PHARMACOGNOSY AND PLANT CHEMISTRY W/ PMP LABORATORY

(Pharm 223L)
Experiment No. 13

Title:
LIPIDS AND VOLATILE OILS

Group No. 4

Members Task/s in the Report

1 IGNACIO, Ma. Graciela C. Question for Research no. 5

2 LESTINO, Rianna S. Question for Research no. 2

3 MAMANGON, Nadine Margaret Y. Question for Research no. 5

4 MANALO, Mayana Elaine C. Question for Research no. 4

5 MANILA, Jessica Jenn S. Question for Research no. 4

6 MEDINA, Allyssa Marie V. Question for Research no. 3

7 MENESES, Gian Francis P. Question for Research no. 3

8 NGIPOL, Christine Keith B. Question for Research no. 1

Remark/s:
Absent/s during the laboratory experiment: NONE

Score:
I. Objective/s

To be able to know the physical properties of lipids and volatile oils.

II. Questions

1. Write the reaction involved in the unsaturation test of olive oil and lemon oil
using iodine T.S.

Unsaturation test involves the use/addition of iodine to determine the

degree of unsaturation of a fat or oil. Fatty acids in oil reacts with iodine
in iodine monochloride by halogenation, the addition of halogens at the C=C
double bonds to saturate the oil and produce di-halogenated single bond,
di-iodo alkane, or organoiodine compound, is synthesized.

The solution turns into yellow compound,however, the strength of the

color is effectively reduced as much iodine bonds with the precursor alkene
(RCH=CHR’) and turns into an organoiodine product (RCHI-CHIR’), which is
colorless. R-CH=CH-R’ + I2 -> R-CHI-CHI-R’.

The amount of iodine left not bonded is used to determine the degree of
unsaturation of the oil and is determined by adding a solution of potassium
iodide to the organoiodine product, which causes the remaining unreacted ICI to
separate and iodine will form an iodine molecule. ICl + KI -> KCl + I2.

Chemical reactions/equations:

Olive Oil: O10H164C88-CH=CH-C88H164O10+I2 O10H164-CHI-CHI-C88H164O10

Lemon oil: O3H76C47-CH=CH-C47H76O3 O3H76C47-CHI-CHI-C47H76O3

2. Differentiate fixed oils from volatile oils. Tabulate.

FIXED OILS VOLATILE OILS

Volatility Non-volatile oils Vaporize easily at RT

Primary Source Seeds of Plants Leaves, Roots, Petals, and Barks

Extraction Difficult Easy

Composition Esters of Fatty acid with Derived from Terpenes and their
Glycerol Oxygenated derivatives

Saponification Can be Saponified Cannot be Saponified

Refractive Index Low High

Examples Coconut Oil, Peanut Oil, Peppermint Oil, Clove Oil,

and Teel Oil Lavender Oil

3. Give the principle behind each of the test performed.

a. Macroscopic Properties - Lipids are evaluated as a product using the
senses of taste, color or appearance, and odor.
 b. Solubility - Alcohol, chloroform, and other organic solvents, among
others, can dissolve fats. It cannot dissolve in water. Therefore, fat is
present if the given sample forms an oily layer on top of the water's
surface. The existence of fat is proven when it is somewhat soluble in
alcohol and completely soluble in chloroform.

c. Sudan IV Test - Lipids will show up as positive in the Sudan IV test. A

few drops of Sudan IV are diluted into the test solution as part of the
test procedure. A dye called Sudan IV will stain lipids. The dye will
settle to the bottom of the test tube if there are no lipids present.

d. Test for Unsaturation - This test is used to detect the degree of

unsaturation in oil or fat. Huble's reagent reacts with an alcoholic
solution of iodine that contains some mercuric chloride. During the
reaction, the violet color of iodine fades away if the oil or fat is
unsaturated.

e. Test for the Detection of Waxes - Alkaloids are detected by phytochemical

assays under the assumption that they form as a salt of organic acids or
in conjunction with substances containing heavy metals.

f. Spot Test - The underlying idea is that lipids and grease have a high
boiling point, they are generally non-volatile. The water spot disappears
at normal temperature because water may absorb enough heat from the air
around it to evaporate.

g. Test for Glyceride - When dehydrating substances like sodium bisulfate

are used to treat fat vigorously, the glycerol component of the molecule
dehydrates to generate the pungent-smelling unsaturated aldehyde
acrolein.

4. Enumerate the methods of extracting volatile oils and describe each.

I. Extraction by expression
This method of extraction is done by crushing the rinds or peels
of the fruit, thus causing its cells to rupture. Then, the oil is removed
using a suitable solvent and is decanted, separating cell debris and
water. Extraction by expression can only be applied to citrus oils such
as orange, lemon, and bergamot.

II. Extraction by solution

A. Extraction with cold solid fats
This method of extraction is also known as the enfleurage
process. This method utilizes solid fats at normal temperatures to
extract perfumes from flowers via absorption. Although this method
is replaced by more modern solvent-method extraction, it is still
used for flower oils sensitive to moderate heat, such as tuberose
and jasmine. It is generally a process that needs plenty of hand
labor. With this, extraction with cold solid fats is limited to
expensive perfume oils.

