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Modified Concrete Using Polymers and Locally Available Raw Materials.

Conference Paper · September 2005

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.4384.4329

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 The Arab Science and Technology Foundation

Is pleased to present the attached

DETAILED PROJECT PROPOSAL

Entitled

Proposal Title:
Modified Concrete Using Polymers and Locally Available Raw Materials

The proposal is submitted by

PI Name: Prof. Dr. Ibtisam Mustafa Kamal

Affiliation: Biochemical Engineering Department – Al-Khwarizmi Engineering college
Country: Baghdad University / IRAQ

This effort is one of the outcomes of

THE INTERNATIONAL INITIATIVE TO

ENGAGE IRAQ'S SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY COMMUNITY
IN DEVELOPING THEIR COUNTRY

1
 AGREEMENT FORM

The purpose of the following forms is to apply for developing research proposals that
could be funded by international funding sources.

The initiative organizers reserve the right to use the contents of the developed research
proposal.

The research team members commit to work according to the initiative organizers
instruction, polices, and approaches. Otherwise, the initiative organizers have the right
to take the suitable decision for any breach.

The initiative organizers reserve the right to undertake unscheduled meetings with
research team members who are developing the detailed proposals.

Principal investigator International collaborator

Agree: YES Agree: Yes

Not Agree: Not Agree:

2
 COVER PAGE

Principal investigator information

Topical area Material

Name of principal investigator (PI) Prof. Dr. Ibtisam M. Kamal

Organization Baghdad University

Department Biochemical Engineering Department / Al-

Khwarizmi Engineering college

Name of department head

Head approval Obtained

Date of application

International collaborator information

Name of international collaborator Dr. Saadi Abdul-Jawad

Position Assistant Prof.

Organization The Hashemite University

Department

Country Jordan

Mail Address

Phone

fax

Email saadi@hu.edu.jo

3
 TITLE PAGE

Title of Research Project Proposal:

Modified Concrete Using Polymers and Locally Available Raw Materials

Expected Duration of Project: 2 year

Proposal submitted by:

Principal Investigator International collaborator

Name Prof. Dr. Ibtisam M. Kamal Assistant Prof. Dr. Saadi Abdul-Jawad

FOR ASTF USE ONLY

Proposal received on: 25 Aug 2005

Name: Ammar M. Munir

Project Manager
Projects Management Department

Signature: (on the hard copy)

Date: 25 Aug 2005

4
 IRAQI TEAM MEMBERS PAGE
Principal Investigator Co-Investigator 1 Co-Investigator 2 Co-Investigator 3 Co-Investigator 4
Prefix Prof. Dr. Dr. Dr. Mr.
Name (arabic ) ‫اﺑﺘﺴﺎم ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ آﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﻧﺒﻴﻞ آﺎﻇﻢ ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﺼﺎﺣﺐ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﻣﺮ ﻣﺘﻲ ﻧﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫هﺪﻳﺮ ﺧﺎﻟﺪ ﺣﺎﻣﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﺠﺎح ﻣﻬﺪي ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬
Name (English ) Ibitisam Mustafa Kamal Nabeel Kadim Abid Al-sahib Somer Matty Nacy Hadeer Khalid Hamed Najah Mahdi
Mohammed
Position University Professor Dean of Al-khwarizmi College Head of manufacturing Lecturer Lecturer
of Engineering operation Eng.Dept.
Academic Rank Professor Assistant Prof. Assistant Prof. Lecturer Assistant Lecturer
Department Biochemical Eng. Dept. Mechatronic Dept. Manufacturing operation Biochemical Eng. Dept Biochemical Eng. Dept
Eng.Dept.
Organization Bghdad University Al- Bghdad University Bghdad University Al- Bghdad University Al- Al-khwarizmi
khwarizmi College of khwarizmi College of khwarizmi College of Coll.Eng.,Baghdad
Engineering Engineering Engineering University
Country Iraq Iraq Iraq Iraq Iraq
Mail address Al-mansoor P.O Box 27004 Al-khwarizmi Coll.Eng.,Baghdad Al-khwarizmi Aljaderia,p.o.box:47305 Biochem.Eng., Al-
Baghdad University. Coll.Eng.,Baghdad Baghdad University khwarizmi
University Coll.Eng.,Baghdad
University
Phone 00964- 07901847101 00964-5567370 00964-07901387055 00964-07901827696 00964-07801200605
00964-07901798097
Fax / / / / /
E-mail profibtisam@hotmail.com dr_nabeelalsahab@hotmail.com somernacy@yahoo.com hadeerhamed@hotmail.com najahmohammed@yaho
o.com
General Specialty Chemistry Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Engineering Chemical Engineering Chemical Engineering
Specific Specialty Industrial Welding and corrosion protection Applied Mechanics Polymer Rheology Materials/Production
Chemistry/Polymer and purification
Technology

5
6
 PROPOSAL SUMMARY
Code: M04-1
Topical Area: Material

Iraqi Principal Investigator: Prof. Ibtisam M. Kamal

Professor
Baghdad University / Al-Khawarizmi Eng College

International Collaborator: Prof. Saadi M. Abdul Jawad

Assistant president
The Hashemite University, Jordan

Proposal Title: Modified concrete using polymers and locally available Raw Materials.

Line/Field: Construction Materials / Engineering

Proposal Objectives:
To reconstruct Iraqi infrastructure, high performance building materials are needed for
structural applications. This project will provide proven methodologies for manufacturing
superior performance concrete with high mechanical strength, improved durability, water
tight and high corrosion resistance, based on using polymers and locally available raw
materials as cement additives. The high performance concrete composites will be suitable for
the major construction projects in Iraq, solving the problems related with using conventional
concrete such as delayed hardening, low tensile strength, susceptibility to cracking, and
inferior chemical resistance.

Justification:
1- Improvement the disadvantages in conventional concrete.
2- Establishment of proven methods to manufacture high performance concrete systems
which are well defined related to (mix design, mixing procedure and curing conditions)
For different specified application e.g. :
- Sewage pipes.
- Drainage channels.
- Highway and bridge decks.
- Concrete columns used in harsh environments (very saline areas) for holding
electricity wires.
- Pre-cast wall reinforced panels.
- Quick repairs of concrete overlays, dams, pipes and utility components.

Involved Iraqi Entities:

- Baghdad University / Al-Khwarizmi Engineering College
- College of Engineering
- Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research

Available Resources:
- Materials (cement and aggregates) , pozzolanic materials: limestone powder , silica fume
fly ash , slag and burnt clays , crushed brick , natural fibers: reed , datepalm frond , stallk
and leaf , natural fillers: cane bagasse , wood ash , saw dust , paper waste , etc .
- Laboratory space.
- Some testing machines and equipments.

7
Required Resources:
- Materials: (Various types of polymers latexes and additives) :
Epoxy, unsaturated polyester, phenolic resins, styrene-butadiene, polyurethane,
methylmethacrylate and furan, Superplasticizers and other concrete admixtures
- Some testing equipments.

