Acids and Bases

Chapter 15

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What are acids?
Acids: Have sour taste

Vinegar

Citrus fruits contain Vinegar owes its

citric acid. taste to acetic acid.
 Acids

Cause color changes in plant dyes.

Aqueous acid solutions conduct electricity.

 Acids

React with certain metals to produce hydrogen gas.

2HCl (aq) + Mg (s) MgCl2 (aq) + H2(g)

React with carbonates and bicarbonates to produce

carbon dioxide gas

2HCl(aq) + CaCO3(s) CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O (l)

4.3
Examples of Acids
Do you know that Coke contains
phosphoric acid, H3PO4?
What are bases?
 Bases
Have a bitter taste.

Feel slippery.
Many soaps
contain bases.

Cause color changes in plant dyes.

Aqueous base solutions conduct electricity.

4.3
MODELS OF
ACIDS AND BASES
p. 433, Fig. 10-6
p. 433, Fig. 10-7
p. 434
 ARRHENIUS CONCEPT

SHOWS THE DISSOCIATION OF

ACIDS AND BASES WHEN
DISSOLVED IN WATER

DESCRIBES THE ELECTROLYTIC

NATURE OF ACIDS AND BASES
 Arrhenius Concept of Acids

Acids are substances which, when dissolved

in water, dissociates to form H+ ion and anion.

HNO3(aq)  H+(aq) + NO3−(aq)

HCl (aq)  H+(aq) + Cl−(aq)

 Arrhenius Concept: Bases

Bases are substances which, when

dissolved in water, dissociates to form
OH− ion and the metal cation.

NaOH(aq)  OH−(aq) + Na+(aq)

Ba(OH)2(aq)  2OH−(aq) + Ba2+(aq)

Models of Acids and Bases
BRONSTED-LOWRY CONCEPT
BRONSTED-LOWRY CONCEPT:

ACIDS: THE PROTON DONORS

BASES: THE PROTON ACCEPTORS

CONJUGATE ACID-BASE PAIR

 BRONSTED-LOWRY CONCEPT
For acid-base reactions, the reacting units
are the acidic hydrogens/protons involved in
the reaction.

The acid is the proton donor

MONOPROTIC ACID – ONE acidic proton

DIPROTIC ACID – TWO acidic protons

 The acid is the proton donor

For example: HCl

1 formula of HCl will donate 1 formula unit H+

HCl is a monoprotic acid.

For example: H2C2O4

1 formula of H2C2O4 will donate 2 formula units H+

H2C2O4 is a diprotic acid.

For acid-base reactions, the reacting
units are the acidic protons involved
in the reaction.

The base is the proton acceptor

 For example: NaOH
NaOH + HCl  NaCl + H2O

1 mole of NaOH will react with 1 mole of HCl

 A Brønsted acid is a proton donor

base acid conjugate conjugate

acid base
Proton donor
 A Brønsted base is a proton acceptor

base acid conjugate conjugate

acid base
Proton acceptor
Water: The Universal Solvent
Autoionization of Water

H2O + H2O H3O+ + OH

2H2O H3O+ + OH

Hydronium ion Hydroxide ion

H2O (l) H+ (aq) + OH- (aq)

Water: The Universal Solvent
Autoionization of Water

H2O + H2O H3O+ + OH

H2O(l) H2O(l) H3O+(aq) OH(aq)

acid base conjugate acid conjugate base

acid base conjugate acid conjugate base

 The Ion Product of Water

H2O (l) H+ (aq) + OH- (aq) Kw = [H+] [OH-]

Kw = [H+] [OH-] = 1.0 x 10 14 At 25C

The ion-product constant (Kw) is the product of

the molar concentrations of H+ and OH ions at a
particular temperature.
 The Ion Product of Water

Kw = [H+] [OH-] = 1.0 x 10 14

Relationship Between [H+] and [OH]

 KW  KW
[H ]  [OH ]  
[OH  ] [H ]
 The Ion Product of Water

H2O (l) H+ (aq) + OH- (aq)

Kw = [H+] [OH-] = 1.0 x 10 14

Relationship Between [H+] and [OH] Solution is

[H+] = [OH-] neutral

[H+] > [OH-] acidic
[H+] < [OH-] basic
 pH – A Measure of Acidity

pH = - log [H+] pOH = - log [OH]

pKW = - log KW = 14.00 pH + pOH = 14.00

 pH – A Measure of Acidity

pH = - log [H+] pOH = - log [OH]

pKW = - log KW = 14.00

pH = 14.00  pOH
pH + pOH = 14.00
pOH = 14.00  pH
 pH – A Measure of Acidity

pH = - log [H+]
Solution Is At 250C
neutral [H+] = [OH-] [H+] = 1 x 10-7 pH = 7
acidic [H+] > [OH-] [H+] > 1 x 10-7 pH < 7
basic [H+] < [OH-] [H+] < 1 x 10-7 pH > 7

pH [H+]