VZAONLNCGVZÃB

7
]gmulfbrab

Tracgr
Jacgstrg
 

Ãlfamg

  Tâo

 Mbpãtukn  2.
Mbpãtukn Âloukn Vraonlncátram
Vraonlncátramnn y ]astgcb fg Cgfamaý
Cgfamaýll Bloukbr ?

 Mbpãtukn  :.
Mbpãtukn Zbznlgs Vraonlncátram
Vraonlncátrambs
bs fg Âloukns Boufns A 2= 

Mbpãtukn  =. Zbznlgs Vraonlncátram

Vraonlncátrambs
bs fg Âloukns Boufns AA 20 

Mbpãtukn  6. Zbznlgs Vraonlncátram

Vraonlncátrambs
bs fg Âloukns Boufns AAA :6 

Mbpãtukn  7. Âloukns Ygrt

grtambkgs
ambkgs y @nrazn
@nraznltbkgs
ltbkgs =2 

Mbpãtukn  9. ]astgcb Mbr

Mbrtgsabln
tgsabln =?
 

Mnkgoan ‛]BLVABON BLVØLGX FG CBQNKN–

MBTÃVWKN V raonlncgtrãb
 2
Âloukn Vraonlncátramn y
]astgcbs fg Cgfamaýl Bloukbr 
NJHGVAYN]8

b Faigrglmabr gk âloukn traonlncátramn fgk ogncá -tramn, npgrâlfnkns fg inrcb mnrrgmtb.

b  Zgmnlnmgr kns sastgcbs fg cgfamaýl bloukbr, bsã mncn kbs gquavbkglmabs mnlvg-lagltgs pbrb kbs pnstgranrgs mnlvgrsanlgs
fg ul sastgcb b ntrn.

 Âloukn Vraonlncátramn
2 vugktb
Gs bqugk qug sg oglgrb pnr kb rntbmaýl fg ul rbyn bkrgfgfnr
fg ul pultn iahn kkbcbfn vártamg, fgsfg ulb pnsamaýl alamabk
(kbfn alamabk) `bstb ntrb pnsamaýl ialbk (kbfn ialbk) gl ul
snkn pkbln.
  Fg gstg cnfn sg rgmnlnmgl fns tapns fg rntbmaýl ...
blntbfbs gl gk orâiamn bfhultn, gl gk mubk sg taglg8

N 8 vártamg
NT 8 kbfn alamabk ...
NR y N] 8 kbfns ialbkgs Bfgcâs, pbrb pnfgr npgrbr âloukns traonlncátramns sg
suoagrg qug ástns sg glmugltrgl gl ul cascn sgltafn, fg
R prgigrglmab gk sgltafn blta`nrbran. Tbrb gkkn sg pugfgl
mbcjabr kns oarns mnl gk saouagltg mratgran8
]gltafn blta`nrbran
N β
κ T
]gltafn `nrbran β   -β

]
]astgcbs fg Cgfamaýl Bloukbr 
Kbs iaourbs bsã inrcbfbs, sg bsnmabrâl b ulb fgtgrcalbfb ]nl kbs faigrgltgs inrcbs gl qug sg pugfgl cgfar kns
cgfafb qug mnlvglmanlbkcgltg sg rgoarâ bsã8 âloukns, fgstbmbl kns saouagltgs8

sgltafn `nrbran  cgfafb lgobtavb 2. ]A]VGCB ]GPBOG]ACBK

]GPBOG]ACBK (N ALOKÁ])
sgltafn blta`nrbran  cgfafb pnsatavb
sal rntbmaýl  cgfafb lukb
2 vugktb
Wlafbf8 2´ 3
=94

  Fgjgcns cglmanlbr tbcjaál qug kb cgfafb fg ul

âloukn traonlncátramn ln taglg kãcatgs, yb qug fgpglfgrâ 2 vugktb 3 =94´
fg kb cbolatuf fg kb rntbmaýl gl qug sg oglgrg5 gstn gs8

Vraonlncgtrãb - 7tn. ]gmulfbrab ?

 

Mnkgoan ‛]BLVABON BLVØLGX FG CBQNKN–

Bfgcâs8 2´ 3 94‑ 5 2‑ 3 94‑‑ 5 :)   204´ 3 :44o

:)
2´ 3 =944‑‑
1´ 3 24o
Njs.8 β 3 x´y‑z‑‑
β3 x´ + y‑ + z‑‑ =)   1´ 3 24o ⇚ 1(94‑) 3 24(244c)
=)

:. ]A]VGCB MGLVG]ACBK (N IZBLMÁ])

IZBLMÁ]) :?‑ 3 74c

2 vugktb 6)   :?‑ 3 74c ⇚ :?(94‑‑) 3 74(244s)

6)
Wlafbf8 2o 3 644
02‑‑ 3 :74s

2 vugktb 3 644o
Mnlvgrsaýl gltrg sastgcbs
o c c s o s
Bfgcâs8 2  3 244   5 2  3 244 5 2  3 24444
Tbrb mnlvgrtar kb cgfafb fg ul âloukn fg ul sastgcb b
ntrn, sg cuktapkamb b kb cgfafb nraoalbk fgk âloukn pnr ulb
Njs.8 κ 3 xo yc zs 
irbmmaýl fnlfg lucgrbfnr y fglncalbfnr fgjgl sgr aoubkgs,
κ 3 xo + yc + zs
pgrn fgk tapn8

=. ]A]VGCB ZBFABK N MAZMWKBZ (N ALVGZLB- ( ) ulafbf qug sg quagrg

MANLBK) ( ) ulafbf b mblmgkbr
Wlafbf8 2 rbfaâl 3 2 rbf
Ibmtnr fg mnlvgrsaýl
Wl rbfaâl gs kb cgfafb fg ul âloukn mgltrbk gl ulb   Tnr ghgcpkn, mnlvagrtg8
marmuligrglmab, mublfn gk brmn qug sujtaglfg cafg aoubk
qug gk rbfan fg kb
k b marmuligrglmab.
Gl gk orâiamn5 sa8 K 3 Z  2) 67´ bk sastgcb marmukbr
marmukbr..
  ΰ 3 2 rbfaâl
τrbf Ibmtnr fg
β 3 67´. mnlvgrsaýl
B 204´
Z 
τ
N ΰ K β 3 rbf
6
Z 
J :) 94o bk sastgcb marmukbr.
marmukbr.

τrbf Ibmtnr fg
Bfgcâs, pnr rgokb fg trgs sacpkg8 κ 3 94o . mnlvgrsaýl
:44o

 Âloukn Knloatuf =τ
mgltrbk fgk brmn κ 3 rbf
24
2 rbf Z 
2 vugktb :τZ 
=) 2:4o bk sastgcb sgxbogsacbk.
Kugon8 1´ Ibmtnr fg
ΰ 3 2:4o mnlvgrsaýl
24o
2 vugktb . Z 3 : τZ x 2 rbf

2 vugktb 3 : τ rbf ΰ 3 240´

Mnlsafgrbmanlgs :τ
6) rbf bk sastgcb sgxbogsacbk.
7
o
2)   =94´ 3 644  3 :τ rbf
2) ω3 :τ rbf 204´ Ibmtnr fg
mnlvgrsaýl
204´ 3 :44o 3 τ rbf 7 τrbf

0 Vraonlncgtrãb - 7tn. ]gmulfbrab

 

Mnkgoan ‛]BLVABON BLVØLGX FG CBQNKN–

GHGZMAMAN] ZG]WGKVN] Npgrblfn8

244x + :4 3 11x + :? ⇚ x 3 ?
Ghgcpkn 28 kn mubk saolaiamb qug kns âloukns mnlorugltgs cafgl ?:´
mbfb uln, kugon8
]gòbkb gk vbknr fg8
ΰ 3 =9´
o
?4  + ?´ Mnlvartaglfn b rbfablgs8
M3 τ
20 rbf
  τ rbf
 ΰ 3 =9´
Zgsnkumaýl8 204´
Tbrb pnfgr npgrbr kbs cgfafbs tglgcns qug pbsbr tnfbs b τ
ul snkn sastgcb. Tbsblfn bk sastgcb sgxbogsacbk8
sgxbogsacbk8 ∶ ΰ3 rbf
7

1´
* ?4o . 3 9=´ Ghgcpkn =8
24o

τ ]bjaglfn qug8
* rbf . 204´ 3 24´
20 τ rbf
:τ
rbf 3 =b´ 6j‑ =m‑‑ ,
22
Kugon8

M 3 9=´ + ?´ mbkmukb8 K 3 (b + j). m

24´

?4´ Zgsnkumaýl8
M 3 24´ M3?
Mnlvartaglfn8

Ghgcpkn :8 :τ 204´
ΰ3 rbf
22 τ rbf

Gl ul traâloukn asýsmgkgs kns âloukns mnlorugltgs cafgl

=94´
(24x+:)´ y (22x + =)o. ¾Muâk gs kb cgfafb marmukbr fgk ΰ3
22
âloukn fgsaoubk>
Gl gstg mbsn sg prnmgfg bsã8

Zgsnkumaýl8 =94´ 22 604‑ 22 6:4‑‑ 22

  =4 =:   64 6=   14 =0,2
Gl gk orâiamn8
  0´   ?‑   :4
(24x + :)´ 3 (22x + =) o x 94 x 94

Vncblfn kns mnmagltgs

mnma gltgs y rgfnlfgblfn8
rgfnlfgblfn 8
ΰ
ΰ 3 =:´ 6=‑ =0‑‑ 3 =b´ 6j‑ =m‑‑
(    
2   
   ´
    ) 2   
x   
   : +   Mncpbrblfn8 b3:
  x  +
   4
=   
 )   
  o      j3=
   2
   (    m30

kugon8 K 3 (b + j)m 3 7 . 0
Mnlvartaglfn8 1´   ∶  K 3 64
(24x + :)´ 3 (22x + =) o .
24o

Vraonlncgtrãb - 7tn. ]gmulfbrab 1

 

Mnkgoan ‛]BLVABON BLVØLGX FG CBQNKN–

Zgsnkvaglfn gl mkbsg

2 ]gòbkb kb rgkbmaýl mnrrgmtb b pbrtar fgk orâiamn8 = ]g taglg trgs âloukns, tbkgs qug bk sucbrkns fg
τ
b fns sg njtaglg kns rgsuktbfns 8 rbf, ?4o y
:4
29´. ¾Muâk gs kb sgcasucb fg kns trgs âloukns>
κ
β
Zgsnkumaýl8

Zgsnkumaýl8

 Zptb8  Zptb8

: Mbkmukb8 6 ]a ul âloukn cafg (?x +2)´ y su mncpkgcgltn

2:xo, ¾muâk gs gk vbknr fg x>
14o + 1´
M3 τ
rbf
24
Zgsnkumaýl8
Zgsnkumaýl8

 Zptb8  Zptb8

24 Vraonlncgtrãb - 7tn. ]gmulfbrab

 

Mnkgoan ‛]BLVABON BLVØLGX FG CBQNKN–

7  Gl ul traâloukn asýsmgkgs, kns âloukns mnloru- 9 Mbkmukb8

gltgs cafgl (?x -  :)´ y =τx rbf. ¾Muâk gs kb
:4 2´ :‑ :´ =‑ =´ 6‑ 6´ 7‑
M3 - - -
cgfafb sgxbogsacbk fgk âloukn fgsaoubk> :‑ =‑ 6‑ 7‑
Zgsnkumaýl8
Zgsnkumaýl8

