Bachelor of Science in Nursing 2YB
RIPH111: BSN 2ND YEAR 2ND SEMESTER MIDTERM 2022
Coverage for Midterm:
• Treaty of Paris & Political Caricatures of the American
Era
• Filipino Grievances Against Governor Wood
• Raiders of the Sulu Sea
• A Legacy of Heroes, Story of Bataan and Corregidor
• The Site of the First Mass in the Philippines
• The Cavite Mutiny and the Rebellion Case Against
GomBurZa
• First Cry of Revolution
TREATY OF PARIS & POLITICAL CARICATURES OF
THE AMERICAN ERA
Discussed by Prof. Danofra and Prof. Ramos
Excerpt from Alfred McCoy and Alfredo Roces' Political
Caricatures of the American Era
- Alfred McCoy J.R.W Smail Professor of History at the
University of Wiscondin-Madison who specializes in
Southeast Asia
- Author of Analysis of Political cartoons in time of American
occupation (he is analyzing the problem of the Philippines
during the American era, kung ano ang mga nangyayari,
ginagawa ng politics in this time together with Alfredo Roces)
- Born June 8, 1945, Massachusetts, USA
- He has written about and testified before Congress on,
Philippine political history, opium trafficking in the Golden
Triangle, underworld crime syndicates, and international
political surveillance (he specialized the Philippine Political
History in the Philippines)
- Alfredo Roces
Philippine Cartoons – Political Caricatures of the American
Era 1900 – 1941
- Philippine political cartoons gained full expression during the
American era. Filipino artists recorded national attitudes
toward the coming of the Americans as well as the changing
mores and times. While the 377 cartoons compiled in this
book speak for themselves, historian Alfred McCoy’s
extensive research in Philippine and American archives
provides a comprehensive background not only to the cartoons
but to the turbulent period as well. Artist-writer Alfredo Roces,
who designed the book, contributes an essay on Philippine
graphic satire of the period.
Is the Police Force Bribe?
- Informant name Pedro Chua wrote the Philippines Free Press
alleging that senior police were accepting bribes from Chinese
gambling houses in Binondo and Quiapo districts.
- Publication of Chua’s letter sparked allegations that led
eventually to "the suicide of a police chief."
- Vicente Sotto's Independent insisted, in this editorial cartoon,
that Chua charges were accurate. Such allegations of police
corruption in gambling law enforcement were a constant
theme in cartoons throughout the American period
- Fernando Amorsolo, gives the illustration his usual racist edge.
New Birds of Prey
- After world war I housing became scarce and rents escalated.
Rising rent combined with high food prices to reduce the
Manila working class in sudden poverty.
J.A.K.E 1 of 21
- Francis B. Harrison made a tentative move towards reform. In
a letter to the Director General of the Civil Service, the
Governor denounced "the rapacious demands of the landlords"
he suggested passage of a bill which set rents at 12 percent of
assessed value of the property.
- Independent's cartoon depicts Harrison as a hero, his
suggested reform was hardly heroic.
- "New Bird of Prey" is an allusion to the most famous libel
case in the history of Philippine journalism. In 1908 the
nationalist weekly El Renacimiento published an editorial
titled Aves de Rapina (Birds of Prey) which attacked the
Philippines commission's secretary of the interior, Dean C.
Worcester, for abusing his office to exploit the country.
Worcester sued for libel and, two years later, won a judgment
of P60,000 against El Renacimiento, a colossal sum that
forced closure of the paper and sale of its assets.
While the Priest Lives Alone in a Big Building
- Vicente Sotto, the publisher of The Independent, never missed
a chance to attack the Catholic Church. The editorial below
this cartoon urged the government to confiscate the large
priests’ residence attached to SantaCruz parish church.
- The people should not be made to share the painful congestion
of Plaza Goiti and Plaza Santa Cruz while a single priest sit
midst a sprawling residence.
- The question of Church property was a particularly sensitive
one for nationalists In 1906 the Philippine Supreme Court had
ruled that the Roman Catholic Church was the legal owner of
all disputed properties, thus stripping the nationalistic
Aglipayan Church of the parish churches it had occupied right
after the revolution. Following this decision, the Aglipayan
Church went into decline and nationalists remained embittered
over the issue.
- The church originally acquired the land shown in this cartoon
during the mid-19th century from Alejandro Roces, whose
descendants became publishers of the Manila Times. While
Sta. Cruz church parish still stands, the controversial parish
house became a branch of Phil Trust, a church owned bank.
Where the Mosquito Is King, Donde El Mosquito Es Rey
- Americans made major advances in epidemic disease control
during the first decades of their rule. Through an arbitrary
application of public health regulations, the Board of Health
brought tropical disease -- malaria, smallpox, cholera and
plague -- under control.
- Francis B Harrison's "Filipinization" prrogram, the Board of
Health had been turned over to Filipino civil servants who did
not administer the public health programs with the same
efficiency or arbitrary authority, with bitter irony, the
Philippines Free Press editorial commented:
- "What ho! Manila, the Pearl of the Orient, the best governed
city in the Far East,… The new found Garden of Eden
…What’s happened to this city anyway? Aforetime a
mosquito was almost as rare as the dodo …But now there are
mosquitos everywhere. Their name is legion. Vampires they
are, turning our former delectable and ambrosial nights into
hells of torment and nightmares of unrest. What’s going to be
done about it? How long is our municipal board going to
emulate Rip Van Winkle...?”
 READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY – BSN 2ND YEAR 2ND SEMESTER MIDTERM 2022
Liberty, Equality, Fraternity” “Libertad, Igualdad,
Fraternidad”
- Philippine Asembly – a law authorizing all legislators, active
or retired, to bear firearms
- In its mocking editorial of February 1921 the Free Press
commented: "Now, with our legislatorS and officialS able to
strut around with a gun or two guns strapped about their manly
waists, they will have to be respected. Now there will be no
question as to who is running this show, no affront to their
personal dignity, no danger of being threated just like ordinary
people.
- It matters not that of late the director of Constabulary has been
urging greater and greater restrictions of the license to carry
arms… All that matters…is that the official have a chance to
show that he is somebody and must be respected.
The Returning Student – El Estudiante Vuelve
- the annual March ritual of the city-wise student returning
home to his village was played out in barrios across the
archipelago.
- Although graduation and tertiary degree often allowed a
villager to leave the barrio for a city civil service post, while
still a student he had to return to the village for summer
holidays. Having survived the shock of transition from country
to city, he could now return home, urbane and smartly dressed,
to reap the reward of administration and envy.
- The Free Press description of this annual ritual in 1929
captures something of its flavor: “These are the days of the
returning student -- the days when he comes into his own.
Behold him as he struts along Main Street of his little town or
barrio, the cynosure of all eyes, the observed of all observers,
a king In his own right, a sort of collegiate Caesar.
- “Is it any wonder that, under the incense of such flattery, he
feels himself a superior being, a conquering hero? Nor let us
blame him.
- For after all the student, like the rest of us, is human, and all of
us expand in an atmosphere of homage and hero-worship. Nor
do student days and these joyful homecomings last for ever.
All too soon comes the stern battle of life with its trials and
sorrows and tribulations. So, carpe diem, and be joyful while
we may.”
Brothers Under The Skin – Hermanos En El Fondo
- As social conflict and socialist ideology spread in Central
Luzon during the 1930s the Free Press was forced to deal with
social substance instead of bucolic trivia in its provincial
reportage.
- Brothers Under the Skin urges Filipinos, in the name of
Rizal whose birthday was following day, to end social conflict
and deal with each other fairly. As the Depression worsened,
Central Luzon peasants mounted strikes and demonstrations to
win tenancy reforms. Refusing concessions, landlords in
Pampanga, Tarlac, and Nueva Ecija provinces responded with
goon squad repression.
The Loyalty of the Filipinos
- World War I sparked an outburst of pro-American loyalty
among Filipinos and transformed Uncle Sam’s media image.
The prewar cartoons of 1907-08 showed him as a satanic
monster, drawn in Caucasian caricature with great nose,
fanged teeth and crooked smile. These three cartoons from war
and post war issues of the nationalist newspaper The
Independent, by contrast, show him as a figure worthy of
Filipino love and respect.
J.A.K.E 2 of 21
- The Loyalty of the Filipinos (below) was published on 14
April 1917, only ten days after the U.S Congress declared war
on Germany and America entered the conflict. The artist
Fernando Amorsolo draws a wise, handsome Uncle Sam
leading little Juan, loyal and smiling, on the road to war.
Accurately gauging America’s mood, House speaker Sergio
Osmeña won unprecedented political concessions by
suspending the independence campaign for the duration and
offering the United States 25,000 troops, a destroyer and a
submarine. Despite the country’s poverty, Osmeña
orchestrated a nationwide loyalty drive which netted $20
million in U.S. war bond sales and $500.000 in Red Cross
donations.
The Latest—Lo Ultimo
- Throughout 1933 the battle over acceptance or rejection of the
Hare-Hawes-Cutting independence bill continued to divide
Philippine politics. After Senator Osmeña and Speaker Roxas
successfully lobbied the U.S. Congress for its passage in 1932,
Senator Quezon, fearing loss of leadership if his two rivals
returned home heroes, led the battle for rejection. When all
three leaders returned from Washington in June 1933, the
struggle for power began in earnest.
- In July Quezon’s faction ousted Manuel Roxas as House
Speaker and installed loyalist Quintin Paredes. When the
University of the Philippines’ President Rafael Palma and Arts
Dean Maximo Kalaw supported Osmeña and the H-H-C
Quezon slashed the university budget by one third. Both
resigned and Quezon installed a protégé, Law Dean Jorge
Bocobo, as president. When the Roces family’s Times
Vanguardia-Taliba chain came out for Osmeña and the H-H-C
Bill, Quezon raised ₱300,000 among his cronies to buy out
Vicente Madrigal’s Debate-Mabuhay-Herald chain and install
protégé Carlos P. Romulo as editor in chief.
- Through ruthless reprisals against opponents, Quezon
gradually broke the opposition. As in The Latest (above), the
Philippine Legislature, now under his control, voted to reject
the H-H-C Bill in October 1933. It could have been a fatal
victory. For unless Quezon accomplished the near impossible
and return from Washington with a better bill, he would be
rejected by a people angry at being denied their independence.
In November Quezon led a new mission to Washington and
returned five months later with the same bill by a different
name, just in time to crush his rivals in the June 1934
legislative elections. As hero of the independence battles,
Quezon’s leadership for the rest of the decade was assured.
Treaty of Peace Between the U.S.A and the Kingdom of Spain
(Treaty of Paris)
- Signed in Paris, December 10, 1898]
- Whereas, a Treaty of Peace between the United States of
America and Her Majesty the Queen Regent of Spain, in the
name of her August Son, Don Alfonso XIII, was concluded
and signed by their respective plenipotentiaries at Paris on the
tenth day of December, 1898, the original of which
Convention being in the English and Spanish languages, is
word for word as follows:
- The United States of America and her majesty the queen
regent of Spain, in the name of her August Son Don Alfonso
XIII, desiring to end the state of war now existing between the
two countries, have for that purpose appointed as
Plenipotentiaries:
 READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY – BSN 2ND YEAR 2ND SEMESTER MIDTERM 2022
• The President of the United States,
• William R. Day, Cushman K. Davis, William P. Frye,
George Gray, And Whitelaw Reid, citizens of the United
States;
• And her Majesty the Queen Regent Of Spain,
• Don Eugenio Montero Rios, President of the Senate
• Don Buenaventura De Abarzuza, Senator of the Kingdom
and ex-Minister of the Crown,
• Don Jose De Garnica, Deputy to the Cortes and Associate
Justice of the Supreme Court;
• Don Wenceslao Ramirez De Villa-Urrutia, Envoy
Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary at Brussels,
and Don Rafael Cerero, General of Division;
- Who, having assembled in Paris, and having exchanged their
full powers, which were found to be in due and proper form,
have, after discussion of the matters before them, agreed upon
the following articles:
Article I
- Spain relinquishes all claim of sovereignty over and title to
Cuba. And as the island is, upon its evacuation by Spain, to be
occupied by the United States, the United States will, so long
as such as occupation shall last, assume and discharge the
obligations that may under international law result from the
fact of its occupation, for the protection of life and property.
Article II
- Spain cedes to the United States the island of Porto Rico and
other islands now under Spanish sovereignty in the West
Indies, and the island of Guam in the Marianas or Ladrones.
Article III
- Spain cedes to the United States the archipelago known as the
Philippine Islands, and comprehending the islands lying within
the following line:
- A line running from west to east along or near the twentieth parallel
of north latitude, and through the middle of the navigable channel of
Bachi, from the one hundred and eighteenth (118th) to the one
hundred and twenty seventh (127th) degrees meridian of longitude
east of Greenwich, thence along the one hundred and twenty seventh
(127th) degree meridian of longitude east of Greenwich to the parallel
of four degree and forty five minutes (4°45′) north latitude, thence
along the parallel of four degrees and forty five minutes (4°45′) north
latitude to its intersection with the meridian of longitude one hundred
and nineteen degrees and thirty five minutes (119°35′) east of
Greenwich, thence along the meridian of longitude one hundred and
nineteen degrees and thirty five minutes (119°35′) east of Greenwich
to the parallel of latitude seven degrees and forty minutes (7°40′)
north, thence along the parallel of latitude seven degrees and forty
minutes (7°40′) north to its intersection with the one hundred and
sixteenth (116th) degree meridian of longitude east of Greenwich,
thence by a direct line to the intersection of the tenth (10th) degree
parallel of north latitude with the one hundred and eighteenth (118th)
degree meridian of longitude east of Greenwich, and thence along the
one hundred and eighteenth (118th) degree meridian of longitude east
of Greenwich to the point of beginning.
- The United States will pay to Spain the sum of twenty million
dollars ($20,000,000) within three months after the exchange
of the ratifications of the present treaty.
Article IV
- The United States will, for the term of ten years from the date
of the exchange of the ratifications of the present treaty, admit
Spanish ships and merchandise to the ports of the Philippine
Islands on the same terms as ships and merchandise of the
United States.
