STRUCTURE OF ECOSYSTEM Tertiary

consumer
Fourth Trophic level
(Top carnivore)
ECOSYSTEM GRAZING FOOD CHAIN Begins with producers present at first trophic level,
primary consumer feeds on producers.

Secondary Third trophic level

Ecosystem is a functional unit of nature where living
organisms interact with each other and with the
consumer (Carnivore) TROPHIC
physical environment Second trophic LEVELS TYPES
Primary consumer level
(Herbivore)
Specific position
COMPONENTS OF ECOSYSTEM First Trophic
occupied by an Grass (Producer) Goat (Primary consumer) Man (Secondary consumer)
Primary producer level
(Plants) organisms in
a food chain Begins with detritus such as dead remains of plants
Feeding relationship
DETRITUS FOOD CHAIN and animals.

Biotic Abiotic
ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS between organisms
of different trophic
(i) Autotrophs, (i) Pond, levels
(ii) Herbivores, (ii) River Interconnection
(iii) Carnivores (iii) Wind FOOD wEB of food chains

FOOD CHAIN
PYRAMID OF PYRAMID OF PYRAMID OF
TYPES OF ECOSYSTEM NUMBER BIOMASS ENERGY
10% LAW
During transfer of energy
ENERGY FLOW from one trophic Level to
Tertiary another. Only about 10% is
TERRESTRIAL AQUATIC Human–made consumers transferred to higher levels;
Eg, Forest, Eg:, Lake, pond, Eg; Aquarium, 10 J 90% is lost in respiration (heat)
desert, etc wet Land etc crops fields
Secondary
consumers 100 J
• Amount of nutrients such as carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous, calcium and
elements present in the soil at any particular time – Standing state
Primary 1,000 J
STRATIFICATION consumers FUNCTIONAL • Nutrient cycling refers to the movement of nutrients across various
Distribution of different species components of in ecosystem
at different levels Primary 10,000 J COMPONENTS
producers
1,000,000 J of sunlight
OF NUTRIENT
ECOSYSTEM CYCLES TYPES
PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY
• Amount of biomass produced per
PRODUCTIVITY GASEOUS CYCLE SEDIMENTARY CYCLE
unit area a time period during
photosynthesis • Reservoir exists in the atmosphere • Reservoir for this cycle is present in
• Expressed in weight (g-2 ) or • Rate of biomass production for this cycle the Earth’s crust
energy (Kcal m-2 ) • Expressed in g-2 yr-1
• Example; Nitrogen and Carbons • Examples:- Sulphur and Phosphorous
Cycles cycles
TYPES SECONDARY PRODUCTIVITY
ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION
The rate of formation of new
organic matter by Consumers
GROSS PRIMARY NET PRIMARY
PRODUCTIVITY PRODUCTIVITY
(GPP) (NPP) PRIMARY SUCCESSION SECONDARY SUCCESSION
Respiration • Occurs in areas where no living • Occurs in area which have lost all life
npp = GPP - R Losses DECOMPOSITION organism ever existed forms due to destruction & floods

• Examples:- newly cooled lava, bare • Examples:- Abandoned forms, burned or

A tree grows in the soil Leaves are eaten by
rock, newly created pond cut forests, land that have
insects and other animals. Breakdown of Complex Organic been flooded
Nutrients and energy
enter through food web. matter into inorganic substances • Succession of Plants:-
by the action of decomposers. (I) Hydrarch (takes place in water areas)
(II) Xerarch (Take place in dry areas)
PRIMARY SUCCESSION IN WATER
A green leaf falls STEPS OF DECOMPOSITION
to the ground
PRIMARY SUCCESSION ON ROCKS Phytoplankton (Pioneer species) • Purify air and water
Fragmentation • Mitigate draughts and floods
Leaves partially consumed
by decomposers (fungi and
Lichens (Pioneer Species) • Generate fertile soil
bacteria). They begin to Free – Floating angiosperms
lose form and become litter.
Leaching • Pollinate crops
Due to chemical action-
some nutrients leach into Small plants ECOSYSTEM • Provide storage site for carbon
soil Rooted hydrophytes • Cycle nutrients
Catabolism SERVICES OF
Bigger Plants FOREST • Provide wildlife habitat
Further decomposition by Humification
Sedgas, grasses • Maintain biodiversity
earthworms, fungi, bacteria, • Provide aesthetic, Cultural &
soil, mites, etc. Stable forest Community
TreeS (Climax community is a forest) Spiritual values
Organic rich soil Mineralisation (Climax Community)

anand_mani16 DR. Anand Mani https://www.anandmani.com/ https://discord.io/anandmani t.me/anandmani001