COMMUNICATION

THEORY MAP

Advanced Communication Theory

9th Session

1
SPECIFIC LEARNING OBJECTIVES
This session has specific learning objectives
are:
• Identify communication theories based on
context by Littlejohn & Foss; Katherine
Miller, & West & Turner.
• Understand why learning theories is
needed.
• Recognized theories based on its map.
2
 Today’s topic is divided into:
1. Communication theory based on Context
of Communication
2. Communication Theory Based on Tradition
and Communication Context by Littlejohn
& Foss.
3. The Communication Theory Perspective of
Em Griffin For comparison
4. Some example of theoretical applications

3
Books used:

4
5
I. COMMUNICATION CONTEXT

6
 1. COMMUNICATION THEORY BASED ON
COMMUNICATION CONTEXT

SYMBOL & SIGN SYSTEM

Groups Organizations

Message

Communicator Communicator
Conversation

Relationship
Media

Culture & Society

SOCIAL INTERACTION
Source: Littlejohn & Foss,2011
7
 2. COMMUNICATION THEORY BASED ON
PROCESS & COMMUNICATION
CONTEXT -
by Katherine Miller, 2005
 COMMUNICATION PROCESS:
1. Theories of symbolic organization

2. Theories of message production

3. Theories of message processing

4. Theories of discourse & interaction

5. Theories of comm. in developing relationship

6. Theories of comm. In ongoing relationship

8
COMMUNICATION THEORY OBJECT BASED
ON PROCESS & COMMUNICATION
CONTEXT -
by Katherine Miller, 2005
 COMMUNICATION CONTEXT:
1. Organizational communication

2. Small group communication

3. Media processing & effects

4. Media and society

5. Culture & communication

9
 3. COMMUNICATION THEORY BASED ON
COMMUNICATION CONTEXT -
by Richard West & Turner, 2010
1. Self & Messages : Intrapersonal &
Interpersonal
2. Relationship development
3. Group & Organization
4. Media
5. Culture & Diversity
6. Public
10
 VARIOUS COMMUNICATION
CONTEXT :
 Informal Context (in everyday life) -use of
slang etc. & Formal context (scientific &
non-scientific) - use of Formal language
etc.
 Verbal & non verbal communication
context
 Persuasion or propaganda context
 Etc.
11
12
II. COMMUNICATION THEORY
BASED ON CONTEXT AND
TRADITION

13
 Why learning theories?
1. Theories organized & summarize
knowledge.
2. Theories focus attention on specific
variables and relationship between those
variables.
3. Theories clarify what is observed
4. Theories permit prediction of human
behavior.
14
 Why learning theories?

5. A ‘good’ theory should generate further

research.
6. A theory can not reveal the whole truth
about anything
7. People create theories
8. Some theories are meant to challenge
existing life and generates new ways of
life.
15
Data without theory are like babies without parents;
their life expectancy is low
(Gigerenzer, 2000 in Berger et al, 2010)

16
 COMMUNICATION THEORIES: context &
tradition by LITTLEJOHN ed.8 (1)
CONTEXT SEMIOTIC PHENOMENOL CYBERNETI SOCIOPSYC SOCIO CRITICAL
OGY C HOLOGY CULTURAL

COMMUNIC Information Traits & Self Identity

ATOR processing; factors; politics;
Information Biological Standpoint;
integration; influences; Gender & sex
Cognitive Social
dissonance; judgment;
Beliefs, Elaboration
attitude, likelihood
values
MESSAGE Signs & Textual Action Speech acts;
symbols; interpretation; assembly; Identification;
Meaning; Text & Planning; Gender
Language; tradition Strategy
Nonverbal choice;
behavior Message
design;
Connotative
meaning

17
 COMMUNICATION THEORIES: context &
tradition by LITTLEJOHN ed.8 (2)
CONTEXT SEMIO PHENOMENOLO CYBERNETI SOCIOPSYC SOCIO CRITICAL
TIC GY C HOLOGY CULTURAL

CONVERSATI Coordination Uncertainty Symbolic Language &

ON meaning & & anxiety interaction; culture;
action reduction; Symbolic Invitational
Accommoda convergence; rhetoric
tion & Conversation
adaptation; al (maxims;
Expectancy sequencing;
violations; rationality;
Interperson argument);
al deception Face
negotiation
RELATION Congruence; Relational Family Dialogics;
Dialogue patterns schemas; Dialectics;
Family Privacy
types; Social management
penetration

18
 COMMUNICATION THEORIES: context &
tradition by LITTLEJOHN ed.8 (3)
CONTEXT SEMI PHENOM CYBERNETIC SOCIOPSYCH SOCIO CRITICAL
OTIC ENOLOG OLOGY CULTURAL
Y

GROUP Bona fida groups; Interpersonal Structuration;

Input-process- behavior Group
output; functions;
Interaction Groupthink
analysis;
Intercultural
effectiveness

ORGANIZATI Organizing; Bureaucracy; Organizational Organizational

ON Equivocality; Participative text; hegemony;
Networks management Structuration; Managerialism
Concertive ;
control; organizational
Organizational democracy;
culture Gender & race

19
 COMMUNICATION THEORIES: context &
tradition by LITTLEJOHN ed.8 (4)
CONTEXT SEMIOTIC PHENOME CYBERNETI SOCIOPSYC SOCIO CRITICAL
NOLOGY C HOLOGY CULTURAL

MEDIA Media signs; Public Media Medium; Domination

Simulation opinion; effects;Uses Agenda
Spiral of & setting;
silence gratification Media
s; Media communities
dependency
; Cultivation
COMMUNITY Linguistic Cultural Networks; Speech Political
& CULTURE relativity; interpretat Diffusion community; economy;
Elaborated & ion Cultural Ideal speech;
restricted codes; Liberal
codes Cultural &radical
performances feminism;
Cultural
productions;
Race;
Archeology;
Colonization

