wIUM2/CSTRS7 APPENDIX 4 PROPOSED SYLLABUS FOR THE SUBJECT: WASTEWATER TREATMENT PRACTICE N3_(’AFVALWATERBENANDELINGSPRAKTYK N3') A. THEORY Le GENERAL The international metric system (ST units) ‘The St SI base units - length, mass, time, electric current, temperature Derived SI units - area, volume, speed, velocity, density, force, weight, energy, work, heat, pressure, stress, power, electric potential, electrical conductance, rotation frequency Preferred SI prefixes ~ nega, kilo, milli, micro Other units used in practice - min, hy d, t, 2, km/h, hay °C etc. Brief introduction only to: Gravitational force, force, amount of work, power. Introduction to and including elementary calculations: Pressure, density, relative density, density ard heat Elementary calculations Decimal comma, grouping of figures Rounding off and significant figures Exponential notation Simple equations and transposing Calculation of area Rectangular Circle Triangle Calculation of volume Rectangular tank cylinder2yramids and cones Dortmund sedimentation tank Different units of volume measurement in the water industry Small volumes (m£, 2) Larger volumes (K1, m*, M2) Graphs Reading and interpretation of various types of graphs Drawing of graphs with rectangular co-ordinates ¢.g. flow, pump efficiency, calibration of dosing apparatus, ete. Concentrations: Relationship between Percentage, g/2, g/m, kg/m, kg/Mé, mg/£, etc. Elementary hydraulics Water and other Liquids: Relative density and viscosity. Flow velocity vs Flow rate Hydrostatic pressure Flow in pipes Head loss Bydraulic gradient Hydraulic radius Other factors: Pipe friction and roughness of inner surface, bends, vaives, abstructions, scale Flow in channels Syphon Flow measurement and metering Water hammer Pumps Driving force and powerPump types and uses: Positive displacement pumps Piston pumps (single and double action) Other types of positive displacement pumps, e.g. screw pumps and ram pumps Rotedynamic pumps Air Life pumps Portable submersible pumps Operation and maintenance of pumps and motors Pre-start check, start-up procedure, lubrication, glands, bearing temperatures, amp and volt meters, abnormal noises, trapped air, foot valves, non-return - ives, flow regulating valves, preventing water hammer, water cooling, warning notices, operating instructions, pressure gauges, low voltages, amperage changes, automatic protection, stand-by pumps, cleaning of pumps, maximum suction head, vibration, economical use. Yalves: Types, operation and maintenance Cavitation and the prevention thereof Safety regulations and precautions Records. Elenentary water chemistry related to wastewa Atom, atomic mass, mol., valency Chemical symbols, elements, compounds, mixtures. Solutions, suspensions and colloidal Gases (O2, Nz, COz & #28 ete) epensions. Their solubility in water and the effect of pressure and temperature on the equilibrion. Organic and inorganic compounds Cations and anions occurring in natural water Oxidation and reduction Dissociation, ionization, 4 , OH, acids and basis, pH Alkalinity, buffer capacity Concentration of chemical reagents; mol vs normslicy AdsorptionSewage 'strength': Meaning of Biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, oxygen absorbed (én), anmonia-nitrogen. Elementary water biology related to wastewater Nutrients (C NP and trace elements) animal and plant life Micro-organieus, bacteria, viruses, algae, protozoa, amoeba, etc. Macro-organisms, flies, psychoda larvae, worms, daphnia, etc. Aquatic plants (e.g. hyacinths, water lettuce, duckweed, etc.) Waterborne diseases (e.g. cholera, typhoid, bilharzia, etc.) Faecal coliform bacteria (E coli I) and Pollution detection by bacterial tests (pathogens vs indizator organisms) Aerobic, Anaerobic and facultative bacteria Nitrification and denitrification by micro-organisms Simplified carbon, nitrogen and sulphur cycles Water sources and pollution The natural water cycle Pollution of water sources - Domestic and industrial: Their characteristics and treatment considerations Eutrophication Purpose of sewage treatment Legislation Brief reference and explanation of appropriate sections of: Act 22 of 1941 (Factories, Machines ane building Works Act) Act 56 of 1956 (Water Act) Act 54 of 1972 (Act on Foodstuffs, Cosmetics and Disinfectants) Act 63 of 1977 (Health Act) st 100 of 1982 (Environment Conservation Act) Act 96 of 1984 (Water Amendment Act)Provincial Ordinances and local by-laws Requirenents for the Purification of Wastewater or Effluent (Government notice 991 of 18 May 1984): The Special Standard, The Special Standard for Phosphates and the General Standard Brief introduction to sanitation systems Non-water borne systems ~ Pit latrines, V.I.P., night soil systems (burial or oxidation/evaporation ponds), chemical closets, humus toilets, ete. Water borne systems = Septic tanks, Imhoff tanks, sea disposal, stabilisation pond systems, biological filtration plants, activated sludge plants, package units, etc. Primaty, secondary and tertiary treatment. Sewage and sewers Sewage: Composition; domestic; industrial; sewage strength Severage system Sever systems (separate and combined), gravity lines, pumping stations and rising mains Sand, grease, fat and oil traps Sewer corrosion Sever maintenance Fain infiltration Stoppage clearing Sewer cleaning tools Root