CLUTCHES & BRAKES

Module 2 DME M7
CLUTCHES
• Referred to as high friction devices
• Machine member which is used for engagement/disengagement of driven shaft to
driving shaft
• Classified as positive clutches and friction clutches
• Positive clutches permit one shaft to drive another through a direct contact of
interlocking jaws (jaw clutch or claw clutch used in presses and punches).
• Friction clutches transmit torque by virtue of frictional forces developed between
the mating surfaces

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Spiral jaw clutch
• Friction clutches are classified as
• Axial friction clutches
• Plate/ Disc clutch (Single plate and multi plate)
• Cone clutch
• Radial friction clutches
• Centrifugal clutch
• The material used for lining of friction clutches should have the
following characteristics :
• It should have a high and uniform coefficient of friction.
• It should not be affected by moisture and oil.
• It should have the ability to withstand high temperatures caused by slippage.
• It should have high heat conductivity.
• It should have high resistance to wear and scoring
• Eg: Ferrodo

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SINGLE PLATE/DISC CLUTCH

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Torque analysis of plate/disc clutch

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Uniform pressure theory
• Pressure remains constant over the entire surface of the disc
• Applicable for new friction linings

13.9b/ 258

13.4/ 258
13.5/ 258

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• Wear is proportional to work of friction
• Work of friction is the product of pressure and sliding velocity

Uniform wear theory

• Assuming the wear is uniformly distributed over the entire surface
of the disc
• Applicable for worn out friction linings

13.9be/ 258

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 13.9g/259

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MULTI PLATE/DISC CLUTCH

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DESIGN OF PLATE CLUTCH
1.

2.

y= Spring compression during loading

TPS Spring dimensions

The torque transmitting capacity of the clutch is maximum when Di/Do= 0.577
Proof:

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DESIGN OF PLATE CLUTCH

T= 2000 rpm

Substitute and find T

Assuming uniform wear theory, 13.9f

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Shear stress of the spring, 11.1.d/ 169 11.2d/ 169

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 11.5a/ 170 C= D/d Assuming total number of coils = 6

Substitute and find y Active number of coils, i= 6-2= 4

Assuming square and ground end

Free length of the spring, 11.18b/ 170

(only active coils)

To find pitch, p
Table 11.4, row (d) / 189

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• Problems for practice
Q3(pg 512), 4 (512), 5 (513), 6(514), 8(515), 11 (520), 12 (522)

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CONE CLUTCH

Also

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TORQUE ANALYSIS ON CONE CLUTCH

13.10h/ 260

13.10b/ 259
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13.10d/ 259

Tb 13.4/ 283

13.10c/ 259

13.10b/ 259

13.10g/ 260

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 13.10e/ 260

Tab 13.15e/ 284

13.10j/ 260

13.10k/ 260

DESIGN OF CONE CLUTCH

13.10j/ 260

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13.10k/ 260
3. Select suitable values

13.4/ 283

13.10e/ 260

Tab 13.15e/ 284

13.10h/ 260

13.10c/ 259

13.10a/ 259

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 13.10b/ 259

13.10g/ 260

Substitute and obtain Substitute and obtain

Tb 3.5a/ 57

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 Tb 13.4/ 283

13.10d

13.10e/ 260

Substitute and obtain

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Substitute and obtain

Substitute and obtain

13.10c/ 259
Substitute and obtain 2154 N

Substitute and obtain 13.10a/ 259

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 Substitute and obtain 13.10b/ 259

Substitute and obtain 13.10g/ 260

Problems for practice

Q16(pg 532), 19(535), 20 (536), 23 (540)

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BRAKES

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 BRAKES
• A device by which frictional resistance is applied to a moving or stationery member to change its
state of rest or motion.
• Brakes can absorb kinetic energy and dissipates it in the form of frictional heat
• Purpose
• Speed control
• Quick stopping a moving member
• Arrest motion of a member in rest

