Topic 1.2.

1
Hardware- physical parts that make up a computer eg RAM CPU keyboards and mice.
Externally and internally.
Software - Instructions including programs, applications and scripts.
Peripherals - a type of hardware that is external only (keyboards and mice)
Network - multiple devices that communicate together through a transmission medium.
Human resources - end-users who are responsible for managing resources related to
employees.
LAN - small geographical area
WAN - large geographical area
Topic 1.2.2
Client - servers have clients. Clients request data from the server
Servers - servers are things that give the requested data to the client this may be via the LAN
or WAN 
Router - which routes data from the local area network to another can be internal or
external hardware?
DNS server - Domain names serve as memorable names for websites and other services on
the Internet.  However, computers access Internet devices by their IP addresses, not domain
names (also called web addresses). 
Firewall - creates a filter between external and internal networks preventing them from
being harmed by malicious attacks.
Topic 1.2.3
Social issues include cyberbullying, trolling and hacking, less physical activities 
Ethical issues include data privacy, plagiarism and data collection.
Topic 1.2.4
Stakeholder - anyone who has any interest in the business and may be affected by it.
Key stakeholders may include creditors and directors; they cannot all be equal. Internal
include employees managers and owners. External include suppliers, society, government
creditors etc...
Topic 1.2.5
To obtain info from stakeholders you can use
Observations - they can be first-hand and unbiased however may result in the observed
changing their behaviour.
Interviews - allows detailed questions to be asked but is quite a time-consuming task
Questionnaires and surveys - a large amount of data collected and not time-consuming but
can be hard to ask effective questions and the quality of responses isn't guaranteed. 
Topic 1.2.6
Info gathering techniques
Examining current systems - see what is being done and why
Looking at competing products - is a new system affordable? v=can staff use it effectively?
Organisational capabilities - getting an idea of what is being done in the market at the
moment
Literary searches - using magazines, using websites etc… 
Topic 1.2.7

System flow chart 

Data flow diagram

Structure diagram
Topic 1.2.8
Prototypes are the first trials are the product or system to observe any flaws that may arise
and the most efficient way to go on with the continuation of the product. Prototypes are
essential for testing.
Topic 1.2.9
Iteration - the process of repeating this is essential when creating new products.

Topic 1.2.10
Consequences of not involving end users: 
Does it meets the function required?
Unusable, therefore, productivity is reduced heavily 
Might end up being biased toward devs' comfortability and not the end users
Could lead to devs' loss of market share
Legal action for devs may occur
Topic 1.2.11
What is a social issue - a problem involving many people in a society e.g. crime, health,
education and poverty.
What is an ethical issue - a situation where a person or group has to pick between a morally
right or morally wrong solution? Examples involve crime, privacy etc…
Topic 1.2.12
Usability = Accessibility and ergonomics
This means how easy it is to use a system. For example braille keyboards for the blind and
speech-to-text options.
Topic 1.2.13
Physical problems of digital devices may include a complex user interface, fiddly hardware
and perhaps prior knowledge required to do well. Also maybe there are no standards for the
devices and specialist support needed.
Other problems may include short battery life, small screen sizes, limited storage and poor
camera quality.
Topic 1.2.14 and 1.2.15
Accessibility - design a product, device or service for people with disabilities or specific
needs.
Systems to consider may be
-Voice recognition ( voice changes and language barriers may arrive)
-Scheduling (Time zones and language barriers can cause issues.)
-Ticketing issues (date and type formatting, pricing and time zones)
-Payroll - (security issues, downtime, currency and language issues)
To improve having braille keyboards, eye types and accessible controllers are a must.
Topic 1.2.16
Social issue - a problem that influences many individuals in a society
Moral issues - a problem or issue that has the potential to help or harm anyone including
oneself
Ethical issue - a situation that requires a person to choose between alternatives that must
be evaluated as right or wrong.
Economical issue - A problem or situation that involves an organisation's money. For
example costs, wealth, working and operations.