Expected Deliverables:
- Using (polymer modified mortars and concrete) technology in the construction industry in
Iraq.
- Development and understanding of new advanced polymer modified concrete composites
for construction industry as tangible products that can be applied in the field immediately.
- Establishment of a comprehensive program of research in the field of polymer modified
concrete.
- Publications.
- An expert system based on knowledge and data from the project and information obtained
from literature. the expert system would allow engineers to diagnose concrete problems,
selected appropriate materials and mix designs for both new constructions and
rehabilitation and insure optimum performance in the design environment.
- To provide a technical guide on the production and use of polymer concrete composites.
- A manual for user- friendly material model program used for design and optimization of
polymer concrete composites.

Duration: 2 years

Estimated Fund Required:

Materials: $ 10,000 USD
Equipments: $ 174,000 USD
Salaries and wages for project staff: $ 89,000 USD
Library materials and publications : $ 20,000 USD
Others $ 7,000 USD

Total Fund Required $ 300,000 USD

Possible Funding Agencies:

- FRDF
- IDRC
- JICA

8
 PROJECT DOCUMENT

Proposal Title

MODIFIED CONCRETE USING POLYMERS AND

LOCALLY AVAILABLE RAW MATERIALS

9
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENTS PAGE NO.

ABSTRACT 11

INTRODUCTION 12

LITERATURE REVIEW 17

PROJECT OBJECTIVES 21

DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED RESEARCH 23

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND PROCEDURE 25

SCHEDULING OF THE PROPOSED RESEARCH 33

PROJECT DELIVERABLES 34

REFERENCES 35

BUDGET 37

10
ABSTRACT:
This project aims at constructing a proven methodology for the manufacture of modified
polymer concrete composites as an alternative for the conventional concrete used nowadays
which suffers many problems related to its application in the building and many other
construction fields such as delayed hardening, low tensile strength, susceptibility to cracking
and inferior chemical resistance. In order to reconstruct Iraqi infrastructure, high performance
building materials based on modified polymer concrete composites are to be made from
locally available raw materials. For the production of modified concrete composites materials
that are resistant to deterioration, the goal is to determine those concrete processing
technologies and materials that have the best potential for superior performance with a wide
range of aggregate types and to develop criteria and recommendation for their development
and application. The main project may be split into four sub projects that feed into the main
project these are suggested to be as follows: Investigations of the chemistry and physics of
concrete microstructure development and forms the foundation for the others, investigation of
the specific performance problems encountered during and after manufacture, investigation of
the mechanical properties and performance of concrete containing polymers and admixtures,
each of the former sub projects will feed into the main project which involves developments
of an improved quality control/quality assurance system. Finally the wrap – up project which
gathers results from all other steps in order to develop standards and specifications for all
purpose superior modified polymer concrete composite materials will be presented in the
form of catalogues and specification sheets. Quick, accurate easy to use field tests are the key
to more consistently high quality products. It is also hoped to develop non-destructive field
tests for quality control that can be applied by minimally trained personnel. These tests will
form the basis for more rational acceptance criteria as well as for new guidelines for required
processes. We aim at issuing a catalogue, which involved proven methodology for modified
polymer concrete composite materials production to meet local customer demand for certain
applications. Information taken this catalogue assist in the selection of the most proven
method that have already been designed and previously tested in accordance with the required
tasks which should all be based on economical justification. This catalogue identifies the
optimum mix design including mix proportions, polymer/cement ratio, water/cement ratio,
and the proper curing conditions.

11
INTRODUCTION
Concrete is a construction material that is widely used in Iraq. It is composed mainly of three
materials namely; cement, water, aggregates and an additional material known as admixture.
The mixture is then allowed to cure by chemical means. It continues curing for a long time
and consequently the concrete grows stronger with age.

The principal properties of concrete, which are of practical importance, are those concerning
its strength, stress - strain characteristics, shrinkage and creep deformation, and response to
temperature variation, permeability and durability. Concrete used in Iraq has some
disadvantages such as; delayed hardening, low tensile strength, and susceptibility to cracking
and inferior chemical resistance.

To lessen these disadvantages and upgrade its performance a polymer modified concrete
composite are suggested for the construction purposes. Proven methods have been active in
many countries such as Japan, USA, Germany and the UK. However, Iraq lacks such
experience and due to existence of its basic raw materials, a proposal is suggested to construct
a proven methodology for its manufacture in Iraq in accordance with the locally available
resources, raw materials that are abundantly available in Iraq and most importunately based
on the economical feasibility.

In the industrialised world, the sixties and seventies of last century were characterised by an
unlimited belief in new and modern materials and techniques. The use of polymers was
considered to be a sign of progress and modern attitude in construction and in industry.

During the three decades from the first congress in London in 1975 to the 11th congress in
Berlin in 2004, the researches aimed at developing new, improved polymers were
continuously done, and new applications for polymers were constantly developed. In building
industry the use of polymers gradually extended from concrete crack injection to repair
mortars for concrete and stone, consolidation of masonry, repair of timber structures, not to
forget all finishing, piping and waterproofing materials. The synergetic action between
polymers and classical construction materials offers great opportunities for improvement and
a wide range of new and innovative properties and applications. A better knowledge of
materials behaviour, especially in the field of admixtures, and a better understanding of curing
processes allowed the development of highly performing mineral or modified mineral
concretes, mortars and grouts. Concrete Polymer Composite science is now an invaluable
element in the development of sustainable construction materials.
In 2003, 7 350 000 tons or 18.5% of the total market of polymers in Western Europe
(European Union, Norway and Switzerland) were used in building and construction industry
.The relation to other industries is shown in :

12
 Polymer consumption by industry sector in Western Europe (2003)

Industry Polymer consumption (%)

Packaging 37.2

Construction 18.5

Large industry 5.8

Electrical/electronic 8.5

Other household/domestic 20.1

Automotive 8

Agriculture 1.9

Polymers are no longer special construction materials that replace classical mineral or organic
building materials. They are now one vital component in the production of composite and
sustainable building materials. They will further allow the development of new and durable
constructions, as well as new and durable restoration and retrofitting techniques

Relative share of building materials in EU-construction industry (year 2000)

Construction material Consumption (tons) Ratio (%)

Concrete and cement based 503 000 000 71

Tiles and bricks 73 000 000 10

Timber 54 000 000 7

Iron and steel 24 000 000 3

Stone, quarry 16 000 000 2

Asphalt and bitumen 16 000 000 2

Polymers 6 850 000 0.97

Flat glass 5 200 000 0.73

Mineral wool 2 000 000 0.3

Copper 1 300 000 0.2

Aluminium 900 000 0.1

13
Depending on the way polymers were incorporated into concrete, three main type are reported
these are
1.Polymer Impregnated Concrete (PIC)
- It is a hydrated cement concrete that has been impregnated with a monomer that is
subsequently polymerized in situ.
2. Polymer Concrete (PC)
- It is a composite material in which the aggregate is bound together in a
- A dense mixture with a polymer binder.
3. Polymer Portland Cement Concrete (PPCC)
-It is a premixed material in which either a monomer or a polymer is added
to a fresh concrete mixture in a liquid powdery or dispersed phase and
subsequently polymerized in place.

