World War was fought on ne Ser eale and Was even more 20688) So than the First World War, world war with fighting ents. It was a high= 2 Siogy war ening in the first Ot nuclear weapons. It was a ectttgs where citizens were as ih araraet as soldiers and where sy atin ofthe states involved et pected t0 contribute to the sar effort {11011 provides an overview of the military campaigns of the ind World War so that you can Misch your own conclusions on the Allies won the wai 102 examines how Brit ised to fight the war and how the war changed Britain. FACTFILE = ‘his and Allies Traughout this chapter, you will see reences to the Axis and the Allies. + bxis: Germany, Japan and italy (unt 1943), These countries signed azrces in the 1930s to form 2n ‘ats of power against the threat of Communism. + hls: The states that opposed the ‘his. The main Aled states were Britain end the British Empire; the USA and the USSR (from 1941); France st hie 1940 ad fam September | Lite definitions of the folowing terms | Bhotless than 20 words for each: 3 Biterieg |) Phoney War | Ch the Alies | ol theBEF. The world at war 1939-1945 Why the Allies win the Second World The war in Europe, 1939-1941 Blitzkrieg 10989, German forces sed scx The aim was oprah the ene by adkeratating se of the a tay tts Motori whi, ans aa oer alin communitions a they ps pinto eer tetioy Beinfomements wou then flow the advance fone an tae ecure cont of the kerto captured us Her wed istrict ort wes ‘© Many people in Germany did not share Hitlers enthusiasm for war Blitzkrieg would deliver ‘quick victories that would get people behind the war effort «Germany's economy could not support long-dravn-out campaigns. It ack important resourees such as copper and rubber and, ms of ll il. ltsrieg allow the army t jy and plunder the resources Germany new, pseize territory quick “The succes of Blitzrieg depended on tio things 2 better use of technology than your enemy san greater mobili Wile Hider ad the tw advantags, the German any was unbeatable, The ‘Phoney War’ Britain and France had promised 10 defend Poland, But Hitler was confident that they ‘would not sectually do anything to defend it He was right although they declan war on Germany, they did send troops to defend Poland. It would have been crazy to do so. ‘When Soviet forves attacked vdion 17 September Poland quickly collapsed. Hitler was also confident that he could get Britain and France to agree t0- -apeace deal with ‘him rather than continue the war. ‘So he took no action against them. Britain and France took line action either ‘Chamberlain ondered soldiers of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) to France in September. There was even 2 French attack on the Saar region of Germany in 1939, rrr pasver caus ansmall cl The peri rm Spats 1959 1 anh 1940 became known as the Phoney Wa". not Pol Britain gets a new war leader sing when Her invade Dena and Nore Norway ni r He ws determined that ves spel important ier, sineatwould ponies al bases ae wold nate hemmed in byte Bish ay yaad heen inthe 194-18 war British stmt lp Nore fad and Pine Minister ‘Neville Chamberlain was repaoed by @ new leader. Winston Churchill. In pri 190 the war became al to ge Eaneada con CamscanetSOURCE 2 Dubin’ as been at miracle of deliverance, achieved by valour, by perseverance, by perfect discipline, and resourced by still ‘and unconquerable fidelity Bul we must de very careful not to assign to tis deliverance he altributes ofa victory. Wars care not won by evacuations... Winston Churchill, 4 June 1940. SOURCE 3 A tbe tine, Dear was a military disaster — «and one tha took te Brits public by surprise... Bul almost al énee, victory was being plucked from defeat and the newspapers began to manufacture the Dunkirk myth... The Nazi papers taunted! ‘the Britis for abandoning their French allies... But in Britain the Dunkirk spirit dra taken root. the government encouraged i to flourish — and allowed nothing to be published whicb might damage morale. Duntirk was a military defect but a propaganda vicory. ‘A.BBC media correspondent commenting in 2000 on how the government and media handled Dunkirk, The BEF in France tu May 1940, the Gera ONY we Hu lt a ries of IF ati pero Free 1 He ine ye, ya the Magione the Fen Mak ae fight i tsa iyi tte Ge ely Kes pas he Magot Line yy, hy dex Tansee of eam, he ren ene ring alan hr ek hg He Aen fos The Gan, ra rire ws ere AeA Het By ahem wrmg Once gt, nay th lil as were smo nd ACP total fet souRCE J — German advance, 10 May 1980 — German advance, 21 May 1940 ‘The German Blitzkrieg inthe nest Dunkirk ‘The Allies withdrew to Dunkirk. On the beaches around the port of Dunkirk the situation was very gi indeed, The Allied troops were traped by the advancing German army. German St ive bombers pounded lied troops and equipment onthe beaches o dd German atl ‘Then, for reasons that are not quite clea, Hiller ondered the advancing German forest tay be tat he lost his nerve, o suspected a trap He may have been hoping to make an alliance with Britain, It may be that German losses were very severe, especially of tanks. What" the reason, the BEF gained the time it needed for a remarkable evacuation that saved a krgeP of its amy. Betwoen 26 May and 4 June, 330,000 British and 10,000 French troops were evacuated by fleet of large and smal boats, many of them crewed by amateur silos Dunkirk was celebrated in Britain asa pret achievement, The evacuation certainly wis TP ‘Navy organised it superbly, The RAF. outfought the Luftwaffe over Dunkirk. The small boats rescued around 80,000 troops. Just as important, the Dunkirk spirit was born. Civilians, #overnment and media came together o create an extremely elective war effort which sl ee ‘ryt was said aout the fact that it wes also a biter and total military delet iam ‘out of Europe. ‘The evacuations had ‘begun after only ten days of fighting Cente one alee oecome psn. The French wer ef ay Hear de lhough mos rps a been exced, the rsh forsake 0 auipment behind. ofthe heavy equipment, such as field guns, ant-nreal guns olor vehicle, was either destroyed or let forthe Geman, xcaneado con Camseannerjoes 5 and 6 give cferent 1 Soe os of the events at Dunkirk rey tek vewnoints die. sp The that oth views are 1 fe explain your answer. autour 4. Explain why Hier 3 Lom so pleased at the defeat of ‘fou may need to refer back to sigh france rly life (see page 148) | som Htte’s victory dance on the French surrender, 1940. Focus TASk iis June 1940. You were in France and sau the defeat ofthe BEF and now you have news of the surrender of France. \at would you advise the Prime | Nite, Winston Churchill, to do now? The choices are to: + surender + feht on * teach some kind of agreement or alice with Hier. 1 Preset the pros and cons of each epten. You wil need to think about: * the poner ofthe German army * the state of the British army * therescurces availble to Hier from the territories he has conquered. "ow say itch option you | ‘ecommend. Remember you are | ‘ing to think about ths from the | 1280 point of view | Chui decided to fight on. This was totan easy decision, Several ‘etal poittcians and journalists Ae ang fora deal with iter, meh ccud not see ceed to 145. 1940 Hiler seemed *slopable, Discuss with other ents in your cass: "How was your fen" aeston 2 inenced by SOURCE 5 ‘The Withdrawal from Dunkirk, a painting from June 1940 by the offical British war artist Charles Cundall. 