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សៀវភៅគណិតវិទ្យាថ្នាក់ទី១២កម្រិតខ្ពស់
សៀវភៅគណិតវិទ្យាថ្នាក់ទី១២កម្រិតខ្ពស់
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J3 + J3 + J3 = 2.274934
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l' 4' 7' 10' 13' ... '1
cu1Jm
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: tl=lMtttmillmttJ
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.ffl!=ltlmtans'i§ru"]mcraa&MM att.ml=lttitltanmnti
u u u u .::
2 3 4 5
ii. l' 2' 3' 4' ...
2
1.2. runm
r7 ll
0 1 0
1 1 I 1 ""
{}Jfmfif!iJ : 1,- 2' 3' -4, 5' ... cJH~nJY '1
1
tJtflf!J
W
: hl6'itS8'i:flS619t9i
IJ 1JU
(-l)n+Il '1 n:tJru lim ! == 0 tSl8 tRLflGl
I n ll-? +=n
lim (-1 / +
1
! == 0 '1
n--7 +oo n
"" 1 1 1 I ll+Il ""'
~tHSHl]ri(a 11 ): 1,-
I
2, 3,-4, 5, ... ,(-1) ;; cJHl]riJYt9iSnO '1
I
ffJtff!tf:
lj Ill
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1J
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I I
~ Illl I 1 1357
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1.3. runln
r7
I
~fl'lfiltnfl 2: hlri
/)
1,0,-1,-2, ... ,2-n, ... 'i:fl26'i9t9i
1J u
all= 2-n '1
I
3
"' ""'
~61 (all) : a 1, a 2, a 3 , •.• ,all, ... + 00 '1
1
" ""'
~61 (all) : a 1, a 2 , a 3 , ..• , a 11 , ...
1
2
&l:l ru ull = - 3n - 2 ctl fi1611 R '1
1
2 3
- C»-
n. ~., (a11 ) twru
eJ(J_
all= n -3n 2. (Uil)
1
t~'i:flS fiin (a11 ) Sob (b11 ) &l:l bli'i:flS lim all = M Sob lim b11 =N t~Q1S :
1 ll-7+oo n-++=
ll-7
lim (an+ b11 )
+oo
= M +N , lim
11-7 +oo
(a 11 - b11 ) = M- N
..,
" lim (a 11 b,)
n-7+oo
= MN, m N ::f:. 0 O:l"H lim
n-+ +oo
0 1 0
n!tmtitiJ :
ull
3n + 1 5
=- -+- 2. cull) : ull = 5n + 1 '1
n n2 3n +2
3n + 1
v11 = -n -
3n + 1 1 l
t~Q1S v11 = - - = 3+- tt!Hti
n n
lim - =
n-++=11
o &mg lim v11
n-++oo
=3
lim w 11 lim 1 = 0
= n--t+oo
n-7+oo n2
f:lmsg
u
lim un
n-?+oo
= n-7+oo
lim vn + lim w, = 3 + 0 = 3 '1
n -++ oo
1
5+-
5n + 1 n 5
2. lim
n ->+ oo
u, = lim
11-?+oo 3n+ 2
= lim
n-?+oo 2
=
3
'1
3+-
n
4
LuiYug: i:iMm
2
~ 2n
. 2n + 1 n + n +I '1
.
n. 1rm -- 2. lim f:i. IliD
2
n-?+=n2+1 l1-?+= 3nJ3 n-?+= 2n + l
"'
• tt5 lim a11 =a sh lim bll:::: ~ tSl g a:5:~
ll----? + 00 11----?+oo
e "'
&tJ lim an= +oo tm g lim bn :::: +oo
fl-?+oo 11---:} + 00
t Sl g lim b"
1l----? + 00
=a '1
0 1 0 QlQI '::1 Q1 cJ 0 I
nnmfif!i/ : f:iM m ru·i:HHS tiJn ( U 11
) &{:j run rt11 mttl ru :
I
~ U 1 . nn
= ~sm 2. U = n+(-1)" '1
n. 11
6 11
2n
rufJm : N
n. o
mmg~f:itJne
•
IN tm·ns -l<sin-<I
nn "'
t'iJlru l I . nn 1
--:5:-sm-:5:- '1
lJ - 6- n n 6 n
t ttl ru 11
_!!~ = (- ~) = 0 2h " 1i~= ~ = 0 t f:i 01 s 11
~>i~= (~ sin ~n) = 0 '1
11
2. TI&mgu;u 11E IN tf:i'i::flS -1:5:(-1) ::;1 ttfiru n2-ni:s;un::;\+nl
&ttl ru
n -;
lim
+=
(n2-n 1) = -21 Sh lim (
I! - ; +=
11
+ ) =
2n
1
!
2
{:jf:HSg
u
lim
11 --? +=
U, = - '1
2
2. lim
ll----?+oo
(lcos(nn))
n
'1
lim a" = I Sh
ll--7 + 00 n -1-+oo
lim b" =1 '1
:, , I I
0 2 3 4 5 n
5
t:$ t:$ b t:$ t:$
3, ru ~fiG~~ fi 5; ~ ~ifi ;.;~ ~
3.1. rugrn.nfJJnt4Hliimums§ I
j~ r '1
II
""
- m r =2 tSlH?ilflSMti'GHUll:fl~tiHSS
& L; n
2,4, 8, 16, ... tl:lmct1Mti1nt94~n
&
+oo '1
1 1
"" r
- tti = -31 rsn H?ims ~tiuHlnmu;Hs ~ ~· §, ;7 , 8\, ... tl:l mm ~tia~t94u; o '1
1 1
3.2. mifnfJJnt4mJimtnttsR
I
Q CC» '::1 C» C!r.f I C
t?HunJlbl5~titS ~ti'GHl.fl'HlUiH s ~ (r ') t94 ffl~nHtfl ~tiZlb tLfil~ :
1
"" r = 1 '
2. n~ rul lim r" =
ll~+oo
n~+oo
lim r" =0 mmnm lrl < 1 '1
th hltiaJlnhn
1J w ct
'1 t?'iUlS fflflh nHhtil:luZ"Jh
B U
tifil~
l.j
:
1
'" ttl O<lrl < 1 ts')g lim r" =0 ttfiru (rn) thhlti~~t94in0 '1
.
.. mrs
n-++oo
6
0 • 0 . 311-'-l- 2''
WtmlffiJ: hm '1
n --'> + = 3" + 2" + I
tuflw : 1111
&tH'ifflf:iliJn sbm?i&utm:il ru 3" tf:iQIS
3"
n. l i m11 - - 2.
n-7+= 4 -2"
11
MffiW: fil~Hlinrul
9
:clHhutinJhln
.!J
(r ) tf:iQIS hln (r") a~ hl'i:ftHli -1 < r-;;. 1 '1
.!J II U
I I
~ ~ ~ ~
~tnmul./1 : tf:'i'i:flShlnmrul'i:fl'inHsstfjru'i:flsntjcr:nbt'~Fn'i:1:
.!J \.j 61 IIU l.i
I
- tti"' x =2 &Slg
n~+oo
lim a, =3
"'
- m -2<x<2 tSlg lim a,= 0
n---? +oo
4.
n=l
""
tt5tf:'ili5n sn = al+az+a3+ ... +a, tSlg sll
7
t?'iQlS hm
. S11 = 2(1-0) = 2 ~
'1 tun (S 11 )
11~+- ~
., ......... 0 ' 1 1
iU17UUM: ~bttu~~Snruln Ji+l + J3+Ji+ ...... +Jn+i+Jn+ ...
mC» (S 11 ) ch~n~n
Ql Ql ~
t?'ittlttu~ I.- an -
chtNHn '1 filbliruTI lim S11
n-;+oo
=+ oo
f3tm8thnHS~ f.a,,
11 =I"
00
8
= =
• 2'UtfliTHfiTIHS~ I,. an rt3 '1 mb S = I,. an Sb S 11 ctldru\jn n u'fstfiTI&sg '1
1l = 1 11 = 1
i:JtHS8 a11
u
= S11 -Sil-I '1 &i:1QlS
n~+oo
lim a11 = lim (S11 -S11 _J)
11-?+oo
= S-S =0 '1
=
~LHS g dhfiTIHS ~ "" a 11 fi:HS"U lim a 12 = 0 '1
~ ll-7+=
n =I
=
dj lim a 12 :t:O tSHtfiTIHSS I,.aJn'l
11~+= n
i:J1:HS8
u
tm.nutuStrlSQlSnl&tl
ctct
a,, -@smt9i~n
u
0 &SHtfiTI ~a,,
~
1n '1
n =I
o .o .- 2 n 3 """'"""
4 "'"""
ll!tmtif.'f! : ti:1tf1Sttu~»S~ 1 + + + + ... + n _ '1 tnttuasgctlttu~~'t311
3 5 7 2 1
• .,.
... , 010
"' 1! n --
. ill- 1!. i l l - -1= - : #
1 : O '1
11~+= 2n-1 - 11~+= _~
2 n 2
n. L (I;; -n +I 1)
=
11=1
=
~n(n+l) '1
2. ""
11 =I
I
.9
""
ft::lru'i:lls~'9ljti5 a:tO SiH~ruwJu~~ r '1
1
Iar"- = a+ar+ar2 +ar3 + ...
n =I
""
t~'i:ll2tt'd"'h~s~ Iar
11 1
n =I
- m"" a= 0 cs·ut~Ql2
~ n-1
£..Jar =0
n =I
Q v ~ ~ ~ ~
-r
"" r
- tU =1 tSlgt~Ql2 S11 = a+a+ ... +a= na
• - "". .
1JiU&n5~UHUl'Hl1.rH2~ a+ar+ar 2 +ar 3 + ... +arIl-l + ... <:/""
twru(a:;t:O) '"'"' -
w1thl~J~
u1nt9iffl~nH11lt::in~~t'ifil~:
"' u li
10
0 • 0 Q1 ()
flJUTJfifi'/2: tf:l'tflS1JHFilrulhl~tlJ P 1Q 1R 1
m1nntl~tl{1
~ ~
C 1 stlntl~~tmrt.ntsg'tfls~tl{1
~ Lj 4
C2 m1n
I I
t[:jrn'tfls6i'91
u
thlstl
~
,J3 stlnrnw'~m~
u u r = 4l '1 tttlru
. n=1 ll =l
. L= ka 11
=
= k L,.an = ka. tt:lrn k mt1~strH
IZ =I IZ =1
co = =
'" L,. (a"+ b 11 ) = L,. an +lL bn = a+ P
ll=J ii=l ll =l
= = co
11
1 1 ) lim 1 · 2 + 2 · 3 + 3 · 4 + ... + (n- 1)n '1
-
n. I, = (
2n-!- 3n-1 2.
n----?+oo n
3
11 =1
5.
5.1. rlB~Htru'ffiFizU
Ur;;tio~HHu~VlS ~ctlGSSI:Hdffif:iRrl.fH~
IJ IJ
(tlur:tl
u
~
4
= 0.25) tir:tlGSSIHuffii=i2ti
"" IJ IJ
5
(t1uur:tl - = 0.8333 ... ) '1 Ur;;tidss!Huffif:i 2tiff1btttlrudssfi5~Vls
u
ti:lruH1uHS~nff1'tjtW1
1 n
6 IJ IJ
f(x) =x stlHnJH1ti
MMUtSlg
I GV
X =0 ~b X =1 '1
ff1<tj(m9
U
2)til:rlmm
Ul..._,
n:llruHSf:i<tjSf
I
-@sH1d'i:flstfisnl5mSlg
(3- GV
[O, 11 dn.ncrcrb21b
I 1
s(n) =
i = 1 i= 1
12
I )'
n 6 2 J
1 3 2 1 l I
= -0(2n ·- 2n + n) = ---- + -, 0 X
6n·' 3 2n 6n~
1 l 1
s > s/1 = -3 - - + -z '1
2n 6n
"
ti'HLHitHSH [0,1] dl n "" " "
r:HSl8bfU')Rlti:Hl.J'i:flS~'t.HH:l A xb-a
=-=I -0
- = -I '1
.-v GV ... " lJ n n n
m'H(m9
U
1 )tiblmdlttllru1HHms
tn"'-" I
t t§s~1d'i:f1SbfisnlimSlg
t.5-
ro, ll
GV
11 • 11 • 2 !1
S' " = L.
"" /.: ]r! ~ = L.
lnAn) "" (.:)
11
(~) "" (..!.)/
n = L..t 3
i~l i~I i=l ll
X
= _!_fl-n(n + l )(2n + I)] = ~ + _!_ + _1_ '1
0 1 (.w9 2 J
11 3 6 3 2n 6 ,/ u
tim
u
s g bi'Hu <;c;t s
til s dl lJ:J~nlfnl
.;lji.J"
s ~lis nGdl
u
~ngn
blJ:J.;lji.J"
,.~
n I.1m S' = I.1m (1-·-· - J + - I ) = -1
II->+= " n->+= 3 2n 6n2 3
?\"'
"'w
n->+=
.
11m S'
"
= n->+=
.
11m ( -1 + - I + - 1 )
\3 2n 2 6n
= -3l
X
0 :;< 1 , , (0, 0)
ti:!lru s"-:;,s-:;,s" Sl~JS =3 '1 ~msg~:~Lii!(Jli:S
o
6it58?1
, ""
s = -I '1
3
13
~Q) c:.,l C»e» C!l1
e 1_Y 'tfl M <tH bl..Hli 'i:H'i ~ 61
I
n. lim kan = kM
n ---> + oo
2. lim (a 11 + h11 )
11---7+=
=M +N n-7+=
an
?i. lim (anbn) = MN
H-7+oo
tSl&
11
lim
-7+ 00 h11
=M
N
'1
""' r>
n. m 1 tSl g lim r
ll
= += +=
n-:>+oo
11 11
R. b'\j r = 0 tSlg (r ) ctH661tGHUlli5 lim r = 0
~ }1-) +oo
~ w
,.,...1
~nttt
""
1 ffl'i:3m M ~ti2lb
,.,...1 ""
tLAl'i:3 :
2. ttl\rl?::l tSl8thlTin'1
14
? ruunri
2
n. 2
U11 == 3n + 5n + I 2. =~ un
2
2n + 5 3
2n 3n
m. ull == --3 + -z--
n +5 n+
3 4
G. U == 2 - - + - '1
II n Jn
2. l=Hl.nSlrnYntS~n:nl:HLnTe:
2 1
n + 3n -1
n. lim 2
ll--?+oo
8n -n+1
3 2 .