Typical Properties* of Polymer-Containing Concrete Composites And Portland Cement

Concrete

Freeze-thaw
Modulus Shear Resistance,
Tensile of Compressive Bond Water No. of
Strength, Elasticity, Strength, Strength, Sorption, Cycles/ Acid
aterial MPa GPa MPa KPa % % Wt. Loss Resistance**

Polymer
impregnated 10.5 42 140 - 0.6 3,500/2 10
concrete
Polymer
impregnated 14.7 49 273 - 0.6 - 10
concrete***
Polymer
cement 5.6 14 38 4,550 - - 4
concrete
Portland
cement 2.5 24.5 35 875 5.5 700/25 -
concrete

*The values given represent average values; the properties of commercial products may vary over a
wide range, depending on formulation and production process.
**Improvement factor in relation to Portland cement concrete.
***Concrete autoclaved before impregnation.

14
For polymer mortar and concrete liquid resins are generally used . Liquid resins may be
classified to :

Thermosetting resins , these include : Unsaturated polyester UP resin ( Orthophthalic

and Isophthalic Types ) , Epoxy EP resin , Furan , Polyurethane PUR , and Phenol PF
resin.

Tar- Modified resins , these include : Tar- Epoxy and Tar- Urethane.

Methacrylate monomers , these include : Methyl Methacrylate MMA , Glycerol Methyl

Methacrylate- Styrene , High Molecular Wt. Methacrylate and urethane Methacrylate.

Polymeric admixtures or modifiers are classified to :

Aqueous Polymer Dispersion which include Rubber Latex , Resin emulsion and Mixed
Despersions,

Redispersible Polymer Powders , which include Ethylene- Vinyl Acetate , Styrene Acrylic
Ester , Polyacrylic ester and Vinyl Acetate-Vinyl Carboxylate.

Water Soluble Polymer including : Cellulose Derivatives , Poly vinyl alcohol ,

Polyacrylamide and Acrylate – Ca Acrylate , Mg Acrylate.

Liquid Polymer including Epoxy and Unsaturated polyester Resins.

15
 General characteristics and applications of Polymer-Modified Concretes
General
Material Characteristics*
Consists generally of a
precast concrete, which
has been dried(and
evacuated) then
impregnated with a low
viscosity monomer(or
mixture of monomers)
Polymer that polymerizes in situ
impregnated to form a network within
concrete the pores. Impregnation
results in markedly
improved strength and
durability(e.g., resistance
to freeze-thaw damage
and corrosion) in
comparison with
conventional concrete.
Products made with
thermosetting(cross-
linked) polymers and
polymer latex have
greater mechanical
strength, markedly better
resistance to penetration
Polymer by water and salt, and
cement greater resistance to
concrete** freeze-thaw damage than
Portland cement
concrete; excellent
bonding to steel
reinforcing and to old
concrete.
Principal Applications Remarks
Principal applications The disadvantage is the
include use in structural relatively high cost, as the
steel floors, food polymer is more expensive
processing buildings, than cement and the
sewer pipes, storage production process is more
tanks for seawater, complicated.
desalination plants and
distilled water plants,
wall panels, tunnel liners
and swimming pools.
Major applications are in The mixing and handling
floors, bridge decks, road are similar to Portland
surfacing and cement concrete. However,
compounds for repair of in the production process,
concrete structures,(e.g. air entrainment occurs
parking garage decks). without the use of an
Because of good admixture, and prolonged
adhesive properties, latex moist curing is not required.
modified mortar is used
for laying bricks, in
prefabricated panels and
in stone and ceramic
tiles.
16
LITERATURE REVIEW
The development of concrete, which contains polymers, has progressed rapidly in recent
years. Development work has identified a number of applications where the high strength and
excellent durability of the materials will provide definite advantages over conventional
concrete. The polymers are used for the purpose of changing the properties of the final
material. Polymers, which are used in small amounts to modify the properties of concrete, are
defined as admixtures.
Depending on the way polymers were incorporated into concrete, three main type are reported
these are:
1. Polymer Impregnated Concrete (PIC)
It is a hydrated cement concrete that has been impregnated with a monomer
that is subsequently polymerized in situ.
2. Polymer Concrete (PC)
It is a composite material in which the aggregate is bound together in a dense
matrix with a polymer binder.
3. Polymer Portland Cement Concrete (PPCC)
It is a premixed material in which either a monomer or a polymer is added to a
fresh concrete mixture in a liquid powdery or dispersed phase and
subsequently polymerized in place.

In recent years, Modified Polymer Concrete Composite (MPCC) has received a considerable
attention from researchers. The Principle’s Investigators main research was carried out to
study the effect of polymer admixtures on the strength and durability of concrete. The
following points present titles and summaries of the main researches involved:

1. An experimental study on polyurethane modified concrete mixes [1].

In this study foamed polyurethane was used to obtain modified concrete mixes with
different polymer/cement (P/C) ratio. Flexible and rigid polyurethane modified
concrete mixes were used with suitable mix proportions and optimum curing
conditions.
2. An experimental study on the properties of polymers modified concrete using (epoxy
– novolac) resin [2].
In this study a polymer which is an (epoxy – novolac) resin is added to fresh concrete
with different ratios as a modifier material. Many trial mixes were made to obtain the
proper mix and method of curing.
3. An experimental study on the properties of polymer - modified concrete using an
epoxy resin [3].
In this study a polymer, which is an epoxy resin with a hardener is added to fresh
concrete with different ratios as a modifier material. Many trial mixes were made to
obtain the proper mix design and method of curing.

4. The properties of concrete made with crushed air - cooled blast furnace slag as a
coarse aggregate [4].
This investigation involved studying the properties of concrete made with industrial
aggregate (air-cooled blast furnace slag) as coarse aggregate hoping to give an
approach to solve the blast furnace slag pollution problem and to add modified
properties to concrete.

17
Polymer – Concrete materials were not known until the early 1970’s. However, PC was used
in the early 1950’s to produce floor tiles and prefabricated wall panels. PPCC in the form of
latex, which could be added to mortar, was also developed in 1950’s. The mortars were used
to produce prefabricated brick panels and brick deck overlays. A patent for PIC was issued in
the previous Soviet Union in 1954.

Modification of Portland cement mortars and concretes by addition of polymers, results in

composites with improved engineering properties. Some of these composites have higher
tensile and compressive strength, tensile and impact strength, abrasion resistance, lower
drying shrinkage, chemical resistance and reduced permeability. An important advantage of
these materials is the reason for the continuous interest shown in these materials by various
design, research and production organization. However, polymer mortars and concrete have
been introduced only recently, and many of their properties are not well known yet.

Research and development of modified polymer concrete has been active in many countries,
particularly Japan, USA, Germany and UK. The thrust of the research was directed towards
PIC after the initial tests indicated that the structural and durability properties of PIC were
much greater than concrete from which it was produced.

The first report on polymer modified mortars and concrete in Japan was written in 1953. It
was concerned with polyvinyl acetate – modified concrete. Pc has received the greatest
attention from researchers. Applications include the repair of concrete, overlays, pipes and
utility component. PPCC has been used most widely in overlays, but has not received much
publicity as the other two materials since the addition of monomers to the fresh concrete has
not been successful in improving the properties of concrete. However the concept of PPCC
continues to have considerable appeal because of the similarity to process technology for
conventional concrete.