 Zptb8  Zptb8

B`nrb gl tu mubfgrln

?.  Mbkmukb8 24. Fgk orâiamn, mbkmukb8

x
  M3
o  y + ::
x´ (6x)‑ τ
3 : rbf
(x - 2)‑ 7

o =P´√=4o
0.  ]a 7τ rbf 3 0b´ 6j‑ m‑‑, 7Q √20´
22
b+j
Mbkmukb8 K 3
m 22..   ]aglfn b + j + m + f 3 9= y bfgcâs
22
x´y‑z‑‑ 3 b´j‑m‑‑ + j´m‑f‑‑ + m´f‑b‑‑ + f´b‑j‑‑,
mbkmukbr8

1.  Fgk orâiamn, mbkmukb

mbkmukb ] 3 x/y.
x/y. x - y
  K3
z
B
2:. Mbkmukb8
N x´  yc
2o 2c 2s
M3 + +
J 2´ 2‑ 2‑‑

Vraonlncgtrãb - 7tn. ]gmulfbrab 22

 

Mnkgoan ‛]BLVABON BLVØLGX FG CBQNKN–

 Tbrb rginrzbr

2.  ]gòbkb kb rgkbmaýl mnrrgmtb rgspgmtn b kns 9.  ]a uln fg kns âloukns boufns fg ul traâloukn
âloukns traonln-cátramns cnstrbfns8 ukn cafg =τ , ¾muâk gs kb cgfafb sgxb-
rgmtâloukn
rgmtâlo
24
ogsacbk fgk ntrn âloukn boufn>

b) 20´ j) :6´ m) =9´

β
f) 64´ g) 60´
κ
?.  ]a ul âloukn cafg :τ rbf y tbcjaál (?x + 7)´,
1
¾muâk gs gk vbknr fg x>
b) β < κ  j) β + κ 3 14´
m) β - κ 3 14´ b) = j) 6 m) 7
f) κ - β 3 14´ g) β + κ 3 -14´ f) 9 g) ?
:.  ]gòbkb kb rgkbmaýl mnrrgmtb. 0.  ]a ul âloukn cafg ?4o y tbcjaál (0x - 2)´, ¾muâk
gs gk vbknr fg x>

b) 9 j) ? m) 0
κ β
f) 1 g) 24

1.  ]a kb faigrglmab fg cgfafbs

τ fg fns âloukns
b) β + κ 3 14´ j) β < κ  mncpkgcgltbrans gs rbf, ¾muâk gs kb cgfafb
24
m) β - κ 3 14´ sgxbogsacbk fgk cglnr>
f) κ - β 3 14´ g) β - κ 3 204´

 =.  B pbrtar fgk orâiamn, sgòbkb kn mnrrgmtn sa NG gs b) 20´ j) :?´ m) =9´

jasgmtraz fgk âloukn MNF. f) 64´ g) 61´

F G
24.  ]a kb faigrglmab fg cgfafbs fg fns âloukns
supkgcgltbrans gs 64o, ¾muâk gs gk mncpkgcgltn
fgk cglnr>
M
κ β b) 24´  j) 2:´ m) 27´
f) 20´ g) :6´
B N J
22.  ]bjaglfn qug8
b) β + κ 3 2=7´ j) β - κ 3 2=7´   b´ j‑m‑‑ 3 2´=:‑6=‑‑ + 6´=1‑:9‑‑, gxprgsb8
b ́j
m) β + κ 3 204´   gl rbfablgs ΰ3 b+j
( )
f) κ - β 3 67´ g) κ - β 3 ::7´ m

 6.  Mbkmukb8 τ τ τ
b) =9 rbf j) m)
94o 94´ 14
rbf 67 rbf
M3 τ
+ τ τ
τ
rbf rbf f) g) =94 rbf
:4 1 204 rbf

b) = j) 6 m) 7 2:.  Fg bmugrfn bk orâiamn, sgòbkb kb rgkbmaýl qug

f) 9 g) ? vgraiambl ‛β y ΰ–.
 7.  ]a fns âloukns altgranrgs fg ul traâloukn cafgl
:τ b) β - ΰ 3 24´
94o y rbf, ¾muâk gs kb cgfafb sgxbogsacbk       ´
     4
24 j) β + ΰ 3 24´       :
 
fgk tgrmgr âloukn>    -
 
m) β - ΰ 3 74´      ΰ
=4´
b) :?´ j) =9´ m) 60´ f) β + ΰ 3 74´
f) 76´ g) 94´ g) β + ΰ 3 04´ β - 24´

2: Vraonlncgtrãb - 7tn. ]gmulfbrab

 

Mnkgoan ‛]BLVABON BLVØLGX FG CBQNKN–

MBTÃVWKN V raonlncgtrãb
:
Zbznlgs Vraonlncátrambs fg
Âloukns Boufns A
NJHGVAYN]8

Zgmnlnmgr y mbkmukbr kbs rbznlgs traonlncátrambs fg ul âloukn boufn b pbrtar fg ul traâloukn rgmtâloukn y b pbrtar fg
b 

bkoulb rbzýl traonlncátramb mnlnmafb.

Altgrprgtbr glulmabfns qug fgialgl ulb satubmaýl ogncátramb fgtgrcalbfb pbrb su pnstgranr rgsnkumaýl.
b 

Fgialamaýl fg kbs Zbznlgs Vraonlncátrambs  Lntbmanlgs8

]nl kns rgsuktbfns qug sg njtaglgl bk favafar gltrg sã, kns kbfns sgl β 3 b msm β 3 j
j b
fg ul traâloukn rgmtâloukn. Mbfb uln fg gstns rgsuktbfns
bsucarâ ul lncjrg qug sg fgialarâ fg kb saouagltg cblgrb8 mns β 3 m sgm β 3 j
j m
b m
M to β 3 mto β 3
m b
κ τ rbf
β + κ 3 14´ n Tnr ghgcpkn8
j :
b
b: + m: 3 j:
β :1
@ N :4
B m J
β B
:2
mbt. npugstn
sgln fg β  3
`apntglusb N :4
sgl β 3 3
@ :1
mnsgln fg β  3 mbt. bfybmgltg mns β 3 B 3 :2
`apntglusb @ :1
N :4
mbt. npugstn to β  3 3
tblogltg fg β  3 B :2
mbt. bfybmgltg

`apntglusb
mnsgmbltg fg β  3
mbt. npugstn 0 N 27
B
sgmbltg fg β  3 `apntglusb @ ΰ
mbt. bfybmgltg 2?
mbt. bfybmgltg
mntblogltg fg β 3
mbt. npugstn N 0
sgl ΰ3 3
@ 2?
  Fnlfg, pbrb ‛β–8 B 27
mns ΰ 3 3
@ 2?
   Mbt.
Mbt. npugstn 33
bfybmgltg b m N 0
to ΰ  3 3
  @apntglusb 3 j B 27

Vraonlncgtrãb - 7tn. ]gmulfbrab 2=

 

Mnkgoan ‛]BLVABON BLVØLGX FG CBQNKN–

GHGZMAMAN] ZG]WGKVN] K3(

b: +  m: (
. m 5 pgrn8
j b: + m: 3 j:
jm
Ghgcpkn 28 kugon8
: m
Gl ul traâloukn rgmtâloukn kns kbfns cglnrgs cafgl 2 y
K3 j: . ∶  K 3 2
= mc. Mbkmukb gk mnsgln fgk cbynr fg kns âloukns boufns jm j
fgk traâloukn.
Ghgcpkn 68
Zgsnkumaýl8 ]aglfn ΰ ul âloukn boufn, tbk qug toΰ 3 2,475 mbkmukb8
* x: 3 2: + =: κ
24 3 x
B 2
M 3 =sglΰ - m mnsΰ
: @ j
  x  3 24
Zgsnkumaýl8
  x 3 24 β N
= ]agcprg qug tglobcns mncn fbtn ulb Z.V. gs prgigrajkg
tglgrkb mncn irbmmaýl, kugon8
Gk cbynr âloukn boufn sg npnlg bk cbynr mbtgtn8 κ
247 :2 N
B  2 toΰ 3 2,47 3 244 toΰ 3 3
pafgl8 mnsκ 3 3 :4 B
@ 24
Gl ul traâloukn rgmtâloukn.
24
Zbmanlbkazblfn8 mnsκ 3
24
:1 N
@ :2
Ghgcpkn :8
Tnr Tatâonrbs
Gl ul traâloukn rgmtâloukn, kb `apntglusb gs gk trapkg fg ΰ :4
B
uln fg kns mbtgtns. Mbkmukb kb tblogltg fgk cbynr âloukn
boufn fgk traâloukn. 2
Kugon8 M 3 =sg
=sgl
lΰ - mnsΰ
Zgsnkumaýl8 6
:2 2 . :4
ΰ M3=.   -
* : :
=  3 2  + x : = :1 6 :1
2
  1 - 2 3 x: Npgrblfn8
  x: 3 0 β
  x3: : 9= 7 3 70 ∶ M 3 :
x3: : M3 -
:1 :1 :1
Gk cbynr âloukn boufn gs ΰ y pafgl8
Ghgcpkn 7
N : : Gl ul traâloukn rgmtâloukn BJM
to ΰ 3 B 3 2
(J 3 14´), sg trbzb kb cgfablb BC (C gl JM), tbk qug CMB 3 β 
 y CBJ 3 ΰ. Mbkmukb8 K 3 toβ . toΰ
∶  toΰ 3 : :
Zgsnkumaýl8
Orbiamblfn8
Ghgcpkn =8 M
]gb8 JC 3 CM 3 l β l
Gl ul traâloukn rgmtâloukn BJM (J 3 14´)5 rgfumg8
  BJ 3 c
K 3 (sglB toB +sglM)mnsB C
l
Zgsnkumaýl8 ΰ
B c J
B pbrtar fgk traâloukn5 rggcpkbzblfn gl8
c
BJM8 toβ 3
:l
K 3 (sglB toB + sglM) mnsB M l
BJC8 toΰ 3
c
b . b  m (. m
K3( + Kugon8 K 3 toβ toΰ
j m j j j  
b c l
b :m m K3 .
K 3 ( jm + j
  (. j :l c
m Zgfumaglfn8 K 3 2/:
B J

26 Vraonlncgtrãb - 7tn. ]gmulfbrab

 

Mnkgoan ‛]BLVABON BLVØLGX FG CBQNKN–

Zgsnkvaglfn gl mkbsg

2 ]aglfn ΰ gs ul
ul âloukn boufn, tbk qug toΰ  3 :5 = ]bjaglfn qug =toω 3 16  fnlfg ‛ω– gs boufn,
mbkmukb8 mbkmukb8
:
M 3 =sgmΰ + =sgl ΰ M 3 =sglω sgmω + : 

Zgsnkumaýl8 Zgsnkumaýl8

 Zptb8  Zptb8

: ]bjaglfn qug :=+toΰ 3 6=5 fnlfg ‛ΰ– gs ul âl- 6  Gl ul traâloukn

traâloukn rgmtâloukn, kb tblogltg fg uln
uln
oukn boufn, mbkmukb fg sus âloukns boufns
boufns gs aoubk b 4,9. ]a gk ârgb
M 3 :sgm:ΰ + 24sgl:ΰ fgk traâloukn gs aoubk b :? mc:, ¾muâltn cafg gk
kbfn cglnr fgk traâloukn>
Zgsnkumaýl8

Zgsnkumaýl8

 Zptb8  Zptb8

Vraonlncgtrãb - 7tn. ]gmulfbrab 27

 

Mnkgoan ‛]BLVABON BLVØLGX FG CBQNKN–

7  Gl ul traâloukn asýsmgkgs, gk mnsgln fg uln fg 9  Gl ul traâloukn rgmtâloukn BJM (J 3 14´),
sus âloukns mnlorugltgs
mnlorugltgs gs aoubk b 4,0. ]a gk sg sbjg qug8
pgrãcgtrn fgk traâloukn gs aoubk b ?: mc, ¾muâk   sglB 3 :sglM, mbkmukb8
gs su ârgb> K 3 sgm:B + 6sgm:M

Zgsnkumaýl8 Zgsnkumaýl8

 Zptb8  Zptb8

B`nrb gl tu mubfgrln

?.  Gl ul traâloukn rgmtâloukn BJM (J 3 14´) sg 22.  Fgk orâiamn, mbkmukb8

sbjg qug8   M 3 mtoβ mtoκ
  toB 3 :toM, mbkmukb8
M
K 3 sgl:B + ?sgl:M
F
0.  Gl ul traâloukn asýsmgkgs sg vgraiamb qug uln G
fg sus kbfns mnlorugltgs y gk fgsaoubk gstâl gl β   κ
kb rgkbmaýl fg ? b 9. Mbkmukb gk mnsgln fg uln
B @ N J
fg kns âloukns mnlorugltgs.