5n + (-1)11 ••• . n + smn
1=1. lim 11
UJ. 1an 2
n --?+oo n+(-1) " _. + = 5n + cos 1tn
2 3 3
b. lim (n - cos 2 1tn) G. lim [-5n +(-l)'1n ] '1
ll-?+oo n -7+ OQ
2 2
1=1. lim (nJn + 1- I) lli. rIll ( n! --+ 3) '1
n-t+oo n-.+= (n+l)!-n! n
Ql eJ 0 I 0 I
3
u II
=~
2n
&'!:J ru n! == n(n- I) X ... X 1
11 3
lim vn+I "
¢,
.,nncn
>I~WI>OI
2 +n
I'lffi - - '1
n--?+Od vn n-. +=n! +n 3
Qll Ql ':J t::l eJ I •
5. 1=1MS1ru'i:1ntSt1In (a 11 ) ttlru~ru~~G:nbtLFil'i:1:
I
1
n. aj =2 an+l = 2a" + 3
2. a I =3 a11+l = 2a"-5
I 4
1=1. a I == an+l = 3an +3 '1
15
n. I00
3.
(3\"
2) ~. I"' 1oooc 1.055) 11
11=0 11=0
"' 2 11 + I
'l15. ~-•
.t... ?11 ...
11 = 1 -
I
00
"' 2
n. 1 +0.1 +0.01 +0.001 + ... ~.
I
11 = 1
4n
2
-- I
11 = 1
(2n-1)(2n+l)
'l15. I ., ( r
11=0
2 cos~
b
.I
00 5(-1)11
411
lJ. -2
3
+ - (2)3 + (2)3- + ... '1
11=1
8. ~ ru1 Sl &~Lnzyhl~'US ~f:l ru~ O{F 1:h li)jj ~J;filrlJHrl bLul (~1J3'U9 1 sba'U9 2) ::nb J;Lfil13Jti
ms ~s ~~Lnzyts fg nyiHt:J ru~ o.g t!:h ruLm'Umb J<x) = - i + 5 HnJ}m5~ nHtfi ruu;J
u
0
f(x)=-x"+5
f(x) = i +5
5
4 4
3 3
2 2
0 2 4 6 8 10 X X
5 5 5 5 ~
16
'? ';) 0 I eJ ':)
tlum21bnil
U U n
'1 n~nH'l:Hunlm'imt9~bs~ru'}tM
11 I 'W U ._,
6
Sb ~3 ~Sn~nJb~~
11
'1 ~nm~~bti'tflti1hlHJ~f;jbl5
li I <V
mmmsmRr;gr;g~b'J
GV I i.J
'1
0 2 3 4 5 6 X
I !. ~H1./l Sl
n.
n-+
lim (1- 2~) ... (1- n1
.,.~
2)
2. lim ( - n - + _r_l- + ... + _n_J 'i
11-?
.
•= J7;l
4
J,T;2
4
~
4
1?.
_
F;nna1
" b WI ,;;z I
ll-7
.
1lffi
+=
[( q !) + Cj 2( Cj 2 CJ ) + Cj 4( q 3 -- q 2) + ... + q 2(11-1)( q 11 - q11 l)] :::'vn<
b W b U CJ =-
?2 '1
13. r;~~J~'l (a11 ) nb1./l'lttflru a 11 l:wrn q;t:---I '1 hlnjlbU~'li:S~'l (a,) mrnrun
11
I 2 +q I
ll_,. += '1
11
2 2 2 2
5
n =I x3+3x5+ ... +(2n+1)-(2n+3) = I.(2p+J)(2p+3)
p=O
17
~ cos~
n. 1:2
n=l
(r 2. I(tan~J
n=i
?'i.
1:
11
~
=l
n
2n + 5
'1.15.
11
4"
~
5(-1)
1:-'1
= 1
11
18
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz ( 1646 -1716 )
~Hllhi19d
u
2dl~hfH1h~ci Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz ( 1646-1716) Ql2 t'itis{hHtH11lnb
GV LJ n mew .._, I
w1 t ~ sb 2&tHci 'tUJ ru &'UTlt:tl 2-@~ t\5 Wl Leibniz &~15j2J4j n hlfiJltfl2 ff1 nb'HllLni lli!]b m~
""' ~ I
19
1
tmhmw G'
I
1'
,. c< y
!UlW1!M : ttl'Hl!UH~tl'\3S y = f(x)
Q} ~ d 0 ':>
mm'\3GV x r;~ti1tiru61tmd61 b.x tEnaH'\3~611
LjlJ U 1 GVL)
w u
':1
~r;s y mLYwrutf:i~
~ d
w
cJ dJ e1
mwwrutl tCx)
w
C)}
tm
G eJ ':1 ~
f(x + b..x) r;mrum1Jti1JrutsH~'R'\3S y
w
riruuhntlt!:t!ru Ay = f(x+b.x)--f(x).,
rsruwJti ~ = f(x+~-f(x) dldrumJti
0
cf
OQ!":J
nl:rulSI:SHStl'\3S
I
y = f(x) c:.Oc:.t':l
SbntrulStS
y
HH.l~ x ., drutt:EJu ~ ~h::tlt'\3~Nll,Olli9w
Y = f(x)
0 dy
GrulG
I
<j
I U C( 0 C)
~~ ':1 , u cr ~
Ufl'i5 9 W I:S'i5 ~ 61ti g1Jil15 ff'lb H ~ 'R'\3 S dl r; f:i ~ t J
~ 1 ci> d)l X
"' 'R- <j 0 Ax= dx
dx
20
y dy = f'(x)dx 2@~f15bJ!l dy sb dx tm4m itti11Jfru;p:zt'1
"'-!)
dy !\y
0 •
Mmnt : fil ru run At--+ o r; Gn g - ""i\-
1
(X .X
Wlli5 dx = At
r:~m~ dr= Ay r:i:1lru i\y = f(x + llx)- f(x)
cl ) ~
0 I
f/JffT1fif.UU 1:
0
t~1:fl~H~~t5~ y
I
= x~ '1 H1 dy nrhntl
W
I
x =1 ~b dx = 0.01 Hs
U
q 2
ut~W: r; thli5 y = f(x) = X
tf:l0l8 f (x)
'
= 2x C:::..!-Q.
S"W dy =f I
(x)dx tw~,[15 x =1 ~_!.:t
S'W dx = 0.01
dy = f'(l)x(0.01) = 2x(O.OI) = 0.02
ttnru x = 1 sb At = o.o1
r:~ms : i\y
2 2
= f(x+l1x)-f(x) = /(1.01) f(l) = (!.01) -1 = 0.0201
utflw
w
: mb f(x) = JX ' X = 16 sb i\x = -I
3
n. 5(3.02) - 3(3.02/ ~. sin46° 'i
21
2.
tf:'iQIS h(b)- h(a) ~ 0 t4_ [f(b)- Mb]- [f(a)- Ma] ~ 0 t4_ f(b)- f(a) ~ M(b- a) (2) '1
2. uqpnmGr;mgTilu
' 0 '
xE [ o, 1]
2
1
t?'iQIS 1 + J6x ~ f(x) ~ 1 + 2x '1
1
rufiw :
011
22
Lf1nf1g : t?J2jJ-H~?l'f3S f RM6'ini5 !R ~t:Hl5 f(x) = sinx '1
R. Rllil6'int'f3H'f3tS~H~?l'f3Sttj1t1
"' I .
f'(x) rhmg xe [o, ~]4 '1
1UMf19
I,;
II
: t?J§~HS?l<t3S
i.J I
t 'HlSttj1tJtrutHS"H [a, b] '1ttl'HlSGSS~n
<V \.1
M ~tjru
mtmtint:
U
t?J§~HS?l'f3S
i.J
t I
'HlSttj1t1tru !R ~tjru f(t) = cost '1 tiirlmmurmg;?Jti
IJl"'-? l.J
1f1nf1n
I,; II
: t?J§;i.J t ctlHS?J<t3sRn.n6'itrutHS18
I w
[I, 21 ttjru f(x) = x 3 +2x+l '1
23
c:.J d ~ ~ ~
m f dl~Hlf:i'iHHlltHrutHSlg 'HISH[jH~trutHSlg (a, b)
I
1 w
[a, b] ~
Sb
0 II Q ~
f'(x) =0 Lf:ltl x
~
E (a, b) d _ _ ill
:
'
'
I :
'
'
f(a) = f(b)
0 I 0 ~ 0 I '")
0 X
Q,J c:p Q,J II
24
1:?1018 f'(x) = 2x 3
3
f'(x) = 0 r;sm 2x 3 =0 , X = -
2
"b'l:Hli ZE(l,
3 2) '1
4.
d5 f dl~8ti'iH~·dltinlirstsH
I GV
[a, b] 1:f181:tlhHru (a, b) &S"H1:f18 cE (a, b)
I I C) I c:t,t 0 ~ Q)
Mfffll1J11rrl1 1'i : 21 S1 r; tl ru fflfi nl'i:Hl ~u rul ts (a, f(a)) 8b (b, f(b)) 1:f18 fU'f§ ill~
l..i C9- "' 1
y = [f(b)-f(a)\x-a)+f(a)
b-a J
mb g(x) = f(x)- y
y
m012 :
g(x) = f(x)-[f(b)---f(a)J(x-a)-f(a)
b a
g'(x) = f(x)-f(b)-f(a)
b-a
0
g'(c) = 0 l:tfl ru g'(c) = f'(c) -- [f(b)- f(a)J = 0 sl 2~018 f'(c) = f(b)- f(a)
b-a il b-a
25
f'(c) dlm~rulLO'ltl9hltS'U~~tigL"'b x 0 = c y
Cl) tirrn~m ~~
c:t
(..9-
(AB) ihltiSbtim~uginb
w & l.j
c
e1 o:;::
1:61 f'(x) = 2x 8l '{1 f(c) = 2c
lJ1iff16 :
li. t?l§'i f(x) = x2 '1 ~lii?ltl cE (-2, 1) ftjru f'(c) = f(l)-f(- 2 ) '1
u l.j 1+ 2
g(2)- g(~)
2. t?l'{J
!>:
g(x) xl
= X+ - • (l2, 2)
'1 ~nL?l'U c E
el~
twrug(x)= I
1
2
'1
2--
2
5.
eJ Ql Q ':) eJ "J ~C) Q Q Q
tdce n t s gt?Jsb hlnnnt'tlitittn ruts Hs ?11:3 s t tj rumn gb nb t hl tjt:t ntia sb mn.nd n'i:3
I
u· sv w 1 c:t
t
(.9- >.1
C(x) t'i.flimHs?J'tlatsurn~crrunruhlmnbfflidrunhl'i:m:
1 1 "' .n
x ti?J~b
l.j
1
ti mti'tlnt?l
~
Sib ff11:31:h s n ffli 1=1 n.nm nt'tliti
6VL)
ftn rut 1:t1 ru t'iti
lJ
m~1 mm rnihmnr~ t1:3 sb t d1 t -s GV
26
2f11mtnn: d5LmRdrunruM;uqbmHHthHu~~: x '13]b mbn:nru C(x) tsu
LOlAdrunruhl1UgbmH1rnfihl~~= x+ 1 tLI!l]bmbn:nru C(x+ 1) '1
' h
2'i5'tflttl C(x) = 350+8x-0.2x 2 ""l!lfir:hmstlJb\5
tmns C(lO) :::: 350 + 8 X 10-0.2 X 10
2
:::: 410 ms t~J mr:hLOlAdrun ti5Qb ff1H~ rnfi
I
hl~~: 1o tLI!l]b
::::413.8 mstDmmlmAdrunruQbm~tlrnfi
2
C(ll):::: 350+8X 11-0.2x 11
I
hl~~= ll t13]b
C(ll)-C(JO) = 413.8 mstDm -410 mstDm = 3.8 mstDmr:hLOlA
drunruqbmactrnnhlw~= 1 '13]bittL1!1Jb9 11 '1
ttJrltf/1
'IJ
: C'(x) r:h'i01Ad
l.i
run ru'i5tS'l§tfHli'i:llS &it'e'iUt'Ul
6'\ Nl,j
msb'iQlAd
, lJ
run runb <::t
I
27
n. f:Hl.llSl C(!Ol)-C(JOO) ( LDlAGrunrnqbmJt:lrui'ifUgtJ:t1!1Jb9 !01) '1
tJtfiw :
""
fi. !;?1'\51S C(x) = 500+3x mihQru
!;?1DlS C(IOJ) = 500+3x 101 = 500+303 = 803 msta]ru
C(lOO) = 500+3X 100 = 500+300 = 800 msr;Qru
C(l01) C(lOO) = 803 -· 800 = 3 ms r;Q ru '1
2. 'iQlRDrunrnufs'i:3ni'lAl~t:lrunf15i5l~:r;~?1~i'l'9
L.; ~ ~ L.J j Ol
101
1
msr;Qru '1
28
5 . 2. um fin ru1u rnuistr
"
I li.
Q.