J.A.K.E 3 of 21
Article V
- The United States will, upon the signature of the present treaty,
send back to Spain, at its own cost, the Spanish soldiers taken
as prisoners of war on the capture of Manila by the American
forces. The arms of the soldiers in question shall be restored to
them.
- Spain will, upon the exchange of the ratifications of the
present treaty, proceed to evacuate the Philippines, as well as
the island of Guam, on terms similar to those agreed upon by
the Commissioners appointed to arrange for the evacuation of
Porto Rico and other islands in the West Indies, under the
Protocol of August 12, 1898, which is to continue in force till
its provisions are completely executed.
- The time within which the evacuation of the Philippine Islands
and Guam shall be completed shall be fixed by the two
Governments. Stands of colors, uncaptured war vessels, small
arms, guns of all calibres, with their carriages and accessories,
powder, ammunition, live stock, and materials and supplies of
all kinds, belonging to the land and naval forces of Spain in
the Philippines and Guam, remain the property of Spain.
Pieces of heavy ordnance, exclusive of field artillery, in the
fortifications and coast defenses, shall remain in their
emplacements for the term of six months, to be reckoned from
the exchange of ratifications of the treaty; and the United
States may, in the mean time, purchase such materials from
Spain, if a satisfactory agreement between the two
Governments on the subject shall be reached.
Article VI
- Spain will, upon the signature of the present treaty, release all
prisoners of war, and all persons detained or imprisoned for
political offenses, in connection with the insurrections in Cuba
and the Philippines and the war with the United States.
- Reciprocally, the United States will release all persons made
prisoners of war by the American forces, and will undertake to
obtain the release of all Spanish prisoners in the hands of the
insurgents in Cuba and the Philippines.
- The Government of the United States will at its own cost
return to Spain and the Government of Spain will at its own
cost return to the United States, Cuba, Porto Rico, and the
Philippines, according to the situation of their respective
homes, prisoners released or caused to be released by them,
respectively, under this article.
Article VII
- The United States and Spain mutually relinquish all claims for
indemnity, national and individual, of every kind, of either
Government, or of its citizens or subjects, against the other
Government that may have arisen since the beginning of the
late insurrection in Cuba and prior to the exchange of
ratifications of the present treaty, including all claims for
indemnity for the cost of the war.
- The United States will adjudicate and settle the claims of its
citizens against Spain relinquished in this article.
Article VIII
- In conformity with the provisions of Articles I, II, and III of
this treaty, Spain relinquishes in Cuba, and cedes in Porto Rico
and other islands in the West Indies, in the island of Guam,
and in the Philippine Archipelago, all the buildings, wharves,
barracks, forts, structures, public highways and other
immovable property which, in conformity with law, belong to
the public domain, and as such belong to the Crown of Spain.
- And it is hereby declared that the relinquishment or cession, as the
case may be, to which the preceding paragraph refers, cannot in any
 READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY – BSN 2ND YEAR 2ND SEMESTER MIDTERM 2022
respect impair the property or rights which by law belong to the
peaceful possession of property of all kinds, of provinces,
municipalities, public or private establishments, ecclesiastical or civic
bodies, or any other associations having legal capacity to acquire and
possess property in the aforesaid territories renounced or ceded, or of
private individuals, of whatsoever nationality such individuals may
be.
- The aforesaid relinquishment or cession, as the case may be, includes
all documents exclusively referring to the sovereignty relinquished or
ceded that may exist in the archives of the Peninsula. Where any
document in such archives only in part relates to said sovereignty, a
copy of such part will be furnished whenever it shall be requested.
Like rules shall be reciprocally observed in favor of Spain in respect
of documents in the archives of the islands above referred to.
- In the aforesaid relinquishment or cession, as the case may be, are
also included such rights as the Crown of Spain and its authorities
possess in respect of the official archives and records, executive as
well as judicial, in the island above referred to, which relate to said
islands or the rights and property of their inhabitants. Such archives
and records shall be carefully preserved, and private persons shall
without distinction have the right to require, in accordance with law,
authenticated copies of the contracts, wills and other instruments
forming part of notarial protocols or files, or which may be contained
in the executive or judicial archives, be the latter in Spain or in the
islands aforesaid.
Article IX
- Spanish subjects, natives of the Peninsula, residing in the territory
over which Spain by the present treaty relinquishes or cedes her
sovereignty, may remain in such territory or may remove therefrom,
retaining in either event all their rights of property, including the right
to sell or dispose of such property or of its proceeds; and they shall
also have the right to carry on their industry, commerce and
professions, being subject in respect thereof to such laws as are
applicable to other foreigners. In case they remain in the territory they
may preserve their allegiance to the Crown of Spain by making,
before a court of record, within a year from the date of the exchange
of ratifications of this treaty, a declaration of their decision to
preserve such allegiance; in default of which declaration they shall be
held to have renounced it and to have adopted the nationality of the
territory in which they may reside.
- The civil rights and political status of the native inhabitants of
the territories hereby ceded to the United States shall be
determined by the Congress.
Article X
- The inhabitants of the territories over which Spain relinquishes
or cedes her sovereignty shall be secured in the free exercise
of their religion.
Article XI
- The Spaniards residing in the territories over which Spain by
this treaty cedes or relinquishes her sovereignty shall be
subject in matters civil as well as criminal to the jurisdiction of
the courts of the country wherein they reside, pursuant to the
ordinary laws governing the same; and they shall have the
right to appear before such courts, and to pursue the same
course as citizens of the country to which the courts belong.
Article XII
- Judicial proceedings pending at the time of the exchange of
ratifications of this treaty in the territories over which Spain
relinquishes or cedes her sovereignty shall be determined
according to the following rules:
1) Judgments rendered either in civil suits between private
individuals, or in criminal matters, before the date
mentioned, and with respect to which there is no recourse
or rights of review under the Spanish law, shall be
deemed to be final, and shall be executed in due form by
J.A.K.E 4 of 21
competent authority in the territory within which such
judgments should be carried out.
2) Civil suits between private individuals which may on the
date mentioned be undetermined shall be prosecuted to
judgment before the court in which they may then be
pending or in the court that may be substituted therefor.
3) Criminal actions pending on the date mentioned before
the Supreme Court of Spain against citizens of the
territory which by this treaty ceases to be Spanish shall
continue under its jurisdiction until final judgment; but,
such judgment having been rendered, the execution
thereof shall be committed to the competent authority of
the place in which the case arose.
Article XIII
- The rights of property secured by copyrights and patents
acquired by Spaniards in the Island of Cuba, and in Porto Rico,
the Philippines and other ceded territories, at the time of the
exchange of the ratifications of this treaty, shall continue to be
respected. Spanish scientific, literary and artistic works, not
subversive of public order in the territories in question, shall
continue to be admitted free of duty into such territories, for
the period often years, to be reckoned from the date of the
exchange of the ratifications of this treaty.
Article XIV
- Spain shall have the power to establish consular officers in the
ports places of the territories, the sovereignty over which has
been either relinquished or ceded by the present treaty.
Article XV
- The Government of each country will, for the term of ten years,
accord to the merchant vessels of the other country the same
treatment in respect of all port charges, including entrance and
clearance dues, light dues, and tonnage duties, as its accords to
its own merchant vessels, not engaged in the coastwise trade.
- This article may at any time be terminated on six months’
notice given by either Government to the other.
Article XVI
- It is understood that any obligations assumed in this treaty by
the United States with respect to Cuba are limited to the time
of its occupancy thereof; but it will upon the termination of
such occupancy, advise any Government established in the
island to assume the same obligations.
Article XVII
- The present treaty shall be ratified by the President of the
United States, by and with the advice and consent of the
Senate thereof, and by Her Majesty the Queen Regent of
Spain; and the ratifications shall be exchanged at Washington
within six months from the date hereof, or earlier if possible.
• In faith whereof, we, the respective Plenipotentiaries, have
signed this treaty and have hereunto affixed our seals.
• Done in duplicate at Paris, the tenth day of December, in the
year of Our Lord one thousand eight hundred and ninety-eight.
• And whereas, the said Convention has been duly ratified on
both parts, and the ratifications of the two Governments were
exchanged in the City of Washington, on the eleventh day of
April, one thousand eight hundred and ninety-nine;
• Now, therefore, be it known that I, William McKinley,
President of the United States of America, have caused the
said Convention to be made public, to the end that the same
and every article and clause thereof may be observed and
 READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY – BSN 2ND YEAR 2ND SEMESTER MIDTERM 2022
fulfilled with good faith by the United States and the citizens
thereof.
• In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and caused
the seal of the United States to be affixed.
• Done at the City of Washington, this eleventh day of April, in
the year of Our Lord one thousand eight hundred and ninety-
nine, and of the Independence of the United States the one
hundred and twenty-third.
• Signed at Paris, December 10, 1898; ratification advised by
the U.S. Senate, February 6, 1899; ratified by the U.S.
President, February 6, 1899; ratified by Her majesty the Queen
Regent of Spain, March 19, 1899; ratifications exchanged at
Washington, April 11, 1899; proclaimed, Washington, April
11, 1899.
FILIPINO GRIEVANCES AGAINST GOV. WOOD
Discussed by Prof. Ramos
- From the time of the American arrival in the Philippines in
1898, Filipinos persistently demanded their independence.
Their colonial officials could not say no, because it would only
derail their effort for pacification. Instead, they appointed
Filipino politicians to key government positions hoping that by
doing so the Filipinos will slowly forget their desire for
independence.
- However, the appointment of Francis Burton Harrison as
governor general and the passage of the Jones Law in 1916
(Philippine Autonomy Law) changed the political landscape in
the Philippines.
- Under the administration of President Woodrow Wilson, the
Jones Law categorically expressed that America would give
the Filipinos independence once a stable government is
established. No specific date was given but for Quezon and
other officials the written promise was already a significant
achievement. It was backed up further by the Retirement Act
of 1915 when attractive financial package were offered to
Americans who would voluntarily give up their work in the
Philippines. This brought about the Filipinization of the
bureaucracy.
• Vice Governor and other positions were given to Filipinos
• Local politicians held cabinet positions and top-notch
Filipino lawyers were appointed to the Supreme Court.
• There were 45 provinces that were put under Filipino
governors, and more than 800 municipalities under
Filipino mayors
The JONES LAW
- This law created the first fully elected Philippine legislature
- Bicameral Congress: Senate & House of Representatives
- Gave opportunities to politicians based in the provinces to
participate in policy-making.
- Senate President: Manuel L. Quezon
- House Speaker: Sergio Osmeña
• The defeat of the Democrats in the 1920 presidential
election devastated the aspiration of the Filipinos for
independence.
• Republican President Warren Harding sent Leonard Wood
& William Cameron Forbes to the Philippines
• Wood-Forbes Mission – The mission conducted an
exhaustive investigation visiting 48 provinces and 449
municipalities.
J.A.K.E 5 of 21
Results of the Wood-Forbes Mission
- exposed the corruption & patronage system in government
owned & controlled corporations
- singled the anomalous transactions in the administration of
public lands and the banking
- revealed malpractices that resulted to the bankruptcy of the
Philippine National Bank (P.N.B.).
- When Leonard Wood retired from the U.S. Army in 1921,
Harding appointed him as Governor General of the Philippines.
After being sworn into office in October 1921, Filipino
politicians welcomed him thinking he would return to U.S.
anyway in a year to assume the presidency of University of
Pennsylvania.
- Wood stayed and remained governor general until his death in
1927.
Wood’s Administration
- monitored closely the activities & misconducts of local
officials
- vetoed numerous bills that the Philippine legislature passed
- Khaki Cabinet: appointed American military men as officials
under the executive branch
- fortified the powers and jurisdiction of the governor general
Cabinet Crisis of 1923
- July 21, 1923
- Decision of Governor General Wood to reinstate Ray Conley,
chief of the vice squad of the Manila police force, who was
removed from office after being accused of receiving bribes
from gambling lords
- The case was initiated by Mr. Almario, secretary to the Mayor,
who presented an alleged faked telephone conversation
between Conley and some gamblers.
- When Manila Mayor Ramon Fernandez presented the case to
Gov. Wood, he advised the mayor file the case in court.
- The court acquitted Conley, but dissatisfied, Mayor Fernandez
and Justice Secretary Jose P. Laurel requested Wood to allow
them to conduct an investigation on Conley.
- Instead of granting the request, Wood created a board
composed of other government officials. The board found
Conley not guilty and recommended his reinstatement.
- After he was acquitted, Conley resigned and Wood accepted it.
The Document
- Drafted by Jose Abad Santos and Jorge Bocobo
- Book Authored by Gregorio F. Zaite
- Created November 10, 1926
- Approved by the Commission on Independence on November
17, 1926
Context
- From the arrival of the Americans, Filipinos continue to
demand independence
- Gov. General Francis Burton Harrison – Jones Law or the
Philippine Autonomy Law (1916) signed by Pres. Woodrow
Wilson
- USA started opening Government positions to Filipinos
- Senate President: Manuel Quezon, Speaker of the House of
Representatives: Sergio Osmena
- Warren G. Harding became president of USA – Wood &
Forbes Mission
- Concluded: Philippines is not ready for independence due to
issues of corruption and patronage system
 READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY – BSN 2ND YEAR 2ND SEMESTER MIDTERM 2022
Leonard Wood
- a United States Army major general, physician, and public
official. He served as the Chief of Staff of the United States
Army, Military Governor of Cuba and Governor General of
the Philippines.
- Leonard wood became Governor General on 1921
Case of Ray Conley (1923)
- Chief, Vice Squad, Manila Police
- Receiving Money from Gambling Lords
- Mayor Ramon Fernandez presented the case to Gen. Wood –
“go to court”
- Court = Acquitted
- Justice Secretary Jose Abad Santos and Mayor Ramon
Fernandez asked to investigate = REJECTED
- Created a Board composed of government officials picked by
Gen. Wood = Acquitted
- “Having a mistress and making false statements”
- Ray Conley was reinstated as Chief of Vice Squad
- Cabinet Crisis of 1923 - the Filipino members of the cabinet,
Jose Abad Santos among them, relinquished their posts to
protest Governor-General Wood's handling of the Conley Case
“The first twenty years of civil government were marked by
manual understanding and loyal cooperation between American
and Filipinos. At the end of that period, when it seemed that the
goal had finally been reached, after the President of the United
States had advised the Congress that the time had come for
American to fulfill her sacred pledge, Major-General Leonard
Wood was sent to the Philippines as Governor-General. Cognizant
of the part taken by General Wood in the liberation of Cuba, the
Filipino people expected that under his administration the spirit of
cooperation would be maintained and that the work of political
emancipation would be complete.