2 Li por. Britsh and French prisoners are marched away from the beach at Dunkirk in June 1940, The fall of France ‘The new British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, encouraged France to fight on without the But France had ost 40 percent of ts amy at Dunkirk an 80 percent of its equipment ‘Tomnake matters worse, on 12 June Italy also dectared war on France. The French government surrendered on 21 June 1940. Considering te scale of the French defeat, the German tems were relatively gentle, The south-east of France became a self-governing region with its capital in Vichy. It was nan by Marshal Pétain, who fad declared his intention of co-operating withthe Nazis. The rst of France was occupied by and un by the German army: Some French leaders who escape to Britain formed the Free French morement under Charles de Gaull Eaneada con Camscanet[Focus TASK Why did Britain win the Battle of Britain? Why did Britain win the Battle of Briar 1 Workin pairs to complete your ov, | gy dea with iain wis puzzle for ile For ata he didnot really want war wih Jeet nd ent evant ths | tin, Hef hat Bitsin washis natural aly not his enemy Hier main am Wasto def the USSR and carve out a German empire in the east However, Britain’ new Prime Minis, ‘Winston Churchill, made it clear that he would make no deal wih Germany. Britain would fighy tothe finish ; Another problem for Hier ws thatthe Blitzkrieg tactics that had work owe in Poland and France could not work aeros the Channel Blitzkrieg was built around rapid and lxible ‘movement of many land rops. To conquer Britain would requir a sea and air invasion, Hier nilitaryavsrs made it clea that no invasion could suoceed if German forces were be attacked bythe RAF and the British navy. The German navy was no match forthe British nay. Hever the Germans dd believe that ifthe RAF could be wiped ou, then the nay’ dockyard could be destroyed by bombing, Without the protection ofthe RAE British ships would be ‘vulnerable to air attack by German planes. Operation Sealion te German code nae forth nvson of Britain had therefore begin withthe dstition of the RAE German bombers would bomb British airbases and criple the RAE On 1 July 1940 theft German aircraft crossed the Channel and the ar war that became known a the Batle of Britain had begun. ‘Could the Luftvalfe succeed? Hermann Goering, head of the Luftwaffe, ha ever reason tobe bot down over England and the Cannel, coven. He had many more high-quality aircraft than the Bish: the Messerschmit 109 Later on the crews mutinied. They didn? ‘her, andthe Henke! I, the Junkers Ju 88 andthe Dornier D.17 bombers. He als ad more want fo fight any more because bir planes llrzned and experince pilots However, the RAF had its strengths and the afta aso could not compete with the Hurricanes and bad some weaknesses. Spilfires. Theodor Piotte was part of the ground crew of a Stuka dive bomber squadron. His main job was to arm the Stukas with bombs. text on pages 282-83, | How it led to | the British victory Weapons | [Tactics {Leadership 2 Discuss your completed table. Which factor played the mast important role? SOURCE 7 We were in Normand, France... and from there we flew the Stukas to England, While was based there we lost 85 planes RAF strengths + The RAF was ld by ir Chief Marshal Sir Hugh Dondng He had been planning Britain's ac defence system sino: 1936 and hat brought in many important technical developments (eg, bullet proof windsrens for ght plane) DEES Luftwaffe weaknesses + Henman Goering le the Luftwaffe. He was not god a tacts, He didnot really understand how modern air warfare worked. He regulary shifted the focus of attacks, causing confusion anong [os GID he Suk ive bomber ee geared towaris supporting the army in battle not to gaining ait superiority over another ait force (see Source Doviding was also a supporter of radar GB worked by transmting radio was that bounced backoff approaching enemy aircraft. Experienced radar operators could accurately estimate the ie and peed of approaching aircraft In previous campaigns the Germans had been able to destroy mostof their enemies aircraft onthe ground Britains investment in ada in the 1930s meant that RAF planes were not caught on the ground as the Luftwafe approached. + The main RAF fighter planes ~ GGA ang HUME were ‘more than a match forthe Lfvale’ aircraft. Only the ‘Messerschmitt 109 could compate withthe Spit. into regionsso that they could meet attacks quickly, een if they came from diferent directions + Luftatfe bombers were to small. Tey did not cause enough damage to their targets to put them completely out of action. ‘There were plans to build big long range heavy bombers, but they were cancelled, Such bombers could have devastated alfelds and aircraft factories. German. aki vas poo Ecaneada con CamseanetGerman 108 17 259 | 332 323 213 147 | 161 [aie [ 1660 German aircraft destroyed, 1 July-31 October 1940, SOURCE Q) Key © Bombed British cities + RAF fighter stations + Luitwatfe stations Newcastle Sunderland e — Liverpool ; a. ie N swancet\ $2, London : nadie: io Fschntero Pe Rortsméath 150 kn y sae é ‘The Battle of Britain, ‘The Bate of Britain was not single bate Iwasa series of air ates, day after day, that lasted throughout the summer of 1940, Waves of German bombers escorted by fighter aircraft would tack targets in Britain, British fighters were sent to intercept them, Inthe a, the RAF was consistently out shooting the Luftwaffe, as you can se from Source 8, Aspilots were killed, hundreds were recruited to fil the gap as planes were destroyed, more planes were need, Lon Beaverbrook took oer aircraft production and focused on producing only fighter planes (not bombers). From July to September, Britain was making 563 planes per month —out producing the Germans The Blitz In September 1940, the Luftwaffe changed tactics. Instead of attacking the RAE, the Luftatfe began tobomb London. This gave the RAF breathing spac, although it stared the most. temifhing phase of the war for civilians Brith cites wor intensively bombed forthe next eight months. This is known a the Blitz— see pages 312-16, The Bate of Britain was effectively over once the Blitz began (although that \was not immediately obvious at the time). 1t gradually became clear that if Hitler had given up on his plan to destroy the RAF then he must also have given up bis plans for invasion. On 19 Angust, Winston Churchill praised the RAF pilots in one of his most famous peeches, saying ‘Never befor, in the field of human conflict, has so much been owed, by so many, to so ew” Was the Battle of Britain a turning point in the war? YES 1S sunival was vital tothe Alles. Brita ‘2nercan and RAF bombing campaigns throughout the war Briain» Britain only avoided defeat. It was hardly victory. There was 2nd Norhem Ireland became staging pots forthe retaking of westem no counteralack. ler was far fom besten, une in the D-Day landings of 1944 *Itshoved that Germany's anne forces were effective in fast-moving, ‘Commonwealth would have remained to launch a counter- rf, but could not keep up long-dravn-out confrontations. * attack, first real defeat —a morale booster fr the Allies. + Even if the RAF had been defeated, the na NO ‘could have held off was the base forthe asin, That was Britain’ real strength « Even if Britain had been invaded, the British Empire and tin had ben defeated, the USA itself would have been vulnerable “aNazi dominated Europe and the might of Japan in Asia. Enea con Camscanet ‘THE WORLD AT WAR 1939-1945SOURCE JQ) Conditions in the North Atlantic were treacherous. This picture shows sailors ‘on board the British ship HMS Scyla, February 1943. The capture of Norway, Denmark, & the Netherlands and France in 1940 gave the Germans secure naval bases from which ther boats could operate The Uboats laid mines around Ban's coasts. The Germans used converted sirners (Focke Will Condors} as. long-range anti-shipping ‘bombers. in 1940 alone, these aicraft sank $8,000 tons of shioping. German inteligence had cracked some ofthe codes used by rtish ships. Wolf packs of Uboats were able to ie in wait and torpedo the Ccawors in midAtentic. The Uboats were hard to detect as they detberately limited the use of ther radios to avoid detection, The Battle of the Atlantic “The Bate ofthe atte she name given fo he bate for cont ofthe North lati es We fom 1939 unl 194, Sens 10-12 givesomie eof the seal snd natu ofthe Bate of the Aan. Aran 50,000 merchant sean cd in the Noth Aan, often in appalling situations Some wre kill istanly when their ships were attacked, Many mone were drowned or froze odes in thy icy waters ofthe Afni when thei ships were sunk the Battle of the Atantie wasnt aspect asthe dogfights an arin engines ofthe Battle of Britain, but it was just as important he North Atlantic Ocean ws the vital Fink that brought supplies fom Canaaa unl the USA Wo Britain, Without this