2:.  Fg bmugrfn bk orâiamn, mbkmukb gk vbknr fg8

1.  ]aglfn ‛β– ul âloukn boufn, tbk qug8  
toβ 3 : :5 mbkmukb8 mtoβ + mtoΰ
 H 3
β mtoκ
  M 3 toβ to
:
M

24.  Gl ul traâloukn rgmtâloukn BJM (J 3 14´) sg

sbjg qug8
] : ] ]
 B  2
  to 3 toM β κ  ΰ
: :
B C L J
  Mbkmukb8 K 3 7 toB + msmM

29 Vraonlncgtrãb - 7tn. ]gmulfbrab

 

Mnkgoan ‛]BLVABON BLVØLGX FG CBQNKN–

 Tbrb rginrzbr

2. Gl ul traâloukn rgmtâloukn kb `apntglusb gs ?.  Gl ul traâloukn rgmtâloukn BJM (J 3 14´)5

gk muâfrupkg fg uln fg kns mbtgtns. Mbkmukb kb rgfumg8
tblogltg fgk cbynr âloukn boufn fgk traâloukn. K 3 2 + sgm :M - mto:B

b) 6 j) 27 m) = b) j:  j) b:m:  m) 2
f) 2/ 27 g) 27/6 f) : g) :j:

:.  Gl ul traâloukn rgmtâloukn kb `apntglusb y ul 0.  Gl ul traâloukn rgmtâloukn BJM (J 3 14´)5

mbtgtn gstâl gl
gl kb rgkbmaýl fg = b :. Mbkmukb rgfumg8
gk prnfumtn fgk sgln y kb tblogltg fgk cbynr K 3 (j - bsglB) msmM
âloukn boufn fg fam`n traâloukn.

b) :/= j) =/: m) 2/9 b) b j) j m) m

f) 7/9 g) ?/9 f) m:  g) 2

  Gl ul traâloukn rgmtâloukn BJM (J 3 14´)5

 =.  Gl ul traâloukn
kb rgkbmaýl fg :rgmtâloukn kns mbtgtns
b 7. Mbkmukb gstâl fgk
gk prnfumtn glk
fg 1. rgfumg8
sgln y mnsgln fg uln fg kns âloukns boufns fgk K 3 (b . toB + m) sglM
traâloukn.
b) b j) j m) m
b) :/:1 j) 7/:1 m) 24/:1 f) j:  g) bm
f) 9/:1 g) 27/:1

24.  Gl ul traâloukn rgmtâloukn BJM (J 3 14´)5

rgfumg8
 6.  Gl ul traâloukn rgmtâloukn BJM (J 3 14´),
rgfumg8 2 + sglB - toB
K3 mnsB
2 - mnsM
K 3 bsglB sgmM

b) 2 j) b m) m bm
b) 2 j) bm m)
j:
f) j g) b: :
f) j
bm g) :
 7.  Gl ul traâloukn rgmtâloukn BJM (J 3 14´)5
rgfumg8
22.  ]aglfn κ ul âloukn boufn, tbk qug sglκ 3 2/6,
mbkmukb8
K 3 toB toM + 2
M 3 toκ . mnsκ
b) 2 j) : m) =
b) 27 j) 27 m) 2
f) 6 g) 9
f) 6 g) 2/6

9.  Gl ul traâloukn rgmtâloukn BJM (J 3 14´)5 2:.  ]aglfn β ul âloukn boufn, tbk qug mnsβ 3 :/=5
rgfumg8 mbkmukb gk vbknr fg M 3 to β . msmβ
: :
K 3 sgl B + sgl M

b) 2 j) j:  m) bm b) = j) : m) 2,7
: : :
f) b m   g) :j f) 4,7 g) 4,:7

Vraonlncgtrãb - 7tn. ]gmulfbrab 2?

 

Mnkgoan ‛]BLVABON BLVØLGX FG CBQNKN–

MBTÃVWKN V raonlncgtrãb
= Zbznlgs Vraonlncátrambs 
 fg Âloukns Boufns AA
NJHGVAYN]8

Zgmnlnmgr kns traâloukns rgmtâloukns lntbjkgs y mbkmukbr mnrrgmtbcgltg kbs rbznlgs traonlncátrambs fg sus âloukns
b 

boufns.
Zgmnlnmgr kbs prnpagfbfgs fg kbs rbznlgs traonlncátrambs fg kns âloukns boufns.
b 

 Vraâloukns Zgmtâloukns Lntbjkgs

6+: :
  ]nl bqugkkns traâloukns rgmtâloukns gl kns mubkgs, 2
mnlnmaglfn kbs cgfafbs fg sus âloukns boufns, sg pugfg
67´/:
prgmasbr n bprnxacbr kb rgkbmaýl gxastgltg gltrg sus kbfns.
Ybl b fgstbmbr kns saouagltgs8
saouagltgs8 :+2

24
67´ 2
: 2 =?´/:
=
67´
2

7
2
7=´/:
94´ :
:
2

=4´
= 7 : 0:´
2
0´
?

7=´
7 :7 ?6´
= ?
=?´ 29´
6 :6

20 Vraonlncgtrãb - 7tn. ]gmulfbrab

 

Mnkgoan ‛]BLVABON BLVØLGX FG CBQNKN–

 Bkoulbs Zbznlgs
Zbznlg s Vraonlncátrambs
(Mncpkgtb)
=4 ´ 94 ´ 67
´ =?
´ 7= ´ 29 ´ ?6
´ 0 ´ 0: ´

sgl
mns
to
mto
sgm
msm

Trnpagfbfgs fg kbs Z.V. Kugon, pnfgcns biarcbr qug8

2) Z.V. ZGMÃTZNMB
ZGMÃTZNMB]] ]a β + ΰ 3 14´,
Tbrb ul cascn âloukn boufn ‛ ΰ–, sg vgraiamb qug8 sg mucpkg8 sglβ 3 mnsΰ
  toβ  3 mtoΰ n
  sgmβ 3 msmΰ
sglΰ . msmΰ 3 2

mnsΰ . sgmΰ 3 2 ]a8 sglβ 3 mnsΰ

  toβ  3 mtoΰ β+ΰ3 14´
toΰ . mtoΰ 3 2
  sgmβ 3 msmΰ

Tnr ghgcpkn8 sgl:4´ msm:4´ 3 2

β y ΰ8 boufns
  to24´ mto24´ 3 2 Tnr ghgcpkn8
  mns6x sgm:4´ 3 2
 6x 3 :4´ sgl64´ 3 mns74´
   x 3 7´ to24´  3 mto04´
sgm:4´ 3 msm?4´
:) Z.V. FG ÂLOWKN] MNCTKGCGLVBZAN]
sgl=x 3 mns:x  =x + :x 3 14 ´
Lntgcns gl gk traâloukn cnstrbfn8 7x 3 14´   x 3 20´

M to6x3mto(x+24´) 6x+x+24´3 14´

7x 3 04´ x 3 29´
ΰ =) TZNTAGFBF IWLFBCGLVBK
Kbs rbznlgs traonlncátrambs fg kns âloukns boufns,
j b fgpglfgl fg kb cgfafb fg kns cascns y ln fg kns kbfns
fgk traâloukn rgmtâloukn gl qug sg ujaqugl8
I
β G
B m J J

sglβ 3 b/j sglΰ 3 m/j ΰ

B M F O
mnsβ 3 m/j mnsΰ 3 b/j
toβ  3 b/m toΰ  3 m/b JM
BJM 8 sglΰ 3 BM
mtoβ 3 m/b mtoΰ 3 b/m
sgmβ 3 j/m sgmΰ 3 j/b GF
BFG 8 sglΰ 3 BG
msmβ 3 j/b msmΰ 3 j/m
IO
Gs fgmar8 sglβ 3 mnsΰ BIO 8 sglΰ 3 BO
  toβ  3 mtoΰ
  sgmβ 3 msmΰ mucpkaálfnsg8 β + ΰ 3 14´ JM GF IO
sglΰ 3 3 3 3 ...
BM BG BO

Vraonlncgtrãb - 7tn. ]gmulfbrab 21

 

Mnkgoan ‛]BLVABON BLVØLGX FG CBQNKN–

Ghgcpkn 28 Zgsnkumaýl8
Fgk fbtn8 sgl6x msm(x + 6:´) 3 2
:   6x 3 x + 6:´
]aglfn mnsΰ 3 sgl =4´5 fnlfg ‛ΰ– gs boufn, mbkmukbr
  =x 3 6:´  x 3 26´
 ΰ
  M 3 toΰ to to(6x+6´)
: Kugon8 M3
mns(=x - 7´)
Zgsnkumaýl8
: to94´  =
Fgk fbtn8 mnsΰ 3 ( 2
:  ( M 3 mns=?´ 3 6 ∶  M 3 7 =
6
  7
2
mnsΰ 3 Ghgcpkn 68
6
kugon8 ]bjaglfn qug sgl7x 3 mnsx, mbkmukb8
M 3 to(x + 7¸)to(6x + 24¸)to:x

ΰ/:
Zgsnkumaýl8
27 Fg kb mnlfamaýl8
6
sgl7x 3 mnsx  7x + x 3 14¸
ΰ/:   ΰ   9x 3 14¸
2   x 3 27¸
M 3 toΰ to   ΰ kugon gl kb gxprgsaýl8
: M 3 to:4¸ to?4¸ to=4¸
M 3   27 .   27 3 27   ∶  M 3 =
2 7 7 M 3 to:4¸ mto:4¸ to=4¸
2 M 3 to=4¸   ∶  M 3 =/=
Ghgcpkn :8
Ghgcpkn 78
Fgk orâiamn, mbkmukb ‛toΰ–.
Mbkmukb ‛toΰ– b pbrtar fgk orâiamn cnstrbfn.
J M
24
ΰ

=?´   ΰ
B := M ΰ
Zgsnkumaýl8 B 7 F 6 J

Gl gk orâiamn8 Zgsnkumaýl8
B pbrtar fgk orâiamn8
J M

24 ΰ
9
c
=?´   ΰ
B 0 @ 27 M ΰ
B 7 F 6 J
:=
a) VVrbzbcn
rbzbcnss J@ BM
a) ]gb JM 3 c
aa) Gl B@J8 J@ 3 9 y B@ 3 0
@M 3 27 c ...(2)
aa) BJM 8 toΰ 3
9 1
  Gl   J@M8 toΰ 3
27   ∶
  toΰ 3 :
7 6 ...(:)
BJM 8 toΰ 3
c
Ghgcpkn =8
c 6 :
aoubkblfn8 3  c  3 =9
]bjaglfn qug sgl6x msm(x+6:´)32, mbkmukb8 1 c
to(6x+6´) gl(2)8   c 39
M3 toΰ 3 c 3 9
mns(=x - 7´)   ∶  toΰ 3 :/=
1 1

:4 Vraonlncgtrãb - 7tn. ]gmulfbrab

 

Mnkgoan ‛]BLVABON BLVØLGX FG CBQNKN–

Zgsnkvaglfn gl mkbsg

2 Fgk orâiamn, mbkmukb8 toΰ. = Fg bmugrfn bk orâiamn, mbkmukb ‛toβ–.

J J

67´   ΰ β
B 7 M B 6 1 M
@

Zgsnkumaýl8 Zgsnkumaýl8 

 Zptb8  Zptb8

: Fgk orâiamn, mbkmukb ‛toκ– sa BF 3 =FM. 6 Fg bmugrfn bk orâiamn, mbkmukb toβ.