Uffi ftG llilU rn nHU
:?fl1mtnn: 'i:mJn Mtfl
c:t
S'iHi5
1.1
I
1Lf1R~
lJ
ru1 ru wm R(x) = P x x
U I
tiUU£11
u =
R(x) = Pxx tf:lru P = D(x) '1
ruiJw :
""
"' ,o
n. H s i=iY S1Lflnu ru1 ru wm
I lJ U I
3. i=irulSl R(l23)
3
29
fUJiuif : tnbtiUnd runnrtm: t~thmnhH15
LP Gl L.;L.;
ms ruAM'tm: t9i §~H~Gd snbnt~
" lJ eJ "' " GV
1
M}fl~: 50 'Ll'l]b
R(51) = 94x51-0.2x51 2 = 4273.8 mstflru
'J
dl~QIRGM'ruMmmsnf=mruRM'i:m:
L.; u 1 "
51 'Ll'l]b
R(51)-R(50) = 4273.8-4200 = 73.8 ms~:uru dlLQIRGCl.!Jb1501SnnururiM}fl~=
'13]b9 51 '1
30
ttJruflf
u
: R'(x) r:h~QlRG
t_;
ru1 ru'U CS'ij ft:! ru~:fH,:J fi h~~'li tUHli st!~mrhi ru1 ru C!:J ru
u "' ""t_; t_; u
C» I QJ C) 1 0 CJ eJ 1
r:uiJm
.., :
ct • 0
n. HS?i'ij2'iQlnuMrun5m
1 t_; u 1
31
- N1f1~:tu;Jbg 31
- N1fl~:tu;Jbg 41
n. NHN~H~tl't3SLt:nn13ru;)lliN~t1 '1
"' ' 0
5.3. unrithn.nmui~a
cf - t::p
I I
= 'it:nnGMruNm
' 0
t_; U I
' 0
: Lt:nnmMQ:JN1t1
P(x) = R(x) C(x)
32
0 1 0 ~ 0 C::::.
mtmnm:
U
M'i.flUfflMdrrHiM'tm:tnbtrub~ru
d"1 .... 1.1
msurunruMmnbm~dru61M'i:m:
I co d"1
I
X 'Ui]b t1j ru~m~»~J:l~SLtnRO run fjj M~'li C(x) =0.002i + 0.72x + 260 msdJ ru ttfi fjj
M'i.f1UfflMtnsruR&um1mM'tm:~rutU1=14b6'lt~
.........,........_,('1 W J P = D(x) = 3-0.00ix mstQru 6V
'1
c< ' 0
2. MHM~»S1=1~21fllnutrul
I t_;
mM~'li '1
~ I
cui1m
w
:
c< '
n. »S1=1~21tnnurulruMm
I t_;
0
U I
2
1=1. tJ:ltnS P(300) = -0.003x300 +2.28x300-260 = 154 mstQru
P(375) = - o.oo3 x 375 2 + 2.28 x 375-260 = 173.125 m8tQ ru '1
tJI - l Q Q tO C\1
msg 9uru1mnutru1 m
I
M1f1~: 41 'LJ:l]b
33
P(41)-P(40) = 467.8-460 = 7.8 mst{Jru dlL01rb:hMQ)t{:jL15Q1SrJfil~rnrifu1fJ~:
1 tt~b~ 'EJ]b9 41 '1
a:l I oQJ Q ~ I 0 cJ
rnsnm~rnnM'Hl~:brH119
Gl
x+ 1 ?1 P(x+ 1)-P(x) '1 'HlSStum 'iOinmn.nmms-edl
Lj ........, S'\
0 •
t?JnllilfiMHMa : P'(x)=P(x+ 1)-P(x) '1
0 • 0 c::.. t:::ll 0
mtmcrtu:
II
tnbtsUnd rufiM'Hl~ :mg~mg:;ss-erurnssrun
\,.1 lj
tuMmnb m~d rnnM'Hl~:
01
.c!lo
U 1 ct
Q
01
u 1
99L"liQ1S~OIRGMruMmf[:jru§'iffl'SHS?l'SS
IJ L:i i.J U
R(x) = lOOx O.lx m2t{Jru '1
I
2
1
oti'1w :
""
34
n:tH15 P(x) = R(x)- C(x)
2 2
= (100x-O.lx )-(2070+25x+O.lx)
' 0
tJ/' - C:. Q I 0 Q
:ltntntn..n : ~n'i:3'i.fl2
C, I
o rnfl M'i:fl~:
.n
t~ti~Olhl'i:3 ru
WW II
msurun ruMmntl m~o rnfl M'i:fl~:
.n
I..
x
I 1
mumiit:
u
'iQ1Riirun
t_;
rutumnb'!3ti5ti5Q1ulH5W'in'!3tii
u n L.:.
Sd ru~ tu'i:m:
.n
1"'
t'ithtnW'etlJ§'i
t_;t_; u tJ 1
1 I
• 0 "'
?1. Lmncr run ru'!3wJ'!3'!5&~'!3
tti'i:fl2 C(x) = 0.125x+20+ 1000
X
mscuru
t1:1ms c'cx) = o.t25- woo m2'U ru
36 .
dgn l!J t'f!tlJs9 D
C:::., eJ 0 1 1 0 ~ eJ
S~M ~t:JrummgUitixe/, m-5.f'(x)-5.M ~Sl8Lr=itiu~St1na, bel ~tlrua<b
~ cr • e:, ~ C» o
"m f dl»Sr:i~Sdl'l5trutHS""Jg
1
[a, b] GV
't:flSttiH~HliutSl8
GV
(a, b) tSH't:flSuSS lJ
• C(x) masr:;13sumRcromruMmn~m~nrunM't:fls:
1 1 ~ ~
x tir:;~~
~
'1
1
0 eJ eJ ":;) eJ ~ ~
• c '(c) m1mncr
c; "
ttl ru't:flsn mimtn
t_; 6'V c:; ("}
1
fll9 ""
x+ 1 <:II
R C(x+ 1)-C(x) '1 t?ifUHfUj C (x)"'C(X+ 1)-C(x)
,
'1
f15't:fla:tlnm'9
~
x+ 1 ~ R(x+ 1)-R(x) '1 l:?ifUHfUj R'(x)"'R(x+ I)-R(x) '1
fU't:flj:tJnfll9
n
""
x+ l ?i
<:II
P(x+ 1)-P(x) '1 ~?ifUHfUS P'(x)""P(x+ 1)-P(x) '1
37
?0
rurnui
l. H1 dy , D.y , dy-D.y sb dy
D,y
tl'HHlf:l'l§S2lb&Hfl'!§
I l_j
*
2 0
n. )' = X - 3x + 4 tH mg X =3 , .6.x = 0.2
2. y = J12-5x Gtmg x = 2 , D.x = 0.07
2. t1Y'2 ttl~~ thlJru t~'l§jj nn &~L'li tUl ru &s t3 ~ s :n b tLfil'l§
n. J37 2. J65 f:l. V26 m. 3Jf26
b. JsoA u. J79.5 ~. 3J62.3 d. 3,)218.3 '1
3. 'in'i§tD
l_j
so run hl'i:fU: t'ithU!hl'l§
I l.Jt..:i
(1
rums g g ru'iUIRG
t..:i
Ll.ll ru hlm Cl fil~ ru Rhl'Hl~:
lJ lJ U I (1
X t'if:l~b
l_j
tt:1 ru
I 2
4. tnbu1_!10 run hl~i: tLtlLU!hl~ t15UISG run t15LQlR hl1'0qb filitl run hl~~: X tUlJt~ tt:1 ru
2Jm'l§H ~?1'1§ s C(x) = 930 + 15x + 0.2x
2
ms tD ru '1 &Lli2 ttl~~ thlJ ru t~'l§jfus t\[12 nt~
DJtUlrutsfitnflsLmRnrunru ttihl~~:tt:1rumstlruntfis'Cl 60 tU1Jt~t94 62 tUiJt~ '1
Q &:::k ~ 0 t eJ I Q
5. hlUlLI'nhltl run hl~~: tH9JuLn su~ ru msu run t15LU!n hl1'li~b 1 t2 hllJltitl run hl~~:
U I
2. tLti2 ttl~~ thlJ rut~'l§jfus t\flS n'&~DJ tUl ru &s fit ru1 sLmRn t M QJ ttiti"hnM hl~s:
tt1rumsruRtfisn 40 tL?iJt~ t94 44 tL?lJt~ '1
6. ffl'l§fil~hltbnmhlHnw~ms§,tlbm
n ct" tJ
t3ss'i'lir:hr:lru~t:1tsinb91nb'l§ru~ru:ttlru
ul) c:t c; L.Ju
t d'u94
c;
1 1
7. mn19Jb~ ru't:fls nbr:h t'~ '1 tLli2 ttli~ thlJru t~'l§j?i Ll.ll 21 n&~1.? tUl ru&s fit ru1 s't:fl:a
1
3.8
';, '\;) 0 I
2. 'liblmrtuhmg'if:JU
tn'-' G
xE [-1, 2]
4
1
tf:lQlS 4~x+~:s;Jx+2::;;-
2 x+~2 '1
tHS'H
GV
1 ttiru J'(c) =o % --.
= i-1
2
2X- 3 ,
R. j(x) =X -
x+2
CE (-1, 3) lli. j(x) -X- , CE (-1, 1)
2. ihs~sn&~L'littnru&stmficrrunruqbm~drnnhl1fJJ:tLI:l]b9 II 'EJ]b9 21 sb
'L~b'9 31 '1
13. tflbrJ'i§tlfiH1'i§9hl'iSl1lj'i§ru mscrrunruhlmnb 1 t2hl'itf1Utmg,rJ1~9hl'iSl~ljn r;nu
1n 1n li nu 1" l.J .. li IJ"
1
X
ttiru~'iffl'i§HSI:l'i§S
u C(x) = o.oooii+x+465 ~nctlmsrflru ttflrutnbrJ'i§LfiSrufi
1 'J 1!1
mm1m9hl'iSl1lj
"'-' "'-' li n
l unu'fu
IJ · <v
P = D(x) = 4-0.0002x mst{)ru '1
39
m. 618 ~ 2 n'f~t,ti~'lfl ru 'fsunR8 t rw1 QJ ~tj rums r1 filH15R g tDJ2l ~~uJlli'9 3oo1
14. tu'lflt,mtud run tD1;fl~: tt,tit,mw~ ti5QlSG run ti51_,QlR tDitiqt~ filHhlin tD1:r~: X tt,f:iJt~ 2J
&fl'e"H~f:i'e"S C(x) = 480 + 26x- 0.1i ms tD ru '1
0 I c;f t 0 -
15. tu'lflt,mtud run tD1:r~: m ~UlJl Su~ ti5 Ql8G run ti5 tD1liQb Fil~d run tu1:r: X q_~it~ ~tj ru
U I J
§jm-e»9f:i'e"S C(x) = 1080 + 42x + 0.3x ms tD ru2
'1 Rrul~ti1'Hlrul tu1:r~ :ttj rutu'lflt,mtu
Ul~ d rumtl-ej§jt,lllRG run ti513GJ13'Hl8 mnHtiJm'Hlttl 0:::; X:::; 90 '1
u
16. 1_,n'etfl8 d run tD1:r~: t'd5t,mh5~ ti5Ql8G run ti5 tDiti Qb fil~ d run tD1:r~: X tt,f:iit~ §j m-e
l 1 J
HSf:i'e"S
I
C(x) = i+20x+ 1050 mstilru
'J ttllti5~n-etilsruRtnm~mggrums~QlR
U I "'-" "'-" 1J l..j
I
U
~
urulrutum::::~&n'e-HSf:i'e-8
0
1
cl
i.J
R(x)
I
'0 ru
= 140x-0.5x 2 msta '1 nrulnnanm'Hlrwltu'Hla:ttjru
0 '""' "'
.n
"'
'[!i'etfl SlJl~ d runs b ruRr:tl-ej§j1J113tfl s g ~ rumst,QlRG r; rul f!Jctl H~m'Hl ttl 0:::; X:::; 70 '1
1 U I
40
0
unn 'II
0 c::r. ~ 0~ ~ cf ~ ct
n:rl nbd tl n~~H tr:iSb n5fimitlmd ~flltl Sb~Fil'iH1lb~Hlffi'l:H~~Ht5S9l S HSr:i'eS
"' u li' L I I
I
L~ ~ mWI'i:fllJlUL'eg
I
'1 u~tin hll'ijlt'e 'Us h5nJlH to i mr~ sb MtiLmuH ~ ffi'es H M 9l s s
cf~ t!::l 0 ~ ~ 0 ~ C»
H 9ffl'l3 SUit FilWI'i:flUlUL'eg MMJffiU li5i1m WIg tlb Sbti WI S t9'i tth gUt1111JM'l3Fili
I
0 f!l I Qp ~ 1
41
1
tnurunl
" I
0 hlnJ1~HG~fflt1Si:Hui:1lmlitf:HH~I=i'iH~ y = Jax + b , a :t 0
e
eJ
ttlSnruln D
0 '
= [2, +oo)
, (2x-4)' 1
y = 2J2x-4 = J2x-4
y'= ~>0 thm& x>2 '1
2x-4
lim J2x- 4
x~+oo
=+ oo
+=
y!
n'f~~n1mts y I
GVWu '"'
2 r---
I
X 2 4 I
y 0 2 x' 0 l 2 4 X
! y'
~"
tfHUflf: HSfi~S y
IJ 1
<'
= .Jax+b ttlru a :tO '1
eJ 0 I tJ eJ
.. t t1 s R ru1 n : y '1:fl S s t1H'i5 ax + b <:: 0
42
<.}<» ~ , a
• twH• y = ---c==
2,./ax + b
<»
nH1Il a>O "" a<O
nH1.fl
j_~
x! a +=
X -oo
x' b 0 X 0 b X
a y' a
y'
otiJw :
"'
eJ 0 I t:/ cJ 5
• &C:JSnrl.JHi H9f:l'a"StflSSti5FilbliruTl 3x-5 2':0 y_ x2': :3
" 9nH1:!iHtri~Jllrl
<»<» ~
bli'a"61 lim f(x) = lim --13x- 5 = + oo
X-?+oo X-? +oo
43
"1 - ---- y ~ J3x-5
2
00
+
+co
y 0<-------i>
x' 0 X
5 2 3
y'
3
5
X 2 3
y 0 2
2.
cJ 0 1 cf eJ 2
e tt:jSRrtfHi: HSf:'l'e'S'i:flSSt15
1
mrurun X -4x+3?::0
m"" 2
X - 4x + 3 =0 bSl g X =I ' X = 3 '1
X l-oo 3 +oo
2 ! I
x -4x+ 3! + Q +
44
X -oo 2 3 +oo
f(x)=-x+2+£(x) ""
ttix:S:l
X-7
lim f(x)
+oo
= X-7
lim [x-2+£(x)]
+oo
= +oo
tf:Jlru
X-?
lim E(x)
-00
= 0 'US'l~
~
y = -x+2 dlffihll:inntHrn:rlb x-7-= '1
1 u G
:1~
y
I
+=
~o
- ~~ o--;;.