Hifeline,Uvitain could not Ihave cari on the wa Canal entered the waron Britain’ side in Seplember 1939, Thousand of Carat troops crossed the Antic to defend Britain and fight in North Alia, Healy and the D-Day landings, Jus as importanty, Canad supplied ge quattios of fod and raw materials to Brin fom the very beginning ofthe we “The USA did not enter the war until December 1941, but it pkayed an important role long before tht, bn Novemivr 1940 President Roose intruce the Lend-Lease scheme, his scheme supplied vast amounts of food, fu d equipment to | help the British war effor Hitler Once the USA join the way it commited equipment and milion of US troops tothe vrai Earope, Howrey, such military power was worthless if i could not cross the Allantc to fight aginst the Asis, Kas this which male the Atlantic such an important batleground, rhe Gennans knew from the start that they auto cut off British supplies fom the USA n the early stages ofthe atl ofthe lane, German submarines were very fective. In 1940 the Germans sank over 1000 ships, a quarter of Britain's merchant Met. The nest two years Were een worse forte lis, n 1941 the alies lot 1300 ships. In 1942 they lost 1661 ships. rita ‘able to impt only one-third of what it oma imported in peaetime, In January 1943 the navy ha only two months’ supply of lf Source 11 explains how German U-boats (submarines) were able to get the upper hand in the carly stages ofthe Bate of the Alani ‘SOURCE J J By attacking from the surface and at night, the Uboats were able to avoid detection by the Bish an- submarine device, ASOIC, which felied on sound waves traveling through water. When the USA entered the war in 1941, is merchant ships and nay were il prepared. boats torpedoed US ships as they let port because ‘American coastal towns didnot black out ther lights. The ships were perfectly sinouetted against the lights, making them easy targets. ‘The Uboat menace: how the Gerrans gained the upper hand. Eaneada con Camscanetace tt fate TAL onal, Bi so Ot es hey broke tho Ae, they Me whee the U as ca Gy ent tie the envoys aay ee ate gk ete Nay Fatty mune lee 105 ss ans ks Ae ut atte tn BS, capons: eal pow epiose vee nearer asd soto 2 te devant the ses Moc We ss eer We we, aati ing fr comoy to Ee USE HNMUN Spel sport wre taste eve ced, te wh 0 Jr and eit eg ht ofa us ado sgn U oaks SSeagentateuns were stppvted ta psecustacra ey memorial to merchant seamen in B00, There are many such memorials "ports around Britain, Around 50,000 ‘merchant seamen died in the ‘Second World War. Ett ls oda et in decry yeas the bts ae upper an. oof lie hips id 2th ht tvs fe ney po! Kick than ates. The lies hal no reliable methods forte. hots, Winton Chur wn afer the wa tht ‘the only thing tha exer ‘vay fight mie was the Ubu peri. But these ean years al taught Bitan some harsh Nessa faa 19 Bei hte offen as yon ca se rom Source 12. Source | 9 ‘Aircraft: log,range bombers were converted lo anlisubmarine use and fitted with special ‘radar and depth charges tobe dropped from the panes. This was 2 crtical development in the war against the Uboats, Radio: this inked together al of he ships end acral which were fighting the Uboats. Radio so lnked the ships and arcrat vith their on ‘hore commanders, who made use of the latest inteigence information ‘Shipbuilding: the USA's shipyards began {urrng out cargo ships caled Liberty ships in tnormaus numbers. Cargo ships that once tok around one year to bull could now be built ness than six weeks. Soon the Aes ‘were making more ships than the Germans ere sinking People: the sacrifice and heroism ofthe Briish and Commonwealth, American and Canadian merchant navies ensured that supplies got through to Britain. ‘Cura gave top privity to ighing de U-boat threat, tn May 1943 the lies sank 41 Uctoats, In July 1943 over 1600 ships crossed the Atlantic without being attacked. Between June and December 1945 the lis sank 41 U-boat, losing only 57 ships themselves. U-boat were bing sunk after rate than they were sinking enemy ships. In March 1944, Admiral Donitz called of the U-boat campaign. The Battle of the Atlantic had been won, FocusmskK st—“i‘“—=~s*s‘“‘“‘S™S™S™S*~* The Battle of the Atlantic You lave been asked to write questions for this year's history examination paper. You hhave been asked to include a question on the Battle ofthe Atlantic. You have two possible questions to choose between: * How important was the Battle of the Atlantic to Britain? ‘Why lid the Ales win the Battle ofthe Atlantic? 1 Discuss with other students a) why each question is a worthwhile question i) which you think is harder ¢} which you tink is more important. 2 Write a recommendation to the examination board. You should write a few sentences. ‘on the strengths of each question and then make your inal recommendation of ‘which question it should choose. 3 Draw up alist of key points that you think students should bring up in their answers {o your chosen question. 4 Finally, justin case the exam board does not folow your recommendation, do alist of key points that students should bring up in answer to the other question. Eaneada con Camscanetainst the Red Army had devastating a, | Hitler's war against the USSR Operation Barbarossa, 1941 USSR and cane out an empire for his m: + felt than putas an timing betwen tra is eras, a the ist three months of ‘entre ait and tank forces (7000 aircraft and casualties (half of them deaths). By September eg. Inthe south, German fra hag and had reached as far as the Crimea. Inthe centre of Russia, the bed the capital Mosc, and Stalin seriously considered surrendering ‘man afvances continued into 132, ut the Red Army had wsed the winter of 1941—9 yy ‘organic In one of the most extraoninay tumabouts in histo the USSR sured and weny onto play — Gerran str2ere, December 1961 — Cerran atic, Movember 1042 The German invasion of the USSR. 1 Wosid you say that the Sovet position fn October 1941 (nhen Soviet records shou that Sizin was seriously efing giving up) wes worse then Britain's in Jane 19407 Explain your eswes. {in the defeat of Hitler. 4s Winston Churchill ‘hich tore the heart out of the German army.” id, "Twas the Red army The USSR reorganises ‘Late in 1941, the German advance was halted by the Russian: winter, Stalin and his itary leaders used this time to reform the Red ry complete. Ther copied many of the tactics and ideas thatthe Germans hhad sed against them and added some of their oxm ideas 2s vel, * Officers inthe Red Army were given greater freedom and independence to act. Stain banned Communist Party officials fom interfering with military decisions, *+ The Red Army created is own specialist tank armies and ar forces, * The USSR developed fective new weapons suchas the T3 tank, ‘wich could be produced in huge numbers, * The USSR opted radio communications and put radios into ll {ans and aircraft (mostly supplied by Britain and the USA), * Specialist units were created to listen into German radio signals and disrupt them if possible. Iis estimated tha by 1943 these unis were disrupting almost two-thirds of German radio messages. * Harsh discipline was used, such as Order 227 of July 1942. This was ‘known as ‘nota step back’. The Soviet army was ordered to fight and die for every bit of Russian soil. Retreat meant arest and exeution. Thousands were indeed executed, From 1941 to 1944, 85 per cent of Germanys armed foros were Committed to the campaign inthe USSR. The Easter Froat was well ‘over 1600 km Jong, This was a confit on a vast scale. I was ako-a Conflict conducted with great brutality The Germans were guilty of savage and inhuman war crimes against the Soviet peopl, forthe ‘normal rules of war did not apply on the Bastem Front The Germans regarded it 5a war of extermination, They believed they were ‘exterminating inferior races and the very notion of Communism. xcaneado con Camseaaner (iissItalian Front Key Dates [Axis (Germany and her allies) Western Front Eastern Front 50 100 150 200-260 300 350400 Number of divisions deployed Number of divisions deployed to different fronts in Europe in 1944. Soviet resistance ‘The military reforms would not have had much effet if it had not been