B
M  
β
F
=
κ 2:?´ M
=4´ J 24
B J
Zgsnkumaýl8
Zgsnkumaýl8

 Zptb8  Zptb8

Vraonlncgtrãb - 7tn. ]gmulfbrab :2

 

Mnkgoan ‛]BLVABON BLVØLGX FG CBQNKN–

7 ]bjaglfn qug8 9 ]bjaglfn qug8

:sgl(:x+24´) to64´ mto64´32,
sgl74´ sgm64´
mbkmukb8 mnsΰ 3
=to24´ to04´ + :mto:4´ mto?4´
M 3 to:9x + sgm:(6x + 7´)  
ΰ
mbkmukb8 M 3 toΰ to
:
Zgsnkumaýl8
Zgsnkumaýl8

 Zptb8  Zptb8

B`nrb gl tu mubfgrln

?.  ]aglfn β ul âloukn boufn, tbk qug8 22. Gl gk mujn cnstrbfn, mbkmukb8
  =mnsβ-23 to2´ to:´ to=´ ...to01´, M 3 sglΰ toΰ
  mbkmukb8 M 3 6to:β + 7msm:β J‑ M‑

0.  ]a sgl(6x - 24´) msm(x + :4´)32 J M

  to6x 3 mto:y, fnlfg ‛x– g ‛y– tncbl sus cgln-
rgs vbknrgs pnsatavns, mbkmukb8 ΰ F‑
x
  M 3 sgm:(:y -  ) + to:9x
:
B F
1.  Fgk orâiamn,
orâiamn, mbkmukb
mbkmukb sglΰ.
22.  Fgk orâiamn, mbkmukb toΰ.
J B

ΰ C
@ M
B F

24.  ]a tox toy 3 2, fnlfg x g y snl boufns, mbkmukb8 ΰ

x+y x+y x+y
M 3 mto : mto = mto 6 N J

:: Vraonlncgtrãb - 7tn. ]gmulfbrab

 

Mnkgoan ‛]BLVABON BLVØLGX FG CBQNKN–

 Tbrb rginrzbr

2. Mbkmukb8 9.  ]aglfn sgl=x msm(x + :4´)3 2,

  mbkmukb8 M 3 to9x sgm(6x + 7´)
:sgl=4´ + sgm:67´  
M3 :
to =4´ b) = j) =/: m) 9
f) 9/: g) 9/=
b) = j) 2 m) 9
f) 1 g) 2:
:.  ]aglfn sglΰ 3 :to29´5 ‛ΰ– gs boufn, mbkmukb8 ?.  ]aglfn to6x mto(x + 60´) 3 2,
  mbkmukb8 M 3 msmx + mtox
2
  M 3 toΰ mnsΰ 3 mto7=´
= b) 2 j) = m) 7
  f) ? g) 1
b) : j) 2 m) 2/:
f) 2/= g) :/=
 =.  ]a ‛β– gs ul âloukn boufn, tbk qug8 0.  Mbkmukb8
  toβ 3 (sgm=?´ - to=?´)sgl 67´ :   M 3 (sgl:4´ + =mns?4´)sgm?4´
  mbkmukb8
2 b) : j) 6 m) 9
  M 3 1sgl:β + mns:β
  : f) = g) 0
b) 2 j) : m) 29/2?
f) 20/2? g) = 1.  Mbkmukb8
 6.  Fgk orâiamn, mbkmukb toω. (=to24´ - mto04´)mto24´
  M 3 (7mns64´ - :sgl74´)sgm64´
J
b) :/= j) =/: m) :
7 f) 6 g) 6/=

=?´   ω
B 9 M 24.  ]a sgl7x 3 mns6x, fgtgrcalb8
M 3 sgl=x mns9x
b) 2 j) : m) 2/:
f) =/: g) :/= b) 2/: j) 2/6 m) 2/0
f) =/: g) =/6
 7.  ]a gk traâloukn BJM gs gquakâtgrn, mbkmukb ‛to κ–
sa JF 3 6FM. 22. Fgtgrcalb gk vbknr fg8
J   K 3 (sgm:67´ + = to94´)
(msm=?´ + mto=?´) mns94´

F b) 7 j) = m) =,7
κ
f) ? g) ?,7

B M
2:.  ]aglfn mnsΰ 3 to6=4´ y ΰ gs boufn, mbkmukb8
 =  = : = ΰ
b) j) m)   M 3 toΰ mto
= 9 = :
f) g) = =
 6= 6 b) 6 j) 7 m) ?
f) 1 g) 24

Vraonlncgtrãb - 7tn. ]gmulfbrab :=

 

Mnkgoan ‛]BLVABON BLVØLGX FG CBQNKN–

MBTÃVWKN V raonlncgtrãb
6 Zbznlgs Vraonlncátrambs 
 fg Âloukns Boufns AAA
NJHGVAYN]8

b  Fgtgrcalbr kns kbfns fgsmnlnmafns fg ul traâloukn rgmtâloukn gl iulmaýl

iulmaýl fg ul kbfn y âloukn boufn mnlnmafn.
b  Fgtgrcalbr gk ârgb fg ul traâloukn mubkquagrb.

Mâkmukn fg Kbfns =.
Gs gk prnmgfacagltn cgfabltg gk mubk sg fgtgrcalbl kns

kbfns
fg ul fgsmnlnmafns fg ul traâloukn
kbfn y fg ul âloukn rgmtâloukn,
boufn mnlnmafns. Tbrbglfam`n
iulmaýl
ial, K  y
usbrgcns gk saouagltg mratgran8 β

x
kbfn fgsmnlnmafn
3 Z.V
Z.V.. ( mnlnmaf
mnlnmafn)
n)
kbfn mnlnmafn
x  y
3 mnsβ 3 sglβ
K K
MB]N]8
 y3 Ksglβ
2. x3 Kmnsβ

x ZG]WCAGLFN8
 y

β
K
Ksgmβ
Ktoβ
 y x
3 toβ 3 sgmβ β
K K
K
x3 Ksgmβ

:. Kmsmβ
K
 y
K β

β Kmtoβ

x
K  y
x  y
K 3 mtoβ K 3 msmβ β
x3 Kmtoβ Kmnsβ
 y3 Kmsmβ

:6 Vraonlncgtrãb - 7tn. ]gmulfbrab

 

Mnkgoan ‛]BLVABON BLVØLGX FG CBQNKN–

 Ârgb fg ulb rgoaýl traâloukbr  ]3

Kmnsΰ . Ksglΰ
:
Gk ârgb fg ul traâloukn gs aoubk bk sgcaprnfumtn fg fns fg
sus kbfns cuktapkambfns pnr gk sgln fgk âloukn qug inrcbl.
:
J ∶  ] 3 K sglΰ mnsΰ
:
κ
m
`
b Ghgcpkn :8
β Gl ul traâloukn asýsmgkgs, gk kbfn fgsaoubk cafg ‛K– y uln
B @ fg kns âloukns mnlorugltgs cafg ‛ ΰ–. Gxprgsb gk pgrãcgtrn
j
fgk traâloukn
traâlou kn gl iulmaýl fg ‛K– y ‛ΰ–.
j.`
* Gl gk orâiamn8 ]BJM 3 : ...(2) Zgsnkumaýl8
Orbiamblfn8
* Gl B@J8 ` 3 m sglβ

j . m sglβ J
  Gl (2)8 ]BJM 3
:

K
j.m sgmΰ
  ∶ ]BJM 3 sglβ :
:

Blâknobcgltg8 ΰ   ΰ
bm B K/: @ K/: M
jm sglκ
]BJM 3 sglβ 3
: : K

bj
sglΰ a) Vrbzbcn
rbzbcnss J@ BM ↚B@ 3 @M
3
:  
K
3
:

GHGZMAMAN] ZG]WGKVN] aa) B@J8 BJ3

K
sgmΰ 3 JM
:

Ghgcpkn 28
K K
Gl ul traâloukn rgmtâloukn, uln fg sus âloukns boufns aaa) :TBJM 3 K + sgmΰ  + : sgmΰ
:
cafg ‛ΰ– y kb `apntglusb cafg ‛K–.
‛K–. Gxprgsb gk ârgb fgk
  3 K + Ksgm ΰ
traâloukn
traâlo ukn gl iulmaýl
iul maýl fg ‛K–
‛K– y ‛ΰ–.
Zgsnkumaýl8 ∶  :TBJM 3 K(2+ sgmΰ)

Orbiamblfn8
M Ghgcpkn =8
K Fg bmugrfn b kn cnstrbfn gl gk orâiamn, mbkmukb8
Ksglΰ
K 3 mtoβ + mtoΰ
]
ΰ
B J
J
Kmnsΰ
`
β ΰ
tglgcns8
  JM
BJ 3
3 Ksgl
ΰ
Kmnsΰ B M
kugon8 @
7`

Vraonlncgtrãb - 7tn. ]gmulfbrab :7

 

Mnkgoan ‛]BLVABON BLVØLGX FG CBQNKN–

Zgsnkumaýl8 a) B@J 8 @J 3 :?sglΰ

 
Fgk orâiamn8 aa) JT@8 @T 3 J@
@T 3 :?sglΰ . sglΰ
  @T 3 :? sgl:ΰ
J TR
aaa) @RT 8 sglΰ 3 @T

` 2
β ΰ   sglΰ 3
B M :?sgl:ΰ
`mtoβ `mtoΰ 2
⇚ sgl=ΰ 3
:?
7`
2
⇚ sglΰ 3
a) B@J 8 B@ 3 `mtoβ =
 
aa) J@M 8 @M 3 `mtoΰ mncn pafgl ‛toΰ–, gltnlmgs8

aaa) B@ + @M 3 BM
  `mtoβ + `mtoΰ 3 7`
=
  rgfumaglfn8 2
  mtoβ + mtoΰ 3 7 ΰ
K
: :
2 :
∶  K 3 7 toΰ 3 .
: : :

:
Ghgcpkn 68 ∶  toΰ 3
6

Fg bmugrfn bk orâiamn, mbkmukb8 toΰ sa BJ 3 :?mc y TR 3 2 mc.