Contrary, however, to our expectations, his conduct of the
government has been characterized by a train of usurpations and
arbitrary acts, resulting in the curtailment of our autonomy, the
destruction of our constitutional system, and the reversal of
America’s Philippine policy.”
Acts Committed by Gov. Leonard Wood
- He has refused his assent to laws which were the most
wholesome and necessary for the public good.
- He has set at naught both the legal authority and responsibility
for the Philippine heads of departments.
- He has substituted his constitutional advisers for a group of
military attaches without legal standing in the government and
not responsible to the people.
- He has reversed the policy of Filipinizing the service of the
government by appointing Americans even when Filipinos of
proven capacity were available.
- He has obstructed the carrying out of national economic
policies duly adopted by the Legislature, merely because they
are in conflict with his personal views.
- He has rendered merely perfunctory by the power of
Legislature to pass the annual appropriation law by reviving
items in the law of the preceding years, after vetoing the
corresponding items of the current appropriation act, in
flagrant violation of the Organic Law.
- He has made appointments to position and authorized the
payment of salaries therefore after having vetoed the
appropriations for such salaries.
J.A.K.E 6 of 21
- He has used certain public funds to grant additional
compensation to public officials. In clear violation of law.
- He has arrogated unto himself the right of exercising the
powers granted by law to the Emergency Board after
abolishing said board on the ground that its powers involved
an unlawful delegation of legislative authority.
- He has unduly interfered in the administration of justice.`
He has refused to obtain the advice of the Senate in making
appointments where such advice is required by the Organic
Act.
- He has refused to submit to the Senate appointment for
vacancies occurring during the recess of the Legislature in
contravention of the Organic Act.
- He has continued in office nominees whose appointments had
been rejected by the Senate.
- He has usurped legislative power by imposing conditions on
legislative measures approved by him.
- He has, in the administration of affairs in Mindanao, brought
about the condition which has given rise to discord and
dissension between certain groups of Christian and
Mohammedan Filipinos.
- He has by his policies created strained relations between
resident Americans and Filipinos.
- He has endeavored, on the pretext of getting the government
out of business, to dispose of all the companies capitalized by
the government worth many millions of the people’s money to
powerful American interest.
- He has sanctioned the campaign of insidious propaganda in the
United States against the Filipino people and their aspirations.
- He has attempted to close the Philippine National Bank so
necessary to the economic development of the country.
- He has adopted the practice of intervening in, and controlling
directly, to its minute details, the affairs of the Philippine
Government, both insular and local, in violation of self-
government.
- He has insistently sought the amendment of our land laws
approved by the Congress of the
United States, which amendment would open up the resources
of our country to exploitation by predatory interests.
- Not content with these and other arbitrary acts, the Governor-
General has recently promulgated Executive Order no.37,
declaring that the laws creating and defining the powers of the
Board of Control which is authorized to vote the stocks owned
by the government in certain private corporations, are absolute
nullities. In the same order the Governor-General also
announced his purpose to exercise solely and by himself the
powers and duties developing upon said board. This executive
order is purported to be based on an opinion rendered by the
Judge Advocate General of the United States Army and the
conformatory opinion of the Acting Advocate General on
November 7. Despite its fact, he has found it convenient to
withhold the publication of his order until November 10, a few
hours after the Legislature had adjourned, thus depriving the
legislature of the opportunity to consider the matter.
THE RAIDERS OF THE SULU SEA
Reported by BSN 2YB-9 Group No. 1
- The documentary pertaining to the “The Raiders of the Sulu
Sea” talks about the slave raiding and commercial
activities carried out by significant Muslim tribes in southern
Mindanao, as well as the portrayal of the culture of these said
 READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY – BSN 2ND YEAR 2ND SEMESTER MIDTERM 2022
raiders, and the discussion about the events that took place in
Fort Pilar in the year 1720.
- These indigenous people who are referred by historians as the
Pirates of the Philippines are located in the Southern part of
the Philippine archipelago. They are focused on slave raiding,
an activity which pertains to a group of seafarers who capture
individuals in different islands for them to be sold as slaves
which was the way these raiders make a living. The captives’
hands are noted to be punctured so that a rope can enter the
puncture wound that then functions as a primitive hand cuff.
This became the gruesome trade mark of these slave raiders.
- Slave trafficking is difficult to accept for someone who has
never witnessed slave raids, but it was completely acceptable
at the time. There are speculations that even these Raiders
have not been the savages depicted in Media, but
rather indigenous people protecting their way of life against
the foreign invaders.
- Sea fairing is one of the expertise these indigenous people
have mastered. Their maritime skills were put to use, thus
creating an industry that attracted and peaked the colonizer’s
interests. The showcase of weapons particularly the kalis,
kampilan, barong, and kris. The sizes of these indigenous
armaments vary depending on the Muslim groups who use
them. It’s a clear indication about their culture and tribe. But
there is little doubt that these Raiders were skilled fighters and
deadly swordsmen. Since they were expert sailors, they also
built their own formidable vessels of war. They were a well-
organized force that could attack with precision and
strategy that could defend their grounds during collisions.
3 Different Tribes that make up the Raiders of Sulu
- Pirates who were described by colonial powers, involved
activities of different tribes in Mindanao as well as the Sulu
archipelago. There were three particular groups of
Muslims that were identified in these colonial sources.
1) The Balangingi tribe or Samal, who were the occupants
of the chain of islands between Basilan and Sulu islands,
2) The Illanuns, who hold great significance in the Piracy
history of the Philippines.
3) The Tausug, who controlled the Sulu Sultanate in the
south with the lineage of Tausug Sultan's and high-
ranking officials dating as far back as the 15th century
• The Illanun and Samal were both long-standing
seafaring communities. They would often join forces
with the Tausug tribe.
• Tausug tribe - are without maritime experience but
known for its fierce warriors and widespread political
power
• The retaliatory attacks conducted from Sulu and from
Magindanao always carried by these contingents:
The Illanun, The Balangingi or Samal and The
Tausug Tribe.
The Seafarers’ Origin
- Butuan is a small town located at the northernmost region of
Mindanao in 1977, an archaeological dig would unearth the
secrets of a distant past evidence of an ancient maritime
civilization that was found in a pond.
• Carbon dating of artifacts found point to a seafaring
civilization that existed in the 4th century.
J.A.K.E 7 of 21
• Ancient mariners who traversed the seas around the
Philippines long before the arrival of Western colonists.
• The expedition unearthed a small feat of ancient
seaworthy vessels. The people who built these ships were
sailors with an intimate knowledge of the Seas and how to
navigate them.
• The slave Raiders inherited these maritime skills from
these early southern Filipino seafarers.
• It helped them build a flourishing trade in the bounty of
the sea by the mid1700s.
• These ships evolved into sturdier more seaworthy craft at
the scope of their commercial ventures grew.
- Since they are fuelled by a growing demand for slaves in the
south, so too did the intensity and frequency of their raiding
expeditions. What began as small raids within the archipelago
went beyond Philippine seas to the Straits of Malacca close to
2,000 kilometers away. The increase in the demand for slaves
fit into a situation by the Mid18th century when something
very unusual, unprecedented happened in the Malacca Straits
region and that was the seasonal arrival of very large numbers
of Raiders from the southern Philippines.
Muslims Crafts
• Garay - Built from bamboo, wood, and the nipa palm and
could carry more than 100 sailors. This single-sailed ship was
25 meters long and six meters across and housed a powder
magazine and cannon at the bow. With 30 to 60 oars on each
side, the garay was faster than any other seagoing vessel of its
time
• Salisipan - Small boats designed for coastal raids
• Lanong - Large outrigger warships used by the Ilanun and
the Balangingi people of the Philippines. They could reach up
to 30 m (98 ft) in length and had two biped shear masts which
doubled as boarding ladders. They were specialized for naval
battles. They were prominently used for piracy and slave
raids from the mid-18th century to the early 19th century in
most of Southeast Asia.
• Kalis - Sword with a mystical side
• Barong - One the Tausug warriors use to cut off an M-14, a
carbine. A single-edged leaf-shaped blade made of thick
tempered steel. This approximately one-meter long weapon
was used in close hand-to-hand battle to cut Spanish firearms
down to size.
• Kris - Weapon of warfare and ceremony. Measuring up to 1.2
meters in length, was not only carried by slave raiders into
battle but also by nobles and high-ranking officials of the
southern sultanates. Double-edged and with either a smooth or
wavy blade
• Kampilan - Heavy single-edged sword adorned with hair to
make it look even more intimidating. At the tip of the blade
are two horns projecting from the blunt side which is used to
pick up the head of a decapitated body
• Raiders Armor - the welthier or noble muslims wear this
armor to protect themselves. This heavy armor made from
carabao horn or steel plates was molded to fit the body and
held together with chainmail. It could deflect the blows from a
sword
 READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY – BSN 2ND YEAR 2ND SEMESTER MIDTERM 2022
Spanish Colonizers
- The Spanish seek to be a part of the economic operations
(slave raiding) in Mindanao in order to facilitate
colonialization, expedite the spread of Christianity, as well as
to exert control over those economic activities. Because the
Spanish have been unable to successfully take over Mindanao,
this will be their means to seize control of the situation.
- The objective of the Spanish attempts to form alliances with
the Muslims in order to extend their colonizing authority in
Mindanao was however uncovered by various tribes in the
Philippines' southern region.
Zamboanga City
- In the southernmost reaches of the Philippine archipelago, the
Spanish occupied Zamboanga City, which sits at the tip of the
southernmost Peninsula of the Philippines.
- In 1635, Spanish soldiers founded Zamboanga on the location
of a local village. The shrine of Our Lady of the Pillar, Fort
Pilar, was established in the 17th century to protect Christian
settlers from local Muslim pirates also known as Moros.
- It is strategically located along an important sea route between
the northern and southern regions of the Philippines.
Zamboanga’s geographical advantage was the reason why is
was made valuable to the Catholic Spaniards who colonized it
in the sixteenth century. In attempt to preserve their
interests, the Spanish colonists established forts to prevent
potential assaults on the front lines. The most noteworthy
defence bastion was the Fort Pilar, a ten-meter-high fortress
that spanned two acres.
Fort Pilar and the 1720 Attack
- Fort Pilar was a structure designed to withstand even the
destructive force of cannonballs. Every possible approach to
the fort was defended by rows of Spanish artillery. But even
with their superior defenses in weaponry, the Spanish soldiers
are greatly outnumbered.
- One of the most celebrated attacks at Port Pilar was the 1720
attack of the Maguindanao King, Dalasi. He was the king of
Bulig in Maguindanao. Rajah Dalasi was planning the attack
on Zamboanga City together with the joint forces of the Sulu
Sultanate.
- The Sulu and Maguindanao Sultanate's were the two main
kingdoms controlling the Muslim colonies of the southern
Philippines, with the king of Maguindanao Raja Dalasi at the
helm. They launched a bloody attack on Fort Pilar and
attacked Zamboanga. They burned the town around the
fort while cutting the line of provisions for the Spaniards.
Then war began against the soldiers inside the fort.
- Rajah Dalasi’s militia armed with only an assortment of
swords, plunge aggressively into battle against the cannons
and firearms of the Spaniards. Even though these courageous
men were decimated by cannon fire, they continue relentlessly.
Wave after wave of Raiders attack until they finally reach the
outer wards. The Spanish soldiers resort to desperate measures
to fend off the Raiders. They threw rocks and boiling water at
Rajah Dalasi’s men as they scaled the walls of the fort. Rajah
Dalasi’s Raiders fight with vengeance; the desire to rid
Zamboanga of the Spanish drives them forward. They had to
suppress the Spanish presence in the peninsula because the fort
was the base operations to check on slave raiding going to the
north and coming back.
J.A.K.E 8 of 21
- But this victory didn’t last long. The Spanish forces ordered
steam ships from England which helped them retaliate from
the attack they had experienced from the indigenous fighters.
Three Steamships ordered from England namely,
• Maga Yanis
• Elcano
• Reina Castelia
- Raiders possess a large amount of maritime experience, which
is why even with mere low boats, they still manage to get
away from the attacks and pursuits of the Spanish . But with
the help of this steam ship, they manage to capture some of the
raiders hence, proclaiming their victory.
- The technology of steam ships are the answer to the Spaniard
in order to halt the disturbances brought on by the Muslim
tribes. With this, the Spaniards returned the attack towards the
Muslim tribes’ re-settlements. But to their surprise, the raiders
knew about their disadvantage and ordered their wives to kill
their children, then the men proceeded to kill the women. It
also part of the belief that they would rather be dead than to
suffer the life of being a slave.
The reason of the dispute between the Spanish Colonizers and
the Tribes of Mindanao
• The reason why the Muslims and the Spaniards were having
disputes is because of the difference in culture and the
differences in their religions as well.
• When the occurrences are taking place, the Muslims didn’t
focus their anger on the Spaniards for participating in slave
raiding, but the fact that the Spaniards are attempting to
change, alter, or destroy the people’s culture by introducing
Christianity and converting the Mindanao people into being
Christians.
• The reason why the war happened between both parties, the
Muslims are trying to stop the changes in their culture that is
brought by the Spaniards. The Muslims also don’t want the
Spaniards to colonize Mindanao.
• The presence of the Spanish really undermined their
commercial interests in the region. Now you had a new power
in the region which was exerting its own agendas and its own
influences. What the Sultanate in the South wanted to do was
to maintain their power and to increase it a little bit more.
• In the power struggle that ensued both sides used their
religious ideologies to further their influence.