+ +~
+=
n5n.ni3Lnm
U11~'&s y X I 0 3
u i
2 fl1UU n.n"' 2
cf () 2 2
f'.J 0
• J:L:lSnMn:
1
HS~l:iS't:flSSI15
1
Alrurun -2x +lOx-8:2:0
Ql
tti -2x +lOx-8 =0
J:Slg X= 1 , X= 4
1 4 +oo
4 + 4
45
•r '"'w~' t •
<i y , -- - 4x + 10 = 2x + 5 'tflS hlffiHfl'e - 2x + 5
2J-2i+ lOx-8 J-2i+ lOx-8 ~
0
utmg x = -52 tr:Jms y' =o ""
tmrumhlmH1""' + t9l - tsihltl:nb x = 5-
G ~ 2
~msg H~r:J-es'tflsHfim'tfltcrJu 1(D = -2(~r + 10(D-s =
3
{! '1
- fflrlbHtGH'fH1
5 l
4 -t-Y I
X 2 I
y' +
! 3./i I
2
l---
I
I I
III \
!
I
y I i
I
I I l
I I
I I i
0 5 XI
2
1 I
I
I
X =4 tSH y =0 '1
"""'
t:hfltl:l'l: HSti'eS'tflSrltl y
Bl I
"' = Jax 2 +bx+c .,
tt:Hliax 2 +bx+c
"'
nHUl a> 0 LAlmSH~r:l'eS y " "' = Jax 2 + bx + c
46
Ll. <:.: 0 -1--1---l-~._.--+.----:---'--,&<--
. ~----t--'--f-+----'k'-'71'----'---+-----c
:x:
~ ~ r:l Q'l
n Hl.fl a< 0 t s·H ~ Al'iH S H f:Hil.HH'fl S Hl hll.HHH g '1
c. 1 ... 1 u
0 tO Q Q cf 12
= x+ 1 +2.Jx
I ':)
oti!m
.., :
cJ 0 •
• ttHmetmi
y' = I+ 2x- 2
2
Jx -2x+4
~ ~ ~
m x ;::: I t sm 2x- 2 ;::: o , y' ;::: o t'Ul tiHti x < 1 &s·H 1 - x > o
2
, Jx -2x+4-2(1-x) -3i+6x
y - - --;::;====~-;::::::::::.====----:::;--
-
2
Jx -2x+4 - Jx -2x+4 2 2 [Jx -2x+4+2(1-x~
tttlti5 I-x>O tS1&.Fil!=1&'tih~OtflS &Ulti5 y' tflShlmltlti
r.s- ~ u
2
-3x +6x= 3x(2-x)
I
X j-oo 0
X= 0 , y' = 0
<' ~
x > 0 , y' > 0 , y ftl H S1 1!115 S til S '1
47
Hl~'e~n: y = x+ 1 +2Ji--2x+4 = x+ I +2J(x-1) +3
2
(C)
I":' i I I ~Y! I Y/ i i
i"-'l I I I I 1/V
lim (x+ I +2Ji-2x+4) = += i"-.'1--.. I I Ill! I i i
X-7 += 1\J""-, I! I;I i
X -7 -oo
I I I "-.'/ I
r ' N
I I I /t 1"'-J
.x' I I I I 0 i !'.:! xi
I I j I I !'\. i
+=
I r I I !T
I
I'\: I
I~-
i
i
I I
I i It
I I I I '
I I I
N
I ii"-1
I I
"
+oo I I I Yl I I i I
I
y = 3x- l
I I
Y=-X+3 "'
n. y = X+ J2x 2 + 1 ~- y = (x-l);;;z;-; '1
d
3. ;t~~fte
rotmtit.f.u:
"
-es1 fd~'HlRtO~
i.t..
t o.n~ rin n.nu
I) 1
A fil~tl rn~ nci tmg tvr msn n.nu M ft:l rn
i.t" 1n 1
tSl
1
Hli~ ~dlih1:!1 tiHbli~S 3km/h am5~ ~ tMHrnRrun~~~dl~t1:!1 tm rn~ s 5km/h '1 tU
u'Hlruri A till B tfit~h 2km ttliruri B till
<:1 """'
c tfit~h
'-11
6km ~n'9mhts M t~-e~§~Hn
e.JU~
6km
M ~~m~ V 2 = 5km/h c
6-x
2km,
= 3km/h
48
"" 6 --X
c ~-
5
t9i C ~ j(x) = J4+i + 6-x
3
X I0 ~ 6
J'(x) I - p +
~ ~ ~ 2 1
u
Wtmtftrt2:
u
r;~r;{:i rund'Hd'eu rufi:l bli'i:flS nl R £911 r;~th
IJ
r; filS'eu ru 'i m~n
c; 1mfimn~Q
l_j
fi
u
m ~D-eu ru rur;wmrlm
"'
~D-erur:s gr:~rmtl r:s gr:~rns r:ms i:lmmntl r:um-e ~
u /) u u
QR
A
.... _____ _
49
2. nt1;1 x t~'ej~tfflS1:flS'Hl:aH~uan
V = _i!_.iJ4rr 2-i
2
24rr
V' = _i!_[2xJ4rr2-x2+xz·
2
(4rr2-x2)']
24rr 2J4rr 2 - i
v 1:f18nt1;1H~m1:f1Ln~ x = 2rrfi
~msg tms1:fls1:fl:atiti~6'1tti x = 2rrfi '1
50
(XY)
t:::p ~ 0 0
= 9m
IQI Q)
r:lcrm:nt:aurn-e
u u
'1 ttil rutlbm BK = 3m , AH = l.Sm sb KH nbl.JH19fi'lb 1 tru
H
X K y
A
eJ 0 I cJ Ql
• ~
HS~'eS
1
y = Jax2 +bx+c lflS .1 = b 2 -4ac
fiHUl a> 0 '> ~
Lfflti&SH9~'eS y = Jax2 + bx + c "" ""
lflS~·mq-e~n&[Jnm
51
? rihmri
0
I. HU-flhl'\:HHHHH'iHHJHSf:ms
I u G I
y = 2x+3-.J4i+x+ 1 '1
3. WnJl~HG~.filb1Sbtui.iLFn1HSH~t113S~btlfil13 §
3 = 0 '1
5. ~ "'
ttl~H~tl'eS y
2 rz---:1
= mx+m""+,._fx-+ '1
9. ~
tf:l~H9t1132 = f(x) = 2 + 21J 12- 3x2 '1
"'
y X
Q c.\ f "':) c!
n. tunJ1HtG~.filb1Sbtui.iLFn'li c t2H9t113S '1
2. U'1Jltl5'libWR -2~xJ12-3i~4
f:l. n:ll8UMrutu~fili J12-3i = 4-x 1Jaw::llbm~rugdrutstu~filatjlru~fil'lits
""{].: rP l.j
52
r1gn m c'tuijs?J !J
n. ~mnt'dm;~mnhmu
1 u L
c 'i
" 3"":£:"" ~
2. ffl11"Lfil'li ~nnt~ m tw15J.,;Jt't515fil~ x+ ,.;2x +I =m
R. Ma M~ M~ mm ~ sfsbLmu c
? ~
X = 2 'i
/
1
/
J 'i A
I B
53
c::
2
Cll
H~fiHfiLfitfi1DnY11..fi6LU8
11
c:. ct eJ Q ~
= sinx
C(
"HS?l'i:3S<' f(x)
1
= sin-X3 'HlS2'U 6n: ""
u
"' "' ""
Sbt:hHS?l'i:3S?ltHS"H!:r:lbliinihlnJl
1 u
c;,
?1 [0, 3n:]
IN L:iu
0 "' ,.
or; m g H ~ ?J'i:3 sUl tfilM'HlLnOLl:i g
0
~ ~ eJ Q c:b
b'Ulnr:sg
1
P = 12n: r;mru f(x) t:hHS?l'i:3Sr:hlhl
1
mmgtr:lbliin~hlnn?J
GV l.j ij'
[0, 6n:] '1
u
0 110 ~ C\ 1 ~ cf
fJJtmtifijl: hlnJlHr:tiUilt1 sb M{1LfilutSH~?l'i:3S y = f(x) = sinx( 1 + cosx) '1
cui'1w: IN
el 0 •
" r;r:lSnruln D = IR
" 2'U
\J
: HS?l'i:3S'HlS2'U
1 \J
P "' = 2n:
ltmg f(x+2n:) = [sin(x+2n:)][l +cos(x+2n:)]
0 •
54
ttj1t1 y' == [sinx(l + cosx)]' = cosx(l + cosx) + sinx(-sinx)
= COSX +COS 2X- SID
. 2
X= COSX + COS 2X- (1 --COS 2X )
y
2cosx- I = 0 t 81 g cosx = 21 , x = It3
1t
1 It 3
2cosx-l >0 t8lg cosx>
2 , O<x<3
y j 3J3 II
4 ----_o I y'
: 0 ...--------"'
0 Q
mmg x = n; tl!itr'IS y' = o stl y = o '1
• I
l '
!
'
smx( 1 -ti cosxr
I ! I
y'
55
- t\5nni1Lf'ilti : ~tab wi1Lffllitsim~·u ro, nl li~th~nm'!5tHrnb~g~n o tfiQlS
1
Gtf'Jtv
IN
:
" 0
" tL::l Snruln D
•
= IR
" ~15 : H9fi'l5S"' y = cosx 'i::!lS~ti P1 = 2n , y = cos2x 'i::!lS~.u P2 =n '1
1 1t
- 1 + 2cosx > 0 cosx>
2 U. 0<x<
3
1
-1 +2cosx<0 cosx < 2 't5 ~<x<rr
"'- 3
I 1t
X I0 3
y'lI 0 + b
HSfi'l5S
1
f 'i::!lSHfim'i::!l t(~)
3
= 2cos~-
3
cos2~3=-?2 .l_ (-l)2 = 2~ '1
56
X
y'
t:h mgLFnu 'fs ~utdJl:l t 9] r;rns n:n rui RrnLmu 'f s ~u r-n, nJ '1
ru1Jw :
Ill/
cJ 0 I t::»
s rum sin 2x :;t 0
C)
D = IR -{k;, k E Z}
e ~'U
w
HS~'\5S
I
"' y = cosx sl:l y = sinx 'tfl s ~ 'i5
w Pr = 211: sl:l y = sin2x
+ cosx
'tfl s ~ 'i5
w
p2 = 1t '1 1:lmsg
u
HS~'\5S
I
"' y = sinxsn2x 'l:flS~U
w
P = 2n
3rt
-rt<X<--
4 '
sin(x- ~) < 0
3rt rt rt 3rt
- - <x<-- -rt<x-- <--
4 2 ' 4 4 '
O<x<
rt
4 '
-~ <x- ~ <0 ,
4 4
sin(x-~)<o
rt rt
-<x<- ,
4 2
rt rt
O<x--<-
4 4
sin(x-~)>o
trn"" (~, rt) sin(x -- ~) > 0
rt rt 3rt
' -<x--<-
4 4 4
58
n: n:
4
+
""
ffitu'i:HHi
1 u
sinx + cosx -1
lim y = lim
+ sin2x
= ---;:----;--:::-
lim sin2x
= -00
X-; -rt X--.+ -1C
X--) -11:
f:lfH@8
u
X= -n: , X = -:z:n: , =0 X ,
xl _3n: n: n: n:
1-n: 4 2 o 4 2 n: 1
y' I
I +
b' -
1:
1
1 -
I'I! - .k
\'} +
j!
I +
II
I
I I I, I! I 'I I
59
x' X
sinx + cosx
y =
sin2x
n. y = sinx + sin2x
2. y = 4cosxcos(x + ~) '1
60
? 0
ruunri
~ t:::\ , '=' cr 2
1. tUnJl~HG~.ffltl siHuhLAltHS~Hjf:l'HS y = cos x · sin2x '1
Q Q , '=' cr
2. tUnJlH&d~mn sb eublmms~Hjf:l'HS::nb tLAl'H
I n.
2. y
y = 2sinx-3cosx
= 5sinx+ cosx '1
n. y = cos2x- cos3x
2. y=2xcos2x-sinx '1
n. y = 2sinx- sin2x
(")
c. y = cos 2x + xsmx
• '"'
,
Q q I ";) c:f
5. tUnJl~HG~.ffltl sb tDhLAltHS~~ f:l'HS
1- sinx
n. Y = - - -
cosx
2 _ Y = co~x-1 '1
smx
6. ~nm'tfl~S~Sf:l'HS y = sinx nlim~H [0, 2] '1
I 2 + COSX
~ ~ ~
61
?0
ruunridnn 3 ,.