B. Extraction with hot solid fats

Extraction with hot solid fats is done by immersing the
flowers with a specially prepared fat, heating at 80 degrees
 Celsius for about thirty minutes, and is allowed to cool. It is
then reheated, and strained to remove the flowers. This extraction
method is now seldomly used due to its inconvenience.
Additionally, its products do not give the authentic perfume of
the flowers.

C. Extraction with volatile solvents

This extraction method is only utilized for flower oils. If
other plant parts are used, the desired odor would be diminished
due to the solvent yielding large quantities of matter which
cannot be removed from the oil. Moreover, this method uses
continuous-extraction. It is a continuous process of passing
through a material, volatilizing the solvent, condensing, and
again passing through the material. It requires special equipment
handled by skilled personnels. An advantage of the extraction is
that only a small quantity of solvent is removed in the final
steps of the process.

III. Extraction by steam distillation

This is the simplest and most economical method of extracting
volatile oils. However, it does not apply to flowers because of the
unfavorable effect of steam on their odors. This method is mainly
utilized due to its numerous advantages, including simplicity, lesser
time consumption, and cost-effectivity. Moreover, it is the only method
that can be used to extract large quantities of volatile oils at a
reasonable cost.
This method causes the volatile oils to evaporate by subjecting
the material containing the volatile oils to a steam current. When the
oil and water vapors condense, the oil separates into a liquid layer that
can be easily removed from the water.

IV. Extraction by non-volatile solvent

In this method, a non-volatile solvent, such as lard or olive oil,
is utilized to extract the volatile oil.

A. Enfleurage
In this technique, flower petals are spread over on top of
a fatty layer (usually lard). The fatty layer is replaced with
fresh petals when the imbibition is finished. After the fatty
layer has saturated, the odorous components are removed using
alcohol and a triple extract before being prepared. When oil is
used as the solvent, the flowers are laid on an oil-soaked fabric
supported by a metal grid in a frame. New flowers are added if
necessary, and the oil is extracted from the cloth. The extract
may be used as a scented oil, or alcohol can be used to create a
triple extract.

B. Maceration
The non-volatile solvent, lard or oil, is heated over a
water bath, then flowers are mixed with it and constantly stirred.
Exhausted flowers are then removed and pressed. The fluid
expressed is returned to the hot fat, and fresh flowers are added.
The process is repeated until the determined weights of flowers
and solvent have been consumed. The perfumed lard or oil may then
be extracted with alcohol to create a triple extract.
 C. Spraying
Warm air is first sprayed through a column of flowers
during this method. Oil or melted fat will then be sprayed over
the oil-laden air. This air absorbs and dissolves the majority of
the scent of the perfume. Like other methods, the collected oil or
fat will be further extracted with alcohol.

5. Enumerate and define the pharmaceutical and pharmacological uses of volatile

oils.
Volatile oils, also known as essential oils/ethereal oils, are used as
flavoring agents in pharmaceuticals due to their characteristic flavor. They
are used as carminatives, particularly eucalyptus and wintergreen oils.
Furthermore, because of their distinct odor, volatile oils are used in the
perfume and cosmetics industries, as well as in aromatherapy. Additionally,
volatile oils are also used for phytotherapy as an antibacterial and
antifungal.

Pharmacological uses of Volatile oils definition:

● Aromatherapy - is the inhalation of fragrant essential oils for

therapeutic purposes such as to relieve pain, stress, anxiety, and the
like
● Phytotherapy - is defined as the use of extracts for the promotion of
health
● Antibacterial - is the destruction or suppression of bacterial growth
● Antifungal - is used to prevent and destroy fungi growth

III. References

Madhu. (2022). What is the Difference Between Volatile Oil and Fixed Oil. Compare the
Difference Between Similar Terms. Retrieved May 04, 2023, from
https://www.differencebetween.com/what-is-the-difference-between-volatile-oil-a
nd-fixed-oil/#Volatile%20Oil%20and%20Fixed%20Oil%C2%A0in%20Tabular%20Form
Pharmacy180. (n.d.). Extraction of Volatile Oils. Retrieved May 04, 2023, from
https://www.pharmacy180.com/article/extraction-of-volatile-oils-214/#:~:text=Ex
traction%20by%20Distillation,fresh%20materials%20in%20either%20case.
Sievers, A. F. (1952). Methods of Extracting Volatile Oils From Plant Material and the
Production of Such Oils in the United States. United States Department of
Agriculture Washington, D.C.. Retrieved May 4, 2023, from
https://naldc.nal.usda.gov/download/CAT87201712/PDF
https://schoolworkhelper.net. (2020). Lab: Degree of Unsaturation of Different Oils.
SchoolWorkHelper.
https://schoolworkhelper.net/lab-degree-of-unsaturation-of-different-oils/
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