20
 III. THE PERSPECTIVE
COMMUNICATION THEORY
FROM Em Griffin AS
COMPARISON

21
 PERSPECTIVE COMMUNICATION
THEORY BY TRADITION &
METHODOLOGY FROM Em Griffin

OBJECTIVE PHENOMENOLOGY
AREA CYBERNETICS SEMIOTICS

CRITICAL

RHETORIC
SOCIOSPHYCOLOGY SOCIOCULTURAL INTERPRETIV
E AREA

22
INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
THEORY MAP
OBJECTIVE INTERPRETIVE
Symbolic Interactionism X
Coordinated Management of Meaning X
Expectancy Violations Theory X
Interpersonal Deception Theory X
Constructivism X
Social penetration Theory X
Uncertainty Reduction Theory X
The Interactional View X
Relational Dialectics X
Social Jusudahment Theory X
Elaboration Likelihood Model X
Cognitive Dissonance Theory X
23
 INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
THEORY MAP
TRADITION METH
ODE
Socio Cyber Reth Semio Socioc Critic Pheno
psych netic oric tic ultural al menol
ologic ogy
al
Symbolic Interactionism X CI

Coordinated Management of Meaning X X I

Expectancy Violations Theory X O

Interpersonal Deception Theory X O

Constructivism X X CO

Social penetration Theory X O

Uncertainty Reduction Theory X O

The Interactional View X CI

Relational Dialectics X I

Social Jusudahment Theory X O

Elaboration Likelihood Model X CO

Cognitive Dissonance Theory X O

O (Objektif); I (Interpretif); C (Condong) 24

 INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
THEORY MAP

TRADITION METH
ODE
Socio Cyber Reth Semio Socioc Critic Pheno
psych netic oric tic ultural al menol
ologic ogy
al
Functional Perspective on Group Decision X X CO
Making
Adaptive Structuration Theory X X CI

Symbolic Convergence Theory X X OI

Information System Approach X CI

Cultural Approach X I

Critical Theory of Communication X X I

Approach
The Rhetoric X CO

dariamatism X X CI

Narrative paradigm X CI

O (Objektif); I (Interpretif); C (Condong)

25
 INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
THEORY MAP

TRADITION METH
ODE
Socio Cyber Reth Semio Socioc Critic Pheno
psych netic oric tic ultural al menol
ologic ogy
al

Technological Determinism X X OI

Semiotics X CI

Cultural Studies X I

Cultivation Theory X X O

Agenda-Setting Theory X O

The Media Equation X O

O (Objektif); I (Interpretif); C (Condong)

26
INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
THEORY MAP
TRADITION METH
ODE
Socio Cyber Reth Semio Socioc Critic Pheno
psych netic oric tic ultural al menol
ologic ogy
al

Anxiety/ Uncertainty X O

Management Theory
Face-Negotiation Theory X X CO

Speech Codes Theory X CI

Genderlect Styles X X OI

Standpoint Theory X CI

X CI
Muted Group Theory
O (Objektif); I (Interpretif); C (Condong)

27
 DICIPLINE PERSPECTIVE
TOPIC SOCIOLOGY PSYCHOLOGY PHILOSOPHY ANTROPOLOGY

COMMUNI Self Traits & factors; Biological

CATOR influences; Social judgment
Elaboration likelihood;
Information processing;
Information integration;
Cognitive dissonance; Beliefs,
attitude, values

MESSAGE Gender Textual Nonverbal

interpretation; behavior
Text &
tradition

28
IV. THEORY APPLICATIONS

29
 1. Theory of Reasoned Action
 Icek Ajzen and Martin Fishbein (1980)
suggested that the result of
BEHAVIOR as an intent, is a complex
output of ATTITUDE
 Specifically, the individual's intention to
run a certain way is determined by his
attitude toward behavior and a set of
beliefs about how others want to do
something 30
TRA Model

31
 Theory Application
 Mother's behavior wanting to feed breast
milk to her child can be predicted from
the intention of Mother against bottle milk.
The higher the correlation between the
milking desire of the bottle Milk, the final
behavior is predictable: refusing to
breastfeed!
 Women attitudes towards the thought of
abortion with the act of abortion!
32
2. Theory of Cognitive Dissonance
 Leon Festinger's (1957) theory of
cognitive dissonance is one of the
most important theories in the history
of social psychology.
 Festinger mentioned that individuals
WILL ALWAYS try to reduce the
tension of dissonance / disturbance
that occurs.
33
Anti Smoking Campaign

34
 3. Elaboration Likelihood Theory
 Social psychologists Richard Petty and John
Cacioppo have developed Elaboration
Likelihood Theory (ELT) to help us
understand behavioral differences for the
same stimulus.
 ELT is essentially a persuasion theory,
because it tries to predict WHEN AND HOW
an individual WILL or NOT be persuaded by
the message.
35
ELM in Brief

36
LOVE & HATE
relationship!

37
 Reference
 Croucher, S.M. (2016). Understanding Communication
theory. New York: Routledge.
 Griffin, Em. (2014). A First Look at Communication Theory.
United States: McGraw-Hill.
 Littlejohn & Foss, (2011). Theories of Human
Communication. Illionis: Waveland Press.,Inc.
 Miller, Katherine. (2005). Communication Theories:
Perspectives, Processes, and Context. United States:
McGraw-Hill.
 Sunarto, materi kuliah Program Pascasarjana UI., 2011.
Depok : UI.
 West, R. & Turner, L.H. (2010). Introducing Communication
Theory: Analysis & Application. United States: McGraw-Hill.
38
THANK YOU

39