~ Q I ':1 ci
I. WnJ1H tG~tn£1 sb hlbU1Jti&SH~?mS21b ttffl~
n. y = J3x-5
Q ~ I ':J cf
n. y = 2+Ji-2x-3
2. y = 2 + Js- 2x 2 '1
C). &::::). I '\11 t;f
n. y = 2x-I-J3x-5
2.y=x+1-J4-i'1
~ Co\ 1 ':1 t:l
4. WnJ1H&Gitnn sb wbtmmsH~f:i~S21b ttm~
2. ~nnt~~ m t~~,§msi=i~smsnt~mm
~ u 1 ~ w
'1
62
ARCHIMEDES ( 287- 212 1HHi.
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EUDOXE (406- 359 158
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ti. hl) stl ARCHIMEDES ( 287-212
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LJ c:u .: 1 eJ .: u· '1
t si &~15 hl~1 ~JSl 17 JOHA.t,'NES KEPLER ( 1571-1630) stl BONAVENTURA
CAVALIERI ( 1598- 1647) Q1S'U ma blit:flfi1 hl~ S'J ts s t1515S ruffib tnifilbliff1151Ut1~tfilM
li 1
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fntl '1 &ttl ru~~dl fil~tiM S1 tt11 &1 sb ffitl t~Lfflrndl~crn ~LffiM[!t941 QJ t9i~n
Gottfried Wilhem von Leibniz ( 1646 - 1716 ) Stl Newton ( 1642 - 1727 ) Q1 S tim bli M ml M
'fj ~
0 0 •
ffitlt~Lfflrnnn.n~ '1
&si M ~ ~ ~J g 19 AUGUSTINLOUISCAUCHY(1789-l847)Q1S'limrns~~Mml dl
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4 "" .., tfj rn~ ru1~ t L:il ru&~H
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tu ti Sl
4
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X= a Sb X =b
U
Fnu c sbHniffi1hlituin{sbutSl8
u tW
[0, 1] tL:ilrutunt:HSlasgdl n
6\1 6V
=4 t:HSlHM'J
IN'-'11
u
r:nsb~MSlffl~drnun'fdUn11nmHFnrultnbtfjrnTintsi2lbtUFn~UFnu
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tmuntHSl8
6V
[0, 1] dlUSt:HSl8&tuffl&L:ilt15&i'Uurulu
w c::; 1...) 1 (N .....
Xo = 0 ' X!= 4- ' x2 = 2- '
6,4
~msg S4 = 1.2I875 1t1 nt'eH5
ovL.;
~tfl ru2 m SutS
n
h~unfiln~rl
w· "' n'i6V5i1 ~tl ru2 rul1:;: &ttl ruum'i5
I) &
0.75
0.5
0.25
1 X
0
""
mg2
u
UAl'i5 c SbHn~ffitlhlhl~n~SbtHSlg
u 1W GU
[0, I] trt!ru~untHSlHSgltl n 6\1
= 4 tHSlHhl'J
""*'
6V
u
msb
"'
~o.nSl m-en ru'i5ncnun9nun
U iJ, I
tmo.n ~nb ~tl rulint si ~b nlium'i5 c (Um9 2)
&
'1
= 4I , x 2 = 21 ,
0
tmunm~n
"
[0, I] m~sm~H~[ltrtlru&DJun.flu x 0
"" ..
=o , x1
= .!220 25 ! = 17 + 20 + 25 + 32 = 94 = 1 46875
64+64+64+2 64 64 .
2 ~ !4_ ~ ~Qp ~
C ff'lw!,.Q.
y = f(x) = x +1
C) I
65
QJ 0 I 2
LHSH [0, I] &Ulli5fHl.JHitt:llli5 y = f(x) = x + 1
GV
ttl ru ~Htg t t:ll ruLm'li cc) stl HnJ Hlli ~ wUl ~s tim ~-H u
[0, 1] tt:llru&'tintHSlg&sgdl n 6\1
=4 LHSlHfd'JfflStl
G\1 -..fl c:lj
u
m93
.
1 1 3 Cl " .. c:ll
Xo = 0, XJ =4 ' Xz =2 ' x3 =4 ' x4 = l '1 Lm1tltsm~·u~tiS~li5'Jt'i
1-0 ~
L1x = = 41 "" "
'1 t?it~tuntun&~ cl, Cz, c 3, c 4 ttlblidlnt~nn.!Jibli&Stit~'HS~li5'J
Cl " '> ..
l 1 2 2 3 3
0 1
+4 1 c-4+4 3 4+4 5 4+ 7
C I = -2- =8 ' 2 - - 8 ' C3 = -2- =8 ' C4 = -2- =8
t?itu~tin&filllilfntl'i5S[tlru'i:f1S9'9tl L1x = l-O =!4 sbmrunrut{Jtlffl
1 u "' "'
= f(x) = x
C) I Ql il::p
66
y ly(x)l
y
x' b X X a X
y'
eJ t OeJ Q1 QJ 0
- tf:H8nHbfi
n
[a, b] r:h n 8WllnthlFnttJJ tl5hlfi8M8
..,,.. " 1
I
""'
a=x0 <x 1 <x2< ... <xn r<X 11 = b twru ax= Xi-xi-l =b-a
- (i=0,l,2,3, ... ,n)
n
I!
= L f(xk) · ax
k =I
S" moruuntfHnfilfltS8fitfilrultnbttlrn'i:flS9'9b
U <: l:, \.J. I
ax sbmrunru
n
f(xk) ts1trn
[a, b] '1
II
tdn'i5b~MttJJru1fil'i5fflb
"' Ia
6V L:,
f HnHf1'lihlhl
U I
USlfirtm
.,:
X= a sb X= b
tlmsg
U
lim
n--?+oo
sn = s '1
x' X
y'
AS
~ f(x) < ~ <f(x+~)
EjLHS8
u
lim
~x--->0
~
LU-
= f(x) 'U S'(x) = f(x)
"'-
Ejmsg
U
lim S11
n-?+oo
= s = F(b)-F(a) tt:lRMG'imbctrur;jn
F(b) F(a) = lf(x)dx t'Ulim HlbtfiLfilruRru-tG'iri a t94 b "tS y = f(x) '1
a
68
2Mttnruf2Hfilb
S U
c mb f HnHnlit\Jtu
U I
'i5Slr1ru.H
4
X= a sb
"'
x =b nMS'lr:tn ru
0 '
~nt~Lnf{PtSI:~n1!~2C1.QI:ttlru1:2Jtfilb
I eJ
c :y = x1 HnJffili~tu
CJ I ~
'i5S"Jr1ru5~ X= J Sb X= e '1
4
tujw: s = J( xdx
1
= [1nlxll = lne-lnl = 1 bnm&~Lnf{P'1
e "
2.
8wumrlrurr c:;
4 f(x)=4-i
(~Lnf{P A = [/(x)dx = [
2
2
(4- x )dx
8 8 32
= 4x2--+8--
3 3
=-
3
bnm~~Lnf{P '1
0 I ~ t;l' ~ Ql
= f(x) ::;;o
I I
69/
0 2 3 6
___,------.--.--------~--~x
-I --------------------
~ h:):·J [2(x~2)lJ:=
=~(4~-0)=16
~msg 't~Lf;W s = 136 i:lnmt~LnW '1
s = -f,J<x)dx
S = f
a
f(x)dx
X
a 0
Y = f(x)
70
y
WtmtftSj : tHlil Sl ~gg;~~ LLQ ntl 115Lfflti mb
4
n~ti'l3s y = 4-x2 sbih1fH1th~tuUi1sbut[l8
u
[-2, 3] '1
2 cJ
ruffm : mb y = 4 x
f
Lfilti c mn»nJ
= [4x- x3]2
3 -2
[4x- ~]3
3 2
-6 -------------------
8 8 27 8
= 8--+8---12+-+8-- = 13
3 3 3 3
~- tiMSltd~ngn'fsfdntiiittlru2n.nti:tlruumtimbnsti'l3s y = x+
_2_ sbHm
c:G \.!" "* "" s 1 2 it
H1litlitu~n1sbmSlg
I f..j 611
r-1, 3J '1
u
71
iinJ x'ox
2 2 2 2
A2 = J0 g(x)dx = Jo xdx = [~Jo = 2
A2 = 2 bnm!~Lnftr '1
Y = g(x)
s y = g(x)
a X
b
""'Y = f(x)
'US1~
<I
d: y=x+2 '1
72
2
x + 2x =x +2
x~
0
+x-2 =0
X= J , X= -2
S = f}(x+2)-(i+2x)]dx
l 2 3 l 9
= J (2-x-i)dx = [2x-~-~]
-2 2 3 -2
=-
2
~msg s = ~ bnm'~Lf'li{Jl '1
d : y = x- 1 15Sl~n.m
..;
x = o sb x = 2 '1
y
y =x 2
-3x+ 2
(x-l)(x-3) =0 X
X = 1, X = 3
= G- 2 + 3) + [(- ~ + s- 6)- (- ~ + 2 _ 3 )J = 2
73
wnug:
n. tHl.flSltd1n9ntsfdntil:1tE:Jru~n.ntt:llti5H'il'i.HilobHS?1'eS
& l.J i.J • "' GV I;! l.J 1
y = x3 sob
y = x2 + 1 ...
~rum~g [-I, IJ '1
74
? 0
ruunri
lli. f(x) = 2 X 3+ 1 eJ
ttJ ru X E (0, 2] '1
? CJ cr o e»
4. r:; rt.n Sl t~ UiltJl'tl ru2 LtQ tL:rl ruLmu mtl »~ f:i't3 s 91tl m
7. f:irulS1tG~n9n2rt.n&L:rlli5t2HAlhfflbHSf:i't3S
" eJ "'
y = f(x) = 1
- ""
sb y = g(x) =e.0 7X
~c,u· s u 1 x+l
Si:J XE (0, 4] '1
75
Col 0 ,.,
marqrunfiilLUtf il!J
Ul
tmin.nw
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o ?i ru1 Sl'Hl~ &s nH1hm1 ~ n ~t:J rums~~~ rur:'l~ mH n'iffiti ~ w&s &~ 2 ru1 ntl ru~2H Fnb
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'1
11. RMSlt~Ln£Ulf'[:jru20-QtttlruLmu C 1
";) e) 0 Ql
b~s~ ~ '1
n. ~nw~mm~nug /1 , 12 '1
90
I6
h 0A" + A1 + Jg~ = J !H£HQLRD -
z I ""
0
( flt:lHlfruH!J tt) 0 ~t+Jg !:HPJHJtE6LBruDsH/fru:J -
1
~ ~ = (J(pp = ,l ~Q ~ ~
'-=' 'l (/ f\9
: Sl!J~j W!;{LiH{Hru:Jrull:H~H]'LHllWJI.}l:J
0tf:::t lt)o
h g 0 {ttl
= ,/ !HPJWLB6LBruDS:J6UJij:JDSL!J~:J
'f:rl'\::ll I 0 C,.
n
n "'- 1 'l 'l ""
gs:J£1!=1 h g ~SP~WLB~s~g6~ffiu:JHQL0H!H!.Sl!J~!HtPJ:J¥LB6LBruD: _¥llllfl.I.IJ8
hgl.B:J!;{LB
0
l M
"' ::> l.S 'l'l n l l f\ r f\1
~ ~~u S~fl.LB nsnlfJru n1m~ H.~ t !JU :J ~ ~ s s ElfJ!J 6rn LB ~ 1ru 6 q~~ 1s tJ~E~:J Lru p
l
ru lJ :IE~ [.ill rnJB t:t!fbi ~ s~kLtJnFlli ~ tEW ~~ LB i[U lJtE~:J ru fru~ ~~P:J ~EW~ru U1:J~:J
l l
LS'l . fl ~ "' ~ [1, n 1 'l
h b\H!J\1U 6 tt:t!J !;{ ~ ~ lfJEll!;{!J !;{~ :J ~~ :J ru ~~ ~!J'~l!J !;{ ~ 6 UJij :J prn !J\1 ~
I ~,t:) I ~ 0 I 0 (.)I If tf:::t ~
YnnLA.1ru gpmqs SE~~HEPJfiEP t~l pSE~SH!;{l,U !;{S 6!J LB 6lf3rufru:J !;{EP:J !:;EWEPJ
11
rurmJQJDJBILYHJY YU!l
0:
f'S! II IU I'QI I'QI
G ~IJ[fJEJ lJ !JUfl
1
IC:ll IC:ll . . . . ., 0 • IC:ll
fUHffliSiulilifUJfllflltllUfil.J
0 I Q1 c:a,1 II I~ 0 I.Ql
0 ti:1HLMt15hl'i:3fila~HdabthlJr.1.HtH:il'U9 l
o ~nm~rutshl{§m~~tnH.1~hlJrurumti9 1 m'i:3ruQ~rtgt~'i:3
leJ t;( Ql '? Ql Ql II lcJ 0 It:;»
0 'Ufi1Mt15Q11il.fiiil~'i:3th~dl
L) 1 u ...
hl{§fil~~ td~{1 ~hlibli
!..1
'1
(!I' ef 0 I C» 0 I 0 C::::::.,
y = ex- 3 si ~ y' =c
t~Q18 y = xy'- 3
y +3 = xy'
y' = ly + ~ 'U y' _ly = ~ '1
X X ""- X X
92
.
