1.

Draw electron dot structure of carbon dioxide and write the nature of bonding between carbon
and oxygen in its molecule.

Ans:
Covalent bond (double bond) is present in between C and O.

2. List two properties of carbon which lead to the huge number of carbon compounds we see
around us, giving the reason for each.

Ans.. Two properties of carbon which lead to the huge number of carbon compounds are :
1. Catenation: It is the ability of carbon to form bonds with other atoms of carbon.
2. Tetravalency: With the valency of four, carbon is capable of bonding with 4 other atoms. This
forms huge number of compounds.
3. Give reason:
(a) Carbonate and sulphide ores are usually converted into oxides during the process of
extraction.
(b) Aluminium is a highly reactive metal; still, it is widely used in making cooking utensils.

Ans. (a) Carbonate and sulphide ores are usually converted into oxides during the process of
extraction because obtaining a metal from its metal oxide is much easier than from metal
carbonates and sulphides.
(b) Aluminium is highly reactive metal still it is widely used in making cooking utensils because
it reacts with 02 present in air to from aluminium oxide that forms a protective layer and
protects the metal from corrosion.

4. Which compounds are called (i) alkanes, (ii) alkenes and (iii) alkynes? C4H10 belongs to which
of these? Draw two structural isomers of this compound.
Ans. (i) The hydrocarbons in which carbon atoms are connected by only single covalent bonds are
called alkanes.
(ii) The hydrocarbons in which carbon atoms are connected by the double bond are called
alkene.
(iii) The hydrocarbons in which carbon atoms are connected by the triple bond are called
alkynes.

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 C4H10 belongs to alkane

5. Name a metal of medium reactivity and write three main steps in the extraction of this metal
from its sulphide ore. [2]
Answer: Zinc
The steps involved in the extraction of zinc from zinc sulphide are:
1. Roasting of sulphide ore in the presence of air to convert it into metal oxide.

2. Reduction of metal oxide with carbon to get free metal.

3. Refining of impure metal to get pure metal.

6. List two chemical properties on the basis of which ethanol and ethanoic acid may be
differentiated and explain how.
Answer:
1. Ethanol does not react with sodium bicarbonate but ethanoic acid reacts with sodium
bicarbonate releasing CO2 gas.
2. Ethanol does not change the colour of blue litmus paper but ethanoic acid changes the
colour of blue litmus to red due to presence of carboxylic acid group.

7. Unsaturated hydrocarbons contain multiple bonds between two carbon atoms and these
compounds show addition reactions. Out of saturated and unsaturated carbon compounds,
which compounds are more reactive? Write a test to distinguish ethane from ethene.

Ans. Unsaturated carbon compounds are more reactive than saturated carbon compounds. Bromine
water is decolourized by ethene but there is no change of colour of bromine water with ethane.

8. A compound ‘X’ on heating with excess cone, sulphuric acid at 443 K gives an unsaturated
compound ‘Y’. ‘X’ also reacts with sodium metal to evolve a colourless gas ‘Z’. Identify ‘X’, ‘Y’
and Z’. Write the equation of the chemical reaction of the formation of ‘Y’ and also write the
role of sulphuric acid in the reaction.

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Ans:

X = CH3CH2OH-ethanol
Y = CH2 = CH2-ethene
CH3CH2OH + Na → CH3CH2ONa + H2
Z = Hydrogen gas.
Here concentrated sulphuric acid acts as a dehydrating agent, it removes water molecule from
ethanol.

9. Decomposition reactions require energy either in the form of heat or light or electricity for
breaking down the reactants. Write one equation each for decomposition reactions where
energy is supplied in the form of heat, light, and electrictiy. [3]
Answer:
Decomposition of zinc carbonate when the heat is applied.

Decomposition of water in presence of electricity:

Decomposition of silver chloride in presence of light:

10. 2 ml of sodium hydroxide solution is added to a few pieces of granulated zinc metal taken in a
test tube. When the contents are warmed a gas evolves which is bubbled through a soap
solution before testing. Write the equation of the chemical reaction involved and the test to
detect the gas. Name the gas which will be evolved when the same metal reacts with a dilute
solution of a strong acid?
Ans.

When a burning candle is brought towards the hydrogen gas, it burns with the pop sound and
the candle will go off.
When Zinc metal reacts with a dilute solution of strong acid then zinc chloride and hydrogen
gas will be formed.

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11. (a) Write the steps involved in the extraction of pure metals in middle of the activity series from
carbonate ores.
(b) How is copper extracted from its sulfide ore? Explain the various steps supported by
chemical equations. Draw labelled diagram for electrolytic refining of copper.
Answer:
(a) First the carbonate ore of a metal is , heated in absence of air. This process is called
calcination.

