ASSIGNMENT: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

(PDMS 4124) PHYSIOLOGY

SUBMITTED TO:
MADAM NUR ATHIRAH BINTI OTHMAN BASRI

SUBMITTED BY:
NUR AYUNIE BINTI ZULKEFLY

(MEDICAL SCIENCE INTAKE SEPTEMBER 2O22)

TOPIC: How Human Heart Works?
Heart is the main organ of your cardiovascular system, a network of blood vessels that pumps
blood throughout your body. It also works with other body systems to control your heart rate and
blood pressure.

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1. Discuss the type of blood circulation.

• There are two types of blood circulation in the human heart which are Pulmonary
Circulation and Systemic Circulation. Pulmonary Circulation is a closed circuit between
the heart and the lungs. It works to transport deoxygenated blood from the heart to the
lungs which then return the oxygenated blood to the heart. In contrast, Systemic
Circulation is a system of blood vessels that occurs between the heart and the rest of the
body. It functions to carry oxygenated blood pumped from the heart to the body and return
the deoxygenated blood to the heart.
2. Describe the heart chambers and their functions.

• Humans heart has four chambers including right atrium and left atrium (upper chambers),
right ventricle and left ventricle (lower chambers). The right atrium serves the purpose of
receiving deoxygenated blood from the veins that have circulated from all over the body
and sending it to the right ventricle. Concurrently, the right ventricle pumps the
deoxygenated blood to the pulmonary artery which then sends it to the lungs. The left
atrium will then receive oxygen-rich blood from the lung and send it to the left ventricle.
Lastly, the left ventricle will pump the oxygenated blood to the entire body through an
artery called Aorta.
3. Briefly explain the electrical conduction system in the heart.

• The electrical conduction system is a network of nodes at which the heart conducts
electrical impulses causing the heart to beat, in other words, producing a heartbeat. These
impulses caused the heart to contract and relax. The process of contraction and relaxation
is important so that blood can be pumped throughout the body. Four structures that involve
in the cardiac conduction system including Sinoatrial Node (SA Node), Atrioventricular
Node (AV Node), Atrioventricular Bundle (AV), and Purkinje Fiber. The Sinoatrial Node
mostly known as the pacemaker of the heart functions to generate nerve impulses. The
impulses will then travel to the Atria, the two upper chambers of the heart, making the Atria
contract. The impulses from the SA node will then reach the Atrioventricular Node and
they will slow down for a very short period. This delay is to allow the Atria to contract and
empty the blood into the ventricles before ventricle contraction. Next, the impulses will
transmit to the Atrioventricular Bundle. The Atrioventricular Bundle is divided into right and
left bundle branches and the impulses will carry down to the center of the heart to the left
and right ventricles. The AV Bundle will then start to divide further into Purkinje Fibers.
When the impulses reach the fibers, they will trigger the muscle fibers in the ventricles to
contract. Each of the contractions in the ventricles is equal to one heartbeat. This electrical
conduction system sends out thousands of signals per day to keep the heart beating and
functioning.
REFERENCES
- https://www.britannica.com/science/pulmonary-circulation
- https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/heart.html#:~:text=The%20pulmonary%20circulation%20is%20
a,the%20body%20and%20back%20again
- https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/cardiovascular/blood/pathways.html#:~:text=Systemi
c%20circulation%20carries%20oxygenated%20blood,right%20atrium%20of%20the%20heart
- https://www.okheart.com/about-us/ohh-news/basic-anatomy-and-function-of-the-
heart#:~:text=The%20right%20ventricle%20passes%20the,a%20large%20network%20of%20art
eries
- https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/heart
- https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/anatomy-and-function-of-
the-hearts-electrical-system
- https://www.thoughtco.com/steps-of-cardiac-conduction-373587
- https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21648-heart-conduction-
system#:~:text=What%20is%20the%20conduction%20system,cells%20carry%20the%20electric
%20signals