Typical monomers used for PIC in Japan are styrene (ST) and methyle methacrylate (MMA).
Base materials are cement concrete or mortars, precast concrete products (such as pipes, piles,
panels and beams), asbestoses cement and Gypsum products. Fuckchi and Ohama [5]
successfully developed polystyrene impregnated concrete with 200 to 280 N/mm2 of
compressive strength for improvement of autoclaved concrete.

The potential utilization of polymers in building materials has received wide attention.
Polymer concrete (PC), using a wide range of monomers and resin, has been found to be
suitable for lightweight engineering materials [6]. Early research on PC utilized epoxy,
polyester, and furan resins while recently methylmethacrylate (MMA) and styrene monomers
have been employed. Although new formulations continue to appear, and mix designs have
been studied systematically, both scientific and engineering research on PCs has been limited
in scope with a notable exception in the development of PCs for geothermal applications [7].

In polymer concrete (PC), polymer is used to replace Portland cement as a binder in the
concrete mix. The polymer which constitutes the continous phase and whose properties are
dependant on time and temperature determines the behavior of the composite.

Alzyadi and Shihata [8] studied the compressive strength of ureaformaldehyde – based
polymer concrete (PC). Standard test specimens prepared with various amounts of
ureaformaldehyde (UF) resin and cured at temperature in the range of 90 to 150 oC for periods
up to 21 days were tested in compression. The PC having resin content 8% and cured at 110
o
C for about 7 days developed an ultimate compressive strength of 37 MPa. The strength

18
values of PC specimens are compaired with those of Portland cement concrete (PPCC)
specimens prepared with different W/C ratios and mix proportion.

Daniel and Saiidi [9] showed in their article a comparison of basic engineering properties for
polymer and Portland cement concrete, followed by a study of two representative bridge
deck/overlay models subjected to a variety of temperature loads to determine the internal
stresses. Study results indicate that, in the extreme cases with wide temperature ranges and
stiff bridge girders, polymer concrete – overlay may be susceptible to cracking.

Valore and Naus [10] discussed tests on polymer concrete made from combinations of grid,
flexible and low - shrinkage polyester resins. In their tests, the unsaturated polyester resin
contained styrene monomers in amounts of 20 to 40 percent by weight. The maximum
aggregate size of 9.5 mm was used. The compressive strength of the concrete ranged from 62
to 111 Mpa and its splitting tensile strength ranged from 9.6 to 16 Mpa.

Vipulanandun and Paul [11] performed laboratory testing on epoxy and polyester polymer
concrete. The majority of testing for polyester systems were performed using concrete
composed of 15 percent (by weight) unsaturated polyester - styrene binder with sand
aggregate. Several curing methods ere employed to evaluate effects on strength properties, at
various elevated temperatures. All testing was performed after 2 days curing period.
Depending on temperature, compressive strength ranged from 48 to 69 Mpa and tensile
strength ranged from 3 to 9 Mpa, were obtained.

Polyurathane can be formulated as one or two component systems. The polyurethanes used as
binders for polymer overlays are of the elastometric type and, in their cured state; they have
the characteristic of hard rubber. Polyurethane binders usually contain pigments and fillers
and are seldom combined with large amounts of aggregates. They are used primarily in their
liquid form in multiple layers with large aggregates incorporated into the top layer. They are
frequently used for overlaying parking garage decks and on bridge deck applications as water
proofing membranes between concrete or steel deck and asphaltic overlay [12].

Development of polymer cement concrete has been extended to commercial markets for a
number of years. PPCC has also been widely studied around the world. The ease of adapting
existing concrete production equipment to the manufacturing of PPCC, and the relatively low
cost of simply adding one more ingredient to an otherwise conventional concrete mix,
enhance the potential attractiveness of PPCC.

Various materials have been developed and marketed for several years. These materials
include monomers, resins, latexes, and polymer. Initially, they were used in mortars but in
recent years, their use has been extended to concrete. Applications for theis materials include
interior and exterior floor covering, resurfacing of bridge decks and other repair work [13].

Neffegen [14] discussed the firs practical application in Germany in order to illustrate the
variety and durability of the epoxy resins and the experience gained with them. Ohama and
Demura [15] studied the effect of the aggregate type on polyester resin concrete. Four coarse
aggregates havingdifferent compressive strengths were used, and the effect of compressive
strengthof the coarse aggregate on the compression of the resin cocrete strength is proposed
by applying the law of mixtures. Also a monograph for the quantities of materials required for
mix design of the resin concrete was presented.

Ohama [16] examined the strength of various polymer modified mortars using special super
high early strength cementas compared with those using normal Portland cement and their

19
possibility of applications to building and construction works. From the experiments it was
concluded that the bending of compressive strength of polymer modified mortars using
special super high early strength cement were larger than those of polymer modified mortars
using normal Portland cement. Also, the bending and compressive strength of styrene
butadiene rubber (SBR) latex or polyacrylic ester (PAE) emulsion – modified polymer –
cement ratio increased.

Ohama et al [17] discussed the chemical resistance of polymethylmethacrylate concrete to

typical reagents for industrial uses. The polymethylmethacrylate concrete was prepared with
proper mix properties and tested to chemical resistance to eleven reagents such as acids,
alkali, salts, oils, solvents and tap water. The conclusions obtained were that the (PMMA)
concrete was attacked by acetone and tolouene and slightly attacked by hydrochloric, sulfuric
and acetic acids, however it showed good resistance to sodium hydroxide, sodium sulfate,
sodium chloride, Kerosene, oil and tap water.

Latif [18] studied the properties of polymer modified concrete mixes using an epoxy resin. It
was found that the epoxy modified concrete mixes had higher mechanical properties, higher
reduction in drying shrinkage, and excellent improvement in durability properties of modified
mixes compared to those of conventional cocrete.
The polymer- concrete composite materials as civil engineering materials have been involved
in wide field of researches and studies , some of them have several applications as concrete
components around the world ( 19-28).

20
PROJECT OBJECTIVES
The main objective of carrying out this project is to extend further applications and develop
standards and design methodologies of Modified Polymer Concrete Composites (MPCC). The
research discusses the need and requirements for a method of proportioning MPCC mixes.
The research focuses on the development of specified mix design rules for concrete
containing different kinds of polymers and other additives and the development of empirical
models which can be used for the prediction of the degree of hydration and can be extended to
the prediction of short-term mechanical strength. The method of mix proportions used is
based on well-established methods used for conventional concrete.

The environmental conditions in Iraq are classified as aggressive and severely corrosive.
Therefore, field and laboratory studies have shown that concrete in this region should be
designed not only for strength but also for durability.

The report also outlines a program for a concentrated effort to return Iraq to the forefront of
construction materials technology. The three main materials addressed in this report, Polymer
Impregnated Concrete (PIC), Polymer Cement Concrete (PCC) and Polymer Concrete (PC).
These technologies are examined in parallel, for a unified, national program, then detailing a
proposed national program plan, and a concomitant technical plan, management plan, and
budget summary.