(b) Copper is extracted from sulphide ore ,by the process of roasting. It is done in presence of
air:

12. Write the molecular formula of first two members of homologous series having functional
group-Cl.

Ans: The general formula for the homologous series of a functional group -Cl is CnH2n+1Cl.
1. CH3Cl
2. CH3CH2Cl

13. Two carbon compounds X and Y have the molecular formula C4H8 and C5H12 respectively.
Which one of these is most likely to show addition reaction? Justify your answer. Also, give the
chemical equation to explain the process of addition reaction in this case.
Answer:
X = C4H8 is an alkene.
Y = C5H12 is an alkane.
X being an alkene i.e., butene is unsaturated compound and will show addition reaction as

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 they have free electrons for bonding.

14. Complete the following chemical equations:

Answer:

15. Soaps and detergents are both types of salts. State the difference between the two. Why do
soaps not form lather (foam) with hard water? Mention any two problems that arise due to the
use of detergents instead of soaps. [5]
Answer:
S.No. Soap Detergents
Soaps are sodium salts of long- Detergents are sodium salt of long-chain
1.
chain carboxylic acids. benzene sulphonic adds.
The ionic groups in detergents are S0–
2. The ionic group in soap is COONa+ +
3 Na

Soaps are not useful when water is Detergent can be used for washing
3.
hard. purpose even when water is hard.
Some of the detergents are non-
4. Soaps are biodegradable.
biodegradable.
Soaps have relatively weak cleans-
5. Detergents have strong cleansing action.
ing action.

16. Write the mechanism of the cleansing action of soaps.

Ans. Mechanism of the cleansing action of soaps:

The dirt present on clothes is organic matter and insoluble in water. Therefore it cannot be
removed by only washing with water. When soap is dissolved in water, its hydrophobic ends
attach themselves to the dirt and remove it from the cloth. Then, the molecules of soap arrange
themselves in micelles form and trap the dirt at the centre of the cluster. These micelles remain
suspended in the water. Hence, the dust particles are easily rinsed away by water.

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 Soaps do not form lather with hard water: Soap is a sodium or potassium salt of long chain
fatty acids. Hard water contains salts of calcium and magnesium. When soap is added to hard
water, calcium and magnesium ions present in water displace sodium or potassium ion present
in soap forming insoluble substance called scum. A lot of soap is wasted in this process.
Problems that arise due to the use of detergents instead of soap:
Detergents being non-biodegradable, they accumulate in the environment causing pollution. In
soil, the presence of detergents leads to pH changes making soil infertile.
The entry of detergents into food chain leads to bio-accumulation in living beings and tends
towards serious health issues.

17. You have four test tubes, A, B, C and D containing sodium carbonate, sodium chloride, lime
water, and blue litmus solutions respectively. Out of these the material of which test tube/test
tubes would be suitable for the correct test of acetic/ethanoic acid? [1]
(a) Only A
(b) A and B
(c) B and C
(d) A and D
Ans: (d) A and D

18. A student took four test tubes P, Q, R and S and filled about 8 ml. of distilled water in each.
After that he dissolved an equal amount of Na2SO4 in P, K2SO4 in Q, CaSO4 in R and
MgSO4 in S. On adding an equal amount of soap solution and shaking each test tube well, a
good amount of lather will be obtained in the test tubes: [1]
(a) P and Q
(b) P and R
(c) P, Q and S
(d) Q, R and S
Ans: (a) P and Q

19. What are covalent compounds? Why are they different from ionic compounds? List their three
characteristic properties.
Ans.
1. The chemical bond formed by the sharing of electrons between two atoms is known as a
covalent bond. The molecules formed by sharing of electrons between two or more same
atoms or between two or more non-metals are called covalent compounds.
2. Covalent compounds are different from ionic compounds as ionic compounds are formed by
transference of electrons.

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Characteristics of covalent compounds:
1. Covalent compounds usually have low melting and boiling points as they are formed by
electrically neutral molecules. So, the force of attraction between the molecules of covalent
compounds is very weak. Only a small amount of heat energy is required to break these
forces.
2. Covalent compounds are usually insoluble in water but they are soluble in organic solvents.
3. Covalent compounds do not conduct electricity as they do not contain ions

20. When ethanol reacts with ethanoic acid in the presence of cone. H2SO4 a substance with fruity
smell is produced. Answer the following:
1. State the class of compounds to which the fruity smelling compounds belong. Write the
chemical equation for the reaction and write the chemical name of the product formed.
2. State the role of cone. H2SO4 in this reaction.

Ans.
1. Esters are the fruity smelling compounds.
conc.H2SO4
CH3COOH + C2H5OH CH3COOC2H5 + H2O
2. Esterification takes place in the presence of catalyst concentrated H2SO4. It acts as a
dehydrating agent, i.e., helps in the removal of water formed in the reaction between alcohol
and carboxylic acid.

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