• Just because the sample mean (following

treatment) is different from the original

population mean does not necessarily indicate
that the treatment has caused a change.

• You should recall that there usually is some

discrepancy between a sample mean and the
population mean simply as a result of sampling
error.
• Because the hypothesis test relies on sample
data, and because sample data are not
completely reliable, there is always the risk
that misleading data will cause the hypothesis
test to reach a wrong conclusion.

• Two types of error are possible.

Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true is called
Type I error with probability denoted by alpha (𝛼). In
hypothesis testing, the normal curve that shows the
critical region is called the alpha region.
Accepting the null hypothesis when it is false is called
Type II error with probability denoted by beta (𝜷). In
hypothesis testing, the normal curve that shows the
acceptance region is called the beta region.
THE LARGER THE VALUE
OF APLHA, THE
SMALLER IS THE VALUE
OF BETA.
❖ If the null hypothesis is true and accepted, or if it is false
and rejected, the decision is correct.
❖ If the null hypothesis is true and rejected, the decision is
incorrect, and this is Type I error.
❖ If the null hypothesis is false and accepted, the decision is
incorrect, and this is a Type II error.
Null Hypothesis, 𝑯𝟎 Failed to Reject. 𝑯𝟎 Reject 𝑯𝟎

Correct Decision
Type I Error
TRUE - Failed to reject 𝑯𝟎 when it is
- Rejected 𝑯𝟎 when it is true
true

Type II Error
Correct Decision
FALSE -Failed to reject 𝑯𝟎 when it is
-Rejected 𝑯𝟎 when it is false
false
The usual acceptable values of 𝛼
used are 0.05 and 0.01. If 𝛼 =
0.05, then the probability of
rejecting a true null hypothesis
is 5% , which means that the
probability of not rejecting a
true null hypothesis is 95%.
 Example 1: Maria insist a that she is 30 years old when, in
fact she is 32 years old. What error is Mary committing?

Example 2: Stephen says that he is not bald. His hairline is just

receding. Is he committing n error? If so, what type of error?

Example 3: A plans to go hunting the Philippine monkey-eating

eagle believing that it is proof of his mettle. What type of error
is this?
 Example 4: How to state type of errors in a sentence. The
mean number of years a teacher work before retiring is 30.

Type I Error: We conclude that the mean number of years

a teacher work before retiring is not 30 years, when it
really is 30 years.

Type II Error: We conclude that the mean number of

years a teacher work before retiring is 30 years, when in
fact it really is not 30 years.
 Example 5: Analyze the possibilities of Sofia’s conclusion.
Identify if it is a Type I Error, Type II Error, or a Correct
Decision.

If Sophia finds out that her null hypothesis is ..... CORRECT

DECISION
1. True and she fails to reject it, then she commits a __________
TYPE I ERROR
2. True and she rejects it, the she commits a ___________
TYPE II ERROR
3. False and she fails to reject it, then she commits a _________
CORRECT DECISION
4. False and she rejects it, then she commits a ______________
Example 6: Bryan is starting his own food cart business and he is choosing
cities where he will run his business. He wants to survey residents and test
at 5% level of significance whether or not the demand is high enough to
support his business before he applies for the necessary permits to
operate in his selected city. He will only choose a city it there is strong
evidence that the demand there is high enough. We can state the null
hypothesis for his test as: 𝑯𝟎 :The demand is high enough.

What would be the consequence of a Type I error in this setting?

___He doesn’t choose a city where demand is high enough.
___He chooses a city where demand is high enough.
___He chooses a city where demand isn’t high enough.
Example 6: Bryan is starting his own food cart business and he is choosing
cities where he will run his business. He wants to survey residents and test
at 5% level of significance whether or not the demand is high enough to
support his business before he applies for the necessary permits to
operate in his selected city. He will only choose a city it there is strong
evidence that the demand there is high enough. We can state the null
hypothesis for his test as: 𝑯𝟎 :The demand is high enough.

What would be the consequence of a Type II error in this setting?

___He doesn’t choose a city where demand is actually high enough.
___He chooses a city where demand is actually high enough.
___He chooses a city where demand isn’t actually high enough.