The technical plan describes mechanisms for improving technology transfer, as well as
proposed research and development of MPCC. The management Plan discusses the
requirements for a coordinated effort including the establishment of several coordinating
bodies made up of representatives from industry, government, and academia. Finally, the
report presents a proposed budget and time schedule for converting the plan into reality.

Quality of concrete may be defined in a variety of ways, and these are considered in relation
to specifications and performance requirements. High – performance concrete is defined as a
concrete made with appropriate materials combined according to a selected mix design and
properly mixed, transported, placed, consolidated and cured so that the resulting concrete will
give excellent performance in the structure in which it will be place, in the environment to
which it will be exposed and with the loads to which it will be subjected for its design life. In
essence high – performance concrete may be another form for quality concrete structures that
perform well throughout their design life.

Research aims at developing and utilizing a number of products including better techniques
for preventing problems such as alkali – silica reactivity, Freeze – Thaw Damage and D-
Cracking; an improved quality control/quality assurance system, with emphasis on quicker,
more reliable, non – destructive tests and better design guidance for use of admixtures and
aggregates.

Since admixtures for concrete are known to improve the properties of fresh concrete and
increase strength and durability of hardened concrete they are now used widely all over the
world. Durability of concrete depends on its resistance to deterioration from both internal and
external causes.

Modern concrete technology projections indicate a great expansion in low cost and time
efficient construction. Mixer designers will likely be more concerned with the development in
concrete making materials. Among those is the effective use of chemical admixtures and
superplasticizers, which will lower the water to cement ratio but will still give a dense

21
workable concrete. An investigation of the workability of fresh concrete and the effect of
superplasticizers should therefore constitute an essential part of modern concrete durability
studies.

Building on the results of the MPCC project as well as an evaluation of recent development
concrete technology, MPCC will select the concrete – processing techniques, materials and
material combinations that have the best potential for superior performance in various
applications, and develop recommendations for development and application of these
materials.

The MPCC project will also develop an expert system based on the knowledge and data
obtained from the MPCC research program as well as information available in the literature.

Self –Compacting Concrete (SCC) is defined as concrete that has excellent deformability
And high resistance to segregation ,and can be filled in a heavily reinforced area without
applying vibration is another goal of the project . The use of locally available pozzolanic
materials particularly in SCC such as limestone powder ; granulated blast furnace slag and
pulverised fuel ash for increase powder content in SCC will be part of the studies to be
conducted.

High Strength Concrete with locally available pozzolanic , natural or artificial like silica
fume , fly ash , slag , and burnt clays are further aims and the effectiveness of the pozzolanic
materials form a wild field of research.

Wastes are not readily avoidable by-products for which there is no economical demand and
for which disposal is required will take a consideration in our project. Studies concerning the
use of the locally available processed or unprocessed wastes as components of concrete
binder, as aggregates and chemical admixtures and additives including : blast furnace slag
,steel slag , crushed brick , crushed glass , cane bagasse , wood ash , saw dust , cork granuals ,
paper waste and waste are further goals

22
DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT
The project is evaluating new concrete making materials that are resistant to deterioration.
The goal is to determine those concrete processing techniques and materials that have the best
potential for superior performance with a wide range of aggregates types and additives, and to
develop criteria and recommendations for their development and application.

The Modified Polymer Concrete Composite (MPCC) project concentrates on the following
main areas:
1. Provide a technical guide on the production and use of the three types of modified
polymer concrete composites; polymer impregnated concrete (PIC), Polymer cement
concrete (PCC) and polymer concrete (PC).
2. Explore the feasibility of developing appropriate mixture proportions for the three
different categories of modified polymer concrete composites with only locally
available conventional constituents materials and normal production and curing
procedures. The constituents materials are to be described in detail in terms of their
physical, Chemical and mineral properties. The research is therefore concentrating
initially on exploration of the principles of mixture proportioning of the concrete
components as mixed, and also on the chemical reactions in the fresh cement paste,
which influence its rheological characteristics. This knowledge is indispensable for
the development of design methods, which can result in practical monitoring for
optimum quality of the fresh concrete, forming the basis of the design of the
corresponding monitoring methods other emphasis of the research include the
adaptation for methods for monitoring the early curing of concrete. This is important
because thermal stresses originating during early curing may cause severe
microcracking.
3. It covers the short-term mechanical properties including shrinkage, and temperature
effects; bond and fatigue characteristics, durability and its implication for the
performance of concrete mechanics.
4. The use of chemical admixtures can be particularly helpful in achieving the desired
properties of the concrete, but appropriate test methods and specifications for test
methods need to be developed. The range of available quality testing approaches is to
be reviewed. Particular attention is concentrated on methods of insitu assessment of
hardened MPCC including strength, composition, permeability, surface zone
parameters, internal uniformity and integrity causes an extent of deterioration and
structural performance. Consideration is given to test planning, execution and
interpretation with emphasis upon limitations including environmental influences.
5. To study the microstructure of concrete before and after improvements in order to
generate knowledge which will enable improvement in the quality of MPCC by
controlling the development of the microstructure. The specific program of the
research in progress is an outgrowth of experience which has shown that the
homogeneity and the workability of fresh concrete, and the condition to which the
concrete is exposed during its early curing have a profound influence on the
homogeneity and associated characteristics of the microstructure of the hardened
concrete and thereby on the durability of concrete applied in specific applications.
6. A study is to be carried out to determine the properties of MPCC produced with
several sets of materials. Properties can vary significantly depending on the specific
raw materials used and the strength level attained. These materials represent those
used in various applications. Data to be obtained include compressive strength, creep,
shrinkage, elastic modulus, modulus of rupture, and splitting tensile strength of
MPCC produced from a variety of locally available materials.

23
7. Development of a method for the design and optimization of polymer concrete
composites using a fundamental approach based on material models of polymer
concrete. The optimization process is to be applied to several particular polymer
concrete composites including polyester concrete, epoxy concrete, polyurethane,
Phenolic and Epoxy – Novolac resins. Experimental validation of the results of the
optimization process is to be carried out.

24
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND PROCEDURE
Raw Materials to be used as fillers or aggregates:
1. Pozzolanas (materials containing silica in a reactive form)
2. Rice hask Ash
3. Silica fume
4. Fly Ash ( Knon also as pulverized – fuel ash )
5. Slag (filler or aggregates)
6. Limestone powder (filler)
7. Limestone (Aggregate)
8. Natural fiber (Reed, Datepalm frond, Datepalm stalks, Datepalm leaf)

List of available apparatus

No Available apparatus Condition

1. Compression Testing Machine (Forney) Old – good working condition

2. Universal Testing Machine (Toni Technical) Old – good working condition
3. Autoclave Out of order
4. Strain Indicator Out of order
5. Concrete test Hammer Old – good working condition
6. Pundit Ultrasonic Concrete test (Pulse Velocity) Requires maintenance
7. Crack detection Microscope Requires maintenance
8. Drying shrinkage and Microstructure (movement Requires maintenance
Apparatus)
9. Concrete Impermeability Apparatus Out of order
10. Creep apparatus (creep in compression) Old – good working condition
11. Resonant Frequency Test Out of order
12. Slump Test Cone (Fresh Concrete) Old – good working condition
13. VeBe Time Apparatus (fresh Concrete) Old – good working condition
14. Compacting Factor Apparatus (Fresh Concrete) Old – good working condition
15. Modulus I shape (To find creep in Tension)
16. Demec Strain Gauge
17. Cube Modulus (300 * 150 mm)
(100 * 100 mm)
18. Cylinder Mould (300 * 150 mm)
(200 * 100 mm)
19. Prism Mould (100 * 100 * 400 mm) Few of them available
20. Hot Weather Room Requires maintenance
21. Vicat Tester Old – good working condition
22. Accelerated Curing Tank Old – a new one is required

The MPCC consists of several independent but interrelated projects that feed into the main
projects because the project addresses different aspects of the single problem of the strength
and durability of MPCC in the appropriate applications.