I • rn r:tltits hl{§ ffl~ ~ td~ cithlHli th:tl rn r:tlti tS tr:fh ~ :;HJr:hti n.intl hl{§ffl~ '1
rJmni: »9?i-esm~rutshl{§rn~~tdicifhlJill'tf!StLcrsnti{§s»cJ
tJ &1 ,
'1 L?ilit2J&rntl
ttlrumtlt3&{§ru2-eru"]tshl{§rn~ mf!lnrnsr:h 'i~t\mtst9Hfiltl '1
"" u n w'II U
o • o cr 3x o , c:v o • o
fl1UT1titf1:
U
t?i'tflS»S?i'eS
I
y = ke- nrt.nntru IR mmg~mmsstHi
W U
Q
k '1
hlHhl~hl{§rn~~tdicithl1ill ttlill'tf!S y
t.J
= ke- 3x r:hmi§rurn9i '1
"" u
S. -3x 0
~ -3x
tU~ttJ : y = ke Sl ~ y' = -3ke - = -3y
t f:iQ1S y' + 3y = 0 r:h hli§ ffl~ ~ td~ ci thlJ ru ttl ill'tf!S » 9 ?i'e Sy = ke -Jx r:h 13&~ ru~ t9i
runfJtr:
t..l Gl
'Utll mm» S?i-es
U1 '-' I
:ntl 'Lrn-e mmi§"" ruts hl{§rn~~ td~ci thlJillLn1
U
mm cJn c;
X
n. H9?i'eS y
"'
= Ke - 2 ""
hl'effl~ 2y
,+y =0
2. H9?i'eS"' y = 5tan5x ""
hl'effl~ y'- y 2 = 25 '1
2. ~G~~t,~w~imsiufieG~jreil5t:1iSft 1
eJ IQI Ql 0 Ql () 1
t = 3 Sl9 . '1
93
p
X
0 A
t?'i"QlS : dx J = J adt
x(t) = at+ c
t
nbn~rul
'1
Q)
(t=O,x=2) ""
ttit=3 tSUx(3)=3a+2'1
tu11Gl
I
~mJutr:fUUU1IDN1§m~~tnftH'NJru'i:fiEH~~ci ~~ = f(x)
" MHMa dy
dx
= f(x) ctl dy = f(x)dx
"~nffibtnLfilrnH~mbna: Jdy= f!Cx)dx t{y= fJ(x)dx+c, cctl~~sr;tl~
94
dgn tt t'f:ft{jsg 9
• Hi'tH{jru~thHtHil'i:Hlin2rtSH~'i3
6V B i;l
y(x0 ) =Yo ~run x0 Sb Yo t94dShlnbtH~ru
\JCO GV
1
!H94
u
W9l "'.!!
\J
m run c = Yo- F(x 0 )
0 1 0
nJtmtif!iJ
otiJw : till
y' = 2x ii§~ dy = 2x
x2 + 1 tJ dx x2 + I
dy = - 22x
-dx
X +I
2
\J \J
n. y' = 6i + 4x + 5
.... ....
n. srumnrr
!lfl11.fJtM 1: ~nhl{jm~2tdh1fhlJrn'fslf:Htnu~l:l~51 o fL:Jrn o ctlf:lrun~ru
\J I
y' = ~ mhl{jm~2td~tifhl1rn'fs~f:ln.nHbcion o
y tJ l..J\J () b.
• hl~fflHSHfluhlHhl~ctl dy = - ~ 'i5 /Y = -x
dx y""dx
hl~ffl~ yix = -x ctlnJ{jff1~2td~tifn5Jb1Hthhti9 1 tL:lrnH1uf~MHG~(f12 '1
t;f' Ql Ql II I eJ ":) f C'l
!/fl11.fJtM 2: ~nhl'i3ffl~!Hd~tlthlJrntsLf:l'Mm~&l't:flSn513ffl~ y =ex+ 1 '1
\J
y = xy' +I
95
y-1 = xy' ~ xy'-y = -1 ctltU~AlJ~tt:fiiH'MJf.l5CSUinnm~~ y =ex+ 1
\J
""'
., tU'eAlJ xy ' -y = -1 ffiutUHt\5~: xy' = y-1
1
- - · ddy
y- 1 X
= lX mM~m~~u:l~~~Mtrnrn!:hti9
eJ
1 t'E:lrnffiutmn~Hl:l~ms
~
'1
tneufl : t~-ej t!:h g1f5ltl5 t\5~ Al~~ td~ ~ ~ tUJ f.l5 rn !:hUg 1 ~E:l ffiffiu tQJ fiH td JQlS
&?llJil :
IJ
c'
ttlrn G(y) ctlLn~9~tSH~f:l'e~ g(y) s~ F(x)
C» Q}c.J "':,
Wtmzftf.f : Ill'
fi~thrun-etU~Al~~~tUAl"e
c:;
t~tU'i§AliruTI!Hftlf.l5ffiutmnHtdJQlS ? 6'IJ "'
1
96
r:uiim :
*"
dy 2x(y + 1) MHMHJJ _L_ dy = 2x
n. dx = y y+ 1 dx
dy )' X
~- - =- +- -!§ GHflu ~m m-m:H m s
dx x y "'-.!>
~- dy = ln(xy)
dx
lli dy = ex+y ffiuMHM~w'
....... dy X
- = e ·e
l'
· dx dx
e-.v dy =ex rtlM{Jnu~l:lbliffiu~mnHtd~QlS
dx "'-.!>
• n:iHH\fli1Hu{Jnu dy = 2x(y+l)
G dx y
tr:lQlS _Y_ dy = 2x
y+ I dx
1 + 1-1
)
y+l
dy = 2xdx
1
( 1 - y+l
- -)dy = 2xdx
.
J (1 + y ! 1)dy = J 2xdx
a
-e-y = ex+ c (c
o
rtlcrsstdHUTI'i:HlinOlS)
lJ lJ
n. y' =3+y
97
atnmum: ijbnL'l:1ti5H~~SHfH1lt?'i1:flSt~Utfilb (C) mbH9?l'l:1S y = f(x) '1
1 1
0 eJ r C» tJ t::::Jl eJ 0 e1 ~
tH1Jlts
1
M 'etiJtf:Hlil:flSffi'i.HtH\5
w 1
x tsbl56'itblit2Hfilb
u (C) '1 ffib H dltstrunrutnbtS M
C;\lc.l IQ ~ 0 tnc:p tO Q C) tC»
truHlllffi1HtHusb P dltsrtnts~'iHtHl~tlbtiSlntigsb (C) Unbtsrtnts M sbHlllffitinHu '1
tt 1 1 t._; /) .:1 1 li 1
n. tnntlrun:Jrtnrunt9ti1:flStsrtnts P ? ?'irtnSlt'l:l?'irtn~Olti9nHStiSl6'i MP
ct 9 S I 1 t._; <:1
1
C» eJ 0 ct C» "':) C»
nbi'Urtnt!::lbl51:flStsrtnts
c::t; 1
P '1 9lmtihlmm
......._, lO .......,
HS~'eS
1
f dltst'etiJtSM'efil~
GV
1
2. r:~nb
ct
nH11l run ftl ru t~OIS lnjj(x)j = -ax+ c
1
~. 9lmtihlmm HS~'eS
t
f Rrtn~r:ru IR nnru f(x)
........., lJ1 .......,
= Ae-ax
dlm~rutsnJ~fil~~r:tl~~tMJbli y'+ay =o '1
~msg
X
f'(x) = f!Cx) '1
tlmsg
u
Inif(x)i = -ax+c nbn~Mttlbliftit~bHb~
ct L..; n
PH r:u~
1
98
ln/j(x)/ = --ax+ c
/J(x)/ = e-ax--c
j(x) = ±ec. e -ax
f(x) = Ae-ax (A= ±e')
L:Jmsg
U
f(x) = Ae -ax mm@ru ruh:: tu@rn~~ to~i:HtuHli
U
y' + ay =0
•
""
hl'Bfil~ y' +ay =0 'i:L:lblitnEHlhl'Bfil~
-' "" "" '
j(x) 1
= TJ(x) '-'.., 1
l:wbli a=- k tulll.ll
t.....-1 .-+,
tu@rn~~tol~ftu~rurn~:smruL:tJti9
u 1 m~w.nto~H15ftus
1 u u
, c.~ cr t:::!} ~
ffl'Bblin2rul y(O)
B Ia
= -1 , y(O) = 1 , y(1) = I mtui1t2HfilbfflbHSI='i'BSU&'BI15S'BI15'J 'i
W 'Lt 1 ru w
99
y'+y=O
dy = -y 'i5 dy = -dx
dx "'- y
ln\y\ = -x+c
s::
" m1Hl5Q2rl.Q y(O) = -1 .. -1 = Ae 0 Sl:&j 0
A = -1
y =-e-x t:hm~ru~tnuu'&stu1§ms y'+y = o m1Hlin2M y(O) = -1 '1
•• B 12
" m-erun2M
B 9
y(I) =
1
1 = Ae- , A = e
m-e run2
3
M12 y(l) =I '1
gu1§m~~tctHHtu~runhs&Hrut:rn59
u I t-eR"MtrH
1
Hl::l9
F1
2 2tuntus~
1 u lJ
mtu1§ms~t:Jru
Q t:::), ct'';)
't:f1Sdll::l9t9i
u
y'+ay = p(x) , a t:huSStd~
1.1
sl::l p(x) t:hHSR"'eStS
1
X '1
100
fi. nuJmih:uultl.iruthili y' + ay = p(x)
~unmmn: "' t?i'i:llsn.mr=m
"" y'---3y = 3x+2 (E) '1
I. Arul ~~nO~ sCi 5i a stl b t~-ej~H 9?i'e sg Arul ~till IR n:fH15 g(x) = ax+ b
mm-@ruilttutu'fs
GV
(E) '1
"tSM'efil~
"" (E) '1
g'(x)-3g(x) = 3x+2
a 3(ax+b) = 3x+2
2. tiirl mm
lJl ..........,
f =h +g mm~rugu url'fs (E)
6\1
Y. (h+g)'-3(h+g) = 3x+2
n:nru f = h+g tSlg f-3! = 3x+2
!:W&sg
U
f = h+g dltH~ti59t94tSM~fil~
GV U
(E) '1
101
0' .::» ~'>;) ~ Q C»Q '>;) C\1
MfilfJJ: b'i5 h ltltH'i:1l1HSn5'!:Hfl~
N
y'+ay =0 Stl g ltltH'i:1l1Hltn5n5'i:1t1HSn5'i:1fil~
ru U
- tH'i:1fi19ttni:Sn5'i:1fil~
GV U
y'+ay l:i'HS?1'i:1S
1
y l:wru: y ~
cullw:
IIIII
y' P = 2ax + b
2 2
(E) : 2ax + b- 2ax - 2bx- 2c = 8x - 8x
2
- 2ax + (2a- 2b)x + b- 2c = 8x 2 - 8x
-2a =8 a= -4
j
2a-2b = -8
b -2c =0
~
{
b
c
=0
=0
Yp = -4x 2
~msg m~ru~tvl&snJ~fill (£) ~ y = Yc+Yp :I y = Aix-4x
2
1 '1
102
3. ~m.m :tMUJfUtrfili y' + ay = p(x) mtfifitrtttmnrruG88tta
lf lf
cr ~ e» u , e1 .....
~- ffi,'jHS~'i5B
I
f Rrulshtflru f(x) = e- 2xg(x) '1 R'MSl f'(x) dlHSR''i§~ns
I
orfJw :
fill
n. "" "
~ nut'i5liHS "" m~ Y + 2y = o
tU'i5
1
(E')
"'
-d)' = -2y
dx
il2J dy
y
= -2dx
lnjyj = -2x+c
2x+c
y = ±e
y = Ae-2x
2. R'MSl f'(x) Sb g (x)
1
1
f (x) + 2f(x) = 3e-3x
-2 r ,
-2e
-2x
g(x) + e · g (x) + 2e
-2x
g(x) = 3e-3 ·r
e-2x g '( x ) = J e-3x
1 3e-Jx -x
g (x) = --=2:; = 3e '1
e
R'. ttflru g (X) = 3e-x tSlg g(x) =
1
J 3e-xdx = -3e-x + c
ttflru f(x) dlm~ruls (E) mrurun g (x)
G\J
1
= 3e-x tSlg
103
f(x) = e-2t· g(x) '1
.......4~
e»
tH'i:Hi59tl:fJ!:!Hu1:Hfl~
"" u
C» 1
y +2y =0 c:P
l:i f(x) = Ae-.2r '1
u:rut?ilf~ :
u
r:!
- fifHH'i:Hi5 y
..
t:»
GIJ
= Ae-a., ' 0
d!Ht5132Std~ A
lJ
0
lJ
t!:llti5H2?1'l52
1
A(x)
1
-
"'
tly = A(x)e-ax 17lm~ny 1
mrun Swy ..SwShlfiwhl'l5filly
y "'._, 1 ._, "' , +ay = p(x)
"" lJ lJ ..
1
y = A(x)e-ax
.,ti:lru Yc = ce -ax.,.._,
· Sw Yp = e-axf
·
ax
e · p(x)dx '1
n. )' + y 1
= 2ex
2. )' + 2 )'
1
= X2
l:i. y' + y = cosx + sinx '1
104
;.;eeHuasens~mu~ s~= es G\S'i re~eo~'tj~'in;
db ""' ""' "'" ..,
3. ~ n ~ ~ ~ ~n
3.1. mtt~8gilfiffigJ1
I
2fl1muu1 : Hn~
..
gnnn~Mms
u· n
MtiHHill
n
mm
"'
13 s s hlfl riHs
IJ u
nnHf!61~ 91tl Mn'i:3H1~d
" --lli
ru
1
I U
qu9i ff!Yi ru: 'n ruftHmLliLmtJ '1 ttl tlbm WJ~s ls nmH'unhUJ ClJ' s g M1f11:f1Lnsi:lcr~ ~
trulr.iH'tHlHs4Mrn '1 fflb N 0 dlcrSStrulttHSWlHfi61~9JNfi'i:3t!:Hli1:flS&s42rul:teHU
U IJ & U I 1 --1
'3 cJ c'':)
=0
0 II I
t '1 ~n13SSI:rult!5t1:Hlihlrunb2rul:&tlru
1J & U <:<
t dlHStl'i:3StS t '1
I
I
N mcrss"fMtiHsnn~trm~9'1Mn'i:3 &r.:lru&s4Mrnnb3rul:ttlru t
IJ " u 1 tlI .... ..I
&ttl ru &ru~ St S FiWtl &'tint rul ru hl1:fl1:fl'l61 Sb cr SSt rul ru &'tl rut s4 hl rn& S1 gttlffi13 hl~ £hl~:
e.lj " u t_; IJ " u
lniNI =-kt+c
INI = e-kr+c
k 0 ~
N = Ae-·r ( run A = ±e') A dl13SS£GH1.ffi'i:3t!5fi01S
IJ IJ
N(t) = Ae
-kt
ffl'i:3run2rul£~'i:3 N(O) = N 0 t?'i01S N0 = Ae-k(O) sl§'i A= N 0
B Ia U
N(t) = N 0e
-kt
tlmsg
U
ts42M:ttlru t nn~m61&s~91Mn13ts4MrntMrucrss
I tJ --1 & U IJ
I
Noe-kr '1
G1bnn&tlrurumGm?l~bt~sb
tJ u ....., u ....
