RADAR

A.Prashanthi
22315A0428
ECE-E
CONTENT
➢ Introduction
➢ What is radar?
➢ Principle of radar
➢ Types
➢ Doppler effect
➢ Application
➢ Advantages
➢ Disadvantages
➢ Conclusion
INTRODUCTION
▪ Radar is an acronym for radio detection and ranging.

▪ The first radar was the telemobilescope.

Telemobilescope (The first form of RADAR)

▪ Radar is the detection system that uses radio waves to determine the range
(distance),altitude,direction of movement and speed of the object.

▪ It was mainly implemented to detect ships and avoid collisions.

 WHAT IS RADAR?

o Radar is an electromagnetic system for the detection and location of

the distinct objects such as aircrafts,ships,spacecrafts,vehicles,people
etc.

o It detects the targets under difficult conditions such as

rain,fog,snow,day and night.
Components of radar

✓ Transmitter

✓ Receiver

✓ Antenna

✓ Duplexer

✓ Indicator(or) Display
 Transmitted signal
Principle of radar

Transmitter
Target

Display Duplexer
Echo signal
Antenna

Receiver

Range to target R=c*t/2

Distance
BASIC RADAR SYSTEM
Types

➢ Pulsed radar

➢ Cw radar

➢ MTI radar
PULSE RADAR
Advantages

❖ Accurate measurement of relative velocity of the target.

❖ It is used at low transmitting power.

❖ Low power consumption and compact in size.

Disadvantages

❖ It doesn’t give information about range.

❖ If there are large number of targets ,it does not give accurate results.
Cw radar
 DOPPLER EFFECT

❖ The frequency shift in the received echo signal in the radar due to the
moving target is called as doppler effect.

❖ The doppler frequency shift is given:

fd=2Vr\𝜆

Where,
fd=Doppler shift frequency
Vr=Relative velocity of the target
𝝀 = Wavelength of the transmitted wave.
▪ When target is stationary a frequency of the received echo signal is constant.

▪ When target is moving the frequency of the received echo signal are found to be different
from the transmitted frequency.
Moving towards radar fr=ft+fd
▪ If target is moving towards the radar then
fr=ft+fd (increased frequency)

▪ If target is moving away from the radar then

fr=ft –fd (decreased frequency)

▪ If the target is moving towards the radar or away

from the radar there exist “FREQUENCY SHIFT”.

Moving Away from radar fr=ft-fd

Advantages:

o It is simple in design and operation

o
o Gives an accurate measurement of the range.

o Range can be increased by increasing transmitted power .

Disadvantages:

o It cannot measure the velocity of moving targets but only measures the range.

o Clutters can cause several problems.

o Moving target cannot be detected.

MTI RADAR

▪ MTI Radar means moving target indicator. It determines moving target

velocity.

▪ It uses doppler effect.

Principle:

▪ It uses doppler effect for its operation. It eliminates clutter due to the
stationary objects and identifies moving targets.

▪ It compare set of received echoes with previous received echoes and

cancelling out the stationary echoes.
Principle:
MTI RADAR
APPLICATIONS
Military applications

➢ To control guided missiles and weapons.

➢ To aim enemy aircrafts and ships.

➢ For airport control.

Scientific applications

➢ For tracking and guiding

➢ To study nature of stars and planets

➢ Microwave spectroscopy.
Applications
• Navigational aids using radar.

• Tracking space craft.

• Weather forecasting

• The police to detect over speed drivers.

• Used in automobiles, missiles ….etc.

Frequency bands
 Conclusion

▪ Radar system plays important role in modern communication .It can be used in applications in
the air,over water and on the surfaces.

▪ Radar is used to find velocity,range and position of the object.Advantage of radar is that it
provide superior penetration capability through any type of whether condition.

▪ It helps in guarding the nation from the enemies and provides security and safety.

▪ Lidar is advanced type of radar which uses visible light from laser.
 REFERENCES
• Raymond C. Watson, Jr.; Radar Origins Worldwide, Trafford Publishing,
2009.
• Part 4 – America Between The Wars; "Signal Corps Officer Candidate
School Association". Archived from the original on 2013-11-10. Retrieved
2013-09-13.
• Harford, Tim (9 October 2017). "How the search for a 'death ray' led to
radar". BBC World Service. Archived from the original on 9 October 2017.
Retrieved 9 October 2017. But by 1940, it was the British who had made a
spectacular breakthrough: the resonant cavity magnetron, a radar
transmitter far more powerful than its predecessors.... The magnetron
stunned the Americans. Their research was years off the pace.
• "L'histoire du "radar", les faits". Archived from the original on October 5,
2007. Le principe fondamental du radar appartient au patrimoine
commun des physiciens : ce qui demeure en fin de compte au crédit réel
des techniciens se mesure à la réalisation effective de matériels
opérationnels