An expert system is based on the knowledge and data obtained from the MPCC project and
information obtained from the literature is to be devised. This expert system would allow
engineers to diagnose concrete problems, select appropriate materials and mix designs for
both new constructions and rehabilitation and ensure optimum performance in the design
environment.

25
Project A1 “Microstructure Development”
The foundation of this research program is investigation of the chemistry and physics of
cement and concrete systems at the microstructure level under project A1. Control of the
physical and chemical processes that take place during mixing, placing and curing stages is a
fundamental step towards advancement of concrete technology.

Project A2 “Optimization of Concrete Technology”

This project will build on the knowledge gained in A1 project and extend it to development of
new concrete methodologies for increasing the durability and service life of structures. This
project will critically evaluate new materials and processes in concrete technology and
establish plans for using them in various applications. Specifications of environment specific
superior concrete will be produced.

Project A3 “Mechanical Behavior Of High Performance Concrete and MPCC”

Is utilizing quantitative relationships between the mechanical properties and behavior of
MPCC in service under varied environmental conditions (moisture, humidity, temperature,
exposure to marine environments and deicing agents, etc). These relationships will be used a
basis for development of engineering guidelines for use of the material.

Project A4 “Non-destructive Testing for Quality Control / Condition Analysis of

Concrete.
Is using improved quality control / quality assurance system for assessment of new concrete
used in various applications. These systems will be based on rapid, reliable, and non-
destructive field tests that can be applied at critical points during the construction process. It
also includes development of a condition evaluation system based on non-destructive
techniques for measurement of those characteristics of in service concrete that reveal its
conditions and help to predict its remaining service life.

26
DETAILED INFORMATION ON THE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND PROCEDURE:
Project A1 “Microstructure Development”
Is addressing the nature of concrete as a material, and its inherent strength and deficiencies.
The quantitative relationship between hydration reaction and the structure – property
characteristics of concrete is to be developed. Based on this analysis, recommendations are to
be developed for the optimization of concrete microstructure for desired performance
properties. These modifications may be accomplished through adjustments in mix design. The
following research experimentations are to be conducted:

• Semi – empirical mix – design tools are to be adapted in this project. This method is
suggested by de Larrard, F [19]. The strength of the concrete is predicted by Feret’s
formula from a limited number of mix-design parameters. The workability is
assumed to be closely related to the viscosity of the mix, which can be computed
using the Farris model, a Rheological model dealing with viscosity of a poly-
dispersed suspension. The theoretical model and the empirical formula that are
presented allows determination of the composition of a concrete mixture having a
given strength and workability with a minimal number of trial concrete batches.
• The proportioning of fine and coarse aggregates in the concrete mix has an important
effect on the properties of both fresh and hardened concrete using a set of tables
based on a computer model for determining the optimal gradation of fine and coarse
aggregates for use in the concrete mix [20]. These tables are to be used in conjunction
with the American Concrete Institute ACI Standard Practice 211.1 which should help
produce a more workable mix and a better consolidated hardened concrete with
decreased permeability and improved durability.
• Computer – based calculations of packing of aggregates as an aid when choosing
concrete mix design to be conducted.

Project A2 “Optimization of Concrete Technology

This project aims at developing and assessing new concrete materials in order to enhance the
construct ability and durability of conventional concrete. In this research we are going to carry
out the following research experimentation:

• Study the effect of locally available polymer admixtures including polyester, epoxy
resins, polyurethane, phenolic and epoxy – novolac resins on concrete microstructure.
• Development of a method for the design and optimization of polymer concrete
composites using a fundamental approach based on material models of polymer
concrete.
• Rheological studies made on the influence of admixtures on fresh concrete are to be
carried out. A method of estimating plastic viscosity of fresh concrete containing
polymers is also to be investigated.
• An investigation aimed at determining the properties required by cement mortars
admixed with polymers to be used in various applications. A catalogue would then be
available listing properties required for the chosen application and the appropriate
polymer mix designs and develop recommendations for specifications of MPCC that
will optimize durability and performance.
• The effect of hot weather conditions on the micro cracking and corrosion cracking
potential of MPCC is to be studied.
• The three types of MPCC are to be subjected to different curing conditions and then
exposed to three different climates; Outdoors exposed to rainfall, outdoors protected
from rainfall and indoors.

27
 • Study the effect of admixtures of admixtures on correcting two performance
problems: alkali – silica reactivity and freeze – thaw damage including D – cracking.
• Development of engineering guidelines for permissible or required combinations of
cementitious materials, aggregated, admixtures and environmental factor for various
applications.

Project A3 “Microstructure Behavior of High Performance Concrete and MPCC

Mechanical behavior of concrete and MPCC are studied according to the following
experimentations:

• Investigate the influence of locally available coarse aggregate types on the

compressive strength and elastic behavior of MPCC mixture.
• The effect of combined additions of silica fume and superplasticizer on MPCC
compressive strength is to be studied by taking into account the following parameters:
(a) type and dosage rate of superplasticizer; (b) type and content of Portland cement;
(c) way of silica fume utilization (as additional component or as cement replacement).
• Fracture mechanics are needed to determine material parameters, which are related to
the brittleness of concrete. The size effect method is to be used to determine these
fracture parameters for MPCC. The method only requires the peak load of
geometrically similar fracture specimens that are significantly different in size. Three
- point-bending tests of notched specimens are used. Comparisons with data of
normal strength concrete are to be obtained.
• Laboratory study is to be conducted to evaluate the effect of various mix parameters
and curing conditions on the modulus of rupture and permeability of MPCC, and the
relationship of other strength properties to these two properties. Concrete samples are
to be tested to evaluate the difference between the in – service concrete and the
laboratory – cured concrete.
• Qualitative evaluation of the general mechanical properties and the time dependant –
properties of Iraqi conventional concrete composites. These are: Shrinkage, creep,
weight – loss, development of strength, stiffness, age at loading, stress/strength ratio,
micro cracking, drying creep, static – Fatigue and creep recovery.
• A Study of the influence of density of aggregates on the mechanical properties of
MPCC.
• Effect of Styrene – Butadiene latex modification on the failure mechanism,
mechanical, Physical and durability characteristics of concrete materials are to be
studied. Test results on the impact resistance and flexural strength and toughness to
concrete are used quantify and to statistically confirm the positive effects of latex
modification on various aspects of the mechanical properties of concrete.