Ghgcpkn 78
M
R Gl ul traâloukn BJM8 BJ 3 6mc,
@ T JM 3 7mc y cBJM 3 ?6´.
Mbkmukb kb supgriamag fgk traâloukn.

ΰ
B J Zgsnkumaýl8

Zgsnkumaýl8
?6´
6 7
Fgk orâiamn8
]
M
R B M
@ ΰ T
:?sgl:ΰ
6.7 :6 60
]BJM 3 : sgl?6´ 324 . :7 3 7
:?sglΰ
ΰ
ΰ
B :? J ∶  ]BJM 3 1,9 mc:

:9 Vraonlncgtrãb - 7tn. ]gmulfbrab

 

Mnkgoan ‛]BLVABON BLVØLGX FG CBQNKN–

Zgsnkvaglfn gl mkbsg

2  Gl ul traâlou
traâloukn
kn rgmtâlou
rgmtâloukn,
kn, uln fg sus
sus âloukns
âloukns = B pbrtar fgk orâiamn cnstrbfn, gxprgsb ‛x– gl
boufns cafg ‛ΰ– y gk mbtgtn npugstn b ák cafg iulmaýl fg ‛β–, ‛κ– y ‛K–.

‛K–. Gxprgsb gk pgrãcgtrn fgk traâloukn gl

‛K–. M
iulmaýl fg K y ‛ΰ–.
κ
K
Zgsnkumaýl8
β
B F x J

Zgsnkumaýl8

 Zptb8  Zptb8

: B pbrtar fgk orâiamn, fgtgrcalb ‛x– gl iulmaýl 6 B pbrtar fgk orâiamn cnstrbfn, gxprgsb ‛x– gl
fg ‛`–, ‛β– y ‛ΰ–. iulmaýl fg ‛K–, ‛β– y ‛ΰ–
M
F
ΰ

` K M

β x
B F J β
ΰ
x B J

Zgsnkumaýl8 Zgsnkumaýl8

 Zptb8  Zptb8

Vraonlncgtrãb - 7tn. ]gmulfbrab :?

 

Mnkgoan ‛]BLVABON BLVØLGX FG CBQNKN–

7 Fg bmugrfn bk orâiamn, mbkmukb gk vbknr fg8 9 Fg bmugrfn bk orâiamn, mbkmukb gk vbknr fg8
M 3 mtoβ + mtoΰ. M 3 mtoβ - mtoκ.

J M
 

B β ΰ M β   κ
B F J
7`

Zgsnkumaýl8 Zgsnkumaýl8

 Zptb8  Zptb8

B`nrb gl tu mubfgrln

?.  Fg bmugrfn bk orâiamn, fgtgrcalb ‛x– gl iul- 1.  Mbkmukb kb supgriamag fg ul tgrrgln qug taglg kbs
maýl fg kns fbtns alfambfns. facglsanlgs cnstrbfbs8
2
(sglΰ 3 ) 
: 7
` ΰ
J 64c M
f 7=¸
ΰ
K 04c
64c

β F
B
x
24.  Gl ul tgrrgln marmukbr sg tncb ulb znlb mncn
kb cnstrbfb pbrb mrgbr ul kuobr fg rgmrgn pbrb
laòns. Fgtgrcalb su supgriamag.
supgriamag.
0.  Wl tgrrgln trabloukbr gstâ mgrmbfn mnl bkbc-
jrgs fg knloatufgs 244c y 04 c, inrcblfn
c
ul âloukn fg 7=´. ¾Muâk gs kb supgriamag fgk
tgrrgln> ΰ
N
l

:0 Vraonlncgtrãb - 7tn. ]gmulfbrab

 

Mnkgoan ‛]BLVABON BLVØLGX FG CBQNKN–

22.  Gl ul traâloukn asýsmgkgs BJM (BJ 3 JM), 2:. Gl ul traâloukn rgmtâloukn BJM (J 3 14´)5
sg sbjg qug su pgrãcgtrn gs ‛:p– y uln fg kns MBJ 3 β. @bkkb8
âloukns mnlorugltgs cafg ‛ΰ–. @bkkb8 ]
(]8 ârgb fgk ∉ BJM)
JM:
 

:p
j 5 (BM 3 j)

 Tbrb rginrzbr

2.  Gl ul traâloukn rgmtâloukn uln fg kns âloukns b) Kmtoβ 

boufns cafg ‛κ– y gk mbtgtn npugstn b ák cafg
K. @bkkb gk cbynr kbfn fgk traâloukn. j) Ktoβ

m) Ksgmβ
b) Ksglκ 
f) Kmnsβ 
j) Kmsmκ
m) Kmnsκ g) Kmsmβ 
f) Ksgmκ 
g) Kmtoκ 
 6.  Gl ul traâloukn rgmtâloukn uln fg sus
âloukns boufns cafg κ  y gk cbynr fg sus
:.  Gl ul traâloukn rgmtâloukn uln fg kns âloukns
boufns cafg ‛ΰ– y gk mbtgtn bfybmgltg b ák kbfns cafg fg
gl iulmaýl K. KGxprgsb
y κ. gk ârgb fgk traâloukn
cafg K. @bkkb gk ntrn mbtgtn.

b) Ksglΰ  b) K:sglκ 
j) Kmnsΰ
j) K:mnsβ
m) Ktoΰ
f) Kmtoΰ  K:

g) Ksgmΰ  m) : sglκ

K:
 =.  Gl ul traâloukn rgmtâloukn uln fg sus âloukns f) :  sglκmnsκ

boufns cafg ‛β
K. Fgtgrcalb gk–mbtgtn
y gk cbynr fg sus bkbfns
bfybmgltg β cafg g) K:sglκmnsκ

Vraonlncgtrãb - 7tn. ]gmulfbrab :1

 

Mnkgoan ‛]BLVABON BLVØLGX FG CBQNKN–

 7.  B pbrtar fgk orâiamn, fgtgrcalb ‛x– gl iulmaýl fg 1.  Wlb gsmbkgrb gstâ bpnybfb gl kn bktn fg ul gfaiaman
‛`–, ‛β– y ‛κ–. fg bkturb ‛`–, inrcblfn ul âloukn boufn ‛ ω– mnl
gk sugkn. Fgtgrcalb kb knloatuf fg kb gsmbkgrb.

J
b) `sglω 
j) `mnsω 
` m) `sgmω
β   κ
B M f) `msmω
g) `mtoω
x

b) `(mnsβ + mnsκ) 24. Kns rbyns snkbrgs almafgl gl ulb tnrrg inrcblfn
ul âloukn boufn ‛β– mnl gkkb. ]a kb bkturb fg kb
j) `(sglβ + sglκ)
tnrrg gs ‛`–, ¾muâk gs kb knloatuf fg kb sncjrb qug
m) `(toβ + toκ) prnygmtb>
f) `(mtoβ + mtoκ)
g) `(sgmβ + sgmκ) b) `sglΰ 
j) `mnsΰ 

9.  
9. Gl ul traâloukn BJM, BJ 3 :, JM 3 7 y BJM 3 7= ´. m) `toΰ
¾Muâk gs gk ârgb fgk traâloukn> f) `mtoΰ
g) `sgmΰ
b) : u: 
j) = u:  22.  Wlb tnrrg prnygmtb ulb sncjrb fg knloatuf ‛K–
‛K–
mublfn kns rbyns snkbrgs inrcbl mnl gk sugkn ul
m) 6 u:
âloukn boufn ‛ΰ–. ¾Muâk gs kb bkturb fg kb tnrrg>
f) 7 u: 
g) 9 u:
b) Ksglΰ 
j) Kmnsΰ 
?.  Gl ul traâloukn BJM, BM30, BJ36 y JBM3 ΰ  m) Ktoΰ
(toΰ 3 =/ ?). Mbkmukb gk ârgb fgk traâloukn.
traâloukn. f) Kmtoΰ
g) Ksgmΰ
b) 9u: 
j) 0 u:  2:.  Wlb gsmbkgrb gstâ bpnybfb gl ulb pbrgf inrcblfn
m) 24 u: ul âloukn boufn ‛β– mnl gk sugkn. ]a fgsmaglfg
fgsmaglfg
su pultn fg bpnyn, gl gk gfaiaman, ulb knloatuf ‛K–
‛K–
f) 2:u: 
inrcblfn b`nrb ul âloukn boufn ‛ ω– mnl gk sugkn.
g) 20 u: Fgtgrcalb kb knloatuf fg kb gsmbkgrb gl iulmaýl fg
K, β y ω.
0.  Gl ul traâloukn BJM, sg sbjg qug su ârgb gs aoubk b
6u:5 bfgcâs BJ 3 9 y JM 3 6. Mbkmukb sgl BJM. b) K(sglβ - sglκ)
j) K(toβ  - toω)
K
b) 2/: m) sglβ - sglω

j) 2/= K
f) toβ - toω
m) 2/6
f) 2/7 K
g) 2/9 g) mnsω - mnsβ

=4 Vraonlncgtrãb - 7tn. ]gmulfbrab

 

Mnkgoan ‛]BLVABON BLVØLGX FG CBQNKN–

MBTÃVWKN V raonlncgtrãb
7 Âloukns Ygrtambkgs y @nraznltbkgs 
NJHGVAYN]8
Altgrprgtbr mnrrgmtbcgltg kns glulmabfns rgspgmtn b âloukns vgrtambkgs y `nraznltbkgs5 pbrb su pnstgranr rgprgsgltbmaýl
b 

orâiamb.
Bpkambr kns bpultgs fg rbznlgs traonlncátrambs fg âloukns boufns b kb rgsnkumaýl fg kns glulmabfns bltgranrgs.
b 

 Âloukns Ygrtambkgs Lnrtg (L)

J
B
]nl bqugkkns âloukns ujambfns gl ul pkbln vgrtambk, qug
gl kb prâmtamb snl inrcbfns pnr ulb kãlgb vasubk y ulb
kãlgb `nraznltbk, mncn rgsuktbfn fg `bjgrsg gigmtubfn ulb
njsgrvbmaýl5 tbk mncn sg cugstrb gl gk orâiamn. Z 
Ngstg (N) Gstg (G)

 u b k
 s u
 v a s
 v M
 l g b
 K ã l
β Kãlgb
κ `nraznltbk ]ur (])
K  ã   
l g  
b   
v  a  
s  u  
b  k    LNVBMAÝL FG WLB FAZGMMAÝL
L

:4¸
N Z  G
β ∯ κ8 âloukns vgrtambkgs
β 8 fg gkgvbmaýl ]
κ 8 fg fgprgsaýl
‛B– gstâ bk G:4¸ L fg ‛Z–.
‛B– gstâ
g stâ :4¸ bk lnrtg fgk gstg fg ‛Z–.

 Âloukns @nraznltbkgs L

]nl bqugkkns âloukns ujambfns gl ul pkbln `nraznltbk, J

qug snl fgtgrcalbfns pnr gk usn fg ul alstrucgltn fg
94¸
lbvgobmaýl fglncalbfn Znsb Lâutamb, qug gs ul sastgcb
fg rgigrglmab mncn gk cnstrbfn gl gk orâiamn bfhultn, N Z  G
fnlfg sg cugstrbl kns pultns mbrfalbkgs y bk pultn ‛Z–
sg kg fglncalb rgigrglmab b pbrtar fgk mubk sg ghgmutbl ]
kb knmbkazbmaýl fg ntrns pultns (pgrsnlbs, maufbfgs, gtm.) ‛J– gstâ bk L94¸ N fg ‛Z–.
cgfabltg gk trbzbfn fg fargmmanlgs,
fargmmanlgs, tbkgs mncn ZB, ZJ y ZM.
ZM . ‛J– gstâ 94¸ bk ngstg fgk lnrtg fg ‛Z–.