• For the Muslim Sultanate, eradicating the Christian Spanish
presence in Zamboanga was one of their top priorities
A LEGACY OF HEROES, STORY OF BATAAN AND
CORREGIDOR
Reported by BSN 2YB-9 Group No. 2
- This documentary was produced by the National Defense.
- It tells the story of thousands and thousands of heroic young
men who bravely fought in Bataan and Corregidor to defend
their motherland. It brings us to a proud moment in our history.
When Filipinos from all walks of life, in the spirit of sacrifice
and patriotism, fight a common enemy.
- Defenders of Bataan and Corregidor:
• Felix T. Pestana – Lt. Headquarters I Corps, PA Air Corps
• Emilio C. Aquino – Sgt., Ist Coast Artillery Regiment
• Ricardo A. Foronda – Lt. 1st Coast Artillery Regiment
• Ramon A. Alcaraz – Q-Boat Commander, OffShore
Patrol
 READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY – BSN 2ND YEAR 2ND SEMESTER MIDTERM 2022
• Manuel T. Yan – Lt. Ist Regular Division
• Richard Gordon – Lt. 31st Infantry Regiment
• Edmundo F. Nolasco – M/Sgt. 2nd Regular Division
• Eliseo D. Rio – Lt.. 1st Regular Division
• Floro Henson – Lt. Quarter Master Service, HPA
• Isabelo Castro – Lt.. 1st Regular Division
• Augosto R. Cosio – Pvt.. 2nd Regular Division
• Jose R. Austria – Lt.. 21st Division
• Lester I. Tenney – S/Sgt., 192nd Tank Battalion
• Edwin P. Ramsey – Lt. 26th Cavalry Regiment
• Fred Baldassare – Historian / Son of Bataan Veteran
• Venicio L. Jalandoni – Lt.. 71st Division
• Karl H. Houghton – Lt.. 31st/ 51st Division
• Jesus T. Mendoza – Lt. 71st Medical Battalion
• Marcial N Moral – Lt.. 51st Infantry Division
• Juan A. Sanchez – Pvt. 21st Division
• AL. McGrew – Cpl. 60th Coast Artillery Regiment
• Jose Abad Santos, Jr. – Lt. Junior Aide to President
Quezon
• Dr. John Hardid Browe – 12th Medical Battalion,
Philippine Division
• 1941
- Just before World War II became a traumatic reality in
our country. Young Filipinos were having the time of
their lives. Back then, the Philippines was a colony by the
mighty United States of America.
- Marked the end of a nostalgic period called peace time.
• After 5 years of the Philippine Commonwealth under
American tutelage, life on the island's road along peacefully
with institutions, infrastructure, and industry is taking root.
• Experiences under American tutelage as shared by the
following people:
- Felix T. Pestana: “They were the best years of my life, I
would say.”
- Ricardo A. Foronda: “At Arellano Highschool, the
tuition fee was 4 pesos a year.”
- Ramon A. Alcaraz: “The government is very efficient,
no graft and corruption.”
- Richard Gordon: “One of the reasons why so many
people wanted to be assigned to the Philippines is because
it is considered good living for a soldier and remained that
way until the spring of 1941... But began to heat up when
we knew this was no longer a pleasure and there’s
something very serious”
• War clouds gathered as European Colonial powers and the
USA praised the stands of the march of patriotism across their
territories. After the US opposed Japan's invasion of China. It
became clear that the two military powers were on a collision
course. At some point, the Japanese would consider hitting US
bases around the world making the Philippines first on their
list or their startup. Despite the danger, many believe that
Japan would not challenge the might of the USA, the myth of
American invisibility gave Filipinos a false sense of security.
• General Doughlas McArthur- the military adviser of the
Philippines. Under his direction, the Philippines
Commonwealth prepares its own dependent plan.
• Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC)- A young man
called for training.
J.A.K.E 9 of 21
• July 1941- Japan took over Southern French in China. The US
responded sharply, freezing Japanese assets and embargoing
oil to Japan.
• USAFFE- US Army Forces in the Far East
• Gen. Doughlas McArthur- was placed in command of the
USAFFE or the United States Army Forces in the Far East.
Deserve officers and men were called on duty and last-minute
training commands.
• December 8, 1941 - Japan launches a surprise attack on the
big US naval base at Pearl Harbor. Within 6 hours, the
Japanese bombed Baguio and Davao without warning. The US
in the Philippines had been dragged into the world war.
• Experiences under the said war as shared by the following
defenders:
- Emilio C. Aquino: “Immediately after the mass, we were
issued steel helmets and real war gear.”
- Eliseo D. Rio: “The Cadet Corps cheered because to us
we thought, no more academics, no more school.”
• Thousands of volunteers, many without any military training,
rush to enlist to defend their motherland. Those who are
already in uniform built defensive positions on selective
beaches where the Japanese might land. There, McArthur
planned to stop the enemy.
• On the 1st day of the war: The Phil-American defenders
were at the disadvantage, most of the planes of USEFE were
demolished by the surprise attack on Clark. Two days after the
first wave of attack, Japanese planes destroyed the US navy
base at Cavite. Filipino and American pilots flying outmoded
aircraft heroically try to challenge the swift in little Japanese
airforce.
• Captain Jesus Villamor- a Filipino pilot and the most
courageous whose daring exploit earned him a distinguished
service cross.
• With the Japanese in control of the (erency) regency, the
defense of the Philippines would fall on the shoulders of
ordinary foot soldiers. Many people have no idea what war
was like.
• On December 22- the Battled tested in arm with more
efficient weapons, the Japanese landed in Apari, Vigan, and
Legaspi to cease airfields before arriving on Must in Linggan
Golf.
- Few of these landings were seriously challenged because
McArthur initially thought that they were purely
diversionary.
- After the Japanese had established beaches and began
pushing inland.
• War Plan Orange - implemented by McArthur, an old
defensive plan that he had previously discarded.
- This is for the withdrawal of all USAFFE troops in Luzon
to the Bataan Peninsula.
- There, together with the heavily 45 islands of Corregidor,
they could deny any enemy the use of Manila and its
strategic harbor.
- USAFFE troops were simply expected to hold out until
the reinforcements arrived.
- To prevent further civilian casualties and damage to
property, Manila was declared an open city and cleared of
military personnel.
- President Manuel Quezon and his family together with the
selective members of his cabinet were evacuated to
Corregidor.
 READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY – BSN 2ND YEAR 2ND SEMESTER MIDTERM 2022
- By New Year's Day 1942, all the USAFFE forces in
Luzon will enter Bataan. Confident that it will only be a
matter of time before reinforcements will come.
How long could defenders of Bataan and Corregidor hold out?
• On January 2, 1942- the Japanese occupied Manila.
• General Masaharu Homma- commander of the Japanese
14th army, had been given 50 days to conquer the Philippines.
But as long as the USAFFE forces continued to hold Bataan
and Corregidor, he could not accomplish his mission.
• To buy time for an active defense on Bataan, the USAFFE
forces set up delaying lines of the main road leading to the
Peninsula. The units managing these lands were tasked to stall
the Japanese advance. They did it with heroic passion.
• Richard Gordon: “We had a Major Donovan, he found a way
to get rid of them. Hecircled the sugar cane field and set it on
fire. The Japanese came out there in a hurry, It was sort of a
duck shoot at that point in time.”
- Major James Joseph Donovan - found a way to get rid
of the Japanese circled the sugar cane field and set it on
fire
• Despite being tired of combat in a long withdrawal. The 21st
divisions in Pora and 71st divisions in Layac supported by
Philippine Scouts artillery batteries slow down the enemy war
machine.
• Sergeant Jose Calugas - Station at Layac junction, a messed
surgent of the Philippines Scout sprang into action after one of
his unit's guns got hit by the Japanese tanks, he ran forward on
their enemy fire and mobilized two days of Philippine Army
their tenants. They continue to fire against the enemy.
- For his exceptional act of heroism, he was awarded the
U.S congressional medal of honor, the only Filipino to
win this award in WWII
• After the long withdrawal to Bataan, the defenders now felt it
was time to stand fast and face the enemies squarely.
The First Main Line
- Defense in Bataan was stretched from Mauban ( I CORPS) to
Abucay (II CORPS). The western was defended by the first
corps, while the eastern section was guarded by the second
corps.
- Among the 80 thousands-strong, Filipino-American forces
were 60 thousand battle-hardened Japanese troops. Although
outnumbered, the Japanese held the upper hand because of
superior arms and logistics and control over air and sea.
• General Vicente Lim- commander of the 41st division of the
Abucay line and the first Filipino graduate of best point. The
Japanese launched the main attack on the east side of the
Abucay line. But despite the repeated attempts, they failed to
break the 41st Division commanded by General Lim.
• Meanwhile, inside Manila Bay, a few boats of the Philippines
patrolled.
• Ramon A. Alcaraz: “Half an hour, air-sea battle between nine
planes and two Q-boats and we hit three of them, we shut
down three.”
• However, the 41st divisions and the other USAFFE units
could not stave off Japanese bricks on the western side of the
Abucay line. Faced with the roadblock threatening to cut off
the USAFFE front lines, the Bataan defenders were forced to
move back. On the eastern side, the defenders withdrew salt
war to their second and final defensive position.
J.A.K.E 10 of 21
The Second Line of Defense
- They had to hold Orion Bagac's land at all costs. If this land
were to be broken, the defense of the Bataan would collapse.
The Japanese launched attack after attack on the Orion Bagac
line, and again and again, they suffered heavy losses. In a bid
to off land, the Filipino-American forces General Homas sent
a battalion by boat on land behind the land.
- The USAFFE units defended their rear position ferociously,
the Japanese attackers were annihilated.
• Jose Tando- At the height of the action, a Philippine
Constabulary Captain rose to the occasion. Tando’s heroic
doings came to be known as the battle of the points.
• While the second line was still being informed, Japanese
infiltrators managed to breakthrough. The Japanese troops
consolidated and became a threat to the Bataan defenders.
• Venicio L. Jalandoni: “It was jungle warfare, where you can
hear the sound of the Japanese rifle but you could not see
where they came from.”
• American tanks were deployed to crush the enemy inside
USAFFE lines but the dense jungle made it virtually possible
to pinpoint the Japanese position.
• Igorot troops from the 11th division came to the rescue.
• Coordinated actions gradually wiped out the infiltrating
Japanese units, in what became known as the battle of the
pockets.
• Mid-February in 1942- With the Fil-Am victory in the battle
of the points and the battle of the pockets, General Homa
realized his worst nightmare. And the determined Bataan
defenders were still holding their ground. Japanese troops had
suffered grievously.
- 2,275 men were killed in action, 4,049 wounded. By
contrast, as were in Asia the pacific the Japanese war
machine was moving swiftly forward conquering Guam,
Hongkong, Wake Island, Malaya, and Singapore.
- Faced with the high casualty rate and the inability to break
the USAFFE defense in Bataan. General Homa decided to
pull back and await reinforcements. There are now ensued
allowed in the fighting that would last 45 days.
• Balita sa Filipina ng Japanese Propaganda Corps
- Unable to win with their guns, the Japanese resorted to
propaganda to break the spirit of the Filipinos and turned
them against the Americans.
- But the morale of the Bataan defenders remained high.
The defenders were motivated to fight harder when they
learned the story of Erlinda.
- Erlinda-, a young Filipina who had been raped and killed
by the Japanese. Remember Erlinda became the cry of
defiance.
- USAFFE headquarters tried to boost morale further
through stirring broadcasts from the voice of freedom in
corregidor.
• Emilio C. Aquino: “Lieutenant Norman Reyes handled the
English portion and then lieutenant Francisco Isidoro, the
Tagalog portion. Our morale was high, especially when we
heard “A mile-long convoy is on the way”.
• Floro Henson: “The propaganda then was that President
Roosevelt is sending a long convoy of reinforcement. So just
keep on holding Bataan, keep on holding.“
• But there was no convoy coming, little did the Filipino-
American soldiers know that the United States government
had reached a decision that virtually made them sacrificial
 READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY – BSN 2ND YEAR 2ND SEMESTER MIDTERM 2022
pons. After Pearl Harbor, the U.S would force the remaining
resources to help the allies win the war in Europe first before
making its move in the Pacific. To make matters worse, food
and medicine were in short supply.
- Lester I. Tenney: “We were eating iguana, snakes and I
must tell you that once we got back to Bataan, the
Philippine Scout did not need the horses anymore and we
started to eat horses.”
- Jose R. Austria: “We ate rice porridge (lugaw) later with
sweet potato. Later on potato vine (kangkong) with rice
porridge.” Karl H. Houghton: “50 percent casualties and
the Philippine Army was just sitting intheir foxhole with
malaria. “
- Jesus T. Mendoza: “We have to put up a cemetery
nearby, we buried them by ourselves. “
• President Quezon, growing frustrated over Americans in
action, proposed that the Philippines be immediately declared
independent and neutral. Then he would order the American
and Japanese armed forces out of the country.
• U.S President Roosevelt disapproved and Quezon
sarcastically remarked “How typically American to anguish
over the fate of a distant cousin (Britain). While a daughter
(Philippines) is being raped in the backroom”.
• But with the Philippines isolated, it was no longer safe to keep
President Quezon and General McArthur in the country.
Quezon was evacuated with submarines while McArthur left
Corregidor by boat en route to Australia. Just before leaving,
McArthur promised to return.
• McArthur: “I shall return.”
• General Jonathan Wainwright - took over the command of
the commonwealth of the Philippines.
• Major General Edward King - was named commander of
the Bataan forces.
• The Filipino and American forces were nearing the breaking
point. But the stubborn defense of the Bataan and Corregidor
had put the Philippines on the world map and gained
recognition for the Filipino soldiers. British prime minister
Winston Churchill praised the Filipino soldiers as the best
warriors in the world and U.S President Roosevelt saluted the
Filipinos for upholding the most magnificent traditions of free
democracy.
• At this point, however, The troops did not need a morale boost,
they needed food, ammunition, and air support, this never
came. By contrast, the Japanese had reinforcements on the
way and were determined to crush the defenders of Bataan.
• April 1942 - the USAFFE troops weakened by hunger and
disease were still holding on.