Block/ shoe brake

center

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 13.17a/ 267

13.17a/ 267

• When the line of action of tangential force passes through the fulcrum, the value of F is same in CW and CCW
directions TPS
13.17b/ 267
13.17c/ 267

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13.17d/ 267 13.17e/ 267

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For case 1, case 2, case 3 If , the unit pressure between the wheel and the block
is uniform

If , the unit pressure between the wheel and the block

is less at the ends than at the center

= Fn

The normal bearing pressure on the block,

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Self-energizing and self-locking brakes
• The brake is said to be "self energizing", if the frictional force helps in applying the
brake to the wheel ie. the moment of frictional force ( c or ) adds to the
moment of applied force ( )
• The brake is said to be "self locking", if the frictional force is large enough to apply
the brake without any external force.
• In general the brake should be self energizing and not self locking
• To avoid self locking-
• Self locking occurs when

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While solving problems, compare the direction of rotation of the given
problem with that of Design data book figures and choose the formula
accordingly
• If direction of rotation of the drum is in the direction of load applied, F (at nearest
point of drum), then consider as CCW rotation
• If direction of rotation of the drum is opposite to the direction of load applied, F,
(at nearest point of drum), then consider as CW rotation Page 267

Heating of brakes
Heat generated during the application of the brakes should be dissipated to the
surrounding in order to avoid over heating

13.24h/ 276

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 c
Given data:

Here the line of action of the tangential force is in between

the fulcrum and axis of the drum.

Substitute and find

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 The direction of rotation of the drum is in the direction of load applied, F so
consider as CCW rotation
13.17c/ 267

Substitute and find applied load, F

The direction of rotation of the drum is opposite to the direction of load

applied, F so consider as CW rotation
13.17b/ 267

Substitute and find applied load, F

13.24h/ 276

Substitute and find H TPS

Substitute and find c

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 Substitute and find Ft

Here the tangential load is in between the fulcrum and axis of the drum

Substitute and find F

Substitute and find Fn

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 13.24h/ 276
Substitute and find H

The normal bearing

pressure on the shoe,

Substitute and find b’

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• Problems for practice Q25 (pg 547), 26 (548), 27 (549), 28(555), 30
(557), 32 (559), 36 (564),

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Band brakes
• A band made of steel and lined with a friction
material is used to apply brake
• Used in power excavators and hoisting machines
• The braking action is performed by tightening the
band wrapped around the drum
• Band brakes are more effective with one direction of
rotation than with the other. The band will release
itself when the drum rotates in one direction and
locks itself in the opposite direction, known as Back
stop. (used in bucket elevators) Simple band brake

• Classified as
• Simple band brake
• Differential band brake

TPS second hinge of the band on lever

Simple band brake

13.19c/ 270 13.19d/ 270

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 13.19b/ 270

13.19a/ 270

13.18m/ 269

13.18o/ 269

13.18c/ 267 13.18d/ 267 13.18a/ 267

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 13.19c/ 270 / Fig e

Here the barrel and drum are mounted on the

same shaft, so their torques should be equal

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 13.18m/ 269

13.18o/ 269

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If direction of rotation of the drum is not specified,
assume CW a well as CCW direction of rotation and
determine Fmax from both values.

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 13.19c/ 270

13.19d/ 270

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 Maximum value of force, Fmax= 610.74 N

Assuming rectangular cross section for lever

Also

Also

Also

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Problems for practice Q38 (pg 571), 40(575), 41 (576), 42 (580)

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Differential band brake
• The two ends of the band are attached
to two points each on opposite sides of
the fulcrum
• A band is subjected to a differential
moment about the fulcrum

Check data book whether b1 and

b2 are marked correctly as given
above

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 If, then
the force F will be
negative -or- equal
to zero, and thus
the band brake
works automatically
(self locking
condition).

It is advisable to take moments of forces about the fulcrum rather than using the equations in data book
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