Vraonlncgtrãb - 7tn. ]gmulfbrab =2

 

Mnkgoan ‛]BLVABON BLVØLGX FG CBQNKN–

L
L
N G
N β
2
ΰ N ]N
Z  G 6
N]N
2
]N N
6
]N 2
M ]N ]
6 2
] ]]N ] ]N
6 ]

L
‛M– gstâ bk Nΰ] fg ‛Z–.
‛M– gstâ ΰ bk sur fgk gstg fg ‛Z–. N G
β
2
G ]G
6
G]G
L 2
]G G
6
2 ]G
]G ]
2 6
N Z    β ] ]]G
G ] ]G
6

  Gl mbfb uln fg gstns mbsns8

F β 3 22´27‑
τ
]
  β 3 29 rbf

‛F– gstâ bk Gβ] fg ‛Z–.

‛F– gstâ β bk sur fgk gstg fg ‛Z–.
MNCGLVBZAN
FAZGMMANLG] LNVBJKG]
]g fgtgrcalbl pnr gk trbzbfn fg jasgmtramgs fg cblgrb
mnlsgmutavb gltrg kns ghgs
ghgs pralmapbkgs. Tnr ghgcpkn8  
Kns prnjkgcbs fg gstg mbpãtukn snl lgtbcgltg tgxtubkgs, pnr
kn qug kb gkbjnrbmaýl fgk orâiamn fg kns cascns vb b almafar
iugrtgcgltg gl kb rgsnkumaýl
rgsnkumaýl fg ástns. ]g rgmncaglfb
gkbjnrbr ul orâiamn sglmakkn pgrn cuy rgigrglmabk, qug
pgrcatb vasubkazbr tnfns kns fbtns qug sg alfaqugl gl gk tgxtn
y sg rgmnlnzmb tbcjaál kb almýolatb fgk cascn.

2
L L LG
6 LLG
GHGZMAMAN] ZG]WGKVN]
2
LG L
6 LG
2
LG G Ghgcpkn 28
6 GLG
2 Fgsfg ul pultn gl tagrrb sg favasb kn bktn fg ulb tnrrg fg
G G
β
6 =9 c fg bkturb mnl ul âloukn fg gkgvbmaýl fg =? ¸. ¾B quá
fastblmab fg kb jbsg fg kb tnrrg sg glmugltrb gk pultn fg
N G
njsgrvbmaýl>
]
Zgsnkumaýl8

Orbiamblfn8
2
L LN L
LLN 6
2
LN L 7e
LN
2
6 =e =9
LN N
NLN
6 =?¸ 6e
//3//3//3//3//3//3//3//3//3// 
2
N LN x
6
β

N G a) =e 3 =9 ↚  e 3 2:
] aa) x 3 6e ↚  x 3 60c

=: Vraonlncgtrãb - 7tn. ]gmulfbrab

 

Mnkgoan ‛]BLVABON BLVØLGX FG CBQNKN–

Ghgcpkn :8 Ghgcpkn 68
Fgsfg kn bktn fg ul gfaiaman sg favasbl fns njhgtns Wl hnvgl sbkg fg su mbsb y rgmnrrg 244c bk L=? ¸G, kugon
gl fargmmanlgs npugstbs mnl âloukns fg fgprgsaýl 74 : c bk ]G `bstb ul pultn qug gs vastn fgsfg su mbsb gl
mncpkgcgltbrans. ]a uln fg kns âloukns cafg ‛ΰ–, mbkmukb8 kb fargmmaýl GβL. Mbkmukb ‛toβ–.
Zgsnkumaýl8
M 3 to:ΰ + mto:ΰ sa kb fastblmab gltrg kns njhgtns gs aoubk b
Orbiamblfn8
= vgmgs kb bkturb fgk gfaiaman.
Zgsnkumaýl8 L

Orbiamblfn8 T 94 J 74 R
67¸
T 74
ΰ 14¸ - ΰ
- ΰ 74 :
04
ΰ 244 M

` L =?¸
β
ΰ N B ]
B J ]
`mtoΰ @ `toΰ
Gs rgmncglfbjkg, bltg gk trbzbfn fg vbrabs fargmmanlgs,
=`
prnknlobr kns ghgs pralmapbkgs inrcblfn ul rgmtâloukn pbrb
a) ]g lntb qug8 kugon trbjbhbr gl mbfb traâloukn rgmtâloukn oglgrbfn8
  B@T8 B@ 3 `mtoΰ BTJ8 BJ 3 244
  T@J8 @J 3 `toΰ ↚ TJ 3 94 y BT 3 04
aa) B@ + @J 3 BJ 3 =`
  `mtoΰ + `toΰ 3 =` JRM8 JM 3 74 : 
  rgfumaglfn8 ↚ JR 3 RM 3 74
  toΰ + mtoΰ 3 = B]M8 M] 3=4 y B] 3 224
  gkgvblfn bk mubfrbfn8 =
=4 ∶ toβ 3
  (toΰ + mtoΰ): 3 =:   ↚ ttoβ 3 22
224
  to: ΰ+ :toΰmtoΰ + mto:ΰ 3 1
2 Ghgcpkn 78
Fgsfg fns pultns gl tagrrb ujambfns bk sur y bk gstg fg ulb
  to:ΰ + : + mto :ΰ 3 1
∶ M3? tnrrg, sg favasb su pbrtg câs bktb mnl âloukns fg gkgvbmaýl
  to:ΰ+mto:ΰ 3 ?
fg 67¸ y =?¸. ]a kb tnrrg cafg 60c, ¾quá fastblmab gxastg
gxastg
M gltrg kns pultns fg njsgrvbmaýl>
Zgsnkumaýl8
Ghgcpkn =8
Gl gstg mbsn sg mncjalbl kns âloukns vgrtambkgs y
]gòbkb kb cgfafb fgk cglnr âloukn inrcbfn pnr kbs `nraznltbkgs5 kn qug vb b njkaobrlns b gkbjnrbr ulb inrcb
fargmmanlgs L:4¸G y ]64¸G. pbrtamukbr fg orâiamn8 R
Zgsnkumaýl8
Orbiamblfn, tglgcns8
60
L
L
=?¸
:4¸ N 96 J
T G
]
x
67¸ 60 x
N G
64¸
B

 H a) BTR 8 BT 3 TR ↚TB 3 60
:4¸ + x + 64¸ 3 204¸ aa) RTJ 8 TR 3 60 ↚TJ 3 96
x + 94¸ 3 204¸ :
aaa) BTJ 8 x: 3 60: +:96:
  x 3U=(29)S +U6(29)S:
∶ x 3 2:4¸   ∶ x 3 04 c
  x:3U7(29)S:

Vraonlncgtrãb - 7tn. ]gmulfbrab ==


Mnkgoan ‛]BLVABON BLVØLGX FG CBQNKN–
Zgsnkvaglfn gl mkbsg
2 Fgsfg ul pultn gl tagrrb ujambfn b 60 c y bk
ngstg fg ulb tnrrg, sg vg su pbrtg câs bktb mnl
ul âloukn fg gkgvbmaýl fg 29¸. ¾Muâk gs kb bkturb
fg kb tnrrg>
Zgsnkumaýl8
 Zptb8  
: Fgsfg fns pultns gl tagrrb ujambfns bk sur y
bk gstg fg ulb tnrrg fg 24c fg bkturb, sg vg su
pbrtg câs bktb mnl âloukns fg gkgvbmaýl fg =4¸ y
67¸, rgspgmtavbcgltg. ¾Muâk gs kb fastblmab qug
sgpbrb b kns pultns fg njsgrvbmaýl>
Zgsnkumaýl8
 Zptb8  
=6
= Fgsfg ul pultn gl tagrrb sg vg kn bktn fg ul
gfaiaman fg bkturb ‛`–, mnl ul âloukn fg gkgvb-
maýl ‛β–. ]a lns bmgrmbcns ulbulb fastblmab ‛f–,
‛f–,
gk âloukn fg gkgvbmaýl gs ‛ β–. @bkkb ‛f–.
Zgsnkumaýl8
Zptb8
6 Fgsfg ul pultn gl tagrrb sg vg kn bktn fg ulb
tnrrg mnl ul âloukn fg gkgvbmaýl ‛ ω–. ]a lns
bkghbcns ulb fastblmab ‛K–, gk âloukn fg gkgvb-
maýl gs ‛κ–. Fgtgrcalb kb bkturb fg kb tnrrg.
Zgsnkumaýl8
Zptb8
Vraonlncgtrãb - 7tn. ]gmulfbrab

7 Fgsfg ul pultn gl tagrrb sg vg kn bktn fg ul
pnstg mnl ul âloukn fg gkgvbmaýl ‛β–.
(toβ 3 2/?). ]a lns bmgrmbcns
bmgrmbcns :4c, gk âloukn
âloukn
fg gkgvbmaýl gs ‛κ– (toκ  3 2/=), ¾Muâk gs
gs kb
bkturb fgk pnstg>
Zgsnkumaýl8
 Zptb8  
B`nrb gl tu mubfgrln
?.  Wl laòn fg gstbturb ‛`– vg kns nhns y pags fg su
pbfrg, fg gstbturb ‛@–, mnl âloukns fg gkgvb-
maýl y fgprgsaýl ‛β– y ‛κ–, rgspgmtavbcgltg.
@ gs fg 67¸. ¾Muâk gs kb bkturb fgk pnstg>
@bkkb
`
0.  Wl cbrbtnlastb rgmnrrg ulb fastblmab
fastb lmab ‛K–
‛K– bk
LβG, kugon kb cascb fastblmab ‛K– ‛K– bk gstg, y
ialbkcgltg ntrb fastblmab ‛K– ‛K– bk ] βG `bstb
ujambrsg bk gstg fg su pbrtafb. ¾B quá fastblmab
fgk pultn fg pbrtafb sg glmugltrb>
1.  Wl hnvgl sbkg fg su mbsb rgmnrraglfn ulb
fastblmab ‛b– bk GΰL y kugon ulb fastblmab ‛j–
‛ j–
bk ] ωG, `bstb ul pultn fgsfg gk mubk fgjgrãb
mbcalbr ‛x– bk sur pbrb ujambrsg bk gstg fg su
mbsb. Fgtgrcalb ‛x–.
Vraonlncgtrãb - 7tn. ]gmulfbrab
Mnkgoan ‛]BLVABON BLVØLGX FG CBQNKN–
9 Fgsfg ul pultn gl tagrrb sg vg kn bktn fg ul
gfaiaman fg bkturb ‛`– mnl ul âloukn fg gkg-
vbmaýl ‛β– (toβ 3 2/6) y sa lns bkghbcns ulb
fastblmab ‛K– gk âloukn fg gkgvbmaýl gs ‛ κ–
K
(toκ 3 2/1). Mbkmukb
`
Zgsnkumaýl8
Zptb8
24.  Fgsfg ul pultn gl tagrrb sg vg kn bktn fg ul pns-
tg mnl ul âloukn fg gkgvbmaýl ‛ β– (toβ 3 2/9)5
 y sa lns bmgrmbcns =4 c gk âloukn
âlo ukn fg gkgvbmaýl
22.  Fgsfg kn bktn fg ulb bltglb fg 6 c fg knloatuf,
sg vg ul njhgtn gl gk sugkn mnl ul âloukn fg
fgprgsaýl ‛:κ–, lntâlfnsg qug kb vasubk trbzbfb
cafg 64 c. ]a fgsfg kn bktn fgk gfaiaman gl qug sg
glmugltrb kb bltglb, sg njsgrvb gk cascn njhgtn
mnl ul âloukn fg fgprgsaýl ‛ κ–5 mbkmukb toκ.
2:.  Fgsfg kn bktn fg ul gfaiaman sg vgl b ul cascn
kbfn, fns njhgtns ‛B– y ‛J– gl tagrrb, mnl âloukns
âlo ukns
fg fgprgsaýl ‛β– y ‛κ–, rgspgmtavb-cgltg (β ; κ).
]a tbcjaál sg vg gk pultn cgfan ‛C– gltrg ‛B– y
‛J– mnl ul âloukn fgprgsaýl fg 67 ¸5 mbkmukb8
  H 3 mtoβ + mtoκ 
=7
 