forthe will ofthe Soviet people to defeat their deadly enemy. The Soviet people rallied to Stalin and tothe defence oftheir country. Like Churchill, Stalin emerged during the war as an outstanding leader who inspired confidence and loyalty in his people, Stalin called upon the people to defend ‘Mother Russia’ in fighting the ‘Great Patriotic War’. (He avoided asking them to fight to defend Communism.) He even allowed the Chureh (an opponent of Communism) to take a role inthe war effort and it responded by raising 150 million rouble. ‘The Nazis also helped Stalin, Their brutal treatment ofthe Soviet population in the areas they controlled increased the wil to resist The Germans completely destroyed over 1700 towns; they murdered thousands and forced thousands more into working as slave labourers. ‘The Germans found it dificult to make good use of the areas they occupied, As the Red Army retreated, it destroyed everything that could not be transported ina ‘scorched earth’ policy. I left nothing behind to ad the enemy. Soviet resistance fighters disrupted the German war efforts by blowing up ral links or sabotaging factories in German-held territory. There were an estimated 700000 resistance fighters operating in 1942. The Soviet war economy Even more dramatic was the way in which the Soviet people rebuilt the USSR’s economy. The German advances of 1941 captured half of the USSR's food supply, 40 per cent of its electricity generating power and 75 per cent of its supplies of iron, coal and steel. In response, the Soviets dismantled over 2500 major industrial complexes and transported them east by rail to the Urals, Siberia and Kazakhstan — regions safe from the German army. Some 25 million workers were forced to migrate east with these industries. « very sorap of aw material and resources went into arms production and nothing els. ‘© Adults in the USSR received no food unless they worked in some way for the war effort. Soviet citizens survived on one-fifth of the wartime ration in Britain, here was much use of slave labour «ind close control of the population by the secret police. © The USSR made extensive use of female labour, Half the workforce was female. The Soviet ‘methods were very harsh, but the results were extraordinary. The USSR produced vast quantities ofa small range of reliable weapons, The USSR equalled and then passed German ‘war production in 1942, By 1943 the USSR was producing 1.5 times as many aircraft and twice as many tanks as the Germans. Enea con Camscanet THE WORLD AT WAR 1939-1Other reasons for Soviet victory The Germans made many errors in their campaign agstinst the USSR. Hitler often interfered with, thew his generals conduct the ar. He was overconfident of vitor. He expected the war to he cer by October 1940, so hissodes were wot equippea for Ressian wine. Hundreds of thousnus efron co and disease, The Germans were not elicent in supplying their tops, rhe ie heavily on horse cen transport for spies, strangely contesting with their use of Jal Gennan weapons production was nots efficient typ toate technology’ on the bal USS The Gemma use mone wera prac sale amounts of Tis aso important to rmenber the contrition ofthe USS alles in the campaign, ‘tain and the USA supplied vast amounts of fod, raw mnsterials and indus eqpment on atangrous shipping routes. The UA provided the USSR with over 50,000 motor vehicks nd 100 locomotives, swell as half ofits supply of ruber tyres and copper Ali bombing asa {interrupted German arms production. 1 kin othe sts aes ped Yun ens as " eee the batlefiols, Tso battles are generally seen a decisive turing points: St ul toe won on ally win a war, however. Victory stil rl and Kursk, The Battle of Stalingrad, September 1942-January 1943 Despite al the reform ofthe Re Amy, 1952 began bal forthe USSR, The Germans made further advances, and attempts by the Red. Ama to push them back le toa further 500,000, casualties. When Hitler decided to strike towns the Ctteasts mountains and to capture the USOR' ol il, the Re Army generals knew they haat all oss to halt the German advance at Stalingrad on the Volga river. Stalingead was a major industrial and strategie centre the ‘Germans sei Stalingrad, they would cut the USSR’s links with southern Russia, “The Germans eachod the suburbs of Stalingrad despite ferce resistance by the Soviet ors. became a sege hand-to-hand battle, and in the street fighting the Germans’ tanks were of ile ‘use, The Germans held on grimly but on 19 November, when the Soviet commander Zhukov counterattack in pincer movements north and south ofthe ct, pat ofthe German ami was encircled. Outnumbered, the German commander Paulus wanted to retreat and link up with reinforozments, but Hitler ordered him to ight on, Soviet ait power gradually cut off his supplies. Soviet artillery, wel supplied wih shell, pounded the German postions and another new ‘weapon, the Katyusha rocket launcher, rained down explosives on them, By December, the German position ves hopeless, Paulus finally surrendered on 31 Fanuary 1943, along with 300,000 soles SOURCE ] 7 ‘The horses bare already been eaten. Fivould SOURCE 1 Q eat a cat, they say its meat is very tasty. The EY per soldier lob lite corpse ornate, looting for something fo put in their mouths. They no longer take cover from Russian sel ‘They baven’t the strength fo run or bide. From the diary of German infantryman Wiliam Hoffman, December 1942, SOURCE 1g Stalingrad is hell on earth, 1s Verda, blood Verdun, with new weapons. We attack every day: fwe capture twenty metres in the morning the Reasians throw tus back again in the evening. S The comments of a German soldier in a ~ fie mer s letter home, 1943. (See page 30 for an Street fighting in Stalingrad. Much ofthe fighting was hand to hand, with knives and cbs explanation of 'Verdun’.) "as well as guns: Enea con CamseanetThe Battle of Kursk, July-August 1943 Stalingrad was defeat fr the Germans, but they sil held huge amounts of Soviet territory In July 194, they kuunched« huge counterattack against the Red Ami at Kursk, The Germans bal planned a surprise tak, but the Red. Amy had found ut about it and prepared isl. In the greatest tank hatte in history, the German anny wes destroyed at Kursk. The Soviets had vast ‘numbers of thei highly elective 4 tanks They had ten times as many’ aircraft as the Germans. These new acral were fighters. They eve had ground-ttack sort whic fired ant By this time the Soviet factories were geared to maximum production ~ they were able to replace any tanks and aicerat losin batle.‘The Germans on the other hand, were notable to replace ost tanks and aircraft quichly enough. German production could not increase because of American an British bombing of German factories, and lied ombing was also destroying rail links between Germany andthe USSR, German aircraft had tobe diverted from the USSR to help fight off the Aled bombing raids. By August 1943 the Red Army had four times as many tanks as the Germans onthe Eastem Front Victory Kursk vas the tuming point in the war on the Eastem Front, was the start ofthe German retreat, The German siege of Leningrad, begun in 1941, was finaly lifted in January 1944. By ‘August 1944, the Red Amy had reached Poland, The lst great battle came in Apr-May 1945 ‘when the Red Amy finaly reached Berlin Hiller committed suicide in his bunker minutes before Soviet troops reached him, SOURCE | 4.1945 Soviet poster. The USSR is. represented by a Soviet fag striking | Hitler with bolt of lightning inside his bunker in Bern. The caption to the poster is ‘Berin conquered. Eaneada con CamscanetHow did the war become a world war? In ts early years, the war in Europe could not have been more diferent from the First World War. Germany quickly conquered Poland, but there was no fighting in western Europe at all forthe first nine months. When Hite finally iwaded France in Nay 1940 he svept through the Netherlands and Belgium and conquered mos of France in two months. Iwas called Blzkrieg or lightning war’ (See page 279) In June 1941 he eventually invaded the USSR. Meanwhile, on the other side of the world, a separate conflict was developing Pearl Harbor (On 7 December 1941, a Sunday, a band was rehearsing on the deck of a warship in the US naval base at Perl Harbor in Hawai few minutes later, the bandsmen were diving for cover or running to thei stations as the frst wave of fapanee fighter planes dropped ther bombs and tompeoes SOURCE D teat“ Pearl Harbor await 3000 km ‘Seale The American naval bases at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii and _Part of Pearl Harbor after the attack. ‘San Diego, California, By the afternoon of 7 December, Pearl Harbor lain ruins and the US fleet was a mass of twisted i Why do you think the Japanese metal. Japan had made is ply for domination in the Pacific attacked on a Sunday? The rivalry begins sal bet apn andthe Uta begun inthe 1920s Whe the European powers fought ut the First World War, Japan was able to take over much of their trading activit By 1921 the rise of Japan was beginning to wory the USA, which sso wished to dominate trade in the Pacific. Japan was pressured by the USA into a series of treaties that limited is influence : ‘over China and reduced the size of the Japanese navy. The USA and westem European countries also placed tarifs on Japanese goods. In response, powerful businessmen and military leaders, such as General Too, increasingly call for Jaan to build its own empire on the mainland cf Asia, When the world trade depression ofthe 1930s began to hit Japan, these empire builders took their chance and invaded Manchuria in 1931 (see page 246). Six vears later, in 1937, Japan launched full-scale war on China. Eaneada con Camscanet CAUSES OF THE SECOND WORLD WARSOURCE 3 Waar és contagion Jan infectious disease twbutber it be declared or under. Wt can engulf states ana peoples far from te original scene of baste Wocare determined to bexp out of ea We are taking measure fo minimise our ist of nvolevment, but we cannot hare complete prottion in a world of dsonder in which confadence and security have Broben down, Roosevelt's Quarantine Speech’, 1937, Born 1884. Graduated with distinction from military college. Rose quickly to rank of general. He was a leading figure among the miltarsts in Japan in the 1930s who wanted an aggressive nationalist policy. Served in Manchuria, in 1940 he became War Minister and pulled Japan closer to Germany and Italy. Became Prime Minister in October 1941 and was a key figure in planning the attack on Pearl Harbor. He was removed by Emperor Hiroto in 1944 as the war began to go against Japan. After the war he was tried and hanged as a war criminal. The USA’s concerns grow hese developments were wbed with ccner in the USA The America President, Rope sve word wer Germany snl fan signe the Ant-Comintem Pact in 1936 signedl in 1937, bringing th ive regimes together itto one alliance, In thats Japeun kaunehed a full-scale invasion of China, ovsel ld not wa wa fut bebo to Fear tha tight be etal, Amica py copivon vs tl sotionist Roosevelt knew Americans would not suppor thei county’ involvement in foreign va He yn to prepare the American people forthe posi By 19a, honest there was definite shift inthe opinions of American poiians ang nity leaders The fal of France in 1940 and the de my a8 swept through western Europe had jolted Americans, ‘They bega nore interes in Europe tan tang tine sine 1918, American spies also informed Roosevelt that there had been tpg incetings betwen Geman, aan al fapanese politicians. On 27 September 10 tse te governments signa another pact (se Source 5). Although the pact id not mention the ti specifically, everyone knew wht power ts refersing to. n AME egy ing efectiveness ofthe Gem SOURCE 4 German, Japanese and Italian leaders meeting in 1940. SOURCE 5 {the three powers] wil assist one cmstber with all political, economic and nulitary meas chen one ofthe three partes is at war with a power at present not involved in tbe Europe war or the Chinese-Japanese conflict ‘The Three-Power Pact signed in 1940 between Germany, italy and Japa Roosevelt and the British war leader, Churchill, kept in touch on this and other matters by tet and by telegram, They developed a close working relationship. Churchill was clearly delighted ‘when Roosevelt was re-elected President in 1940. SOURCE & | prayed for your success and Tan truly thankful for it Former Naval Person. Telegram from Churchill to Roosevelt ater his reelection in 1940. Whenever Chusch wrote to Roosevelt he used his code name Former Naval Perso" ad Enea con Camseanetso0RCE 7 pogo poople ite fo Dele thal ears tempo aad tsa are no concern of ours, ies mater of mst leone up aed Sac ear mu Sdn ei carol eons which jdt somber Great Britain goes ne vs pres apa, Hay and many el conto cone of fang, ic, esata and tbe ge al of ws ot De King atthe panofagn From one of Roosevelt's ‘Fireside Chats’, seoadcast in 1940, Roosevelt was the first golical leader to use radio regulary to talk directly to his people. 1 Compare Sources 3 and 7. How did Roosevelt's attitude to war change between 1937 and 1940? 2 What factors led to this change? Although the USA was suppose neute,was cle that Rowen supported Britany, He intraca the “Lend-Lease” scheme to help Brita, I allowed the USA to supply tia with Nita supplies fr five, Sour 7 gives his sponse fo cities who sl this would lad the USA inte wat Uo alton to the Lerad-Lease scheme, US warships harass Gera ‘late iw onerto ‘protect American shipping’ The US was dng ‘ris in the win Europe —esoupt for fighting with thea. n submarines inthe noth all it could to help the Japan's dilemma pan’ invasion of China was spectietlar sues, ut even bigger prizes beckoned one war in rope broke out Britain, France al the Netherlands al arg teritoies in the Fa East ‘hat they could not posi defend white thy were al war wth Geman: Present Roosevelt rightly guessed that apa hal designs on hese teritores and restictd the supply of important mtteriatls fo Japan from 19410, Roosevelt was worried about Amerie interests in China and in the Paci, partic inthe Philippines. ‘this was Faas lemma apa wanted to care out empire in the Far East that wel ame it sel licen in vital materials such as ice, oi coat rubber were, aot only was this threatening to the USA, iso threatened Japan’ other large an power neighbour, the USSR, SOURCE Koy [1 aparece noscessions November 1941 — Limit of Japanese conquest by 7 7 December 1941 Pacific Ocean. = > * atl la Pearl Japanese attack o December 1941 | Farber 0 _1200km a) ‘Scale Japanese conquests, 1931-41, ns secon problem het he ia ie USSR. me feral IAL Japan took conto of Fechner ht a vl uplts nfs cheng te A, Rose fro parse es ada supplies cof ion, ‘isn oan’ es everett tha ty eae an DEN x tenon ge Wh eso baths al ete Gey he Se nae theirs, pan could cae te poer fhe Sieh ae eid ln foxkut he USA Pai Te ee ‘Tsou ie pan tne terete its epee. yh tthe pal ‘vou beable todo the nsoureso empire ante USA woud be ws anything, In June 1941, Hitler solved Ecaneada con CamscanetNS lanes took off from Japanese aircraft cay ber 1941, some 300 planes too! “ atcan., SOURCE Q ne moming a7 Deer Pf at Per Haror The nex the S Ging to launch their attack on the US ber fier declare waron he Dece dectared war on pan. Three days ater on TL source 1Q) ‘An American propaganda poster printed soon after the attack on Pearl Harbor. 1 Look at Source 9, What is the purpose of this poster? 