘A Figure 4.4. Interview with Dr Lee, a marine biologist The study of Science is not restricted to a laboratory. Doing research and conducting experiments outside the laboratory allow scientists to collect data which cannot be obtained in the laboratory. Think and Explore 27@ @® e What do you think motivates Dr Lee to be a marine biologist? 4 Would you like to be a marine biologist yourself? Science is the study of the natural and physical word. — @ Limi The study of the natural world involves studies on living ‘things. The study of the physical world involves studies on career hace ache energy and matter, as well as the structure of matter and its interactions. Meer1.2 How is Scientific Knowledge Derived? — Attitudes in Science ‘+ What are some positive attitudes that we should have when carrying, out scientific inquiry? \ypus could arm-blooded and feeds i He insisted that the not a mamm: A platypus is indeed a mammal. It is one of the fi mammals that lay eggs instead of gi rth Think and Explore 2: What could Tom do to verify Ravi's claim that the platypus is a mammal? ee a Teen ea eM n ‘A Figure 4.2 A plotypus ue their own vie lls of scientific inquiry and attitude {a he In aps Pacman oe eetClass, remember to boil ‘the milk, add in sugar, and ool it befere placing i in the freezer! Erasto Mpemba (1950) 11n1963, ina secondary schoo! in Tanzania, a boy named Erasto “Mpembe was about to make on important scientific discovery while making ice cream. Hey, that's not fie! You were supposed to boil the milk frst! Wel, Mpemba, ‘there's only one ice tray left so youd better hury! “A Two hours later In the physce teacher's office, Sin, why does hot mill freeze faster Hurray My ice Than cold milo You must be creams ready! But mine is only half confused. It frozen! and pt can't happen! mine st know I'm right, bout why doesn't myene believe me? \ After his’ levels, ‘ne dey, a physics professor, Dr Osborne, ‘Mpemba went toa Sir, why is that when Well ll Econ soy is Game tO vid? Me sEhoak Mer TTT ng bothhotmileand cold thot is Npenits hewiedtostarehe ‘ilkareputintoo physics and ot the : iseovery gain freezer atthe some ners ysis! T don't know, but Fry time, the hot mil Dr Osbome, this experiment when T why does hot return fo Dar es Salaam, water freeze faster than cold water? freezes first?{At the University College in Dares Salam, ‘Mary experiments later, Mpemba's observation proved to be ‘ight, It is now called the Mpemba Effect. Like all scientists, Dr Osborne and Mpemba published their discovery and shared it with others Y's true, Sir! The hot water froze first! But I'll keep trying until T get the ‘right’ result ‘Workbook Vol. A Worksheet 1.4 een ce! Lessons from Mpemba Mpemba’s keen sense of curiosity led to the discovery of the Mpemba Effect. Mpemba’s story reflects all the attitudes that are essential in scientific inquiry: Ceo rins influenced by wi s to accept that Pec eet hat al ae Positive attitudes such as curiosity, objectivity, integrity, open-mindedness and perseverance are desirable in scientific inquiry.1.3 How is Scientific Knowledge Derived? — The Scientific Method ‘© What are the inquiry skills we need to carry out the scientific method? * How has Science been a human endeavour? The scientific method is a systematic way of finding answers to questions that we ask, based on observations of the things we see around us. The scientific method requires us to use scientific inquiry skills when we explore the world around us. Here are some inquiry skills we need in the scientific method. 1. Engaging with an event We obtain information as we Twonder how Tcan)) { The cloth towel absorbs Interact with the world around ‘lean this upmare | | greater volume of us. When we encounter a effectively? water than a poper ‘wel of the same area, puzzling situation that catches our attention, we pose questions to obtain more information and generate ideas. We also propose a hypothesis to form a possible explanation for the ebservation. This hypoth needs to be further tested, » 2. Collecting and presenting evidence Decide on what kind of evidences to collect. We use our five senses — sight, smell, hearing, taste and touch — to make observations as we collect evidence. We also use instruments to extend our range of senses. Instruments such as thermometers help us gather more accurate infermation from the experiment. The evidence collected may be descriptive information lalitative) or measurable information (quan e J Lot MSorletaes Well, we have repeated this 3 times and the cloth towel absorbs more water than a poper towel of the Same area every time! Lets test your hypothesis! Cy paper towel cloth towel3. Making meaning of information and evidence We analyse the results of our experiments, identifying, any trends in the evidence collected. This Involves comparing, or classifying the data obtained from the experiment, We derive conclusion(s) based on the trends identified. We also evaluate the accuracy of the results of the experiment. If our results are inconsistent with our hypothesis, we refine our hypothesis and test it again. Average amount of water absarbed (em*) Il Paper towel (area = 20 em x 20 em) rat ‘4 Graph 4.4. Comparison of the amount of I Cloth towel (area = 20 em x 20 em) water absorbed by the paper and cloth towel Communication At each step of the scientific method, we obtain information and share our findings with others. This communication can take various forms, such as verbal, tabular, graphical oF pictorial, Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) Galileo Galilei is considered to be one of the founders of modern Physics. ‘A popular story frequently told about Galileo is that he dropped two balls of different masses from the Leaning Tower of Pisa at the same time. The bolls fell to the ground at the same time. Galileo used the result of this ‘experiment to argue that the speed of a falling object is not affected by its mass. The findings from Galileo's experiments were contrary to the popular claim made by Aristotle that a heavier object falls faster than a lighter object. Galileo's conclusion about the motion of falling bodies was derived from. careful and systematic investigations. His systematic and logical method of investigating the natural world is an example of the scientific method, ‘+ What are the advantages of Galileo's approach to his investigations ‘compared to those of earlier scientists before him? ‘+ What are the attitudes desirable in scientific inquiry that we can learn from Galileo's approach to his investigation? mssatnctunes @ets ees een gunpowder. He left a will stating Peron eee net noee ae and Culture. The Nobel Prizes ene a eee Peet nec rnc Nera orc RCs ciecie nec crs ean) ETC CLC ao ae eam eee ene Co ec nD RIE AR Serer SCRE eect ae ancient Greece, believed that the sun revolved around the earth. Sica a OSes ny Pieces aT sR agr) URE Cama er? ace ea ooey omen Ee RSE eC Rn eR sO Dy Ene) eat og Pe ioe)Renee tea MTC Peete RUE GRU ee meee a eee emu acm n UE) the sun Oa mmc PMS me can TCR CR OM em Cee Roe UE nae Teo en Ru CR ONT Mm) emer a Menno Ma ae Mua enn PS eC reat See ae eee eee feet)Galileo was born in Italy about 100 years after Copernicus. Galileo created a telescope that could enlarge objects up to 20 NSU tate eee RCO ROR ec nag eg ecm ae eee ee ON I (eRe ee UCN ogee ce a Cm cs eater ees am Recast eg Pee Rem eR ot ORS a Rn CO en ear ats} Poe a eee EE Rae ea eee aon ee Tee on ar ae Cee Mec oon Ett ee one een Seen cm een ensSee Me MI COO aCe ne accurate ideas. Today, using a record of past observations and n Pecos euro nee Rema Roa orice Reo Ome man Tao MR Rt rene Meech Inet ra ic naar} eek Coa RACY Me een eM ene Or Rt ae ey Pepe ied Roe Ieee SC CCR aCe Pee ees eer kn Mae ue Manges eee eee a ee y ae. ad ntific knowledge is derived partly from systematic observatior experimentation and analysis and partly from human imagination anc ity. 2. Scientific knowledge is subject to change.