• April 3 - On a good Friday, with fresh troops, the Japanese
launched their final offensive. Their first goal was to catch Mt.
Samat, from this central high ground the Japanese could see
and split the USAFFE lines making isolated Fil-American
forces easy prey.
• Jose R. Austria: “They kept on bombing, we thought that we
will die.”
- The defenders were physically weakened but they put up
a fierce fight against the revitalized enemy. The Japanese
opened with the fierce artillery on both frontlines in the
rear positions. Bombers attack anything that moved.
Burning forest cover in the dry summer heat. With Mt.
Samat in their hand, the Japanese press on giving their
adversary no chance to re-do.
J.A.K.E 11 of 21
- Filipino and American forces planned temporary defense
lines but were pushed back. The U.S 31st infantry
regiment and units of the Philippine Scouts tried to mount
a counterattack. Eventually, the frontlines collapsed. With
no further organized resistance possible and assured that
the prisoners would be treated humanely.
- General King decided to surrender the entire Bataan
forces to the Japanese.
- On corregidor, the voice of freedom broadcast the fall of
Bataan.
• General King: “Bataan has fallen.”
• Emilio C. Aquino: “Many of us wept when we heard that
broadcast. But what we can do, that was our fate.”
• It was only after the fighting stopped that the Japanese realized
that they had more than 66 thousand Filipino soldiers and over
10 thousand American troops as prisoners of war. The
Japanese now found themselves facing an overwhelming
logistical challenge for which they are unprepared.
- Floro Henson: It was hell, it was summer, it was April
and it's so bad.
- Lester I. Tenney: They took my watch. They took my
ring. They took my wallet. They took everything I have.
• Death March- The Japanese devise a plan that calls for
gathering Prisoner Of War (POWs) in the towns of Maribeles
and Balanga. And marching them to San Fernando Pampanga
from then the prisoners would board cargo trains to Capas
Tarlac for a final walk to the O’donnell prison camp. These
100 kilometers came to be known as the death march.
- Some prisoners never even made it to death. But their fate
was no less tragic, most notable among these were over
400 officers and men from various USAFFE units who
were forcibly assembled by the Japanese near the
Pantingan River.
- The death march took the rest of the POW’s given meager
rations deprived of water, many died on the roadside.
- Some who fell out of line or delayed the march were
simply bayoneted (stabbed with bayonets) by the Japanese.
- In a show of solidarity, townspeople along the route
pinched their support by tossing food, and water to the
prisoners and helping some escape.
- At the San Fernando rail station, those prisoners who had
survived the march found out that their dealing was far
from over.
- In some, more than 15 thousand Filipinos and Americans
are estimated to have died or escaped during the death
march.
• The fall of Bataan now left Corregidor isolated, yet to the
surprise of the Japanese, the valued defenders of the rock
continued to hold out.
• Jose Abad Santos - a courageous Supreme court who refused
to collaborate with the enemy. As we're in the archipelago,
other Filipinos continued to defy the Japanese as well.
• Jose Abad Santos JR.: They cautioned me and said “do not
cry Pepito, show these people that you are brave and that
everybody has given the opportunity to die for one’s country
son. He marched proudly with his shirt flapping, and after that,
I went up to the house and took my prayer book and read the
prayer for the dead. And after a few minutes, I heard a volley
of shots and I knew my father was killed.
• May 5, 1942- After a month of daily bombardment, the
Japanese finally launched their invasion of Corregidor.
 READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY – BSN 2ND YEAR 2ND SEMESTER MIDTERM 2022
• Despite the odds, the Corregidor defenders inflicted heavy
losses on the invaders. But with air artillery supremacy, the
Japanese were able to establish a beachhead. With enemy
tanks on the island and the hospital in Malinta Tunnel.
• May 6, 1942- General Wayne Wright was forced to surrender,
27 days after Bataan's head fell.
• The corregidor POW’s were marched to the streets of Manila
on the way to Bilibid prison where they were initially confined.
• Eventually, the defenders of a corregidor were taken to camp
O'donnell to join their comrades from Bataan.
- Emilio C. Aquino: “Life (at O’Donnell) is hopeless.”
- Jose R. Austria: “Because in our barracks where we
were assigned, there were about 200 in a barracks that can
accommodate only about 100. So it was terrible. Juan A.
Sanchez: “I got sick with malaria and beri-beri. And
chicken lice stock our bodies.”
- Emilio C. Aquino: “When you wake up in the morning,
it’s still dark, you can faintly see this long convoy
carrying the dead. Even after the sun sets, the line is still
long. Imagine that.”
- Dr. John Harold Browe: “The rate would be as high as
500 per day, so obviously there were a lot of people that
were not able to be discovered to be dead and be in the
barracks for quite some time.”
• The fall of the Bataan and Corregidor marked the end of
organized resistance against the Japanese. But the Gorilla
movement would continue to fight across the country. Keeping
the flame of patriotism alive. These Gorillas, many of them
veterans of Bataan and Corregidor would continually harass
occupation forces in all small measures.
• 1944 - General Doughlas McArthur return and the allied
forces
• Bataan and Corregidor are surrounded by historical myth for
too long so many have tainted this freedom with notions of
defeat. Others insist that those battles were all part of the war
that should not have been fought. But the fact is that thousands
of Filipinos, rich and poor, fought side by side against
incredible odds in defense of our country.
• Eliseo D. Rio: “The significance of Bataan is it demonstrated
the spirit of the Filipino as a soldier… as a fighting man.”
• Emilio C. Aquino: “Kung ikaw ay tapat sa bayan maaalala
mng talaga”
• This is a legacy that must not be forgotten. By their unity,
courage, and sacrifice the Heroes of Bataan and Corregidor
passed the torch of freedom to you and me. By their example,
they have shown that no force is strong enough to extinguish
that flame faced with any challenge, we Filipinos have the
capacity to prevail.
THE SITE OF THE FIRST MASS IN THE PHILIPPINES
Reported by BSN 2YB-9 Group No. 3
- Antonio Pigafetta was an Italian scholar and explorer. He
joined the expedition to the Spice Islands led by explorer
Ferdinand Magellan under the flag of the emperor Charles V
and after Magellan's death in the Philippine Islands, the
subsequent voyage around the world.
- The First Voyage around the World (1519-1522): An
Account of Magellan's Expedition by Antonio Pigafetta. The
aim of the journey was to reach the Spice Islands, today
known as the Maluku Islands. Spices were used to season meat
and fish, enhancing flavors or camouflaging those brought
J.A.K.E 12 of 21
about by the conditions of storage. The search for spices
continued into subsequent centuries.
Key People
• Captain - General Ferdinand Magellan (4 February 1480 –
27 April 1521) was a Portuguese explorer and a subject of the
Hispanic Monarchy from 1518. He is best known for having
planned and led the 1519 Spanish expedition to the East Indies
across the Pacific Ocean to open a maritime trade route, during
which he discovered the interoceanic passage bearing
thereafter his name and achieved the first European navigation
from the Atlantic to Asia.
• Chief/Rajah Kolambu (Limasawa) - Befriended and offered
a basket of ginger and a bar of gold, which Ferdinand
Magellan refused to accept. Also joins the blood compact with
Magellan with his brother and present into to the First Mass
• Rajah Siagu (Butuan) – Befriended and forged a blood
compact with Magellan who had claimed ownership of the
islands in the name of King Charles. Siagu gave provisions to
the ships of Magallanes thus, in gratitude, his people were
exempted from paying tribute to the King of Spain. Brother of
Rajah Kolambu
• Pilipino Natives - who attended and witness the first mass
were the first natives of the archipelago, which was not yet
named "Philippines" until the expedition of Ruy Lopez de
Villalobos in 1543
• Seignior - a lord, especially a feudal lord or ruler. Body is
painted (tattooes).
• Slave – Alipin refers to the lowest social class they often used
as payment, expect them to grant any order by their owner and
sometimes an interpreter for the king.
• Christian King Raja Humabon (Cebu) – Head of state
(cebu) later baptized as Don Carlos together with his wife,
and around 400 Filipino natives were baptized into
Christianity by Fr. Pedro de Valderrama.
• Father Pedro de Valderrama - was the only priest in
Magellan's crew, who was given the task of celebrating the
first Holy Mass on the shores of Limasawa, an island at the tip
of Southern Leyte.
• Abba - The highest-ranking deity of the ancient Tagalogs was
called Bathala or Abba.
Key Dates and Events
• March 16, 1521 - arrived in Zamal (now Samar), the island
was called Humunu (now Homonhon).
• March 18, 1521 - Locals welcomed them giving them their
native products such as fish, figs, coconuts and palm wine
(uruca).
• March 22, 1521 - They notice local natives with their physical
appearances wearing gold earings, gold armlets on their arms,
and kerchief on their heads.
• March 25, 1521 - Holy Monday
- They move toward the west southwest in the middle of
four small islands namely, Cenalo, Hiunanghan, Ibusson,
and Abarien.
• March 28, 1521 - They sight a small boat that natives call it
boloto. There is a large boat came near the island so called
balanghai.
• March 29, 1521 - Holy Friday; The Captain General make
conversations with the King to make good relations - They
gave the products with each other.
 READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY – BSN 2ND YEAR 2ND SEMESTER MIDTERM 2022
- The King’s Island in Butuan with their ornaments, earring,
dishes, houses that are made of gold.
- The apperance of the King with their hair is very black,
hung shoulders, covering of silk on his head, golden
earrings, cotton cloth all embroidered with silk; from
waist to the knees. Gold hung dagger and gold teeth. He
was perfumed with storax and benzoin. He was tawny and
painted all over with his body.
• March 31, 1521 - Sunday morning (Easter-day).
- Held at Mazaua (Limasawa) - the celebration of the mass.
- Attended by local islanders, spanish voyagers, the two
Rajas, and Magellan.
• April 7, 1521 - Arrived at the port of Zubu (Cebu), the largest
and the most trade island
- Pigafetta described the inhabitants houses that were made
of logs.
- Fired mortars as a "sign of peace and friendship".
- Tension between the king of Zubu and the voyagers and
Magellan threatened them to rage war.
First Mass
• Morning of Saturday, March 16, 1521. The Spaniards together
with Antonio Pigafetta and Ferdinand Magellan arrived at the
the islands of Latroni—an island named Zamal or also known
as samar. The Following day March 17, 1521 the captain-
general desired to land on another island which was
uninhabited in order to be more secure, and to get water
and have some rest. He had two tents set up on the shore
for the sick and had a sow killed for them. March 18, 1521,
they saw a boat coming toward us with nine men in it. The
captain-General ordered them not to move or talk without
his permission because it may frighten them. When those men
reached the shore, their chief went immediately to the
captain-general, giving signs of joy because of our arrival.
Five of the Natives remained with the Spaniards while
others went out to hunt food by fishing. The captain-general
seeing that they were reasonable men, ordered food to be set
before them, and gave them red caps, mirrors, combs, bells,
ivory, bocasine, and other things. When they saw the captain’s
courtesy, they presented fish, a jar of palm wine, which they
call uraca [i.e., arrack], figs more than one palmo long [i.e.,
bananas] and others which were smaller and more delicate,
and two cocoanuts.
• Captain – General gave the Natives:
- Red caps, Mirrors, Combs, Bells, Ivory, Bocasine
• Native gave the Spaniards:
- Fish, Jar of palm wine, Uraca/ Arrack, Figs more than one
palm, 2 cocoanuts
• Cocoanuts are the fruit of the palm tree. Just as we have
bread, wine, oil, and milk, so those people get everything
from that tree. They bore a hole into the heart of the said palm
at the top called palmito [i.e., stalk], from which distils a
liquor which resembles white must. That liquor is sweet but
somewhat tart, and [is gathered] in canes [of bamboo] as
thick as the leg and thicker. He then proceeds to describe the
palm tree and its fruit. A family of x persons can be supported
on two trees.
• Palmito - heart of the palm
• Those people became very familiar with us. Their own island
was called Zuluan and it is not very large. We took great
pleasure with them, for they were very pleasant and
J.A.K.E 13 of 21
conversable. the captain-general took them to his ship and
showed them all his merchandise—cloves, cinnamon,
pepper, ginger, nutmeg, mace, gold, and all the things in the
ship. He had some mortars fired for them, whereat they
exhibited great fear, and tried to jump out of the ship. After
that the natives leave very gracefully and neatly and promised
they would return. The island where we were is called
Humunu; but inasmuch as we found two springs there of the
clearest water, we called it Acquada da li buoni Segnialli
[i.e., “the Watering-place of good Signs”], for there were the
first signs of gold which we found in those districts. There are
many islands in that district, and therefore we called them the
archipelago of San Lazaro, as they were discovered on the
Sabbath of St. Lazurus. They lie in x degrees of latitude
toward the Arctic Pole, and in a longitude of one hundred and
sixty-one degrees from the line of demarcation.
• Zuluan Island – An island occupied by natives which is not
very large
• Humumu Island – also called Acquada da li buoni
Segnialli which means “the Watering-place of good Signs” –
Two springs that has clear water where first signs of gold were
found in those districts.
• The Archipelago of San Lazaro – Discovered on the
sabbath of St. Lazurus where it lies in x degrees of latitude
toward the Arctic Pole, and in a longitude of one hundred and
sixty-one degrees from the line of demarcation.
• At noon on Friday, March 22, 1561 the native return as they
promised in two boats with cocoanuts, sweet oranges, a jar of
palm-wine, and a cock, in order to show us that there were
fowls in that district. They exhibited great signs of pleasure at
seeing us. We purchased all those articles from them. Their
seignior was an old man who was tattooed. He wore two gold
earrings [schione] in his ears, and the others many gold
armlets on their arms and kerchiefs about their heads. They
stayed there for one week and the captain check the sick crew
daily, giving them cocoanut water from his own hand.
There are people living near that island who have holes in their
ears so large that they can pass their arms through them.
Those people are caphri, that is to say, heathen. They go
naked, with a cloth woven from the bark of a tree about their
privies, except some of the chiefs who wear cotton cloth
embroidered with silk at the ends by means of a needle. They
are dark, fat, and painted. They anoint themselves with
cocoanut and with beneseed oil, as a protection against sun
and wind. They have very black hair that falls to the waist,
and use daggers, knives, and spears ornamented with gold,
large shields, fascines, javelins, and fishing nets that
resemble rizali, and their boats are like ours.
