Control Valve :

The Final Control Element

Nimish Shah
VALVES
How to select Control Valve???

selection parameters for the valve :

•size,
•material of construction,
•pressure and temperature
ratings, and
•End connections.
How to select Control Valve???

In addition, if the valve is for control

purposes one must define
additional parameters.
How to select Control Valve???

These parameters include :

– Method of operation,
– maximum and minimum flow capacity
requirements,
– pressure drop during normal flowing
conditions,
– pressure drop at shutoff, and
– Maximum and minimum inlet pressure
at the valve.
 How to select Control Valve???
Meeting these parameters happens through
and by
• selecting body styles,
• material of construction,
• seats,
• packing,
• end connections,
• valve operators—actuators—and supports.
Cross-section of a Globe Valve
 Control Valve Flow Characteristics

• The relationship between valve

capacity and valve travel is known as
the flow characteristic of the valve.
 Control Valve Flow Characteristics

• There are main three types of Flow

characteristics:
– Quick Opening
– Linear flow
– Equal Percentage
Control Valve Flow Characteristics
 Control Valve Flow Characteristics

• Quick Opening-
• used for safety by-pass applications
where quick opening is desired
Control Valve Flow Characteristics

• Equal Percentage-
• used for about 90% of control
valve applications since it results in
the most linear installed
characteristics
Control Valve Flow Characteristics

• Linear-
• used when a relatively constant
pressure drop is maintained across
the valve
Control Valve Flow Characteristics
Inherrent Flow Characteristics For
Common Valve Trim Designs
 Control Valve Characteristics
• Quick opening
– Most of the flow variation takes place
in the lower third of the valve (stem)
travel
– Not ideal for regulating flow
– Appropriate for relief valves and on-
off control (safety; avoid over-
pressuring vessels)
Control Valve Characteristics
• Linear
– Produces flow proportional to valve
position
– At 50% valve position, flow through
valve is 50% of maximum flow
Control Valve Characteristics (cont.)
• Equal Percentage
– Equal increments in valve position result in
equal relative or percentage increments in
flow
– When valve position increases 1% going from
20% to 21%, flow increases by 1% from
value at 20%
– When valve position increases 1% going from
60% to 61%, flow increases by 1% from
value at 60%
– Percentage change is equal, but the flowrate
at 60% is greater than the flowrate at 20%
What happened if
power failed?
 What happened if power failed?

• It is a power-operated device
• Well, what happens if the power is cut off?
• "fail-safe mode" it is the key to
troubleshooting it.
• In most applications (about 80%), it is
desirable for valves to fail closed.
• In other applications, you might want a
valve to fail open or fail in place. Safety
concerns and process requirements will
mandate the fail mode of the valve.
Control Valve "Fail-Safe" Positions
• Cause of Fail-Safe Condition: Loss of Air Pressure
Control Valve "Fail-Safe" Positions
• Cause of Fail-Safe Condition: Loss of Air Pressure
Fail Safe Mode in Rotary Valve
 How is works?
• When a valve is not sitting in its fail
position, it is being told how and when to
move by some external signal.
• If a Control Valve is observed in an
unstable condition or appears to not be
responding correctly to an input signal,
remember that something is telling the
valve to behave that way.
Two Components:
•Actuator
•Positioner
 Actuators
• The actuator receives the conditioned
signal and changes it to some form of
mechanical energy or motion.
• Typical devices used as actuators include
solenoids, pneumatic valve positioners, AC
and DC motors, stepper motors, hydraulic
motors, and hydraulic pistons.
• Many control valves include a pneumatic
valve positioner.
Actuators
Actuators
 Types of Actuators

• Spring and Diaphragm

• Pneumatic Piston
• Electric Motor
• Electro hydraulic
Valve Actuator Selection
• Choose an air-to-open for
applications for which it is desired to
have the valve fail closed.
• Choose an air-to-close for
applications for which it is desired to
have the valve fail open.
Cross-section of a Globe Valve
 Optional Equipment
• Valve positioner- a controller that
adjusts the instrument air in order to
maintain the stem position at the
specified position.
• Positioners are almost always used on
valves serviced by a DCS.
Photo of a Valve Positioner
 Valve Positioners
• This device increase or decrease the
air pressure operate the actuator
until the valve stem reaches the
position.
• generally mounted on the side or top
of the actuator.
• Connected mechanically to the valve
stem.
Valve Positioners
Pneumatic Control Valves
Thank You