Comput

erAppl
i
cat
ion

COLLEGEOFSOCI
ALSCI
ENCEAND HUMANI
TY

DeptGEOGRAPHI
CALI
NFORMATI
ON SYSTEM

COMPUTER APPLI
CATI
ON ASSI
GNMENT

NAMEOLI
YAD TEKLETESGERA

I
D NO 1378/
14

SUBDATE30/
05/
2023 SUBTO MRYOHANI
S

Depar
tmentofGI
S
 Comput
erAppl
i
cat
ion

1.Whati
stheadv
ant
aget
ousenet
wor
k?wr
it
eindet
ail
wit
hexampl
es

Ther
ear
evar
iousadv
ant
agest
ousi
nganet
wor
k,i
ncl
udi
ng:

1.Resour
ceshar
ing:Anet
wor
kal
l
owsuser
stoshar
eresour
cessuchas
pr
int
ers,
scanner
s,andf
il
es.Thi
smeanst
hatsev
eral
user
scanaccesst
hesame
i
nfor
mat
ionwi
thouthav
ingt
oacqui
redi
ff
erentdev
icesf
oreachuser
.

2.Col
l
abor
ati
on:
Net
wor
ksenabl
euser
stocol
l
abor
ateonpr
oject
sand
document
sinr
eal
time.Thi
smeanst
hatnumer
oususer
scanwor
kont
hesame
documentatt
hesamet
ime,
maki
ngcooper
ati
onmor
eef
fi
cientandpr
oduct
ive.

3.Cent
ral
i
zedmanagement
:Anet
wor
kenabl
escent
ral
i
zedmanagementof
dev
icesanduser
s.Thi
simpl
i
est
hatadmi
nist
rat
orscancont
rol
andmoni
tor
dev
icesanduser
sfr
om acent
ral
i
zedl
ocat
ion,
maki
ngnet
wor
kmai
ntenanceand
secur
it
yeasi
er.

4.I
ncr
easedpr
oduct
ivi
ty:
Net
wor
kscanboostpr
oduct
ivi
tybyal
l
owi
nguser
s
t
oaccessr
esour
ces.

5.Remot
eaccess:
User
scanaccessr
esour
cesf
rom di
stantar
east
hrough
net
wor
ks.Becauseoft
his,
user
s'f
lexi
bil
i
tyandpr
oduct
ivi
tyar
eincr
eased
becauset
heycanwor
kfr
om homeorwhi
l
eont
hego.

6.Costr
educt
ions:
Byenabl
i
ngr
esour
ceshar
ingandobv
iat
ingt
heneedf
or
manydev
ices,
net
wor
kscanr
esul
tincostsav
ings.Lowerhar
dwar
eand
mai
ntenanceexpensesmayr
esul
tfr
om t
his.

Asmal
lbusi
ness,
fori
nst
ance,
mightuseanet
wor
ktoshar
eapr
int
eramong
sev
eral
empl
oyees,
enabl
i
ngt
hem t
opr
intpaper
swi
thouthav
ingt
obuyi
ndi
vi
dual
pr
int
ersf
oreachoneoft
hem.Agr
oupofdesi
gner
smayal
sowor
ktoget
her
acr
ossanet
wor
ktoaccompl
i
shapr
oject
,enabl
i
ngt
hem t
owor
kont
hesame
desi
gnsi
mul
taneousl
yandf
ini
shi
tmor
equi
ckl
y.Fi
nal
l
y,abusi
nesswi
thr
emot
e
wor
ke

Depar
tmentofGI
S
 Comput
erAppl
i
cat
ion

2.Wr
it
ekeyf
orcomput
ergener
ati
ons?

1.Fi
rstGener
ati
on(
1944s-
1958s)
:

 Vacuum t
ubet
echnol
ogy
,

 l
argeandexpensi
vecomput
ers,

 l
i
mit
edpr
ogr
ammi
ngcapabi
l
iti
es.

2.SecondGener
ati
on(
1959s-
1963s)
:

 Tr
ansi
stort
echnol
ogy
,

 smal
l
erandmor
eaf
for
dabl
ecomput
ers,

 i
mpr
ovedpr
ogr
ammi
ngcapabi
l
iti
es.

3.Thi
rdGener
ati
on(
1964s-
1970s)
:

 I
ntegr
atedci
rcui
ttechnol
ogy
,

 f
ast
erandmor
epower
ful
comput
ers,

 i
ntr
oduct
ionofhi
gh-
lev
elpr
ogr
ammi
ngl
anguages.

4.Four
thGener
ati
on(
1971s-
NOW)
:

 Mi
cropr
ocessort
echnol
ogy

 ,
per
sonal
comput
ersbecomemor
ecommon,

 i
ntr
oduct
ionofgr
aphi
cal
useri
nter
faces.