• Tattoos - were seen as a sign of bravery, a symbol of social
standing, and a rite of passage.
• Caphri - Natives near the island. Large holes in their ears.
Naked with cloth woven from trees around their privies. Some
chiefs wear cotton cloth embroidered with silk. Dark, fat and
painted.
• On the afternoon of holy Monday, the day of our Lady, March
25, 1561 it was a rainy day and Pigafetta fell down into the
side of the ship straight into the sea water and no one see
him my left hand happened to catch hold of the clew garnet
of the mainsail, which was dangling [ascosa] in the water. I
held on tightly, and began to cry out so lustily that I was
rescued by the small boat. I was aided, not, I believe, indeed,
 READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY – BSN 2ND YEAR 2ND SEMESTER MIDTERM 2022
through my merits, but through the mercy of that font of
charity [i.e., of the Virgin]. That same day we shaped our
course toward the west southwest between four small islands,
namely, Cenalo, Hiunanghan, Ibusson, and Abarien.
• Four small islands: Cenalo, Hiunanghan, Ibusson, and
Abarien.
• On Thursday morning, March 28, 1561 they see a fire on an
island the night before, they anchored near it. They saw a
small boat which the natives call boloto with eight men in it,
approaching the flagship A slave belonging to the captain-
general, who was a native of Zamatra [i.e., Sumatra], which
was formerly called Traprobana, spoke to them. The captain
seeing that they would not trust us, threw them out a red cap
and other things tied to a bit of wood. About two hours later
we saw two balanghai coming. When the king came near the
flagship, the slave spoke to him. He ordered some of his men
to enter the ships, but he always remained in his balanghai, at
some little distance from the ship until his own men returned;
and as soon as they returned he departed. The king gave the
captain general some presents such aslarge bars of gold,
basketful of ginger. Captain General thanked the king but
he did not accept it. The king and his men anchored the ship
in the afternoon.
• Next day, Holy Friday – captain general sent his slave who
acted as an interpreter ashore in a boat to ask the king if he had
any food to carry within the ship. The king came with six or
eight men in the same boat and entered the ship. He embraced
the captain-general to whom he gave three porcelain jars
covered with leaves and full of raw rice, two very large
orade. The captain-general gave the king a garment of red
and yellow cloth made in the Turkish fashion, and a fine
red cap; and to the others (the king’s men), to some knives
and to others mirrors. The king replied that he also wished to
enter the same relations with the captain-general. Then the
captain showed him cloth of various colors, linen, coral
[ornaments], and many other articles of merchandise, and
all the artillery.
• Then the captain-general had a man armed as a soldier, and
placed him in the midst of three men armed with swords
and daggers, who struck him on all parts of the body.
Thereby was the king rendered almost speechless. The
captain-general told him through the slave that one of those
armed men was worth one hundred of his own men. He
showed the king cuirasses, swords, and bucklers, and had a
review made for him. He told the king through the interpreter
how he had found the strait in order to voyage thither, and how
many moons he had been without seeing land. Lastly, he told
the king that he would like, if it were pleasing to him, to send
two of his men with him so that he might show them some of
his things. The king replied that he was agreeable, and I went
in company with one of the other men.
• The king took me by the hand; one of his chiefs took my
companion; and thus they led us under a bamboo covering.
The king’s men stood about us in a circle with swords,
daggers, spears, and bucklers. The king had a plate of
pork brought in and a large jar filled with wine. Before the
king took the cup to drink, he raised his clasped hands
toward the sky, and then toward me; and when he was about
to drink, he extended the fist of his left hand toward me and
then drank. I did the same toward the king. They all make
those signs one toward another when they drink.
J.A.K.E 14 of 21
• Before the supper hour I gave the king many things which I
had brought. I wrote down the names of many things in
their language. While engaged in that the supper hour was
announced. Two large porcelain dishes were brought in, one
full of rice and the other of pork with its gravy. We ate with
the same signs and ceremonies, after which we went to the
palace of the king which was built like a hayloft and was
thatched with fig [i.e., banana] and palm leaves. They used
the gum of a tree called animewrapped in palm or fig [i.e.,
banana] leaves for lights. The king made us a sign that he
was going to go to sleep. He left the prince with us, and we
slept with the latter on a bamboo mat with pillows made of
leaves.Before we left, the king kissed our hands with great
joy, and we his. One of his brothers, the king of another island,
and three men came with us. The captain-general kept him to
dine with us, and gave him many things. Pieces of gold, of the
size of walnuts and eggs are found by sifting the earth in the
island of that king who came to our ships. All the dishes of
that king are of gold and also some portion of his house, as we
were told by that king himself.
• Pieces of gold, of the size of walnuts and eggs are found by
sifting the earth in the island of that king who came to our
ships. All the dishes of that king are of gold and also some
portion of his house, as we were told by that king himself.
According to their customs he was very grandly decked out
[molto in ordine], and the finest looking man that we saw
among those people. His hair was exceedingly black, and
hung to his shoulders. He had a covering of silk oh his head,
and wore two large golden earrings fastened in his ears. He
wore a cotton cloth all embroidered with silk, which
covered him from the waist to the knees. At his side hung a
dagger, the haft of which was somewhat long and all of
gold, and its scabbard of carved wood. He had three spots
of gold on every tooth, and his teeth appeared as if bound
with gold. 238 He was perfumed with storax and benzoin.
He was tawny and painted [i.e., tattooed] all over. That
island of his was called Butuan and Calagan. When those
kings wished to see one another, they both went to hunt in that
island where we were. The name of the first king is Raia
Colambu, and the second Raia Siaui.
• Early on the morning of Sunday, the last of March, and
Easter-day, the captain-general sent the priest with some men
to prepare the place where mass was to be said; together with
the interpreter to tell the king that we were not going to land in
order to dine with him, but to say mass. Therefore the king
sent us two swine that he had had killed. When the hour for
mass arrived, we landed with about fifty men, without our
body armor, but carrying our other arms, and dressed in our
best clothes. Before the commencement of mass, the captain
sprinkled the entire bodies of the two kings with musk
water. The mass was offered up. The kings went forward to
kiss the cross as we did, but they did not offer the sacrifice.
When the body of our Lord was elevated, they remained
on their knees and worshiped Him with clasped hands.
After the conclusion of mass, some of our men took
communion. Then he had a cross carried in and the nails and a
crown, to which immediate reverence was made. [He said] that
he wished to set it up in that place for their benefit, for
whenever any of our ships came, they would know that we had
been there by that cross, and would do nothing to displease
them or harm their property [property: doublet in original
 READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY – BSN 2ND YEAR 2ND SEMESTER MIDTERM 2022
MS.]. If any of their men were captured, they would be set free
immediately on that sign being shown. It was necessary to set
that cross on the summit of the highest mountain, so that on
seeing it every morning, they might adore it; and if they did
that, neither thunder, lightning, nor storms would harm
them in the least.
• The captain-general also had them asked whether they were
Moros or heathen, or what was their belief. They replied that
they worshiped nothing, but that they raised their clasped
hands and their face to the sky; and that they called their god
“Abba.” The interpreter asked the king why there was so little
to eat there. The latter replied that he did not live in that place
except when he went hunting and to see his brother, but
that he lived in another island where all his family were.
The captain-general had him asked to declare whether he had
any enemies, so that he might go with his ships to destroy
them and to render them obedient to him. The king thanked
him and said that he did indeed have two islands hostile to
him, but that it was not then the season to go there. The
captain told him that if God would again allow him to return
to those districts, he would bring so many men that he
would make the king’s enemies subject to him by force. He
said that he was about to go to dinner, and that he would return
afterward to have the cross set up on the summit of the
mountain. They replied that they were satisfied, and then
forming in battalion and firing the muskets, and the captain
having embraced the two kings, we took our leave.
• On asking them which port was the best to get food, they
replied that there were three, namely, Ceylon, Zubu, and
Calaghann, but that Zubu was the largest and the one with
most trade. They offered of their own accord to give us pilots
to show us the way. After the cross was erected in position,
each of us repeated a Pater Noster and an Ave Maria, and
adored the cross; and the kings did the same. . The captain
asked the kings for the pilots for he intended to depart the
following morning, and [said] that he would treat them as
if they were the kings themselves, and would leave one of us
as hostage. He asked the captain-general to send him some
men to help him, so that it might be done sooner; and said that
he intended to act as our pilot himself. The captain sent him
some men, but the kings ate and drank so much that they slept
all the day. Some said to excuse them that they were slightly
sick. Our men did nothing on that day, but they worked the
next two days.
• One of those people brought us about a porringer full of rice
and also eight or ten figs [i.e., bananas] fastened together
to barter them for a knife which at the most was worth
three catrini. The captain seeing that that native cared for
nothing but a knife, called him to look at other things. He put
his hand in his purse and wished to give him one real for those
things, but the native refused it. The captain showed him a
ducado but he would not accept that either. Finally the
captain tried to give him a doppione worth two ducados,
but he would take nothing but a knife; and accordingly the
captain had one given to him. When one of our men went
ashore for water, one of those people wanted to give him a
pointed crown of massy gold, of the size of a colona for six
strings of glass beads, but the captain refused to let him
barter, so that the natives should learn at the very
beginning that we prized our merchandise more than their
gold.
J.A.K.E 15 of 21
• Ducado – Spain currency
• Doppione – duplicate
• Those people are heathens. They are very heavy drinkers.
Those people are constantly chewing a fruit which they call
areca, and which resembles a pear. They cut that fruit into
four parts, and then wrap it in the leaves of their tree which
they call betre [i.e., betel]. Those leaves resemble the leaves
of the mulberry. They mix it with a little lime, and when
they have chewed it thoroughly, they spit it out. It makes
the mouth exceedingly red. All the people in those parts of
the world use it, for it is very cooling to the heart, and if
they ceased to use it they would die. There are dogs, cats,
swine, fowls, goats, rice, ginger, cocoanuts, figs [i.e.,
bananas], oranges, lemons, millet, panicum, sorgo, wax,
and a quantity of gold in that island. It lies in a latitude of
nine and two-thirds degrees toward the Arctic Pole, and in
a longitude of one hundred and sixty-two degrees from the
line of demarcation. It is twenty-five from the Acquada, and
is called Mazaua.
• Mazaua – is also known as Limasawa.
• We remained there seven days, after which we laid our course
toward the northwest, passing among five islands, namely,
Ceylon, Bohol, Canighan, Baybai, and Gatighan. In the
last-named island of Gatigan, there are bats as large as
eagles. As it was late we killed one of them, which
resembled chicken in taste. There are doves, turtledoves,
parrots, and certain black birds as large as domestic
chickens, which have a long tail. The last mentioned birds
lay eggs as large as the goose, and bury them under the sand,
through the great heat of which they hatch out. When the
chicks are born, they push up the sand, and come out. Those
eggs are good to eat. There is a distance of twenty leguas
from Mazaua to Gatighan. We set out westward from
Gatighan, but the king of Mazaua could not follow us
[closely], and consequently, we awaited him near three
islands, namely, Polo, Ticobon, and Pozon. When he caught
up with us he was greatly astonished at the rapidity with which
we sailed. The captain-general had him come into his ship
with several of his chiefs at which they were pleased. Thus,
did we go to Zubu from Gatighan, the distance to Zubu
being fifteen leguas.
• At noon on Sunday, April seven, we entered the port of
Zubu, passing by many villages, where we saw many
houses built upon logs. On approaching the city, the captain-
general ordered the ships to fling their banners. The sails were
lowered and arranged as if for battle, and all the artillery was
fired, an action which caused great fear to those people. The
captain sent a foster-son of his as ambassador to the king
of Zubo with the interpreter. When they reached the city,
they found a vast crowd of people together with the king, all
of whom had been frightened by the mortars. The interpreter
told them that that was our custom when entering into such
places, as a sign of peace and friendship, and that we had
discharged all our mortars to honour the king of the village.
The king and all of his men were reassured, and the king had
us asked by his governor what we wanted. The interpreter
replied that his master was a captain of the greatest king and
prince in the world, and that he was going to discover
Malucho; but that he had come solely to visit the king
because of the good report which he had heard of him
from the king of Mazaua, and to buy food with his
 READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY – BSN 2ND YEAR 2ND SEMESTER MIDTERM 2022
merchandise. The king told him that he was welcome
[literally: he had come at a good time], but that it was their
custom for all ships that entered their ports to pay tribute, and
that it was but four days since a junk from Ciama [i.e., Siam]
laden with gold and slaves had paid him tribute. As proof of
his statement the king pointed out to the interpreter a merchant
from Ciama, who had remained to trade the gold and slaves.
• The interpreter told the king that, since his master was the
captain of so great a king, he did not pay tribute to any
seignior in the world, and that if the king wished peace he
would have peace, but if war instead, war. Thereupon, the
Moro merchant said to the king Cata raia chitathat is to say,
“Look well, sire.” “These men are the same who have
conquered Calicut, Malaca, and all India Magiore [i.e.,
India Major]. If they are treated well, they will give good
treatment, but if they are treated evil, evil and worse
treatment, as they have done to Calicut and Malaca.” The
interpreter understood it all and told the king that his
master’s king was more powerful in men and ships than
the king of Portogalo, that he was the king of Spagnia and
emperor of all the Christians, and that if the king did not
care to be his friend, he would next time send so many men
that they would destroy him.
• The Moro related everything to the king, who said thereupon
that he would deliberate with his men, and would answer the
captain on the following day. Then he had refreshments of
many dishes, all made from meat and contained in porcelain
platters, besides many jars of wine brought in. After our men
had refreshed themselves, they returned and told us everything.
The king of Mazaua, who was the most influential after
that king and the seignior of a number of islands, went
ashore to speak to the king of the great courtesy of our
captain-general.