Project A4 “Non – destructive Testing for Quality Control/Condition Analysis of

Concrete.
Mistakes in mix design involve use of the wrong materials or the wrong combinations of
materials. This research utilizes newly developed non – destructive field tests for quality
control that can be applied by minimally trained personnel and will produce quick, accurate
characterization of the performance – related properties of cement admixtures and aggregates
as well as improved guidelines for materials selection.

Mistakes in the construction stage – that is mixing, placement or curing – can be reduced
through better quality control/ quality assurance techniques. Considerable advantages can be

28
gained using non – destructive methods of testing. The various procedures offer speed,
relatively low cost and lack of damage when compared to more conventional testing, which
may require the removal of samples for subsequent analysis.

Generally, it is possible to conduct extension testing thus enabling a more detailed

examination of the structure than would otherwise be possible.

The following table represents the Non- Destructive testing of hardened concrete.

Test Method Provides information on

Concrete strength
Penetration resistance
Surface hardness Concrete strength
Crack measurement Structural defects
Reinforcement detection Depth of cover to reinforcement and in
certain cases size of rebar
Corrosion Corrosion of reinforcement and deterioration
of concrete.
Pulse velocity A wide variety of parameters such as
strength, crack location, honeycombing etc.
Resonant frequency Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio
Strain Structural movement and shrinkage/swelling
of concrete.
Pull – out and pull – off test Concrete strength
Tension Test Anchor bolts, scaffold and harness points.
Permeability and absorption Durability of concrete and its suitability as
water retaining structure.

The following experiments are to be conducted:

• Good curing is now recognized as essential to achieving good durability of concrete

and other cementitious material surfaces. However, it has not been easy to judge
whether or not it has been achieved on site, so surface failures continue to occur. The
department of Civil Engineering at Queen’s University or Belfast [21] has developed
a number of test techniques to allow the measurement of surface strength, surface
absorption and permeability and surface abrasion resistance and MPCC on site. Their
method is to be adapted by our research in order to assess the performance of various
curing regimes for the MPCC. Firstly to see if the test methods can make meaningful
measurements of durability related to properties and secondly to get an indication of
the magnitude of the changes in these properties for different curing regimes and
water cement.
• The use of a model suggested by Ollivier, J.P. and Massat, M., [22] as an analysis
tool for prediction of permeability in cracked concrete and thus the durability of
concrete. This model is to be tested for its applicability on MPCC.
• An experimental laboratory evaluation program is to be conducted on MPCC mix
designs in order to ascertain the effects of various air entrainment levels in the short
and long – term performance of MPCC. The project includes comparisons in slump,
strength. Freeze – thaw cycling performance, chloride ion penetration, permeability,
and deicer scaling and microscopical air void analysis.

29
• The durability of MPCC made with local materials is to be tested with regards to the
freezing and thawing resistance. These changes in weight, length, pulse velocity,
resonant frequency, and compressive strength, freezing and thawing are to be
recorded for a certain number of cycles.
• By means of an accelerated test using an atmosphere containing 10% CO2, the
evaluation of some parameters of concrete caused by carbonation processes at
different levels of relative humidity can be studied. In the first place, the carbonation
depth is measured and it is related to the results of short term and long term reference
carbonation tests using an atmosphere containing 0.03% CO2. An extrapolation
between the two tests can be made. The short time test reveals a carbonation depth
that can be compared with the one reached after about two years in a normal
atmosphere.
• The use of dynamic non – destructive test method such as pulse velocity and dynamic
modulus to monitor the initiation and progress of concrete deterioration due to alkali
– silica reactions (ASR) is to be undertaken.
• The existing construction quality control test for measurement of water content of
concrete mix is the slump test. This test provides a gage of the consistency of the mix,
but does not measure water content directly. The consistency or workability of
concrete mix also can be affected by cement and aggregate characteristics admixture,
temperature and the moisture content of the aggregate. Many of these effects –
particularly the effects of admixtures are only poorly understood and the slump test
results alone do not account for them.
• Among the nee tests under development is a quick, accurate site test for mesurement
of the actual water content of concrete mix directly prior to placement.
• Standard quality control/ acceptance test for air entrainment measure only the total
volume of air incorporated in a mix sample. This measure is deficient because it does
not indicate the number of air void s in the mix or their size and dispersion. The size
and dispersion of the air voids are directly related to the dissipating physical stresses
caused by repeated freezing and thawing cycles. Another draw back of the existing
commonly used air entrainment tests is that, in order to obtain consistently accurate
and reproducible test results, they must be perforated by specially trained personell
using calibrated equipment yet another shortcoming is that the test takes several
minuets to complete, so every load of concrete delivered to a site is not tested. A new
air void test is being utilized to accurately measure the size, number and average
spacing of air voids in the plastic concrete mix.

30
 List of the required testing equipments

Item Item Description Qty Total Origin

No. price $
1 Automatic Vicat apparatus 1 5000 USA , EU

2 Concrete Mixer(56 liter capacity) 1 5000 =

3 Accelerated curing tank 1 10000 =
4 Grinding Machine 1 5000 =
5 Buoyancy Balance 1 4000 =
6 Temperature matched curing bath 1 3000 =
7 Concrete permeability tester 1 20000 =
8 Ultrasonic concrete tester 1 3000 =
9 Shmidt concrete test hammer 1 500 =
10 Corrosion analysis instrument 1 5000 =
11 Demec Mechanical strain gauge 1 2000 =
12 Digital movement gauges(200mm, 50mm Dial and 3 3000 =
200mm Digital) each
13 Isothermal conduction calorimeter 1 25000 =
14 Pull-off/ Pull-out tester 1 2000 =
15 Crack detection microscope 1 5000 =
16 Penetration tester 1 2000 =
17 RAMoven (wt. 56 kg) 1 6000 =
18 Pundit( pulse velocity tester) 1 3000 =
19 Erudit Resonant Frequency 1 3000 =
tester
20 Windsor prob 5 2000 =
21 Electron microscope 1 4000 =
22 Concrete Initial surface absorbtion tester 1 3000 =
23 Humidity and temperature meter 3 1000 =
24 Wind speed indicator 2 600 =
25 Moulds ( cubes , cylinders , prisms and beams ) , Each 3000 =
different sizes 10
26 Drying, shrinkage and moisture movement 1 5000 =
apparatus
27 Thermal conductivity tester for concrete 1 20000 =
28 Mechanical testing machine 1 22000 =

31
 List of the required materials

Item Item description Qty Total source

No. price $
1 Polymers 25 kg 6000 Local markets
Epoxy each Or EU
Unsaturated polyester
Phenolic resins
Furanes
Methyl mathacrylates
polyurethane

2 Super plasticizer , and other 5 kg each 2000 =

admixtures
3 FG reinforcements 25kg 200 =
4 Different chemicals 10 kg each 1800 =

32
 SCHEDULING OF THE PROJECT / PLAN TIME TABLE
Year / Month
Task 2005 2006 2007
10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
A. Purchase of equipments
1. Prepare specifications.
2. Recieve and open
bids.
3. Study the bids and
prepare contracts.
4. recieve equipments.

B. Design of the
Experiments.

C. Experiments and tests.

D. Data acquistion and

Data analysis ,
Modelling.

