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Enthalpy
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Learning Competencies:

▪ Explain enthalpy of a reaction.

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Thermodynamics

▪ A scientific discipline that deals with

the interconversion of heat and
other forms of energy
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For thermodynamic studies we need to divide
the universe into two parts:

▪ the system (part we are investigating)

▪ the surroundings (everything else)

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The First Law of Thermodynamics:
“Energy of the universe is constant.”

How does it relate to the Law

of Conservation of Energy?

The Law of Conservation of Energy :

“Energy can be converted from one form to
another but cannot be created nor destroyed.”
 How iszsystem changes
treated in the study of
thermodynamics? For example :

If you are on a ladder at height 5ft and

then you climb up to 12 ft.
System(final) ‒ System(initial)
the change in height is:
Change (Δ) = (final – initial) Δh = hf - hi
Δh = 12ft – 5ft
Δh = +7ft

* What is important in this process is to get the correct +

or – sign.

It is important in thermodynamics, as elsewhere in

chemistry that the right sign, value, and units are used.
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Change in temperature is written:

ΔT = Tf – Ti

Example:
Hot coffee cools from 55oC to 28oC so

ΔT = Tf – Ti
= 28 oC – 55oC
= –27oC

Important State Functions are:

• ΔT, Change in internal energy (E) is
• ΔH, written:
• ΔE, ΔE= Ef - Ei
• ΔS, and
• ΔG
What zare state functions?
What are path functions?

Properties that can be expressed as (final –

initial) and we write with Δ such as ΔE = Ef – Ei
are called state functions.
Properties that you cannot calculate by just
knowing final and initial states but must know how
process occurred are called path functions.
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Focus Question:

Will a reaction occur?

Is the reaction spontaneous?

The Three
z Laws of Thermodynamics:

1st Law - Energy of the universe is constant.

“Energy can be converted from one form to another but

cannot be created or destroyed.”
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2nd Law – Entropy of universe increases.

“The entropy of the universe increases in a

spontaneous process and remains unchanged in
an equilibrium process.”
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3rd Law – At absolute zero, the entropy of a perfect crystal

is 0.

“The entropy of a perfect crystalline substance is zero at the

absolute zero of temperature (T = 0 K= -273.15 oC).”
What canz
you say about the pictures shown? Compare each pair and
tell which one is more spontaneous than the other?
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What is a spontaneous process?

A spontaneous process is a physical or chemical change that

occurs by itself. These processes occur
without requiring an outside force and continue until
equilibrium is reached.
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In a ½ sheet of paper, give 5 examples

of spontaneous processes? Explain each

Example:

An iron object rusts in moist air.

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Can you give examples of spontaneous

processes?

Heat flows from a hotter object to a colder one.

An iron object rusts in moist air.
Sugar dissolves in a cup of coffee.
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How does spontaneity apply to chemical reactions?

In a chemical reaction, ΔHreaction = Hproducts - Hreactants.

If it is exothermic, then ΔHreaction = (-).

To get a negative ΔHreaction , the Hproducts must be lower than the

Hreactants.
Thermochemistry
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- the study of heat and energy changes that accompany

physical and chemical processes.

https://www.bartleby.com/subject/science/chemistry/concepts/thermochemi
stry
Calorimetry:
z measuring energy changes in chemical reactions

Calorimetry - is the measurement of the amount of heat

evolved or absorbed when a process or chemical reaction
takes place.
 z How is energy expressed in
measurements?

Energy is measured as heat released or absorbed.

Units of expressing heat:

1 cal = 4.184 J
1 kcal = 4.184 kJ
A device called a calorimeter may be used to
measure the heat released from a chemical reaction.
Basically, what it does is measure the change in
temperature of the system when a reaction takes
place.
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A bomb calorimeter is commonly used to determine the heat of

combustion of a compound, that is, the heat released when a
particular quantity of a compound is burned in oxygen.
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1. What can you observe on the direction of the heat?

2. What is difference between the system before and
after the reaction?
3. What do you think is enthalpy?
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The enthalpy of a system is defined as the sum of its internal

energy (U) plus the product of its pressure P and volume V:
H = U + PV

Since internal energy, pressure and volume are all state

functions, enthalpy is also a state function.

So we can define a change in enthalpy:

ΔH = Hfinal – Hinitial
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Enthalpy - is simply the change in the energy that

happens in a chemical reaction.

Enthalpy of a reaction - is simply the difference in

enthalpy between products and reactants.
• Burning
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gasoline is a highly exothermic reaction.

• The total amount of heat obtained, which is actually the energy change
when the reaction occurs , is called the heat of reaction.

• A concept related to heat of reaction is enthalpy

change, H, which simply stated, refers to the
heat transferred by a process that occurs at
constant pressure.

• This property is important since many reactions

that are often studied are constant pressure
processes, including reactions in test tubes and
beakers, and reactions in biological systems.
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The Enthalpy of Reaction or Delta H can be given together with a
Balanced Chemical Equation. When the equation show the associated
value for enthalpy change it is now called as a Thermochemical
Equation. Here are some ways of writing/representing it.
A.
C(graphite) + ½ O2(g) → CO(g) + 110.5 kJ Exothermic

CO(g) + 110.5 kJ → C(graphite) + ½ O2(g) Endothermic

B.
C(graphite) + ½ O2(g) → CO(g) H= -110.5 kJ Exothermic

CO(g) → C(graphite) + ½ O2(g) H= +110.5 kJ Endothermic

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Interpret and evaluate this Thermochemical Equation.

CH4(g) + 2 O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) H= - 802 kJ

2CH4(g) + 4 O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 4H2O(g) H= - 1604 kJ

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Now what is the reverse of an exothermic reaction?

Study the following samples:

2CH4(g) + 4 O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 4H2O(g) H= - 1604 kJ

2CO2(g) + 4H2O(g) → 2CH4(g) + 4 O2(g) H= + 1604 kJ

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Why do you think the states of the reactants and
products are always specified in a thermochemical
equation?

CH4(g) + 2 O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) H= - 802 kJ

CH4(g) + 2 O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) H= - 890 kJ

Enthalpies
z of Reaction:

1. Enthalpy of combustion – the change in enthalpy that occurs

during combustion reaction. Enthalpy changes have been
measured for the combustion of virtually any substance that will
burn in oxygen; these values are reported as the enthalpy of
combustion per mole of substance

2. Enthalpy of fusion – the enthalpy change that accompanies the

melting (fusion) of 1 mol of a substance. The enthalpy change that
accompanies the melting, or fusion of 1 mol of a substance; these
values have been measured for almost all the elements for most
simple compounds.
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3. Enthalpy of vaporization – the enthalpy change that accompanies

the vaporization of 1 mol of a substance; these values have also
been measured for nearly all the elements and for most volatile
compounds.

4. Enthalpy of solution – the change in enthalpy that occurs when a

specified amount of solute dissolves in a given quantity of solvent.
The enthalpy change when a specified amount of solute dissolved
in a given quantity of solvent.
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A simpler device than the constant-volume

calorimeter is the constant-pressure
calorimeter, which is used to determine the
heat changes for noncombustion reactions.

This device measures the heat effects of a

variety of reactions, such as acid-base
neutralization, as well as the heat of
solution and heat of dilution. Because the
pressure is constant, the heat change for
the process (qrxn) is equal to the enthalpy
change (H)
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Thank you!