Mnkgoan ‛]BLVABON BLVØLGX FG CBQNKN–

 Tbrb rginrzbr

2.  Fgsfg ul pultn gl tagrrb sg favasb kn bktn fg ?.  ]gòbkb kb cgfafb fgk cbynr âloukn inrcbfn
ul gfaiaman fg 60 c fg bkturb mnl ul âloukn pnr kbs fargmmanlgs L=4 ¸G y N24¸].
fg gkgvbmaýl fg =?¸. Mbkmukb kb fastblmab fgk
pultn fg njsgrvbmaýl b kb jbsg fgk gfaiaman. b) :24¸  j) ::4¸  m) :=4¸
  f) :64¸ g) :74¸
b) =: c j) =9 c m) 79 c
f) 96 c g) 04 c
0.  Wl laòn rgmnrrg :4c bk L=?¸ G y kugon 6c
bk gstg, ¾B quá fastblmab sg glmugltrb fg su
:.  Fgsfg ul pultn gl tagrrb ujambfn b ?:c fg kb pultn fg pbrtafb>
jbsg fg ulb tnrrg, sg favasb su pbrtg câs bktb
mnl ul âloukn fg gkgvbmaýl fg 7=¸. ¾Muâk gs b) 94 c j) =: c
kb bkturb fg kb tnrrg> m) 2: : c
  f) 29 : c g) :4 : c
b) 96 c j) 244 c m) 19 c
f) 76 c g) 22: c 1.  Wl hnvgl rgmnrrg 2:4 c bk ]=4 ¸G y kugon 2:4
c bk ngstg. ¾B quá fastblmab sg glmugltrb fg
 =.  Fgsfg kn bktn fg ul ibrn fg bkturb ‛`– sg fava-
sb ul jbrmn mnl ul âloukn fg fgprgsaýl ‛ΰ–. su pultn fg pbrtafb>
Fgtgrcalb kb fastblmab b kb qug sg glmugltrb b) 2:4 c j) :64 c
gk jbrmn, fg kb jbsg fgk ibrn. m) 2:4 = c
  f) :64 = c g) 94 = c
b) `mnsΰ j) `mtoΰ m) `toΰ
f) `sglΰ g) `sgmΰ

24.  Wl cbrbtnlastb rgmnrrg 7 ec bk LΰG y kugon

 6. Fgsfg ul pultn gl tagrrb sg vg kn bktn fg
2: ec bk Gΰ], `bstb ujambrsg bk gstg fg su
ul pnstg fg ?c fg bkturb, mnl ul âloukn fg
pultn fg pbrtafb. Mbkmukb msmΰ.
gkgvbmaýl fg 29¸. ¾Ruá fastblmab `bjrãb qug
bmgrmbrlns pbrb qug gk âloukn fg gkgvbmaýl
b) 2,9 j) :,7 m) :,6
sgb fg 67¸>
f) :,9 g) 2,6

b) 27 c j) 29 c m) 2? c
f) 20 c g) 21 c 22.  Wl cývak rgmnrrg
rgmnrrg ulb fastblmab ‛b–
‛b– gl kb
 7. Fgsfg ul pultn gl tagrrb sg vá kn bktn fg ulb fargmmaýl GΰL y kugon ulb magrtb fastblmab bk
tnrrg mnl ul âloukn fg gkgvbmaýl fg 67¸. ]a LΰN `bstb ujambrsg bk lnrtg fg su pultn fg
kb tnrrg cafg 20c, ¾quá fastblmab tglfrãbcns pbrtafb b ulb fastblmab ‛x–. Fgtgrcalb x.
qug bkghbrlns pbrb qug gk âloukn fg gkgvbmaýl
b) bsglΰ j) bsgmΰ m) bmsmΰ
sgb fg =?¸>
f) bmtoΰ g) btoΰ
b) = c j) 6 c m) 7 c
f) 9 c g) 0 c 2:. Fgsfg ul pultn gl tagrrb ujambfn b 64 c y bk
sur fg kb jbsg fg ulb tnrrg, sg vg su pbrtg câs
9.  ]gòbkb kb cgfafb fgk cglnr âloukn inrcbfn bktb mnl ul âloukn fg gkgvbmaýl fg =?¸. ¾Muâk
pnr kbs fargmmanlgs L64 ¸G y ]:4¸N. gs kb bkturb fg kb tnrrg>

b) 2:4¸  j) 2=4¸  m) 264¸ b) 64 c j) =: c m) =4 c

f) 274¸  g) 294¸ f) :0 c g) :6 c

=9 Vraonlncgtrãb - 7tn. ]gmulfbrab

 

Mnkgoan ‛]BLVABON BLVØLGX FG CBQNKN–

MBTÃVWKN V raonlncgtrãb
9
]astgcb Mbrtgsabln
NJHGVAYN]8
b Wjambr mnrrgmtbcgltg
mnrrgmtbcgltg kns pultns gl gk pkbln mbrtgsabln, ulb vgz mnlnmafns sus mncpnlgltgs.
 Bpkambr mnrrgmtb
b  mnrrgmtbcgltg
cgltg kbs iýrcukb
iýrcukbss fg fastblma
fastblmabb gltrg fns pultns, pultn cgfan fg ul sgogcgltn y mâkmukn fg kb supgriamag
fg ul traâloukn

Tkbln Mbrtgsabln  y

Gs bqugk sastgcb fg rgigrglmab inrcbfn pnr gk mnrtg j T

pgrpglfamukbr
fglncalbfn nraogl fg fns rgmtbs lucárambs
fgk sastgcb. gl ulfavafafn
Gk pkbln qugfbrâ pultn
favafafn
j r
gl mubtrn rgoanlgs, mbfb ulb fg kbs mubkgs sg fglncalb
mubfrbltg y taglgl kb lucgrbmaýl bsaolbfb gl gk mubfrn
bfhultn. Bfgcâs8 N b x
x 8 ghg fg bjsmasbs b
 y 8 ghg fg nrfglbfbs
Tnr ghgcpkn, sgòbkb kbs mnnrfglbfbs fg B, J, M, F y G.
 y  y
B( 5 )
J( 5 ) 6
(+)
= G( 5 )
AA M AM :

-6 -= : = 7 x
(-) (+) x

AAA M AY M -=

-6
(-) M( 5 )

B`nrb ujamb8
B(:5 7), J(-65 :), M(-=5 -=) y F(65 -7)
Wjambmaýl fg ul Tultn  y
Wl pultn qugfb ujambfn gl gk pkbln mbrtgsabln bk mnlnmgrsg 7
kns vbknrgs qug kg mnrrgspnlfgl b kbs prnygmmanlgs fgk pultn 6
=
snjrg mbfb uln fg kns ghgs mbrtgsablns. Gl gk orâiamn8
:
2
b 8 bjsmasb fg T
j 8 nrfglbfb fg T -7 -6 -= -: -2 2 : = 6 7 9 x
-2
-:
Bfgcâs8 NT 3 r T(b, j) -=
-6
-7
↚  rbfan vgmtnr : :
r  3 b  + j :

Vraonlncgtrãb - 7tn. ]gmulfbrab =?

 

Mnkgoan ‛]BLVABON BLVØLGX FG CBQNKN–

Fastblmab gltrg Fns Tultns Tnr ghgcpkn5 sa gl gk orâiamn8

BT 2
Fbfns kns pultns T(x25 y2) y R(x:5 y:), ujambfns gl gk pkbln, TJ 3 =
kb fastblmab
fastbl mab gltrg gkkns
gkkn s gs f(T, R) y sg mbkmukb bsã8
J(75 ?)

f(T,, R) 3
f(T (x: - x2):+(y: - y2):  =

2 T(x4 y4)

 y
 y: R(x:5 y:) B(25 2)

 y:- y
 y2 f(T, R)
2(7)+=(2)
T(x25 y2)  y:- y2  x4 3 3:
2+=
 y2
x:- x2 2(?)+=(2) 24 7
   y  3 3 3
4 2+= 6 :
x2 x: x
T(x45 y4)3 (:5 7/:)
x: - x2

Tnr ghgcpkn, sa8 Mnlsgmuglmabs

2. TWLVN CGFAN FG WL ]GOCGLVN
T(-=5 :) x: - x2 3 2 - (-=) 3 6
R(25 7) y: - y2 3 7 - : 3 =
B(x25 y2)

⇚ f(
f(TT, R) 3 6: + =:
C(x45 y4)

∶ f(T, R) 3 7
J(x:5 y:)
]a gl gk orâiamn8
Favasaýl fg ul ]gocgltn gl Wlb BC 3 CJ(c 3 l 3 2)
Zbzýl Fbfb
x2 + x:
  Fbfn gk sgocgltn BJ, fnlfg B(x25 y2) y J(x:5 y :), sg x4 3 :
ujamb gk pultn T(x 45 y4) qug favafg b BJ gl kb rbzýl8

BT c  y2 + y:
3  y4 3
TJ l
:

B(x25 y2)
:. JBZAMGLVZN FG WL VZAÂLOWKN
VZAÂLOWKN
c J(x:, y:)
T(x45 y4)

l
:
J(x:5 y:) (x45 y4)O
2
]g mucpkg8 M(x=, y=)
C(b, j)
cx  + lx B(x2, y2)

 y4 3 cy  + ly
x4 3 : 2 : 2
c+l c+l JO :
]bjgcns qug8 3
OC 2

=0 Vraonlncgtrãb - 7tn. ]gmulfbrab

 

Mnkgoan ‛]BLVABON BLVØLGX FG CBQNKN–

Kugon8
x:  y:
:b+2x: :b+x:
x4 3 3 x2 y: x2  y2 x: y2
:+2 =
...(2) (+) x  y x2 y= (+)
= 2 x=  y=
:j+2y: :j+y:
 y4 3 3
:+2 = x: y= x:  y: x= y:

A F
Tgrn mncn BC 3 CM, gltnlmgs8
Kb supgriamag
supgriamag fgk traâloukn sgrâ8
x2 + x=
b3 ⇚ :b 3 x2 + x=
F - A
: ]3
...(:) :
 y2 + y=
j3 ⇚ :j 3 y2 + y=
:
Tnr ghgcpkn, mbkmukgcns kb supgriamag fgk traâloukn fg
(:) gl (2)8 vártamgs B(-=5 7), J(-65 -:) y M(95 -6).