removal, Sand and grit removal Grease removal Sewer cleaning Making repairs and connections Gas in severs Flows: daily flow patterns, peaks, rain infiltration, av. DWF, Peak DWF, storm peak flow, DF Population equivalentsIndustrial effluents: . Effects of common industrial effluents such as toxicity and effect on load . Abattoir effluents; grease, fats and oils; hard detergents; toxic substances; heavy metals, etc. . Identification of harmfull effect by industrial effluents on the biological processes and installations ‘The need for in-factory pretreatment. Self-purification of rivers and its application in sewage treatment Disposal by dilution Self-purification Effects of pollution Zones in self-purification Zone of degradation Zone of active decomposition Zone of recovery Clear-water zone Factors in self-purification Dilution Currents Sedimentation Sunlight ‘Temperature The role of micro-organisms in sewage treatment Aerobic, anaerobic, facultative, algae, etc.WASTEWATER TREATMENT Primary treatment The inlet works Purpose Barscreens Fixed bar rack Mechanical screens Amount and disposal of screenings, incineration, composting, burying Macerators and comminutors, hammer milis Ventilation of screen house Grit removers Linear flow and aerated systems Detritus channels Grit tanks Grit disposal Grease and oi] removal Rag catchers Flow measurements Flow recorders Maintenance Total flows Rypasses and storm overflow systems Balancing tanks Records Primary sedimentation Purpose Division chamber (dividing box) Sedimentation - principles and factors affecting the process (size, shape and density of the particles, temperature and viscosity of the liquid, retention time, effective depth, surface area, inlet and outlet design, turbulence, upward flow rate)Sedimentation tanks General description and types: Dortmund and mechanical shallow tanks Stiliing boxes Scum and floating matter: Baffle plates and removal Sludge removal, volumes expected, water content, pumping, rodding eyes ‘The operation and maintenance of settling tanks Septic conditions Belching or sudden rising of sludge Other problems: short circuiting, eddy and convection currents, wind action Efficiency control tests (theory only): Settleable solids (Imhoff cone tests) OA, COD and suspended solids reduction Load reduction by sedimentation Calculations - nominal and theoretical retention time, % efficiency of retention, upward flow velocity, weir overflow rate Recycled liquors to pre sedimentation: Digester supernatant humus, advantages and disadvantages o/ recycling secondary effluents to pre sedimencati Records. 2.2 Secondary treatment Biological filtration and humus removal Purpose, principles and role of aerobic bacteria, other micro-organisms, zooglea. Higher forms of life in the filters: psychoda larvae, worms, etc. Biological filters General description, ventilation, media, underdrainage, desire syphons and pumps Distributors Seals Ponding Maintenance of dosing syphons, distributor arms, seals and media Trouble shooting Nitrification Carbonaceous compounds oxidation.Methods of biological filtration High rate (roughing) filters Single filtration Single filtration with recirculation Double filtration Loading of filters: Hydraulic and organic Final sedimentation (humus tanks) Operation Sludge disposal to heacworks or to digesters Control tests (theory only): OA, COD, Ammonia-nitrogen, nitrace-nitrogen, nitrire-nitrogen, settleable solids (Inhoff cone tests), suspended solids, relative stability Records. Activated sludge process Purpose and comparison with biological filtration ‘The activated sludge process vs plain aeration ‘Theory of activated sludge process ‘The process Mixed liquor and mixed liquor suspended solids Sludge age, waste sludge and sludge recycling Food to micro-organisms (F:¥) ratio Sludge characteristics: sludge volume index, buiking slucse by filamentous organisms e.g. Sphaerotilus and wicrothrix Foam and scum formation by Norcardia. seration Aeration with compressed air - coarse bubble, diffused air, air blowers and cleaning of air Mechanical aeration (surface aeration) ~ simplex, kessener, sheffield, paddle, discs (orbal), etc. Conventional aeration Extended aeration Step aeration (or step feeding) Tapered aeration anoxic zone Plug flow and complete mix flow Control of oxygen input,2.3 in 10 Flow diagraus of: Conventional plants with anaerobic digestion Extended aeration plants Pasveer ditch plants Orbal (Huisman) plants Nitrification and denitrification Phosphate removal Advanced processes (brief introduction only) Contact stabilization Bardenpho, phoredox and phostrip processes, etc. Plant operation and maintenance Starting a new plant Operational difficulties - organic and hydraulic shock loads, temperature shocks, disinfe-tants, toxic substances, carbohydrates (starches), industrial effluents, bulking control, pk-drop as result of nitrification, sludge age control, power failures, sudden rising sludge in sedimentation tank due to denitrification, foam formation by nocardia, high sludge ievel in settling tanks, pin head floc. Sludge wasting and drying, odour of sludge. Loading parameters: high rate, conventional and extended aeration Clarifier types: mechanical shallow tanks Process control tests (theory only): ammonia~, nitrite~ and nitrate nitrogens, OA, COD, 30 min. settleability, settleable