- Zamal - now Samar
- Zubu - now Cebu
- Barter- exchange of goods and services without money
involves
- Artillery - weapons for discharging missiles
- Moro - a member of any several Muslims people of the
southern Philippines
- Storax - brownish aromatic resin used in perfume
- Benzoin - is a sweet and smooth gum resin made from the
bark of a variety of trees known as styrax that smells like
vanilla.
THE CAVITE MUTINY AND THE REBELLION CASE
AGAINST GOMBURZA
Reported by BSN 2YB-9 Group No. 4
• Trinidad Pardo de Tavera, Filipino Version of the Cavite
Mutiny of 1872
• Jose Montero y Vidal, Spanish Version of the Cavite Munity
of 1872
• Rafael Izquierdo, Official Report on the Cavite Mutiny
Filipino Version of the Cavite Mutiny of 1872
(Trinidad Pardo de Tavera)
About the Author
- A Filipino scholar, scientist, and historical researcher.
- He wrote the Filipino version of the bloody incident in Cavite.
- In his point of view, the incident was simply a mutiny.
J.A.K.E 16 of 21
- Filipino soldiers and laborers revolted because their privileges
were removed.
- He said that the Spanish Government used the mutiny to create
an enormous plan of revolution against the Spaniards.
- Filipinos had great hopes of an improvement in the affairs of
their country.
- The Spaniards and friars wanted to exacerbate the situation so
that they could remain in their posts for a long time.
Key People
• General Izquierdo
- He abolished the privileges of exemption from paying the
annual tribute and from rendering the polo (forced labor)
of the soldiers and the laborers.
- His first official act was to prohibit the founding of a
school of arts and trades.
- When the news of the uprising was received in Manila, he
sent the commanding general to Cavite, who reinforced
the native troops.
- His account centered on how the event was an attempt in
overthrowing the Spanish government in the Philippines.
- His account on mutiny was criticized as woefully biased.
• GomBUrZa:
- They were tagged as the masterminds of the Cavite
Mutiny.
- The three martyred Filipino priests are collectively known
as:
a) Father Mariano Gomez
- A pure-blood Tagalog.
- He was born in Cavite and is in his mid-70s.
- He held the most senior position of the three as
Archbishop’s Vicar in Cavite.
- He was truly nationalistic and accepted the death
penalty calmly as though it were his penance for
being pro-Filipinos.
- He was condemned to death by a military court-
martial.
b) Father Jose Burgos
- A half-blood Spaniard.
- He was 35 years old at the time, and was active
and outspoken in advocating the Filipinization of
the clergy.
- He was a parish priest in Manila Cathedral and
had been known to be close to the liberal
Governor General De la Torre.
- He was condemned to death by a military court-
martial.
c) Father Jacinto Zamora
- A half-blood chinaman.
- A 36-year-old who was born in the Philippines.
- He was a parish priest of Marikina and was to be
known unfriendly to and would now countenance
and arrogance or authoritative behavior from
Spaniards coming from Spain.
- He was condemned to death by a military court-
martial.
• Accused of complicity with the mutineers:
a) Antonio M. Regidor
- A lawyer and councilman of Manila.
b) Joaquin Pardo de Tavera
- A lawyer and member of the administrative council.
c) P. Mendoza
 READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY – BSN 2ND YEAR 2ND SEMESTER MIDTERM 2022
- A curate of Santa Cruz.
d) Guevarra
- A curate of Quiapo.
e) Priests:
- Mariano Sevilla
- Feliciano Gomez
- Ballesteros
- Jose Basa
f) Lawyers:
- Carillo
- Basa
- Enriquez
- Crisanto Reyes
- Maximo Paterno
Dates & Year
• January 20,1872
- There was an uprising among the soldiers in the San
Felipe Fort in Cavite. 40 marines attached to the arsenal
and 22 artillerymen under Sergeant La Madrid.
Commanding officer and other Spanish officers in charge
of the fort were assassinated.
- The news about the mutiny reached authorities in Manila
and General Izquierdo immediately ordered the
reinforcement of Spanish troops in Cavite.
• 1871-1873 (Arrival)
- Rafael de Izquierdo served as Governor and Captain-
General of the Philippines.
- A complete change in the aspect of affairs.
- He made it clear that his views were different from those
of La Torre.
- He intended to govern the people “with a crucifix in one
hand and a sword in the other.”
- All of those who had offered their support to ex-Governor
La Torre were classed as personas sospechosas (suspects).
Places
• Fort San Felipe, Cavite
- It is the Spanish arsenal in Cavite.
- Cavite arsenal is located within this area where they store
their military weapons for specific purposes.
- The Cavite arsenal's workmen were all natives in that
town and the neighboring town of San Roque.
- The mutiny happened inside the Cavite arsenal.
• Manila
- The news of the uprising was received by General
Izquierdo.
- A few of the rebels were captured and taken.
• Madrid
- The Central Government has announced its intention to
deprive the friars in these islands of all powers of
intervention in matters of civil government and the
direction and management of educational institutions.
- The authorities in this country were unable to control
public opinion, and no opportunity was given to conduct a
thorough investigation of the real facts or extent of the
alleged revolution.
• Mariana Islands
- This is where priests and lawyers who were accused of
being involved in the mutiny are sentenced to life
imprisonment.
J.A.K.E 17 of 21
Summary
• Filipino soldiers and laborers were dissatisfied with the loss of
their privileges from paying annual tribute and conducting
forced labor.
• It was removed during the time of Captain-General Rafael de
Izquierdo.
• Izquierdo believed that by abolishing these privileges, all such
workers would be required to pay tribute and labor on public
improvements.
• Dissatisfaction and resentment spread among the Cavite
arsenal workers.
• They planned an attack against Spaniards.
• On the night of January 20, 1872, they killed the commanding
officer of the Cavite arsenal and other officers.
• When news of the mutiny reached Manila, General Izquierdo
immediately ordered the reinforcement of Spanish troops in
Cavite.
• This mutiny was used as a powerful lever among the soldiers
in Cavite by the Spanish residents and friars.
• Because friars feared that their power within the colony would
soon be removed.
• They took advantage of the incident and presented it to the
Spanish Government as part of a major conspiracy throughout
the archipelago with the object of destroying Spanish
sovereignty.
• The alleged “revolution” of Cavite was to strengthen the
power of the friars in the Philippine Islands.
• The Madrid Government came to believe the scheme was true
without conducting a thorough investigation of the real facts or
extent of the alleged revolution.
• Convicted the three martyred Filipino priests, whether or not
they were involved in the mutiny.
• This event led to the awakening of nationalism and eventually
to the outbreak of the Philippine Revolution of 1896.
Spanish Version of the Cavite Mutiny of 1872
(Jose Montero y Vidal)
About the Author
- Born on January 28, 1851 in the Andalusian town of Gergal
- Government official residing in Manila in 1872
- Civil Governor in colonial provinces of the Spanish Empire in
1875
- Was one of the most knowledgeable Spanish historians in the
Philippines
- At the time of Cavite Mutiny, he was a government official
residing in Manila.
- His book Historia General de Filipinas was produced in
Madrid in 1895
Key People
• Jose Montero Y Vidal
- Spanish historian who wrote Spanish version of the Cavite
Mutiny of 1872.
• Dr. T. H. Parado De Tavera
- He commented that the narrative of Vidal was noticeably
biased against the Filipinos.
• D. Rafael De Izquierdo
- Successor of Governor General Carlos Ma. De la Torre.
• Sergeant La Madrid
- Caviteños leader who leads 200 native soldiers who attack
during the Cavite revolt.
 READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY – BSN 2ND YEAR 2ND SEMESTER MIDTERM 2022
• D. Fernando Rojas
- Military Governor of Cavite
- Sends off two Spaniards to give information to the Manila
authorities concerning to the uprising.
• D. Domingo Mijares
- Informed commandant of Marine which immediately
relayed the news to Governor Izquierdo.
• D. Felipe Ginove
- He demands for rendition and waited for the rebels to give
in.
• Don Jose Burgos, D. Jacinto Zamora, D. Mariano Gomez,
D. Antonio Maria Regidor, D. Joaquin Pardo De Tavera,
Pedro Carillo, Gervacio Sanchez, Jose Mauricio De Leon,
Atty. Enrique Paraiso, Jose Basa, Pio Basa, Crisanto Reyes,
Maximo Paterno And Several Other Filipinos.
- Pointed out as instigators and arrested due to involvement
with the revolt.
• Camerino And 11 Indivduals Of Guias De La Torre
- Sentence of imprisonment for the assassination of the
Spaniards.
• D. Jose Burgos, D. Jacinto Zamora, D. Mariano Gomez,
And Fransisco Saldua
- Sentenced to die by strangulation.
• Maximo Inocencio, Enrique Paraiso, And Crisanto De Los
Reyes
- Sentenced of ten years imprisonment.
• D. Jose Basa Y Enriquez, D. Joaquin Parado De Tavera, D.
Antonio Ma. Regidor, D. Pedro Carillo, D. Geryasio
Sanchez, And D. Jose Mauricio De Leon
- Suspended to practice law due to the involvement of
uprising.
Dates & Year
• April 4, 1871
- D. Rafael de Izquierdo became Governor-General of the
Philippines.
• January 20, 1872
- Cavite revolt
• Beginning of the Year of 1872
- The authorities received anonymous communications with
the information of a great uprising would break out
against the Spaniards.
• Night of January 20
- Fireworks were displayed and rockets fired into the air.
• 9:30 PM of the January 20
- A mutiny broke out among 200 Filipino soldiers under the
leadership of Sergeant La Madrid
• January 21
- D. Felipe Ginoves waited the entire day for the rebels to
give surrender.
• January 22
- Most of the rebels died and captured by the Spaniards.
• January 27
- Captain-General fixed his “cumplase” on the sentence.
• February 6
- 11 rebels were sentenced to death
• February 8
- Camerino together with 11 individuals were sentence with
imprisonment.
• February 15
J.A.K.E 18 of 21
- Filipino priests were sentenced to die, while others were
ten years of imprisonment.
• February 17
- Native clergies together with Saldua were executed on the
field of Bagumbayan.
• April 3, 1872
- Several men were suspended to practice law.
• April 4, 1872
- Izquierdo created an artillery force to be composed of
Peninsulares.
• July 1872
- The arrival of the new Spanish troops in Manila.
Places
• House of the Filipino Spaniard
- Where usually held the meetings of Filipino rebels.
• Cavite and Manila
• District of Sampaloc
- Held the fiesta of the patron saint, the Virgin of Loreto,
where the fireworks are rooted from.
• Field of Bagumbayan
- Place where Gomez, Zamora, Burgos, and Saldua put to
death.
• Sto. Domingo Church
- Special mass held in this church for the welcoming of new
Spanish troops.
Summary
• Historia General de Filipinas was the Spanish version of
Cavite Mutiny of 1872 written by Jose Montero y Vidal.
• According to Dr. Pardo de Tavera, Jose Montero y Vidal
does not speak as a historian but rather speaks as a Spaniard.
This version was baseless documentary evidence,
exaggerates the mutiny, and even included the innocent
patriotic Filipino leader.
• D. Rafael de Izquierdo succeeded the control over the
Philippines and during his term, the Cavite revolt of 1872
occurred.
• In Vidal’s account, the reason behind the insurrection was
due to required taxes of workers in Cavite arsenal and
abolition of the privileges.
• The factors that led to a yearning for independence among
some Filipinos were:
- Spanish revolution.
- Uncontrolled press promotion against the principle of
monarchy.
- Attentatory of the most sacred respects towards the
dethroned majesty.
- Democratic and republican books and pamphlets.
- Speeches and sermons of the apostles of these new ideas
in Spain.
- Outbursts of the American publicists and the criminal
policy of the senseless Governor whom the Revolutionary
government sent to govern the Philippines.
• The authorities received anonymous information about the
uprising against the Spaniards. They would execute the fleet at
Cavite left for the South including the friars. However, nobody
paid attention to these notices.
• He stated that the conspiracy had been going on since the days
of La Torre. The meetings were usually in the house of
 READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY – BSN 2ND YEAR 2ND SEMESTER MIDTERM 2022
principal leaders or native priests attended by curate of Bacoor
(Cavite).
• The uprising was part of big conspiracy among native soldiers
and multitude of civilians. They allegedly plan to execute all
Spaniards including high ranking Spanish officers and friars.
• On the night of January 20, the district of Sampaloc celebrated
feast of the Virgin of Loreto. When the firework display fired
into air. Caviteños allegedly mistook the signal and
assassinated the commander of the fort together with his wife.
• Two Spaniards where dispatched to inform Manila authorities;
however, they met the group of native on the way where they
died.
• D. Domingo Mijares informed the commandant of Marine of
what happened in Cavite, which immediately relayed to
Governor Izquierdo.
• Under the command of D. Felipe Ginoves, he formed a
reinforcement of the Spanish forces to quell the revolt and
waited the whole day for the rebels to surrender. Unfortunately,
on the next day Ginoves launched an assault that resulted to
the suppression of the revolt.
• Some of the prisoners pointed out several individuals as
instigators and arrested.
• 41 of the rebels were sentenced to be executed.
• On 6th of February, 11 rebels were sentenced to death but by
decree of the day following, commuted this sentence to life
imprisonment.
• On 8th of February, sentence to life imprisonment was
pronounced on Camerino and ten years imprisonment for
eleven individuals of the famous “Guias de La Torre”.
• On 15th of February, Filipino priests were sentenced to die by
strangulation. While, Maximo Inocencia, Enrique Paraiso and
Crisanto de los Reyes were sentence for ten years
imprisonment.
• On 17th of February, Gomez, Zamora, Burgos, and Saldua
were executed on the field of Bagumbayan.
• On April 3, 1872, several men were suspended from practicing
law due to their involvement with the Cavite mutiny.
• Izquierdo dissolved the native regiments of artillery and
ordered the creation of an artillery forced composed
exclusively by Peninsulares.
Official Report of the Cavite Mutiny of 1872
(Governor General Rafael Izquierdo)
About the Author
- Born on September 30, 1820, in Santander, Spain
- He served as Governor-General of the Philippines from April
4, 1871, to January 8, 1873
- He was famous for his use of "Iron Fist" type of government,
contradicting the liberal government of his predecessor, Carlos
María de la Torre y Navacerrada.