E. Preparation of the
technical guide on
production and use of
modified polymer
concrete .

33
PROJECT DELIVERABLES

1. A manual for user – friendly material model program used for the design and
optimization of polymer concrete composites.
2. The research has been planned to result in tangible products that can be applied in the
field immediately.
3. An expert system based on the knowledge and data obtained from the MPCC project
and information obtained from the literature. The expert system would allow
engineers to diagnose concrete problems, select appropriate materials and mix
designs for both new constructions and rehabilitation and ensure optimum
performance in the design environment.
4. To provide a technical guide on the production and use of the three types of modified
polymer concrete composites

34
REFERENCES
[1] Haleem. K. Hessian, M.Sc. Thesis “ An experimental study on polyurethane modified
concrete mixes”. Iraq, 1999

[2] Adel. A.A, M.Sc. Thesis “ an experimental study on the properties of concrete using
(epoxy – Novolac) resin, Iraq, 2000.

[3] Alaa. A. Latif, M.Sc. Thesis “ an experimental study on the properties of polymer –
modified concrete using an epoxy resin”. Iraq 1998.

[4] Haleem. K. Hessian, M.Sc. Thesis “ The properties of concrete made with crushed Air –
cooled blast furnace slag as a coarse aggregate ”. Iraq, 2003

[5] T. Fuckuchi and Y. Ohama, “ Process technology and properties of 2500 Kg/cm2 –
strength polymer impregnated concrete”, Proc. Of the second Int Congress on polymer in
concrete, college of Eng., University of Texas at Astuin, 1979, pp. 45 – 56.

[6] “Polymer concrete: Uses, material and properties”, sp.89 ACI, Detroit, 1985, pp. 352 –
357.

[7] J. A. Manson, “Overview of current research on polymer concrete: Material and future
needs”, SP 69 on application of polymer concrete (ACI, 1981) pp. 1 – 7.

[8] A. Alzayadi, S.Shihata, “The compressive strength of a new ureaformaldehyde – based

polymer concrete” , J. of material science No. 25, (1990) pp. 2851 – 2856.

[9] D. N O’conner and M.Saiidi, “Compatibility of polyester – styrene polymer concrete

overlays with portland cement concrete bridge decks”, ACI Material J., No. 90 – M8, (1993),
pp. 59 – 67.

[10] C. R. Volore and J.D.Naus, “Resin bond aggregate material system”, Polymer in
concrete Proc. Of the first Int. Congress on polymer in concrete, The concrete society /
construction press Ltd. London 1976 pp. 236 – 240.

[11] C. Vipulannandan and E.paul, “performance of epoxy and polyester polymer concrete”,
ACI material J.Vol. 87, No. 3, 1990, pp.241 – 251.

[12] ACI Committee 548, “Guild for polymer concrete overlays”, (ACI 548.5R), ACI J., No.
90 (1993).

[13] B.Neffgen, “epoxy resin in the building industry – 25 years of experience”, The Int. J. of
Cement Composites and Light weight Concrete Vol. 7, No. 4(1984) pp. 45 – 56.

[14] Y. Ohama, and Katsunori Demura, “ Effect of coarse aggregate on compressive strength
of polyester resin concrete”, The Int. J. of cement composite light weight concrete Vol. 1,
No. 3 (1979) pp. 111 – 115.
[15] Y. Ohama, “Strength of polymer modified mortars using high early strength cement”,
Proc. Of First Int. Congress on polymer, (Polymer in concrete), 1978, pp. 151 – 156.

[16] Y. ohama, T. Kobayashi, K. Takeuchi and K. Nawata, “Chemical resistance of

35
 polymethylmethacrylate concrete”, The International J. of Cement Composites and Light
weight Concrete Vol. 8, No.2 (1986) pp. 87 – 91.

[17] D. Campbell – Allen and C. P. Thorne, “ the thermal conductivity of concrete”,

Magazine of Concrete Reasearch, Vol. 15, No. 43: March 1963. pp. 39 – 48.

[18] S. I Kanbour and A. A. Mohammad. “Transient method for determination of thermal

conductivity of building and insulation Materials”, J. of Building research Vol. 5, No. 1
(1986), pp.51 – 64.

[19] de Larrard, F. “ A method for proportioning high – strength concrete mixture” Cement,
Concrete and Aggregate, Summer 1990, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp 47 – 52.

[20] Anderson, P. J. and Johansen, V. “ Aguide to determining the optimal gradation of

concrete aggregates “ Idorn (G.M.) consult NS, Birkerood, Denmark, 1993, vii, 200 pp.
(Stirp – c-354, p. 398B – 191245.
[21] Montagomery, F.R., Basheer, P.A.M, and Long, A.E., MI, 1992, pp 127 – 138 (AC! SP –
131).

[22] Ollivier, J.P. and Massat, M.,” Permeability and microstructure of concrete. A review of
modeling, Cement and Concrete Research, Mar – May 1992, Vol.22, No. 2- 3, pp 503 – 514.

(23) Yoshihiko Ohama , “ Recent progress in concrete- Polymer Composites” Review Article
1997 By Elsevier Science Ltd.

(24) Dionys Van Gemert, and et al , “ Cement concrete and concrete –polymer composites:
Two merging worlds” , A report from 11th ICPIC Congress in Berlin, 2004.

(25) K. Flaga ,” Advances in materials applied in civil engineering” , J. ofMats. Processessing

Technology , Vol 106 , 2002 , pages 173- 183.

(26) L.C. Hollaway , “ The evolution of and the way forward for advanced polymer
composites In the civil infrastructure , Construction and Building Materials , Vol 17 , Issues
6-7 , 2003 , Pages 365 – 378.

(27) Ayhan Demirbas , A Disscusion of the paper “ Performance of rice husks ash produced
using New technology as a miniral admixture in concrete” by M.Nehdi ,and et al , Cement
and Concrete Research , Vol 34 , Issue 7 , July 2004 , Page 1269.

(28) Philip L. , Martin C. , and Erick R. , “ Mineral admixtures in mortars “, Cement and
Concrete , Research , Volume 33 , Issue 12 , 2003 , pages 1939- 1947.

36
 PROPOSED BUDGET

Allowances
Principal Investigator 1000x 24 24 ,000
Co- Investigator 1 500 x 24 12, 000
Co-Investigator 2 500 x 24 12, 000
Co- Investigator 3 500 x24 12, 000
Co- Investigator 4 500 x24 12, 000
Assistants ( 3: 250x24 each ) 17, 400
Total Allowances 89, 400

Permanent Equipments
Stated in the report 174, 000
Total equipments 174, 000

Expendable Supplies & Materials

Polymers latex , super plasticizers 10, 000
other additives , and chemicals
Total supplies & Materials 10, 000

Library Materials
Journals 5, 000
Text books 5,000
Computer programs 5,000
Total library materials 15, 000

Publication costs
10 pages in some Journals 5,000
Total publications 5,000

Computers
IBM Pentium IV , 1.9 MHz , 40GB hard disc
CD-writer , printer , consumables)( 2) 6, 000
Total Computer 6,000

Other Direct costs

Photocopying 500
Communications 1100
Total other costs 1, 600

Total Proposed Budget ( in US Dollars) $ 300, 000

37

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