3 Oshima (the Japanese ambassador in Berlin with a meda, Hitler presents General Ost enh ama, souRcE 4 J America isa decayed country: ike an Englishman a thousand times better than an American... Eersbing abou the betaiour of American society reveals that isl je cand the other half negro, How can one expect a state like that fo bold together —a country «where everyting is built on the dollar, Hitler writing about the USA before the war began SOURCE 1 9 We can bave no choice but to follow the letter of the law in the three-power treaty anal declare war on the United Stats From a speech by Goebbels, SOURCE ] 3 Peg ae eae {we do not stand on the side of Japan, the Pact is politically dead. But that és not the mai sezar ey Eve ore deing reson. Thechif reason he United ss shooting against our sis. TS war on the USA. ave been forceful factor in hs war, and tbe bav ‘rough their actions, area rented «station whicb practically, essay, a atuation ofwar Hiller’s head of propaganda, 9 December 1°41 From a speech by Hitler, 9 December 1942 a [FOCUS Task Oo ROCUS TASK’ | 1 mate short ‘Speech for Roosevelt to Bive in one of his Fireside Chats’, exol2 le we respoee ee. why they are ‘Now involved in the war, ae iu eal the speech from either Britain or Germany. Enea con CamseanetThe Allied bombing campaign against Germany «ofthe warts the lid bombing campaign aging foe the Hee ating sin Ian DAL tthe Fa inno Gry wast devope y Si AM as, head yp seen Fromm 1942 Haris wats conn! strate Ibis eek that nd ck, he and hah thou that wou eer pn el st tint saves sins, dh ncn were ang dete sin ee Anes es slates take ie porto eta et eh sie Se Thy Hat ets esi aceite hen 1 any oyoutick may poop onthe Roo al Chai at ina 198 tas te Fe es an ied side were sceptical about the attack Europe until 194, But they were very conscious hat Sia tee ee plan for a major bombing campaign? gat te enormonselot of the USS ie a bing Foe a eee campaign would be intense aa that it ou ont 2 Counlermeasureedopted by the other bombed mgularly from 1943 to 1945. Other German cities wer side, Waite short paragraph explaining this process. ‘SOURCE 2 1 Key = Submarine bases Mojr industrial estates Ol instalatons Air bases, Ritway centes Dams VI or V2 installation Brest The bombing campaign. Loses among bomber crews were extremely high, but the Alles constantly adapted their tactics and improved their technology to overcame German defences ‘+ Because bombers were extremely vulnerable to attack from German Source DD. ant-airraft guns and fighters, the svitched to night rads. * When the Germans developed form of radar that enabled thet night fighters to find znd destroy the Allied bombers, the RAF came up with an ingenious oltion. “Window” consisted of thousands of sl strips of metal foi. This produced a blizzard of confusing signals on enemy radar screens, making them virtually useless + The RAF develope! Oboe —a device that sent out ao beams which bombers followed to hep them ind thee target. + Harris developed Patinter hombers, The Pahinderswsed HS, @ sophisticated yroun-sonsing rar that cold identify targets on the found even on dark clouly nights. They then dropped las to allo a 5 ‘he following bombers to hit thet targets, This combination of ae SEIS EE techniques used to devastating elect against Hamburg in July The effects of Aled bombing on Hamburg, 1943, RAF bombers 1943 (see Sours 22 and 23). Inthe firestorm, 40,000 people were ropped high exslosive and incendiary bombs which caused fres il. Almost 5 per cet ofthe city was destoyed and around forage uncontrlably. million people wee made homes. Eaneada con CamsanetR23 "gn spt stain, cassia sf patna ba se os at belongs oy i ee sn fe ds nod sat Mou ts Sm ay grad sande soe fl and sone et of ts Bis Bul had patra co Yak tall in. ies 2 men aid ld why ad bon aan tito jt i thre able to fy with th SOURCE D5, J Bsa eer n Hamburg 1943, mnterviewed for a school Ty Bombing forced Germany to ave the programme in 1996, ibe air over Ge / source 24 | grvoutnunibered by about seven to | vr te standard of the Americans is | yndnaridy bigh. The day-fighters have tan 1000 crcraf uring the last ‘rman, among them our best officers. | Spsegats canna! be filled. We are on the of collapse. report written by German air force Fighter | Commander Adoff Galland, 1944, The bombing was not justified «The loses were too high 140,000 airmen and 21,000 planes. «The esources that went into bombing could have been used elevhere + Inensve Bombing seemed to have little effect on German industrial production (estimated to have fallen by ony 10 per cent in 1944). + The bombing was immoral. The bombing of Dresden has come particularly controversial. Dresden was destroyed by a fnetorm from Allied bombing in February 1945, The raid Killed 4000 people, However, Dresden was nota particularly important military or industrial target and at that stage the war vas cleary coming to an end. Despite these developments, the bombing 194344, the RAF lost 10-1 suffered even higher losses, In October 1948, $00 1-175 tacked th plant. As soon as ther fighter esconts eft thet, the ‘ockels and hors dpa rom abe as wells the usta machine Fost 64 planes, wih SS adn abandons, Hower, simple «scot fitters wens ite with este tel tas. By Mach HG he P-ST Mi Hers al he way to eit {nnowation an the ests for the: eran or on the fronts in Russia and France, Ge {weapons to finish the job. German forces were de ‘eeapons aid equipmen campaign took terse to on homer eres, Ding fora, which New by day, cheinfurt ball-bearing bombers were tacked by he Lufva 5 per ent of is planes and eens, The i. Lies were so high that the cana {echnical innosation transformed the bombing eampal ang fighters were ack Or ighlers son ae this Hn people were destin, T “TUE WORLD AT WAR 1939-1945 ‘economy between too many competing claims erman forces lacked the eed apprasiaely half their bale front Mt int 194. Is icull not to regard this margin aselecsve, Historian, Professor Richard Overy, writing in 1996, The controversy over bombing ‘The bombing campaign had many opponents during and after the war It also had equally ‘convinced defenders, ‘The bombing was justified + Although bombing may have only slightly reduced German production, without it production would have expanded massively. + Bombing absorbed only seven per cent of Britain's war resources. * Bombing dew off huge numbers of German aireraft from the Russian Fron * Bombing forced Germany to shift production into ant-arcralt guns rather than tanks, ‘+ Insurves cared out afer the war 91 percent of Germans said the hardest aspect of civilian life in the war was the bombing, * Bombing shortened the war and so saved the lives of soldiers and civilians * Bombing seemed to strengthen the German people's support for thewar rather than weakening it FOCUS TASK Was the bombing justified? Work in pairs or small groups. You are preparing for a debate on the above question. Some of you must prepare a speech arguing that: * Bombing was effective and therefore it was justified. ‘The rest of you have to prepare a speech arguing that: * Bombing may have been effective but it cannot be justified. ‘The panels above give you the main points for your speech. Add any other points you can think of after reading pages 290-91. How could Sources 21-25 be used in your speech to support your argument? You might also find pages 312-14 useful. Eaneada con CamscanetD-Day and the end of the war in Europe When the Amnericans entered the a priority ss the war against Ge sores were targeted at Germany during th SOURCE 2G 1 IAL, President Rov her than the war font 1943: The turnng pont of the Bate othe han. reproved Eonuoy syste ard the bese of the Germ secret cotes grey rreased hed elechveness. May 1943: 41 German Uboats sunk. | NORWRE ! rea ganed by \clober 1943: The best month of by August 1984 the atl ofthe lane xo far for | the Aes. Gry 9 ss ost, | Maren a Germans caled ot omariced stacks on convoys. WB epee seven by December 1944 | bombing of ciilan targets in Germany. | February 1945: Alied bornbing of qe, Dresden resulted in 100,000 casuaties.| Apri 1945: Ali entered Berin. Hitler committed suicide 8 May: The end of the war in Europe. by Soret torces the Geeman their retest from the Ue January 1986: S finaly ene January 1944-1 Widespread Sod Ocean 1944: DDay. Aled troops. aided in France, They began slow advance across France towards Germany. | 25 August 1944: Alled troops ¢ 1963; Yugoslay fighters defeated the ‘Wgoslavia nd set up provisional government. July 1943: Aled troops landed in tay. 25 July 1943: Mussolini resigned. 13 October 1943: The new leaders of tly doclared war on Germany. The battle between Aled and German troops continued in aly unt May 1945, 2 May 1945: German armies in Italy | surendered. 