Key People
• Native Clergy, Mestizo, And Abogadillos
- People who seem to be motivated and prepared for the
insurrection.
- Protested against the injustice of the government.
- Against the usury that some officials practice in handling
documents.
- Abogadillos – pettifogger, mediocre lawyer, small town
lawyer.
J.A.K.E 19 of 21
• D. Jose Burgos and D. Jacinto Zamora
- Parish priests of S. Pedro of Manila who had a great
possibility to be head of the government.
• Leader Camerino
- A pardoned leader who led 500 natives to helped the
rebels of Cavite.
• Rebels of Cavite
- Made the signals agreed upon by means of lanterns.
• Native Civillians in Bacoor
- Tried to fight against Spanish Navy but failed.
• Loyalist
- Arrested the parish priest of Bacoor.
- Found an abandoned vessel loaded with arms, including
carbines and revolvers.
Dates & Year
• January 23, 1872
- Governor General Rafael Izquierdo reported to the
Spanish Minister of War about the Cavite Mutiny.
• January 1, 1872
- Obliged the workers in the Cavite arsenal to pay tribute
and render personal service.
• 1869
- Behind plans for un uprising.
• 1862
- Due to earthquake the uprising was not carried out.
• August 1, 1871
- Governor General Rafael Izquierdo reported a
confidential report No. 113.
Places
• S. Pedro of Manila
- Where the parish priest, Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora.
• District of Tondo
- Start of the revolution by setting fire to this area.
• Fort Santiago
- Regiment of artillery and infantry would seize this capitol.
• Town of Bacoor
- Camerino and his men located at the town of Bacoor and
separated from the fort of San Felipe.
- Place where parish priest arrested, and the loyalist found
an abandoned vessel loaded with weapons.
• Fort of San Filipe
- Fort where rebels would find arms and ammunition.
• Manila
- The planned location for the start of the uprising.
- A junta or center of followers of the rebels.
- Established a society for the teaching of arts and trades.
• Cavite
- Location of Rebels of Cavite that will abet at midnight.
• Madrid
- The place where the center or junta received inspiration
for the uprising.
Summary
• Governor General Rafael Izquierdo reported to the Spanish
Minister of War, dated Manila, January 23, 1872,
• He blamed the Cavite Mutiny on the native clergy, some local
residents, intellectual, and even El Eco Filipino, a Madrid-
based reformist newspaper.
• He calls the military mutiny an “insurrection”, an “uprising”,
and a “revolution”.
 READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY – BSN 2ND YEAR 2ND SEMESTER MIDTERM 2022
• The insurrection was motivated and prepared by the native
clergy, by the mestizos and native lawyers, and by those
known here as abogadillos. Some are residents of Manila,
others from Cavite, and some from the nearby provinces.
• To carry out their criminal project, instigators protested
against the injustice of the government. They encouraged the
rebellion by protesting what they called the injustice of having
obliged the workers in the Cavite arsenal to pay tribute starting
January 1 (1872) and to render personal service, from which
they were formerly exempted.
• They take advantage of indios’ ignorance by making us of
superstitions and made them believe that the Chief of State
(hari) will minister. And those who would not revolt they
would kill immediately.
• To those who revolted, they offered the wealth of the
Spaniards and of the regular clergy, employment and ranks in
the army; and to this effect they said that fifteen native
battalions would be created, in which the soldiers who
revolted would have jobs as officers and chiefs. The lawyers
and abogadillos would direct the affairs of government, of the
administration and of justice.
• D. Jose Burgos. or D. Jacinto Zamora, parish priests of S.
Pedro of Manila were great probabilities to be the head of the
government.
• All the Spaniards, including the friars, would be executed
except for the women; and their belongings confiscated.
Foreigners would be respected.
• This uprising has roots, and with them were affiliated to a
great extent the regiments of the infantry and artillery, many
civilians and a large number of mestizos, indios, and some
ilustrados from the provinces.
• Revolution:
1) Set fire to the district of Tondo
2) Fire cannons to inform the rebels of Cavite of their
success
3) 500 natives led by pardoned leader Camerino
4) Spanish navy that had placed there a gunboat and armed
vessels
5) Loyalists went to arrest the parish priest of Bacoor
6) Newspapers are solicited.
• He mentioned that the uprising should have started at Manila
at midnight abetted by Cavite rebels. However, Caviteños
allegedly mistook the signal and went ahead of time.
• Since 1869, the instigators planned to carry out an uprising,
but due to the earthquake in 1862 it was not executed.
• Governor-General Rafael Izquierdo files a confidential report
no.113 regarding the prohibition of the founding of the school
of arts and trades in Manila. He then stated that in Manila, a
junta or center existed.
• This junta or center was inspired from Madrid where
newspaper like El Eco Filipino where sent in the Philippines
from Madrid.
• Izquierdo assured that he will do everything to put down and
punish any uprising.
J.A.K.E 20 of 21
FIRST CRY OF REVOLUTION
Discussed by Prof. Ramos
The Views on the Date and Site of "The First Cry of the
Revolution"
- The primary sources 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 of Unit 3 are accounts
pertaining to the first cry for freedom that has either took place
in Bahay Toro, Pugad Lawin or Biyak na Bato.
- The sources present different versions that would give light to,
not only where such first cry took place, but equally important
is to the realization of the struggle of the men and women of
the Katipunan and their resolve to put an end to oppression
and injustice.
- The sources also highlight the primary contribution of the hero
and revolutionary leader Supremo Andres Bonifacio of
starting the fight against the Spanish colonial masters.
A. Pio Valenzuela, Cry of Pugadlawin, (Zaide 8, pp.301-302)
- The controversial "Cry of Pugad Lawin which has been
confirmed by no other eyewitness of the event than Dr. Pio
Valenzuela, is the second and later version of the first rally of
the Katipunan by Dr. Valenzuela himself. The first version
which he gave told of the "Cry of Balintawak" as the first
staging point of the Philippine Revolution.
- He related the first version, when events were still fresh in his
memory and as he abandoned the revolutionary cause after its
outbreak and fled to Biñan, Laguna, for safety.
Pio Valenzuela' Controversial "Cry of Pugad Lawin"
(August 23, 1896)
- Taking advantage of Governor General Ramon Blanco'
proclamation of amnesty to the revolutionists, Valenzuela
returned to Manila on September 3, 1896, and surrendered to
Blanco. He was imprisoned to Fort Santiago, where, upon
investigation, he told Fransisco Olive, the Spanish investigator,
that the "Cry' was staged at "Balintawak on Wednesday,
August 26, 1896."1 However, much later, Dr. Valenzuela,
with a fading memory and without consulting the written
documents of the Philippine Revolution, wrote his Memoirs of
the Revolution. In his memoirs, he claims that the "Cry" ' was
held at Pugad lawin on August 23, 1896, as follows.
- The first place of refuge of Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto,
Procopio Bonifacio, Teodoro Plata, Aguedo del Rosario, and
myself was Balintawak, the first five arriving there on August
19, and I, on August 20, 1896. The first place where some 500
members of the Katipunan met on August 22, 1896, was the
house and yard of Apolonio Samson at Kangkong. Aside from
the persons mentioned above, among those who were there
were Briccio Pantas, Alejandro Santiago, Ramon Bernardo,
Apolonio Samson, and others. Here, views were only
exchanged, and no resolution was debated or adopted.
- It was at Pugad Lawin, in the house, store-house, and yard of
Juan Ramos, son of Melchora Aquino, where over 1,000
members of the Katipunan met and carried out considerable
debate and discussion on August 23, 1896. the discussion was
on whether or not the revolution against the Spanish
government should be started on August 29, 1896, Only one
man protested and fought against the war, and that was
Teodoro Plata *Bonifacio's brother-in-law -Z.] Besides the
persons named above, among those present at this meeting
were Enrique Cipriano, Alfonso Pacheco, Tomas Remigio,
Sinforoso San Pedro, and others. After the tumultuous meeting,
many of those present tore their cedula certificates and shouted
"Long live the Philippines! Long live the Philippines!"
 READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY – BSN 2ND YEAR 2ND SEMESTER MIDTERM 2022
B. Santiago Alvarez, Cry of Bahay Toro, (Zaide 8, pp. 303)
- Another version if the "Cry" which launched the Philippine
Revolution, is that written by Santiago Alvarez, a prominent
Katipunan warlord of Cavite, son of Mariano Alvarez, and
relative of Gregoria de Jesus (wite of Andres Bonitacio).
Unlike Masangkay, Samson and Valenzuela, Alvarez was not
an eyewitness of the historic event. Hence, his version cannot
be accepted equal in weight to that given by actual participants
of the event. Although Alvarez was Cavite at the time, this is
his version of the first "Cry" as follows:*
The "Cry of Bahay Toro" (August 24, 1896) By Santiago
Alvarez
- Sunday, August 23, 1896
- As early as 10 o'clock in the morning, at the barn of Kabesang
Melchora *Melchora Aquino - Z.], at a place called
Sampalukan, barrio of Bahay Toro, Katipuneros met together.
About 500 of these arrived, ready and eager to join the
"Supremo" Andres Bonifacio and his men....
- Monday, August 24, 1896 There were about 1,000
Katipuneros.. The "Supremo" decided to hold a meeting inside
the big barn. Under his leadership, the meeting began at 10
o'clock in the morning.. It was 12 o'clock noon when the
meeting adjourned amidst loud cries of "Long live the Sons of
the Country (Mabuhay ang mga Anak ng Bayan)!
C. Gregoria de Jesus, Version of the First Cry,
(Zaide 8, pp. 305)
- One of the participants in the drama of the Philippine
Revolution of 1896 was Gregoria de Jesus, the wife of
Supremo Andres Bonifacio, and the "Lakambini of the
Katipunan
- She was the custodian of the secret documents, seal, and
some weapons of the Katipunan, and constantly risked her
life in safeguarding them. After the outbreak of the
Revolution in August, 1896, she went to live with her parents
in Caloocan, while Bonifacio and his men gathered in the
hills of Balintawak for the war of liberation.
Gregoria de Jesus' Version Of the First "Cry"
(August 25, 1896)
- When warned that the Spanish authorities were coming to
arrest her, she fled to Manila and later joined her husband in
the mountains and shared the hardships and sacrifices of a
patriot's life with him. According to her version of the First
"Cry," it occurred near Caloocan on August 25, 1896, as
follows:*
- The activities of the Katipunan had reached nearly all corners
of the Philippine Archipelago, so that when its existence was
discovered and some of the members arrested, we immediately
returned to Caloocan. However, as we were closely watched
by the agents of the Spanish authorities, Andres Bonitacio and
other katipuneros left the town after some days. It was then
that the uprising began, with the first cry for freedom on
August 25, 1896.
- Meanwhile, I was with my parents. Through my friends, I
learned that the Spanish were coming to arrest me.
Immediately, I fled town at eleven o'clock at night, secretly
going through the rice fields to La Loma, with the intention of
returning to Manila, I was treated like an apparition for, sad to
say, in every house where I tried to get a little rest, I was
driven away as if the people therein were frightened for their
own lives. Later, I found out that the occupants of the houses
which I had visited were seized and severely punished and
J.A.K.E 21 of 21
some even exiled. One of them was an uncle of mine whom I
had visited on that night to kiss hand, and he died in exile.
D. The Guardia Civil's Report on the Cry of Balintawak,
(Zaide 8, p. 306)
- It is interesting to note that Captain Olegario Diaz, Spanish
commander of the Guardia Civil Veterana of Manila, who
investigated the discovery of the Katipunan, also included in
his official report findings on the site and date of the first rally
of the Revolution. According to his report, the first "Cry"
"occurred at Balintawak on August 25, 1896, as follows:"*
The Guardia Civil's Report on the"Cry of Balintawak"
(August 25, 1896)
- The conspiracy having been discovered, Bonifacio and his
followers hurriedly fled to the nearby town of Caloocan. On
the 23rd of August, 1896 - Z.] Bonifacio moved to the barrio
of Balintanac(Balintawak - Z.] Followed by 200 men from
Caloocan; on the 24th they were attacked by the Guardia Civil
in the outskirts of the said town and they retreated to their
hiding places.
- The Supreme Council called for a big meeting to be held the
following day [August 25 - Z.] in the above mentioned barrio
[Balintawak- Z.]. More than 5,000 members attended. The
meeting began with a discussion of what course should be
taken in the face of the new situation and in the view if the
arrests that were being made. There were some who were
disposed to go back and surrender to the Spanish authorities.
Bonifacio was strongly opposed to such a course. He was
taking up arms at once. Put to a vote, Bonifacio's proposal was
approved by an overwhelming majority. See how strong an
influence he wields!
- Orders were immediately sent out to Manila, Cavite, Nueva
Ecija, and other provinces for the Katipuneros to strike at
dawn on Sunday, August 30th.
E. Guillermo Masangkay, "The Cry of Balintawak," (Zaide 8,
p. 307
- The historic first rally of the Philippine Revolution of 1896
occurred at the rustic barrio of Balintawak, a few kilometers
north of the city of Manila, on August 26, 1896, according to
this eyewitness account by Katipunan General Guillermo
Masangkay, Bonifacio's childhood friend.
Guillermo Masankay on the "Cry of Balintawak" (August 26,
1896)
- Similarly, this date and site were officially adopted by the
government during the early years of the American regime,
after having consulted the surviving katipuneros and
prestigious historians at the time. A monument depicting the
event was erected near the site, financed by funds donated by
the people, and was inaugurated on September 3, 1911. In his
memoirs, General Masangkay recounts the "Cry of Balintawak.
' as follows.*
- On August 26th [1896-Z], a big meeting was held in
Balintawak, at the house of Apolonio Samson, then the cabeza
of that barrio of Caloocan. Among those who attended, I
remember, were Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, Aguedo del
Rosario, Tomas Remigio, Briccio Pantes, Teodoro Plata, Pio
Valenzuela, Enrique Pacheco and Francisco Carreon, They
were all leaders of the Katipunan and composed the board of
directors of the organization. Delegates from Bulacan,
Cabanatuan, Cavite, and Morong (now Rizal), were also
present.