15% &su11:flrulAltJS
u
1:flSdl~ubts4ttlrut~'i:3trillmti
u
'1
u
ttl tlb13flhlGl
~·
~ ru:& t1 ruttl rucr su s Al'US
u
c -14 (j ruts4 Mrn m RnruTl
n
ru crsu s Al'US
u
c 14
ttl ru'tfls mru?l ~1Jb ~LtJ'tflruldl 5600 sfl '1 t?'itlb t9J61m tJ11:flrul Q tSAl'US
u
C-14
1:fls ts4nbG1bnn tcllbmfiM~Ala ddQ = -kQ '1
"l~u 4j.; t
..
nb2rul:ttlru t '1
I
tJ nn~
tl. tl ru1 S1 roruI tsmb U
n rill ..,_,
m '1
u
105
3.2. U~tnsg1lJUf9J1
I
m't:HnHn9
"'
n tni
n
~f:i rnt9u r:ii m tf:l15 s ffiu'Ulumsm1H9
u .v
~Un ~ ~i1m~'Ulu n'9 ntlls
t
u
~ c/ II f:) Ql II ~ ~ f:::l Q:l ~ I
!1HH1.flffltl'e
1 <n u
rut1j r.l5ffiu'Ult5Lf1S
u
'tJbS
1 n
t9"Ht5 tmb run n tr:ll ru n tUnt rulffltl
<n
9 ntSl g13 SUndl n
1j n~ nb M61I rulffltl
tn
~ 61Sb
"
M61 rulffltlm W'edH:ll
SWct
sd~ mg£Sl g '1 nnu
1 ......., r.J'
1
ts Htflit:ll nnliunm
lfl e.J'
R
I
!Jtnmtn.n: stlnttlrntR&9tJShtrnnmmtluHnstllStunrulffltl
1 ....., L.n 1 <n
12ooc '1 tf:lrun
0 I l ~ C» C;» QJ
stsg'entllnnbusu-erutllstUnrulmn
1J tct ~ lJ1
28°C '1 tR"tmmm ........,
3 Sl9tumru-entunrulffltl 1 lfl
1
n. Humorum~swnMmn~
I I
- lJl
ddT
t
-=» QJ 0 Q C»
ttll ruHumo rum
1
ts gtutlltllunsb ti rntl n~ nb tUn1 Mmn s sb tun1 ru1mn In In
2. M61rultflnsnh2M:&nrn
1 et In
t
1
dT dT
dt = -k(T- 28) u_ T_
28
= -kdt
In!T-281 = -kt+c
T-28 = ±e kt+c = Ae-kr (A= ±ec)
T(t) = Ae-kt + 28
106
b1::1Hi5 T(O) = 120 r;Slg 120 = Ae-k(O) + 28
A= 92
80 = 92e -k( 3) + 28
-3k 52 13
e = 92 = 23
13
-3k = In- 'i5 k = !1 11
3 n23
= 0.19
23 "'"
30 = 92e -O.l 91 + 28
e -O.I 91 = 3_ = 0 02173
92 .
-0.19t = ln(0.02173) = -3.829
t = 20 8l g 9 ~ 8l g '1
V
ruHuB•• : 'iHH t1 ru mm t94 tBfil~ w.nnHi
I t.:,
nn'1hn~
l_j
ti nnmt'i.fl'iH15&'n~
&IJ
...._,
tsinbusti
& "' C:
U U I
&'t:!ru'i:flS~nrulfiltl
I lfl
28°C '1 filt'i.fl&'t:!rur;'9umrh:tlfi&'n~'i:flS~nrulfilt1
& I lfl
80°C '1 15 81'9
tHilti5'iHi
t.:,
~nI rulfiltl
lfl
filt'i.flm
& I
r; s4 48°C '1 filf:'i.fl& &'t:! ru trulnH!iffiu'i.fltiQlS@
l. U
s 2~H1Sln'i:flrt
U
u
mrr~r;s4~nrulfilt1
I lfl
40°C '1 t~mfi~n~H~m't5Sls8l'9t9Qm9umfiffiu'i.fltifilt'i.flt:ns
l_j I'-' U &
?
u
3.3. ii9t~~!lilfifigJ1
I
f/1 C:::. OQJ 0 .Ql ':I 1 .Ql
107
n. &L:ll runswStnrhn1'!:fls N(t) tsi tint! t ttfi rutRStnS 10% ntl ~
I tint!
I
tSl&'BtiJ£HiltiJ'Bf'iUSSQlrhn1'!:fls
w L..; w
N(t+ 1) = N(t)+J!}_N(t)
100
~msg N(t+ 1)-N(t) = 0.1N(t) '1
r:ilruntl
U .. 1 Mtntfl
n
'1 2ti'i:flrf1 m~umru'itnRtsgmr:iltlmliMtntflntl?iMSMsHs
aL.:; 'J n ~ tt
G::nm~
I U I
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=- 100
s
d5r:sitt1rut::n&tl=lut~"B'9nLtnR d t9Jn r:::ngRtruisLtnrhsitrlrut::n&~
ddSt = 0.1 S + d 'li dS- 0.1 S = d
"" dt
108
tig fi t1 nu(Js9 9
3 'BS
I
d>
x52 = 156'BStl0ru d>
I
dS
dt-O.lS=I56 (1)
""' fil~
flj'tj dt - 0. IS
dS =0 'i:flSut~ru
. ., S(t) = Ae0' 11
ttjtHL'B'liL'Bb1513~StGl A
""' " 0
tfitnS :
I (1)
S'(t)
IJ
= A'(x)e0' 11 + 0.1
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A(x)e
0 11
'
= 156
A'(x) = e-O.Ir · 156
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· dt = - 1560 e · + c
30 ~tLfilrutbl.nnfDll'i:flSLtnnu~s
109
Ql ~ II I C) 0 I Q1
G ddy
X
= f(x) 'i:llStH~ rugU&9i ~
y = Jf(x)dx + c
o g(y)ddy = f(x)
X
1:llStH~ti59t9i
u N
G(y) = F(x)+c tt:lru G(y) = Jg(y)dy
'i5 dy "" 0
.. y'+ay =o -+ay
"' dx
=0 n4
1:llStH'\3ti59tlfl
""
y
u
-ar
= Ae, (A rtltiSStdn
u
1. nfHUtJlti5W~fm2&n~~twJru
, -2x
~
n. y ' = 2x 2 -x+ 1 2. y = e
_ , 2x
1=1.)' = -2- ill. y' = -2-X o • c:.~
f'Hl..flfitru ( - 1, I )
x +1 X - 1
tl. xy' =1 0
fHl..flfitru ( o, + oo
' ""
) '1
3. tt:iHLnllti5W'\3ffU~td~~tWJbtibtitStHrut:ll'i59 I
n. dy + 2y =o 2. 3dy + y = 0
dx
dx
l='i. 2y'-3y =0 ill. y'+yJi = o '1
4. tt:JlgLnnruw~nu'2tn~~t'wJrut1hsmrumti9 1 m'\3run2
B
n..nS ttl ru§1u
n. - y' + 2y =o , y(3) = -2 2. 2y' + y =0 , y(ln4) =~
l='i. 7y'+4y = 0 , y(7) = e-4 ill. 2y'-5y = 0 'y(l) = -3 '1
3
n. )' = X + ex , y' - )I = J- X 2. y = e x x- I , y' - 3 y = 3x + 2
l='i. y = sinx+ cosx , y' + y = 2cosx ill. y = x + lnx , xy' y =I lnx '1
110
6. t?lffi2hl~fil~~tti~tlf'hlJbl5 (E) : y'+2y = x2 '1
n. RMS'intnm
t 8 ms~ t'in'9
G 2 ttl rnr:hm~run
w
thlhl~s (E) '1
cl Q)l Q)l ";) Qf t:::J}
= f(x)
C) II I C)
8. tcngLnnruhl~fil~~ttiitlfhlJrn :
_ dy dy + Y = __I_
n. dx- y = e 3x o.
o
dx
-
1+ ix
?1. y' + y =1 ill. y' + y = sinx '1
n. ~~
3x dy
= sin5x ~. dx+ e dy =0 ?1. e dx
X
= 2x
ill. (x + l )~~
dy 2
=x +6 b. dx- y = -9 , y(O) =3 '1
n. 1nrnn~Mta't:5~srhrung
B S
tS1:5'1?1MS1ti1mM~lirn
eJ
Q(t) tsinbwb
ctt
t
Ill
2
IIC:II IIC:II •• • ... IIC:II ... _ 0 • IIC:II
fiiYfiliSidlilifilJffifllifiiHffiulU51g
o 'UnuhllrutnnJimmm
1 u ~
fish~ 9flhll1hl2
u. L_,£1"" Hh hl~ m~ uw r:1:t1 guhl'Jru '1
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~fn'UJ!M: t~ffiSH9~'l:3S fr sh fz t[:jrnRlliliitrn IR t1:tlru fr(x) =e-x sh
fz(X) = e3x '1
2. r:dlhmiimt:hmg1~ti8ssnn
~ ~ w u x :
112
= Ct X 0 + Cz X 0
y" - 2 y' - 3 y =0
tltm::1g ~HHi'l§2' y = cJf 1(x)+czf 2 (x) tdltu:niitu~nu y"-2y'-3y = o '1
U I &J c;
rnmti9 2 }f~thl@
U U
( Ht!'9
Ft
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(1, -2 st! -3
• tl:JlruH~?i'I§S"' / ,
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ttlrut'l§?irul~s
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y" twsb 1 '1
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n:JH Ln.n tiHd'l:H'il ~:a &ti ~ ~ &MJ bl.Hl.H !:H H rtHh 'i5 g 2
C» Q1 u 1 cJ QJ C)- 0 I 1:::1
'1
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a+~ =5 st~ a~ =6
d'hmntl z = y'- 2y ( y_ z = y'- 3y) t S"H tu~m~ y"- 5y' + 6y =o ffiu tun tuH:h
tuE:lmsg
~ u
~t?JrnstifrutlHtl9
Fl
1 ~s tu~malimti9 2 y"- 5y' + 6y =o §H!fit:h
u
Q.l 0
hl'l§fil~bliffl'i59
• QJ
1 Z'-3Z =0 ( y_ Z'-2Z = 0) '1
y"-5y'+6y =0
~ ""
• tw'i:3JtfflgLnJlli5M'i:3fil~
""
y"-5y'+6y =0 t:l\ltltt:itfflgUUlli5hl'i§fil~
0 ""
Z'-3Z =0
( 'i5 Z'-2Z = 0) W'i5St!fitfflg~nJlli5tu-@m~ y'-2y =Z ( t y'-3y = Z) '1
"'- IJ " L.; "'-
114
meun:
• tU~fil~~ tt:lHHtUJrlHlhs n:irntJltig 2 y" +by'+ cy =o h!lut'DHhlH:h hl~fil2
'Uhl 2 r:hGSSrl61tdthm
"'\.!) 1J tt r;;
'U'i:llS'Uhl~'Ur:hGSSrl£1
1 1J
'U'i:llS'Uhl
"'.!l.
2 mdssfints
lJ
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=0
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dy
y
= -4dx sl §1u In IYI = - 4x + c
y = Cze -4x ( "
ttJ 05 Cz = ±ec )
.. " 0
r:gmL"e'UL"ernts~sr:n~ c 2 .:
IJ
115
0
r ..,._,.., 0 -4x l': , -4x -4x
• ,., o '"' y = c2 x e
( )
Sl '\} y =c 1
2 (x)e - 4c 2 (x)e
1
C
2
(x)e- 4 x-4c 2 (x)e-4x+4c 2 e- 4'' = c 1e 2x
c
1
2
(
x e
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= Jc 1e 6x dx = 6cl e 6x + A = Be 6x + A
c 2 ( x)
v., r 0
~"'""'o
0
y = (B e6x + A) e-4x = A e-4x + B e 2x
y = Ae-4x +Be 2x
" '
MfilflJ:
-4x 2x ..,....