5.Fi
ft
hGener
ati
on:

 Ar
ti
fi
cial
int
ell
i
genceandexper
tsy
stems,

 dev
elopmentofpar
all
elpr
ocessi
ngandsuper
comput
ers.

Depar
tmentofGI
S
 Comput
erAppl
i
cat
ion

3.Di
scusst
heappl
i
cat
ionofcomput
eri
nGI
Sindet
ail
?

Geogr
aphi
cInf
ormat
ionSy
stems(
GIS)ar
ecomput
ert
ool
sforcol
l
ect
ing,
stor
ing,
anal
yzi
ngandv
isual
i
zinggeospat
ial
dat
a.GI
Shasr
evol
uti
oni
zedt
hewaywe
expl
oreandunder
standourwor
ld,
all
owi
ngust
ovi
sual
i
zeandanal
yzecompl
ex
spat
ial
dat
ainway
sthatwer
epr
evi
ousl
ynotpossi
ble.Her
ear
esomeway
s
comput
ersar
eusedi
nGI
S:

 Dat
aCol
l
ect
ion:GI
Srel
i
esheav
il
yont
hecol
l
ect
ionofaccur
atedat
a.
Comput
ersar
eusedt
ocol
l
ectdat
afr
om v
ari
oussour
cessuchassat
ell
i
tes,
dr
onesandgr
oundsensor
s.Thi
sdat
aist
henst
oredi
naGI
Sdat
abasef
or
anal
ysi
s.

 Dat
ast
orage:GI
Sdat
abasescanst
orehugeamount
sofspat
ial
dat
a.
Comput
ersar
eusedt
omanaget
hesedat
abasesandkeept
hem or
gani
zed
andaccessi
ble.

 Dat
aanal
ysi
s:GI
Senabl
est
heanal
ysi
sofcompl
exspat
ial
dat
a.Var
ious
anal
yzesar
ecar
ri
edoutwi
tht
heai
dofcomput
ers,
suchasspat
ial
stat
ist
ics,
net
wor
kanal
ysi
sandt
err
ainanal
ysi
s.

 Dat
aVi
sual
i
zat
ion:GI
Spr
ovi
desuser
swi
tht
heabi
l
ityt
ovi
ewgeospat
ial
dat
ainav
ari
etyofway
s,i
ncl
udi
ngmaps,
graphs,
andchar
ts.Comput
ersar
e
usedt
ocr
eat
ethesev
isual
s,maki
ngt
hem easyt
ounder
standandi
nter
pret
.

 Deci
sionMaki
ng:
GISi
susedt
osuppor
tdeci
sionmaki
ngi
nvar
iousf
iel
ds

suchasur
banpl
anni
ng,
nat
ural
resour
cemanagementandemer
gencyr
esponse.
Comput
ersar
eusedt
omodel
dif
fer
entscenar
iosandhel
pdeci
sionmaker
s
chooset
hebestcour
seofact
ion.

I
nsummar
y,comput
erspl
ayani
mpor
tantr
olei
nGI
S,enabl
i
ngt
hecol
l
ect
ion,
st
orage,
anal
ysi
s,v
isual
i
zat
ionanddeci
sion-
maki
ngofgeospat
ial
dat
a.As
t
echnol
ogyadv
ances,
GISwi
l
lcont
inuet
oev
olv
e,gi
vi
ngusnewandi
nnov
ati
ve
way
stounder
standourwor
ld.

Depar
tmentofGI
S
 Comput
erAppl
i
cat
ion

4.Howmanypopul
aroper
ati
ngsy
stemsar
einuset
oday
?Indet
ail
wit
hexampl
es

Ther
ear
esev
eral
popul
aroper
ati
ngsy
stemsi
nuset
oday
,incl
udi
ng:

 Wi
ndows:Devel
opedbyMi
crosof
t,Wi
ndowsi
sawi
del
yusedoper
ati
ngsy
stem
f
orper
sonal
comput
ers.
 macOS:
Dev
elopedbyAppl
e,macOSi
stheoper
ati
ngsy
stem usedon
Maci
ntoshcomput
ers
 Li
nux:
Linuxi
sanopen-
sour
ceoper
ati
ngsy
stem t
hati
swi
del
yusedonser
ver
s
andi
nembeddedsy
stems.Ther
ear
emanydi
ff
erentdi
str
ibut
ionsofLi
nux
,
i
ncl
udi
ngUbunt
u,Fedor
a,andDebi
an.
 Andr
oid:Devel
opedbyGoogl
e,Andr
oidi
sthemostwi
del
yusedoper
ati
ng
sy
stem f
ormobi
l
edev
ices.I
tisbasedont
heLi
nuxker
nel
andi
susedon
smar
tphones,
tabl
ets,
andot
herdev
ices.
 i
OS:Devel
opedbyAppl
e,i
OSi
stheoper
ati
ngsy
stem usedoni
Phones,
iPads,
andi
PodTouchdev
ices..
 Chr
omeOS:Devel
opedbyGoogl
e,Chr
omeOSi
sal
i
ght
wei
ghtoper
ati
ng
sy
stem desi
gnedf
oruseonChr
omebookl
apt
ops.I
tisbasedont
heLi
nuxker
nel
andi
sdesi
gnedt
owor
kpr
imar
il
ywi
thwebappl
i
cat
ions.

