Instructor Manual For Applied Statistics for Public

and Nonprofit Administration 8th

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A prominent social scientist believes that she can measure the effectiveness of police
departments by asking citizens how effective they feel their police department is.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of this measure?

Step-by-step solution
Step 1 of 1
A prominent social scientist thinks that the effectiveness of police department can
be measure by questioning the citizens of that particular locality or by asking the
citizens how the police department has solved there past issues when the complaints
have been registered. Hence, it is a good measure to test the effectiveness but there
are both advantages and disadvantages exists for this measure. The advantage of this
measure is, it is effective on the kind of surveys where the quantitative data is not
possible to obtain or the decision has to be made completely based on opinions and
this measure is not advantageous when a there exists a categorical variables such as
the police department could be religion biased or colored bias.

A researcher asserts that the relationship between attitude toward the field of public
administration and taking courses in a public administration degree program is
causal.
(a) What evidence must the researcher provide about this relationship to prove that
it is causal?

(b) Given your answer, what aspects of the researcher’s argument are likely to be
strongest, and what aspects of her argument are likely to be weakest? Your
discussion should include clear definitions of each element of a causal relationship.
Step-by-step solution
Step 1 of 2
a.
If a sample of data the researcher found that taking courses of public administration
degree and attitude towards the field of public administration co-varied i.e. those
who taking courses they have better attitude towards the field of public
administration than those who does not taking courses, then she would have
evidence for a causal relationship.
Step 2 of 2
b.
Co-variation or statistical association between the variables be the stronger argument
and the Time Order argument is most weakest argument.

You are the research assistant to the administrator of a small bureau in the federal
government. Your boss has received some criticism that the bureau does not respond
promptly to congressional requests. The only information you have is the day the
agency received the request and the day the agency mailed the response. From those
figures, you have calculated the number of days the agency took to respond.

Do the following:
(a) Prepare the frequency distribution.

(b) Present the distribution graphically.

(c) Prepare a cumulative frequency distribution.

(d) Present the cumulative distribution graphically.

(e) Write a paragraph explaining what you have found.

Step-by-step solution
Step 1 of 7
The research assistant to a small bureau has collected the information the agency has
received the request and the day the agency mailed the response. Number of days
the agency took to respond. The data is for 107 requests.
Step 2 of 7
a.
The procedure for frequency distribution is as shown below:
1. Count the number of 1-request, 2-request, 3 requests and so on.
2. Put them in the other column with name Tally.
3. Find the total count in each class.
Therefore, the frequency distribution for the given data is as below.
Number of Request Tally Total
1 || 2
2 | 1
3 ||| 3
4 |||| 5
5 || 2
6 |||| || 7
7 |||| |||| 9
8 |||| |||| 10
9 |||| |||| |||| | 16
10 |||| ||| 8
11 |||| | 6
12 |||| 4
14 || 2
15 ||| 3
16 |||| 4
18 || 2
19 | 1
20 ||| 3
21 | 1
24 || 2
26 | 1
28 ||| 3
29 | 1
31 | 1
33 | 1
35 | 1
36 | 1
37 | 1
39 || 2
41 | 1
44 | 1
47 | 1
50 | 1
Total 107
Step 3 of 7
The frequency distribution can be done with class interval also.
Step 4 of 7
b.
Steps to be followed in SPSS for frequency distribution are
From the main ribbon select Graph Chart Builder Histogram Frequency polygon
The output is as below.
Step 5 of 7
c.
The cumulative frequency distribution of the given data is adding the frequencies
from the above class to the corresponding class.
Number of Request Frequency Cumulative frequency
1 2 2
2 1 3
3 3 6
4 5 11
5 2 13
6 7 20
7 9 29
8 10 39
9 16 55
10 8 63
11 6 69
12 4 73
14 2 75
15 3 78
16 4 82
18 2 84
19 1 85
20 3 88
21 1 89
24 2 91
26 1 92
28 3 95
29 1 96
31 1 97
33 1 98
35 1 99
36 1 100
37 1 101
39 2 103
41 1 104
44 1 105
47 1 106
50 1 107
Total 107
Step 6 of 7
d
In SPSS the cumulative frequency curve can be obtained as below.
Step 1:
Create the output of frequency distribution.
Step 2:
Select the cumulative frequency and then right click. Select graph and then line
graph.
Headers and footers can be changed as required.
Step 7 of 7
e.
The data table and plot give the number of days to respond by the small bureau.
From the graph and the table it is clear that on an average it takes 9 days to respond.
The graph is steep up to 9 days and then the graph is spread.