7 Tavasion of aly — 1943 i eighth Army y \ ladvance after] [EtAlamein) 7 [EL Alamein 1982 | The war in Europe and North Africa, 1940-45. Eaneada con CamscanetSOURCE D7 Key — Day beach heads, midnight, 6 June 1944 — Allied advance by 12 June 1944 9 20km a One of the Ales’ artificial Mulberry harbours off the Normandy coast, June 1944. Operation Overlord - D-Day ‘The main objective was still o liberate France. It was a formidable task, ‘The Germans had been in France since 1940, They had strong fortifications. They had well trained and experience troops led by the very capable Field Marshal Erwin Rommel, It was undoubtedly a high- risk undertaking, but the start of Operation Overlord was nonetheless fixed for 6 June 1944 Overlord began with series of air attacks and decoy measures. Some 13,000 Allied airraft (Facing only 400 Luftwaffe aircraft) pounded radar installations rai inks and bridges, and effectively cut off the German defenders in Normandy from reinforcements. About two-thirds ofthe air attacks were actually away from the invasion area in order to confuse the defenders. Other measures such as false radio messages were also Used to convince the Germans that attacks were taking place elsewhere. ‘The invasion took place from several beaches (See Source 27) and was supported by paratroopers dropped from planes or landed in gliders. Casualties were only 11,000— remarkable in an operation that had brought 130,000 men across the channel by sea and 23,000 by air. But then the Allies had to break out of Normandy before the Germans could recover and trap them. They also needed armour, reinforcements and supplies, winich were provided with great ingenuity Giant floating harbours knowin as Mulberries were sailed across the Channel and huge floating piers were built. The Allis even built their own oil pipeline called PLUTO (Pipe Line Under The Ocean). From this point, the Allies used their air superiority to devastating effect against the German forces. Heavy bombers destroyed factories. Fighter bombers such as the American P-47 Thunderbolt and the British ‘Typhoon roamed the countryside attacking German vehicles and tains. Resistance fighters disrupted German communications and destroyed supplies being taken to German forces. Resistance groups in other occupied territories such as Poland and the Balkans also began to attack the occupying German forces. At the same time, Allied forces were advancing in Italy and the Soviet army was advancing from the east. Nevertheless, the breakout from Normandy into the rest of France was bloody and costly Paris was not liberated until 25 August 1944, In Deoember a major German counterattack in the Ardennes region of Belgium caused tremendous casualties and disrupted the Ale advance Eaneada con CamscanetSerUrENAIUNY AND GUNFLIGI 1919-1949 Victory in Europe rman put some 2 missiles, ‘he Ve ws How about this video? ‘weapons into setion. The most ying bomb powered by rocky ACTIVITY remarkable ne asthe Alig advanced, the G rot these were the V1 tn eae ell so quickly. It lew to tee i exe fil shoot doa ese i vei) icky. fl towards got anything on ean ane desea ut of ad, The 2 a gen gu D-Day? need Mar eal supersonic pes and was impossihe to shoot down, Several of hese weapons it fora esearch srr nd ein elm an! the Noes craft were aso node ject, 30 (¢ THowerer none of the new weapons stopp the Ales’ vance ‘There was much hard eRe ttackon dhe bridges ver the Rhine, inthe Netherlands in September be fighting, One daring Allied autack on Ix , a d 1H ses eaten ack with hey Toss, but the As inally managed to cos the Rhine nto aad Germany in March 196. ; sven oe In May 1945 US anal British forees mel up with Soviet forces and the war in Europe was over SOURCE 9Q INTRODUCED BY. THER MUUESTY THE QUEEN ‘MADE I CONJUNCTION WITHTHE MINISTRY OF DEFENCE, WaTH SPECIALIST RESEARCH. BY THE ROYAL MILITARY ACADEY AT SANDHURST, USING FOOTAGE FROMTHE INPERAL WAR MUSEUM, THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES IN WASHINGTON DG THE ARCHIVES OF THE AIMSTRY OF "DEFENCE AND A VARIETY OF PRIVAT AND COMERCIAL SOURCES, D-DAY ‘67a JUNE 1966 THE OFICIAL STORY TELS THE DERINITIVE ACCOUKT OF THE OPERATION THAT TURNED THE TDE OF WORLD WAR Concave Tt sr aan MuARY MIND FTE TE, rs TAIN OVERLORD SAW ALA MON AL RODS SOHN TE WLIO LES OF MORMARDY To TRG AT THE RONTUNE OF ER's TORTS UROR. TWAS THE ARES AND st ETRAORDMARY COMBO MIUTARY ORATION EER ATM, xo Tals vig vv aes TE eo PANNING mGAMSATIN AND EXCUTION OFAN EVEN THAT REMAINS ‘wou ope, ommtosrosoes o acraseet s mance ores een, 1 Analyse the front and back covers of the video in Source 29 and decide Whether you wil buy it. Make alist of: * features on the cover that give you | | Produce a display or presentation, using ICT, to explain the reasons forthe Alied onfdence that the video wil be victory over Germany. * features that make you wonder + You could describe one event or battle which you consider important. whether the video wil be a useful + You could comment on the roles of: resource =the USSR 2 You stil can't decide. Instead, you = Britain note down detals of the video and go | | » You could comment (vith examples) on the importance of: to the web site ofthe film maker. = resources Draw up a list of questions you would | | technology lke to ask about the video before ~ tactics. ects pees cot Fa ba Your teacher can give you a sheet to help you. Eaneada con CamscanetThe war in the Pacific and the Far East So farin this eater you have focused mainly on the war in Europe. However, itis important 6 retneber that this was only part ofa much wide confit Inte Far as lied toops were fighting the Japanese SOURCE 3() Key (ED sromese ie, 1941 <— fnvican stones ‘ne 1915 hres began submarine warfare IN) Anica Nite (itac) General MacArthur pares | © & ni See tee advance, 1942 17 July 1945: A bombing raid on Tokyo by 1500]| May 1942: The first Japanese defeat Blanes met no appasition ‘The Ametcan fleet destroyed & 30 diy: Japan rejected Aled ofer of armistice, | Japanese aircraft caries and 300, 6 August: Atomic bomb cropped on Hiroshima. | aicraft To this point the Japanese 9 August: Atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki. || navy had been supreme. From now 14 August: Japan uncondtionaly surendered. || on the American navy was ingly in contra ofthe Paci. 2 ® sioneste SS Pacific Ocean a, 4 8 ¢ Okinawa’ Mariana Is. 1p Wake ls, Pearl Harbor ® Ba ie ae 505 oe Decenbar TAT The Jpaese Pra iouicn ee ps esbledthe Anencan eta" | Skin nore spice Peat: ress Xone knee? Gam cite 0, (an-May 1942: Japanese — || omese 156,000, “ces sucessful invaded lage [Ba vesans areas al thePiipines an the con une 1943: Ricans | Siders began submarine wartore | = dganst anaes soon at29-Febuary 1543: Japanese evacuated | Guadalcanal, which was one of a number of Praee Is, Fest Japanese positions throughout the Pctc. With the evacuation the Japanese were ‘admitng that they could not maintain this defensive /’\ting ofisands. 1200km August 1943: Japanese defeated in New Guinea Indian Ocean Seale ‘The war in the Pacific and the Far East, 1941-45. ‘The conic between the lle and Japan was fought over avast teritory and involved millions of American troops as well as oops fom Britain, Indi, Australia and New Zealand, Some 120,000 Aficans also fought forthe allies inthe Burma campaign. India povided over2.5 nillon men and women forthe armed for and spent a staggering 80 pe cet ofits wealth in 198-4 on thewareffot. ‘The war in the Pacific changed the way military commanders thought about naval warfare. {talso resulted in the fs use of nuclear weapons, xcaneado con Camseanneree Pearl Harbor to Midway ‘ear have soon om pages 275-78 how the Japanese attacked Peal Tabor in 1941. The nly Teanfrt for the US navy es hat is aera carriers were notin Peal Harbor atthe ime of Une track an the japanese dd nt hunt down the carers nd destroy ther. Iwas decisive ero, thw US eae commander, Mira Haley, was able to use these carers throughout 1942, Sounce 31. ile US shipyards rantcallyconsiuc new ships, especially carrer. They also produ ie aircraft, such as the Douglas Dauntless dive bomber and the Inge numbers of superior ca F-4 Corsair, ‘ye decisive battle came at Midway in May 1942 when the Americans destroyed four japanese cartes the ver thing the Japanese a ful to do at Pear Harbor, Without sir protection the Japanese navy was hpeles vulnerable an fpan could not match the output of