Ov
eral
l
,thesear
esomeoft
hemostpopul
aroper
ati
ngsy
stemsi
nuset
oday
,eachwi
th
t
hei
rownuni
quef
eat
uresandst
rengt
hs.

Depar
tmentofGI
S
 Comput
erAppl
i
cat
ion

5.Whati
sapr
ocessori
ncomput
ersy
stems,
andwhyi
sitused?I
ndet
ail

Apr
ocessor
,al
socal
l
edacent
ral
processi
nguni
t(CPU)
,isani
ntegr
atedci
rcui
t
t
hatser
vesast
hebr
ainofacomput
ersy
stem.Hei
sresponsi
blef
orf
oll
owi
ng
t
hei
nst
ruct
ionsandmaki
ngt
hecal
cul
ati
onsnecessar
yfort
hecomput
ert
owor
k.
Thepr
ocessori
sthemosti
mpor
tantcomponentofacomput
ersy
stem andi
s
r
esponsi
blef
orcont
rol
l
ingal
lot
hercomponent
s.

Thepr
ocessori
susedi
ncomput
ersy
stemsbecausei
tal
l
owscompl
ex
i
nst
ruct
ionsandcal
cul
ati
onst
obeexecut
edef
fi
cient
ly.I
tisdesi
gnedt
ohandl
ea
v
ari
etyoft
asks,
from si
mpl
ear
it
hmet
icoper
ati
onst
ocompl
exdat
a
pr
ocessi
ng.
Thepr
ocessorcanexecut
emi
l
li
onsofi
nst
ruct
ionspersecond,
maki
ngi
tanessent
ial
par
tofmoder
ncomput
ers.

Thepr
ocessorconsi
stsofsev
eral
component
s,i
ncl
udi
ngacont
rol
uni
t,an
ar
it
hmet
icuni
tandamemor
ymanagementuni
t.

Thecont
rol
uni
t:i
sresponsi
blef
orf
etchi
ngandexecut
ingi
nst
ruct
ionsf
rom
memor
y.

Thear
it
hmet
ic-
logi
cuni
t:per
for
msmat
hemat
ical
cal
cul
ati
onsandl
ogi
c
oper
ati
ons.

Thememor
ymanagementuni
t:i
sresponsi
blef
ormanagi
ngcomput
ermemor
y
andensur
ingef
fi
cientdat
ast
orageandr
etr
iev
al.

I
nsummar
y,t
hepr
ocessori
sanessent
ial
par
tofacomput
ersy
stem t
hati
s
r
esponsi
blef
orexecut
ingi
nst
ruct
ionsandper
for
mingcal
cul
ati
ons.
Iti
susedi
n
comput
ersy
stemsbecausei
tenabl
esef
fect
iveandef
fi
cientdat
apr
ocessi
ng
andi
sther
efor
eani
ndi
spensabl
epar
tofmoder
ndat
apr
ocessi
ng.

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tmentofGI
S
 Comput
erAppl
i
cat
ion

6.Di
scussi
ndet
ail
howt
opr
otectourcomput
erf
rom comput
erv
irusandwor
ms

Pr
otect
ingourcomput
ersf
rom v
irusesandwor
msi
simpor
tant
toensur
ethe
saf
etyandsecur
it
yofourper
sonal
andpr
ofessi
onal
dat
a.Her
ear
esomeway
sto
pr
otectourcomput
ersagai
nst
theset
hreat
s:

1.I
nst
all
ant
i-
vir
ussof
twar
e:Ant
i-
vir
ussof
twar
eisdesi
gnedt
odet
ectand
r
emov
evi
rusesandwor
msf
rom y
our
comput
er.Wemust
inst
all
arel
i
abl
e
ant
ivi
ruspr
ogr
am andupdat
eitr
egul
arl
ytopr
otectourcomput
eragai
nst
new
t
hreat
s.

2.
Keepoper
ati
ngsy
stem andsof
twar
eup-
to-
dat
e:Regul
aroper
ati
ng
sy
stem andsof
twar
eupdat
esar
eessent
ial
asi
thel
pst
ofi
xsecur
it
yhol
est
hat
hacker
scanexpl
oitt
oinf
ectv
irusesandmal
war
ehar
m ourcomput
ers.