(x2 + x=) + x: A) Wjambcns mnrrgmtbcgltg kns vártamgs gl gk pkbln

x4 3 mbrtgsabln.
=
 y
x2 + x: + x= B(-=5 7)
⇚ x4 3
=

(y2 + y=) + y:
 y4 3
= x
]
 y2 + y: + y= J(-65 -:)
⇚
 y4 3
= M(95 -6)

Mâkmukn fg kb ]upgriamag
fg ul Vraâloukn AA) Gcpgzblfn pnr ‛M–, gkbjnrbcns
gkbjnrbcns gk brrgokn8

9 -6
Fbfn gk traâloukn fg vártamgs B(x25 y2), J(x:5 y:) y M(x=5   2: -= 7  =4
 y=)5 mnrrgmtbcgltg ujambfns gl gk pkbln mbrtgsabln, pbrb -:4 -6 -:   9
mbkmukbr su supgriamag sg gkbjnrb gk saouagltg brrgokn. -2: 9 -6  29
-:4  7:
 y
J(x:5 y:)
AAA) Mbkmukbcns
Mbkmukbcns ‛]–.

7: - (-:4) ?:
]3 3
x : :

M(x=5 y=)
B(x25 y2)
∶ ] 3 =9u:

Vraonlncgtrãb - 7tn. ]gmulfbrab =1

 

Mnkgoan ‛]BLVABON BLVØLGX FG CBQNKN–

GHGZMAMAN] ZG]WGKVN] A) JC 3 CB

Ghgcpkn 28 -? + 2
⇚ x4 3 3 -=
:

7+2
]a gk pultn T(25 l) fastb 7u fg R(-=5 :), ¾quá vbknrgs tncb ⇚ y4 3 3=
:
‛l–>

Zgsnkumaýl8 AA) Mbkmukbcns8 f(M, C)

Fg kns fbtns8
fbtns 8 f(T, R) 3 7 f(M, C)3 (-2 - (-=)):+(-= -=):

Bfgcâs8 T(2, l) y R(-=5 :)

f(M, C)3 64 3 : 24
Kugon8
f(T,, R) 3
f(T (2 -(-=)): + (l-:):  3 7

Ghgcpkn =8
Npgrblfn8
]a kns vártamgs fg ul traâloukn snl B( -25 =), J(?5 2) y M(=5 -2),
  29 + (l-:): 3 7 sgòbkb kb sucb fg mnnrfglbfbs fgk jbramgltrn fg fam`n
  29 + (l-:): 3 :7 ↚ (l-:): 3 1 traâloukn.
kugon8 l - : 3 = ↚  l 3 7
  l - : 3 -= ↚  l 3 -2
Zgsnkumaýl8

Ghgcpkn :8
B(-25 =)

]a kns vártamgs fg ul traâloukn snl

B(25 2), J(-?5 7) y M(-2, -=)5 mbkmukb kb knloatuf fg kb J(?5 2)
cgfablb rgkbtavb bk kbfn BJ. O(x45 y4)

Zgsnkumaýl8
M(=5 -2)

Orbiamblfn tglgcns8
Fgk orâiamn8

 y
J(-?5 7)
-2+?+=
x4 3 3=
=
C(x45 y4) O(=5 2)
=+2+(-2)
 y4 3 32
=
B(25 2)

x
∶ ]ucb fg mnnrf. 3 6

M(-25 -=)

64 Vraonlncgtrãb - 7tn. ]gmulfbrab

 

Mnkgoan ‛]BLVABON BLVØLGX FG CBQNKN–

Ghgcpkn 68 Ghgcpkn 78

]a kns vártamgs fg ul traâloukn snl B(-75 2), J(25 6) y M(-95 2)5

]a kns vártamgs fg ul traâloukn snl B(-=5 2), J(257) y M(75 :)5
fgtgrcalb kb knloatuf fg kb bkturb rgkbtavb bk kbfn JM.
mbkmukb sgl J.
Zgsnkumaýl8 Zgsnkumaýl8
Orbiamblfn8 Orbiamblfn8

J(25 6) J(25 7)

@ ΰ

`
] M(75 :)

B(-95 2)

B(-=5 2)
M(=5 -2)

A) Mbkmukbcns JM. A) Mbkmukbcns kb supgriamag fgk

fgk traâloukn, gcpgzblfn gl
‛B–.
  f(J, M) 3 (2 - =): + (6-(-2)):

  f(J, M) 3 6 + :7 3 :1   7 -=
7 2
:  - 9
  JM 3 :1
  : 2 7  :7
 -27 -= 2   2
 - 0 :4
AA) Mbkmukbcns kb supgriamag fgk traâloukn, gcpgzblfn gl
‛J–.

] 3 :4 - (-0) 3 26
2 6 :
-:6 -9 2  2
  = = -2  9
AA) Mbkmukbcns BJ.
  -2 2 6 2:
-:: 21
  f(B, J) 3 (-= -2): + (2-7): 

3 6 :
21-(-::) 62
]3   ⇚ ]3
: :
AAA) Mbkmukbcns JM.
J M.
 
AAA) ]bjgcns qug8 f(J, M) 3 (7 - 2): + (: - 7): 3 7

JM . B@
]3
: AY)]bjgcns qug8
BJ . JM
  ]3 sglΰ
:
62 :1 `
3
: : 6 : .7
26 3 sglΰ
:
?
3 sglΰ
∶ ` 3 62 7 :
:1

∶ sglΰ 3 4,? :

Vraonlncgtrãb - 7tn. ]gmulfbrab 62

 

Mnkgoan ‛]BLVABON BLVØLGX FG CBQNKN–

Zgsnkvaglfn gl mkbsg

2 Fg bmugrfn bk orâiamn, mbkmukb kb sucb fg mnnr- = Fgk orâiamn, mbkmukb ‛f–.

fglbfbs fgk pultn ‛F–.
 y
(-=5 1)
J(=5 ?)
C

f
(-?5 2)
]
7] x
M(?5 2)
F (45 -2)

B(25 -7) Zgsnkumaýl8

Zgsnkumaýl8

 Zptb8  Zptb8

: Fgk orâiamn, mbkmukb ‛`–. 6 Fgk orâiamn, mbkmukb kb fastblmab gltrg gk jb-
ramgltrn fgk traâloukn BJM y gk pultn cgfan
J(45 2=)
fg MF.

C J(25 ?)
`
O M(225 6)
M(?5 =)
L
B(-75 2) B(-=5 2) C

Zgsnkumaýl8 F(15 -:)

Zgsnkumaýl8

 Zptb8  Zptb8

6: Vraonlncgtrãb - 7tn. ]gmulfbrab

 

Mnkgoan ‛]BLVABON BLVØLGX FG CBQNKN–

7 Fgk orâiamn, mbkmukb gk ârgb fg kb

k b rgoaýl sncjrgbfb
sncjrgbfb 9 Fgk orâiamn, mbkmukb gk ârgb fg kb rgoaýl sncjrgb-
sa BJ 3 :(NB) fb sa BC3:CJ.
 y
 y J

B(-65 6) C(-25 6)

N
x
B x

J Zgsnkumaýl8

Zgsnkumaýl8

 Zptb8  Zptb8

B`nrb gl tu mubfgrln

?.  ]a kb fastblmab gltrg B(=5 l -:) y J(-25 2) gs 22.  Gk sgocgltn fg gxtrgcns B(-:5 2) y J(=5 7) altgr-
aoubk b 7, ¾muâk gs gk cbynr vbknr fg ‛l–> sgmtb bk ghg fg nrfglbfbs gl gk pultn (b5 j).
Mbkmukb E 3 ?b + 7j.

0.  ]a kns trgs vártamgs fg ul traâloukn snl8

  B(-25 2), J(25 ?) y M(=5 7), ¾muâk gs kb knloatuf
fg kb cgfablb
cgfablb rgkbtavb bk kbfn JM>
2:.  Fg bmugrfn bk orâiamn, mbkmukb gk ârgb fg kb
rgoaýl sncjrgbfb.

1.  ]a kns vártamgs fg ul mubfrakâtgrn snl B( -=5 2),

J(25 ?), M(?5 =) y F(75 -=), ¾muâk gs su ârgb>  y (:5 7)

24. ]a kns vártamgs fg ul traâloukn snl B(25 -2), x

J(75 :) y M(?5 -7), mbkmukb kb knloatuf fg kb (-245 -2)
bkturb rgkbtavb bk kbfn BJ.

Vraonlncgtrãb - 7tn. ]gmulfbrab 6=

 

Mnkgoan ‛]BLVABON BLVØLGX FG CBQNKN–

 Tbrb rginrzbr

2.  Kb fastblmab gltrg T(-:5 =) y R(65 2) gs ?.  ]a gk pultn T(25 :) sg ulg mnl R(=5
R(=5 =) y sg
aoubk b8 prnknlob `bstb gk pultn ](x 45 y4), tbk qug
R] 3 =TR, mbkmukb x4 + y4.
b) : 7 u j) : 24 u m) = 24 u
f) 6 24 u g) 9 24 u b) 22 j) 2: m) 2=
f) 26 g) 27

:.  Kb fastblmab gltrg B(25 =) y J(-:5 ?) gs aoubk 0.  ]g ulg B(25 =) mnl J(:5 7) y sg prnknlob
b8
`bstb M(x45 y4), tbk qug JM 3 6BJ.
6BJ.
Mbkmukb x4 + y4.
b) 2= u j) 7u m) : 7 u
f) 7 u g) 24 u b) 2? j) 20 m) 21
f) :4 g) :2

 =.  ]a fns vártamgs mnlsgmutavns fg ul mubfrbfn

 
snl B(25 -2) y J(75 ?)5 mbkmukb kb supgriamag fgk 1. @bkkb kb sucb fg mnnrfglbfbs fgk jbramgl-
mubfrbfn trn fgk traâloukn muyns vártamgs snl B(25 7),
J(?5 2) y M(-:5 -?)
b) 29u: j) :6u: m) 04u:
b) 4 j) 2 m) :
f) ?:u:  g) =9u:
f) = g) 6

24.  @bkkb kb sucb fg mnnrfglbfbs fgk jbramgl-

 6.  ]a fns vártamgs fg ul traâloukn gquakâtgrn snl trn fgk traâloukn muyns vártamgs snl8
B(=5 2) y J(-25 7), ¾muâk gs su pgrãcgtrn> B(-?5 7), J(=5 :) y M(25 -6).

b) 9 : j) = : m) 1 : b) 4 j) 2 m) :
f) 2: : g) 20 :
f) = g) 6

22.  Mbkmukb kb supgriamag fgk mubfrakâtgrn muyns

 7.  ]a kns gxtrgcns fg ul sgocgltn snl B(25 7) y vártamgs snl B(-75 2), J(-25 =), M(75 :) y
J(=5 -2)5 mbkmukb kb sucb fg kbs mnnrfglbfbs F(25 -2).
fgk pultn cgfan fgk sgocgltn.
b) 21 u:  j) :4 u:  m) :2u:
:2u
b) : j) = m) 6
f) :: u:  g) :=u:
:=u
f) 7 g) 9

2:.  ]a kns vártamgs fg ul traâloukn snl B(-=5 7),

9.  Fgtgrcalb kb sucb fg mnnrfglbfbs fgk pultn J(25 ?) y M(75 -2), ¾muâk gs kb knloatuf fgk
cgfan fgk sgocgltn muyns gxtrgcns snl8 cbynr kbfn fgk traâloukn>
T(-?5 2) y R(75 7).
b) : 7 u j) 6 7 u
b) 2 j) : m) = m) 24 u
f) 6 g) 7 f) 0 7 u g) 9 7 u

66 Vraonlncgtrãb - 7tn. ]gmulfbrab