the USKs shipyards and aircralt factories. The defeat of Japan and the atomic bomb kno the apanese were being ps ack in 1943 and 1944, the Aled fos were huge the apne ht analy for each sland inthe Pele and each piece oftertoryn China, Bur and ia in Narch 1945, Bish and US forces tok the island of Okinawa, The Ales had to kill or apie everyone ofthe 10,00 Japanese soldiers defending te stand — none of them would Sender Ali ships had also ben badly damaged by Fapanese kamikaze suicide bombers who crashed themselves deliberately into ships. By summer 1945, the USA was confident of winning the war eventually. However, the new President, Harry Truman (Roosevelt died in March 1945), was Faced with the daunting prospect af yearor moe of masive casas 48 US ttoops beat back the Japanese island by land and then haul to invade Japan itself. But there was an alternative. An intemational team of scientists in the USA, workingon what wasknown a the Manhattan Proect, had jut perfected the work!s frst nucle bomb, Iwas decison time for Truman SOURCE 32. ( Decision Should (use nuclear oeapons? ) (One year earlier there would have been no choice for the lies ~ to win this war the President would have had to order his forces to press on ‘sland by island, In June 1945 there was a choice. The Manhattan Project had tested the nuclear bomb. All th tests ingicated that this was a bomb of such feracity and power that no Country could recover from its impact. Truman met with his miltary advisers in June. They told him what to expect f they invaded the Japanese miniand, They estimated atleast 220,000 casualties in a ‘campaign that would last well into 1946. Truman's mind was made up. He later said that wien he came to the decision it was easy. US casualties at Okinawa. Decision 2: Should | war che Japanese? — Should he wam the Japanese or maybe even give a demonstration, i the hope it would make them surrender? Most US miliary advisers ‘opposed ths idea. They wanted to see the bomb used as a normal weapon of war and achieve complete surprise. And what the demonstration bomb failed? Also, in July, Truman received details of secret Japanese signals that showed thatthe Japanese military were determined to fight to the finish, This convinced him thatthe bomb had to be used as a ‘normaf weapon without a warring, No-dont warn the Japanese. = Ecaneada con Camscanetpra factors have affected viewpoints Truman cepted military ice to drop two bombs in quick session to coin the Japanese 1 Truman feel tight that the USA haut lan re stockpile of the weapons (which it lid ot), The fist ‘ony wets ne 1 aerator ‘on reshma bya 829 bonne, the Bake iq, on 6 Ags 198, ‘he swoon ws opps OM ee the city of Nagasakt thie dys ing damage cl rfc casualties, Hey m ‘ant other calation reat liseases SouRcE 34 cad at ak WA ‘ t ‘ also left legtey of exc “Son'T You S85, THEY HAD DPN OUT FE IT WORKED. British cartoon published in the Evening Standard, 1960. Poisoning in the years that followed. [Focus TASK Did Truman make the right decision? ‘There were people on the Allie side at the time who fl thatthe use ofthese weapons was unnecessary. However, these vices were in the minority: Most were relieved there would be no bloody invasion of apan. Aides towards the Japanese had hardened following the liberation ofthe allied prisoner-of-war camps in 1944 and 1945, Accounts of horrific conditions and barbaric treatment by the Japanese guards fd 2 desire for vengeance against the Japanese ‘The Japanese Emperor Hirhito and most of his government told the army to surrender after the Nagasaki bomb, but some ofthe military leaders attempted to overthrow Hiroto ‘nd continue the war. This prove to many people onthe Allied side that the decision to use the bombs was right, Hirohito’ will prevailed and Japan surendered on 14 August 1945. ‘The war was over, but the nuclear age had begun, with far-reaching consequences (soe Chapters 11 and 12). Truman's decision has come under intense scrutiny eve since. Some hhave sid the war was already won. ‘The bomb served no military purpose and it was dropped because, 28 an anti-Communist, Tauman wanted to scare the Soviet Union, tis also claimed that army leaders were desperate to test the bomb in ral warfare Sue Sure 34) and this more important to them than the military need Others have argued agains this, They sy there site evidence that these considerations affected Truman's judgement and that he dropped the bomb because it would cost fewer ives than a conventional war, ‘The debate continues |Howimportant was technology in the | Second World War? | ntis chapter you have seen how |editclogy affected the outcome ofthe | ecnd World War. The side that had the best technology was always ikely to win ie wa. Write a paragraph on the impact |ottechnology on each of the folowing: 2) Land war (or example, Blitzkrieg on |, the western or eastern front) b) The war in the air (or example, the Battle of Britain or the bombing of Germany) ¢) The war at sea (for example, the | Bale ofthe Atlantic or the war in the | Pace) |e The nuclear bombs. for ach ey area you should consider: * how tecniques changed or stayed the Same compared to the First World War Ueler back to Chapter 2) * the impact ofthese new technologies . he batefeld or on cians ther importance in deciding the Sutcoave of the wa. ras (i amend con CamscanetSOURCE 35, We were captured and forced down the mines... The Japanese aid not treat the swonters like buna beings, bal animals. ‘Exchange coal ith Chines People’s ives’ was th ‘many Chinese slogan. ‘There areso When yon Rll one there carealuays more." The workers head to drink te stinking irate atthe Botton ofthe coal prt Wen people became serous il they ied ther legs ad arms, carried them ancuy cand kicked thera into this hole, Dogs rere araiting down there biting and tearing the oxties to pices: A Chinese miner remembers his experience of Japanese occupation, SOURCE 377 A baby sits in the wreckage of Shanghai railway station after a Japanese bombing raid. How did the war affect civilians? The nuclear bons easel boric eviian casas, but that was typical ofthe Second Work Wa tn this war nore civilians than soldiers, Civilians were in the font lie fata ‘Thy ‘were homed, imprisoned, masse ad stares 1 death, Sours 35—~ pes ofthe i ‘at's impaeton civilians 102 you wl lok in deta the mma of the war in Britain, SOURCE 3G | Key ; Perera of epson eg [over 10% [] 5-106 [15% under 1s, y ea oy { T atantic ‘Ocean us 798,000: 310,000 000,000 Caen epee SE itary and chan) # acu * 236,300 t-te] rou 75,000 (rea ca In Britain, civilians of German or Austrian origin were rounded up and taken to internment ‘camps. In the USA, Japanese civlians were also interned (see page 364) — Eaneada con CamscanetHow did the war affect politics? the Sova Worl War ako nortant politcal changes in countries aro Te weg otc so ro Sone, These ae al ehanges that a st pret tmpact on interatin ivtation ater the war Some ofthese wl he test sin the fallowing capes op Uist SOURCE AA. In many European counties the old prea leaders were ‘The war gave eal boost to independence movemens in sep aside, paticulrly those who were thought to have colonies owned by European countries. Within thre years, helped the Germans. In France, Scandinavia and the India had been geanted independence from Britain, Twenty Balkans the resistance leaders were seen as the natural years after the war, Britain brad lost almost al its empire, leaders ofthe country ater the wa The political impact of the Second World War ‘The war completely crippled the economies ofthe European powers. Economic recovery was een moe dificlt than alle the First Word War This actualy strengthened the wil ‘co-operate and over the following 20 years lel tothe setting up ofthe irst stages ofthe European Union, ‘The war had shown thatthe two most powerful countries in the ‘orld were the capitalist USA and the Communist USSR. Inthe war they hal been allies against Germany and Japan. The question ws ‘whaler they would get on after the war. Would the friendship hold? You can find out al bout that in Chapters 11 and 12 J ‘The politcal impact ofthe Second World Wa. Eaneada con Camscanet