3.Usi
ngaf
ir
ewal
l
:Af
ir
ewal
li
sanet
wor
ksecur
it
ysy
stem t
hatmoni
tor
sand
cont
rol
sincomi
ngandout
goi
ngnet
wor
ktr
aff
ic.I
thel
pst
obl
ockunaut
hor
ized
accesst
oourcomput
erandpr
eventt
hespr
eadof
vir
usesandwor
ms.

4.
Becar
eful
whenbr
owsi
ngt
heI
nter
net
:Wemust
becar
eful
whenbr
owsi
ng
t
heI
nter
net
andav
oidcl
i
cki
ngonsuspi
ciousl
i
nksordownl
oadi
ngf
il
esf
rom
unt
rust
edsour
ces.Weshoul
dal
soav
oidv
isi
ti
ngwebsi
tesknownt
o
spr
eadmal
war
e.

5.Usest
rongpasswor
ds:
Str
ongpasswor
dsar
enecessar
ytopr
otectour
comput
ersf
rom unaut
hor
izedaccess.Wemust
useacombi
nat
ionofupper
and
l
owercasel
ett
ers,
number
sandspeci
alchar
act
erst
ocr
eat
est
rongpasswor
ds.

6.Backi
ngupdat
aregul
arl
y:Backi
ngupourdat
aregul
arl
yi
sessent
ial
to
pr
otectdat
afr
om bei
ngl
ost
duet
ovi
rusat
tacksorot
herpr
obl
ems.
Weneed
t
ost
orebackupsi
nasaf
elocat
ion,
suchasanext
ernal
har
ddr
iveorcl
oudst
orage.

Depar
tmentofGI
S
 Comput
erAppl
i
cat
ion

I
nsummar
y,pr
otect
ingourcomput
ersf
rom v
irusesandwor
msr
equi
resa
combi
nat
ionofdi
ff
erentmeasur
es,
incl
udi
ngi
nst
all
i
ngant
i-
vir
ussof
twar
e,
updat
ingt
heoper
ati
ngsy
stem andsof
twar
e,usi
ngt
hewal
l
.fi
re,
usecaut
ion
whenbr
owsi
ngt
heI
nter
net
,usest
rongpasswor
ds,
andbackupdat
aregul
arl
y.By
f
oll
owi
ngt
hesest
eps,
wecanensur
ethesecur
it
yandpr
ivacyofourper
sonal
and
busi
nessdat
a.

7.Conv
ert(
1100011101.
1010110)
2tooct
alandHexadeci
mal
numbersy
stem

Conv
ertt
ooct
al:

(
001)
(100)
(011)
(101)
.(
101)
(011)

001 = 1

100 = 4

011 = 3 =1435.
53

101 = 5

101 = 5

011 = 3

Conv
ertt
oHexadeci
mal
:

(
0011)
(0001)
(1101)
.(
1010)
(1100)

0011 = 3

0001 = 1

1101 = D = 31D.
AC

1010 = A

1100 = C

Ther
efor
ewhenweconv
ertt
hisbi
nar
y(1100011101.
1010110)
2toOct
aland
Hexadeci
mal
weget=(
1435.
53)
8and=(
31D.
AC)
16

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tmentofGI
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 Comput
erAppl
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ion

8.Fi
ndt
hev
alueofYi
f(AF3D)
16=(
12Y475)
8

(
AF3D)
16 =(12Y475)
8

(
A³F²
3¹D⁰
)16 =(
1⁵2⁴
Y³4²
7¹5⁰
)8

A×16³+F×16²+3×16¹+D×16⁰ =1×8⁵+2×8⁴+Y×8³+4×8²+7×8¹+5×8⁰

10×16³+15×16²+3×16+13×16⁰=1×32768+2×4096+512Y+4×64+56+5

10×4096+15×256+3×16+13=32768+8192+512Y+256+61

40960+3840+61= 41277+512Y

44861 =41277+512Y

512Y =44861-
41277

512Y =3584

Y= 512Y/
512=3584/
512

Y=7

44861=44861

Ther
efor
e. (
AFA3D)=(
127475)
8

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tmentofGI
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 Comput
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ion

9.Conv
ert(
9DB.
92)
16t
ooct
alnumbersy
stem

9 D B 9 2

100111011011.
100100100
Ther
efor
e:-(
9DB.92)
16=(
4733.
444)
8

4 7 3 3 4 4 4

10.
Whi
choneoft
hef
oll
owi
ngi
sdi
ff
erentf
rom ot
her
?
A.(
92)
10 B.(
134)
8
C.(
25)
16 D.(
1011100)
2

conv
ertt
obi
nar
y

A.(
92)
10=(
1011100)
2
B.(
134)
8 =(
001011100)
2
C.(
25)
16 =(
00100101)
2
D.(
1011100)
2=(
001011100)
2
Ther
for
e"C"i
sdi
ff
erentf
rom ot
her
s

Depar
tmentofGI
S