solids (Imhoff cone test), mixed liquor suspended solids, sludge volume index, dissolved oxygen, pi, microscopic examination, relative stability. Records. Tertiary treatment Maturation and other natural methos Maturation ponds Maturation rivers Reed bede Grass beds Land treatmenti Filtration Microstraining Rapid and slow sand filters Hamlin filters Chlorination Theory of chlorination and factors affecting chlorination Breakpoint chlorination (brief introduction) Properties of chlorine gas and hypochlorites Storage, handling and changing of chlorine cylinders Gas chlorinators ~ cabinet, wall and cylinder mounted Operation of gas chlorinators Basic components Maintenance Starting end stopping procedures Hypochlorite solution feeders - pumps and constant bead feeders. Operation difficulties Residual chlorine measurement ~ brief description and demonstration only of DPD and orthotolidene methods. Controlling effective disinfection - dosage, constant rate, continuous fead, chlorine and bacteriological tests Safety measures and first aid Records. Phosphate removal Reasons Biological (incorporated in secondary treatment) Chemical precipitation by metallic salts eg. ferric chloride ferric sulphate and aluminium sulphate Disposal of phosphate-rich sludges. Reclamation Brief introduction to reclamation for agricultural, industrial and domestic purposes.12 2.4 Solids treatment Primary and ray sludges Properties: water, organic and inorganic content Object of treatment Land and sea disposal Septicity. Anaerobic sludge digestion and disposal Digestion process: anaerobic fermentation organisms involved mesophilic and other systems pH changes gas production composition of the gas sludge changes during digestion Primary and secondary digesters: covered and open. Handling raw and secondary sludges Supernatant draw-off Metering sludge and gas Digester ancillary plant : Heaters mixers, mechanical and gas gasholders flame traps odour control Disposal: Drying beds, composting, soil conditioning, landfill, ete. Health aspects Operational problems: Acid fermentation and septic conditions Foaming Gas failure Toxic matter Scum formation Grit deposition Access for cleaning and fresh air supply Blockages and removal of undigestable waterial, e.g. Tags and plastics which pass bar screens and rag catchers Digester and drying bed loadings2.5 13 Control tests. (Theory only): pH Total suspended solids % Ash Volatile solids % Volatile solids reduction Records. Heat treatment processes Porteous process Zimmerman process “activated sludges Dewatering and disposal: lagooning, drying beds, erc. Drying bed loadings Dewatering of sludges and incineration Natural: Lagooning and drying beds Chemical treatment: Flocculation and flotation Thickeners: Construction and operaticn Dewatering plant: Presses Vacuum filters Centrifuges Incineration : Economy and principles Multiple hearth furnaces Fluidized bed systems Stack gases and residues. Other treatment systems Pond systems Oxidation ponds (no effluent): With or without aeration Stabilization ponds (receiving rew or partly treated wuicr borne sewage): Anaerobic, aerobic ané facultative Buffering against shock loads Construction, pond inlet and overflow systems, short circuiting, algal growth, inlet works (screening and grit removal) vs deepening of primary pond, recirculation, pond loading, maintenance14 Maturation ponds: Pond loading. Overloading of pond systems, septic conditions, H,S production and sulphur bacteria. Damage to banks by animals, crabs, etc. Protection against wind (wave) action Package units Activated sludge units (e.g. course air bubble plants. orbal. Pasveer, etc.) Biological filtration (e.g. Bio~pac, etc.) Rotating biological dises Unconventional systems Pond systems followed by biological filters Anaerobic treatment followed by biologicel filters 2.6 Control and safety Process control and record keeping Brief incroduction to some control analyses and the reasons therefore: Temperature, pH, oxygen absorbed (4 h), chemical oxygen demand, ammonia-nitrogen, nitrate-nitrogen Relative stability (methylene blue) test, settleable solids (inhoff cone test) 30 in eectleability, suspended solids, sludge volume index, dissolved oxygen, chlorine. Relationship between oxygen absorbed (04) and permanganate value (PV) Frequency of sampling and analysis Composite sampling Sample preservation Brief introduction to bacteriological examination Interpretation of analytical resuits Record keeping Occupations! hazards ané safety measu Factory Act and regulations Bazardous chemicals and gases Fire and explosion hazerds15 Physical hazards Elementary first aid Ablution facilities Protective clothing Personal hygiene WISITS TO SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS The function of the various process units and the general plant management is highlighted. PRACTICAL Elementary laboratory procedures and practice ‘The use of standard solutions. Determination of: Temperature PR Oxygen absorbed (4 h) Ammonia-nitrogen Nitrate-nitrogen Relative stability (Methylene Blue) Settleable solids (Inhofi cone test) 30 min settleabilicy (measuring cylinder) Suspended solids Sludge volume index Residual chlorine Diseolved oxygen (by meter) Use of test kits (for e.g. ammonia-nicrogen, nitrete-nitrogen and phosphates) and its limitations. suey