A STUDY ON SOLIDS IN MATHEMATICS AND THEIR

APPLICATION

ABSTRACT
The textbooks of high school students discussing only about some certain type of
solids like cylinder, cone, pyramids, sphere and hemisphere .There are also other type
of solids that we can see in our daily life. So this study focused on finding new solids
like Ungula, Hollow cylinder and sliced cylinder and their properties .

KEY WORDS
Solid geometry, Ungula, Sliced cylinder, Hollow cylinder

INTRODUCTION
In geometry, there are various types of solids. Solids are three-
dimensional shapes because they have three dimensions such as length, breadth
and height. The bodies which occupy space are called solids. Solid
Geometry deals with 3-dimensional objects like cubes, prisms, cylinders &
spheres. It deals with three dimensions of the figure such as length, breadth and
height. But some solid solids do not have faces (e.g. sphere). There are some
solids which are not mainly discussed by any of the textbooks of highschool like
hollow cylinder , ungula, sliced cylinder etc.

NEED AND SIGNIFICANCE

The study of solid’s properties, volume, surface area are called solid
geometry. There is a significant amount of evidence that supports the notion that visual
spatial skills that are linked to individual differences in math and geometrical abilities .
Visual, spatial, working memory from perception and spatial visualization are all have
been shown to be predictors of math skills in school aged children . Patterning and
spatial skills predicted math knowledge at the beginning and end of pre school. The
study of solid geometry helps the children to identify and organize visual information
and learning skills in curriculum including reading mathematics and science. As a part of
imparting 21st century skills the study of solid geometry will help the students to have a
practical knowledge.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
 To understand what are solids in mathematics
 To aware about new types of solids and their properties.
 To study about the solids hollow cylinder, ungula, sliced cylinder
 To derive the measurements like volume of hollow cylinder, ungula and sliced
cylinder.

METHODOLOGY
The method adopted for this study is descriptive analysis. The project is
conducted based on secondary data. After deciding the topic the objectives of the
study, relevant data was collected from various secondary sources like books, research
article, internet.

ANALYSIS OF THE SOLIDS IN MATHEMATICS AND THEIR

PROPERTIES
HOLLOW CYLINDER
The cylinder that is empty from inside and has some thickness at the
peripheral known as hollow cylinder. There is some differences between internal and
external radius of a hollow cylinder . We see hollow cylinder in our daily lives. Eg: tubes,
circular buildings, straws etc. A hollow cylinder object has four surfaces areas, inner and
outer curved surface areas and ring lies at the base of the cylinder and the top of the

cylinder.
UNGULA
Ungula is a region of a solid of revolution, cut off by a plane oblique to its base.
A common instance is the spherical wedge. The volume of ungula is a cylindrical part
and which was calculated by Gregoire De Saint Vincent. Two cylinders with equal radii
and perpendicular axes intersect in four double ungula.

2
Volume of Ungula=(2/3)r h

r = radius of cylindrical ungula

h = height of the ungula

SLICED CYLINDER
A cylindrical segment is also called a truncated cylinder or sliced cylinder is
the solid cut from the circular cylinder by two or more planes. If there are two cutting
planes, one perpendicular to the axes of the cylinder and often tilted with respect to it ,
the resulting solid is known as sliced cylinder.

The volume can be found directly through the integration and the volume is

V= ()
1
2
π R2 ( h 1+ h 2 )

R = radius of the cylinder

h1 = minimum height

h2 = maximum height
CONCLUSION
The solid geometry permeates every aspect of daily existence. Everywhere is a
closed 3-dimensional space. Solid geometry enables us to investigate novel ideas about
the forms of figures that we may observe. Measurements of volumes of different solid
forms such as cylinder, cone, pyramid etc are the subject of solid geometry. So in this
study we were discussed about the properties, types, and derivation of measurements
of the special types of solids such as hollow cylinder, ungula, and sliced cylinder. Hollow
cylinder is a cylinder that is empty from inside and which is slightly different from the
orginal cylinder. Ungula is a region of a solid of a revolution cut by a plane oblique to its
base. Also the sliced cylinder means a segment of cylinder. In school textbooks, there is
only the most common types of solids such as cylinder, cone, pyramids, sphere etc. So
there should promote application or derivation of measurements of new solids with the
help of previously learnt concept of solids . In this way we will be able to help the
students to identify, apply and create knowledge which are essential for developing the
21st century skills.

REFERENCES
https://mathworld.wolfram.com/

https://www.vedantu.com/

https://www.researchgate.net/

https://www.texasgateway.org/

https://www.splashlearn.com/