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'"y = Ae +Be wl1:3t'i:Hti9&l:ti&Sf15'i:Hm y"+2y'-8y = 0 (E)
"" u
Q)QI 0. 0 Q Q
{lJfJTJ lttfJ:
" ' 0
I 0 Ql tUQpeJ tO
ffl6'iffi'i51:Hlfl1:3 (x = 0 , y = l) t'Ult15't5Sl6'i'iHSbt~HfflbH'lb1:3rul1:3
1 c: 'If LJ 1
116
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1111
tmns : A. 1 = -2 , A. 2 = 1 dlu~ s
0
nn
"'
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run~ "
runms '1
t t:nru x = o , y' = 4 t 8l g 4 = - 2A + B
A+B=l o:;::
{ -2A + B = 4 Sl~ A = -1 , B =2
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y(O) = 1 Sw y (0) =4 '1
y
I I
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e s
: y"- 2y' 3y =0 , y(O) = -1 , y'(I) = le 'i
117
t:Jf Ql C!) II l eJ
mb z = y' +2y
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dZ o~ dZ
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lniZI = -2x+c
Z = Ae-Zx (A=±/)
... ., 0
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lJ
y = c 1(x ) e-2x , y
1
= c 1 (x)e -2x
1
2c 1(x)e
-2x
1 -2x -2x
c 1 (x)e = Ae
sl 2J cs mcrsstda)
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t:Jmsg
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y = (Ax+B)e-zx = Axe-2 x +Be-zx '1 £?1tnStit{§rugcsrf&snJ{§fila'2t~HHM~ru
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thft£11: t-i5hl{§fmfi5mrn 2
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ffi't3blin2Mt~'t3
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y(ln2) = I2
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sb y'(ln2) = - 21 '1
118
GtfJw :fll
~ ~ 0 I 2 ~
• hl'i.:H'il~ y"+2y'+y = 0 'HlShl13ffl~hlffH15 A +2A+ 1 =0 'HlS'lihl~'i.H1
'-' I
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u 6V u
0 ~
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!J !J
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2
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t r:tl ru y' (In 2) = - -2 - 2I -_ A e -In2 - AI n 2 e -In2 - B e -ln2
- ~ = ~A - ~A In 2 - ~ B
2 2 2 2
-1 = A-Ain2-B (ii)
y'(ln2) = - 2~ '1
1J1Rug: tr:tl gLhllru hl~ffl~ ~ tdiiH'hlJ rn 4y"- 4y' + y =o m-e rnQ2 n.g tt3-e
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y(O) = -3 2'1...1 y (0) = 2 '1
er C» ~ '> c::t. C»
H~l:l-es y = y 1(x) + iJ2(x) dlm~rumtututs (E) tSlg y 1 (x) sb y 2 (x) dlm~rutmrn
ls (E) ~u9lm~nm~ru9tvlts
!J ._.., u
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Ot.., • • ' ' •I
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N N •II
2
anm~ru9t9i&s
<V u
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dlytu 2
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tdJh[ltS:ltu'efil~tumrutSlg ttiQ"lS:lGt~ru~tlfitS (E)
"" ,-,4 '> ""
t1 : y = Ae.A,X +Be"A 0 X
y = A e(a-ip)x + B e(a+iP)x
mms y = Aea\cos~x-isin~x)+Beax(cos~x+isin~x)
y = (A+ B)eo:xcos~x + i(B- A)eo:xsin~x dlm~rutS:l (E)
120
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y"+by'+cy = O'i:flS'UtuRati AI= <X+iP sb Az = <X-iP tS"Ut?lOIStit~tiHHm
~ ·~ ~ u
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tJfl:IW
1111
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0 '"
(E) ""
ri : A2 + n + 2 =o
11' = I -2 = -1 = p m~ A. I = - 1 i ' Az = 1+ i
y'(O) =2 '1
flj{~f!:
• tu~mi2to~i1&tu~rnrncsmrni::hti9
u 2 H'i§ftus
u u
sh'i:flst13?1Mtd~'i:flsnh~ttm:
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e
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s. ~
tU"MW: hl'i§fil~ y"-y =0 C»
'tfl2hl'i:3fil~hlmru
012
A -1 =0
eJ
tt:Jru'tflS'ghl A1 =1 ,
l 2 = -1
.,
hl'i§fil~ (E) HluhlHhl~dl: (y'-y)'+(y'-y) = 2x
mh z = y' - y : Z' + z = 2x ( 1)
X
Ctt
M'i§fil~ y'- y =o Ql
'tfl2ut~ru y = Ce
tq'litL'i§'li~ru~~Sttl~ C : y = C(x)ex , y' = C'(x)e'' + C(x)ex
IJ
( C2 = ~)
122
cr c::!.f e.» u • v
~fl1ff)Ul./1: tf:'l'i:flfHi51Hfl~~Hd~btfdJb15 y"-y = 2x (E) '1
n. miHHlf:113S
I
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U1 "'-' I
<P mm~ru&s
611
(E)
cl C) t::» Ql
=0
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2. ~nHSti'eS
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GV u
tS fd'efil~ y"- y
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4_j 4 I
f = g+<r mm~ru&s IN
(E) '1 &llminHsr:;-es
"'-' I
f '1
ruiim :fill
2
2.
Q1
fd'efil~ y"- y =0
C$ 0
'i:flS fd13fili fdfflru 'A - 1 = 0 , A- 1 = -1 , A- 2
I
=1
<p(x) t:hm~ruts
611
(E) tmg <p"(x)-<p(x) = 2x
i:ltHS8
u
f'(x)-f(x) = 2x mmr\:m
C3-
f(x) t:htH~f55tS
611
(E)
0 •
Mfnf/J:
I""Y4? C/:1
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Ql
t:htH'ef559tl:fi&Sfd13fil~ y"-y =0
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y" +by'+ cy = p(x) , p(x) :t 0
c:i>
Yp f!'i Y = Yc+Yp '1
II)
flJtmlff.'i/
tO
:
Ql alof"'!!U~CJ
tf!'i'l:flEl t1j'ij f\l~ ~ t i-:1 ~w ~MJ ru y"- 2y'- 3y = 6x 2 -X (E) '1
f!'i. r~bg1~m
&J ~ y = Yc+ Yp r:hm~rugrvits
U
GV
(E) ~cr9lm~nm~rugr94ts (E) '1
1J '-' U 6V
cu1Jw : <Ill
l:lmsg yp = 10 r:hcrmrumtututs
2x 2 + 3x--- ""' "' " (E) '1
U 3 GV
.-4 ':)
2.
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1:::1 II
-2y -3y
J
=0
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Q 0
=o =o
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124
?1. t~htjlfim y = Y, + Yp dlm~ru~s (E)
_, 3, 2 I0
bt:hli5y=Ae'+8e'-2x+3x tS"HbtiQIS
3
y' = Ae -x + 38e 3x 4x + 3 , y" = A e-x+ 98e 3x- 4
y " - 2 y ' - 3y = A e -x + 98 e Jx - 4 + 2A e -x - 68 e Jx + 8 x- 6 - 3A e-x - 38 e Jx + 6 x 2 - 9 x + 10
Y"- 2)I' -3 )I = 6X 2 -X -·
tlmsg m-!5ru9tvl~s ~ 2 10
U U GV
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n. ""
~ntH~li5CHMhHS"" " (E) '1
2. tL:hZHtllli5tu'i5fill
li
(E) fil1Hlin2blJH~13
B Iii
y(O) =2 , y'(O) = -2 '1
mg-kS =0
rti x dlti1f1n59~s ~ ~ wJtish 9mh rush ts-u m13crntitil
1
i.tJ • 1
n tihl mm n'Hlh ~smn
tn ........, GV
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sh~ti tJ h hllcr rnnm Ml Ml ""
IC$ Q) () I Jdo
m M~1 Ml Mlfllfl~n
li t_; u 1
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l:tlrn k dlt13?1MtGlfil1flm
1 t_; "'
125
ma=-k(S+x)+mg (I)
d2
n:ilru a dlf09gts4trHl.HL:lb15~6ltrHu9
0 " """
stl X dl'U'i:flnJSl t~mt?!QlS :a=~
1 '"IGV GV dt2
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it).-.
m = lkg ts4utl~S,fOHS'H
I 1
,fO~b156'\QlS1'Ut1tl
1 U l.i
II I
~ f;1J ., 0 o.., •
0.20m '1 Qfl~HU1: t =o &?l<\J1~ums4:nbtLffl'l:39ff!brnstlu~ru 0.40m '1 'U~'U'i:3ntf:i
1 1
trntl ~~2J~ fit9jtl t rnt!:ll 115& 05~ S 0.70m/ s '1 ~ nfd~ffl~ ~S13 rn Sl t fL11 t S g '1
GtfW: t!:l1115Ylf0 !kg tg2J1fOHtl61QlS 0.20m &Slgff11:313J1litJint?iQ1S
= kS iJ §;i.J 1 x 9·8 = 49
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s = 0.20 N .m
2
d x k
-+-x
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=0
2
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B 1-a
x(O) = 0.4 sb x'(O) = -0.70
t?!QlS A. = ±7i
m{§rugt9itsfO{§ffl~
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x"+49x =0 ~ x(t) = Acos7t+Bsin7t
ttilru x(O) = 0.4 tS18 : 0.4 =A 'i5 A =~
"' 5
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126
n:flru x'(O) = -0.70 tS"l& -0.70 = 78 'i5 B = -0.10 =- _!_
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u 9 s u
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v =-
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0 Cl C) '1:)
mnbmn.nb mntymms Y
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2
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., :
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2
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culm :
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2. ~tl~1ri~Hi E(X
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)
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2
2 2
= a -a =0 tt11 ru E(a) = a '1
= a 2E(X 2 ) + 2abE(X) + b2 - 2 2
a E (X)- 2abE(X)- b
2
2 2 2 2
= a E(X )-a E (X) = i[E(X 2 )-E2(X)]
= a 2 Var(X) '1
145
0 " 0 ':1 1!1 0 cJ 1!1
Wf.mlr1tJ: X thHtGHt:HH~Jtt:lillH1S1HMbttin1_?LflU ~tHnnb21iHLfn'!§ :
u
X 10 20 30
GtiJm:
<Ill
&l!llflS Var(2X + 3) = 2 2 Var(X) = 4Var(X) (1)
Var(X) = E(X 2) - 2
E (X)
t:ltHS8
u
Var(2X + 3) = 144 '1
'luifuif:
ll 1'1
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Lli mm 2 Ht rH tu t1 SJ tllu
'> '> '
x '1
u
1. E(a) =a
2. E(aX) = aE(X)
3. E(aX+b)=aE(X)+b '1
1. Var(a) = 0
2. Var(X) = ivar(X)
3. Var(aX +b) = a2var(X) '1
147
? rumui
':) r cf IQI 0
2. H td Hli tlSJ fflli X 'Hl 2 H 9 t113 2 tl ti f11 tnL'lilfl'li ~uti1;Tl QJ m13 mnb :nb &UJ113
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X 5 6 7 8 9
3 2 l 2 3
P(X =x) 1 11 11 11 11
':) ct ' Ql
4. HtGHLitlSJ X 'Hl2H9t113Stlti~tnl?Lfl'li
u X 1 2 3
0
P(X=x) litm& x= 1, 2, 3 '1 fiill'ISl
P(X =x) 0.1 0.4 0.5
n. E(X)
2
2. E(X )
2
t1. E(2X + 3X- 5)
5. t1 illl SlOSS
u
tlb &'tl ru Mb"'f139nrtl
~ 1
Sb r:tlH9'ib
~ ~
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N'
t rl ru run tfitlflg filRri ~
148
6. d5 X dl~Hd~ttH:lSJ~ci" ~~&'tlrnmQJtrH1.Hf:HQ18U'flUifJnl{JlR"
1 1
X 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 1
P(X = x) y
6 6 5 5 6
fi f.l.fl m : n. "
6H~ y ~- E(X) 'li5. Var(X) tl. Var( 4X) '1
2. E(X)
X I 2 3 4 5
149
2
0 sS sS
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d
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i
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f:JuuCLnbtSln~m"
u
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u tdl~nru" nb
ct
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rn '1
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5. 'i5tCLflb&Gnt~m ~til'i5tCLflb&Unl.YOl'U&S~tGHGf:JSJt~m X '1
u
150
1.2. GJltit~mistumu
v
~fTitn!M J: tfitQI8FilR~ruftHli@sn\htflrirn
U -1 H
FilRffiS~2~~?i~2
1 1
H sb T '1
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t ttl run~ n.n s~u ru")ffiS'itiQiti t n5.....m ""
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= x) = C(n, x) x pxqn-x ,
"
u
X= 0, 1, 2, ... ,10
151
6 4
P(X = 6) = C(IO, 6) X (0.75) (0.25) = 0.1460
7 3
P(X = 7) = C(l 0, 7) x (0.75) (0.25 ) = 0.2503
3
P(X = 8) = C(IO, 8) X (0.75h0.25) = 0.2816
9
P(X = 9) = C(lO, 9) x (0.75) (0.25) = 0.1877
P(X = 10) = C(lO, 10) x (0.75) (0.25)
10 0
= 0.0563
mfiulisb
.... o.9219 '1
...
Gtl:!II'JJ : fil'e!U'e&'in'e
....
Q
152
2.
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153
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2. mh Y t:htdHtH:IaJ" o~amrunn.ntruJh"
X-Bin(lO, p) tl::lru p _! = ~ Sh
= 20 q = 1-~5 = 5~
5
Lumu&r::~rumtimsmrunnfitruJb@struruti 4 ?i P(X$;4) t?Jms
u
3.
n&~~H!HtBf:lSJ x tf:lrutfint(jb~nQPtitllbt?J ?imn&~ x nm &1::1 ruLn {sb n&~
u
Lumunmbt?J nt~&Sl8~smrut?Jtmim jtr'1
ll
10
P(X = 0) = C(lO, 0) X (0.45) (0.55)
0
= 0.0025
154
4 6
P(X = 4) = C(IO, 4) X (0.45) (0.55) = 0.2384
5
P(X = 5) = C(IO, 5) X (0.45)\0.55) = 0.2340
6 4
P(X = 6) = C(IO, 6) X (0.45) (0.55) = 0.1595
mtlli[!JtrH1t~ x =. 4 &s x Ul~~btyrnm~thbt?i
u u
r::lmsgfi'f-e'fs
u IN
x &'r::lrutRfit91bmnrrntithbt?i
1..J ......., ........,
ti'i§nctli~b
.,...
4 '1
~u
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" " X tr::lblitnfit9Jh
u "" ""
0 6
P(X =0) = C(6, 0) X (0.25) (0.75) = 0.1780
1 5
P(X = 1) = C(6, 1) x (0.25) (0.75) = 0.3560
2 4
P(X =2) = C(6, 2) X (0.25) (0.75) = 0.2966
3
P(X = 3) = C(6, 3) x (0.25)\0.75) = 0.1318
155
P(X = x)
0.3560
0.2966
0.1780
0.1318
0 2
l
3 X
n. t:HlJlSHit~
G\1
X &1:HlHR6it91bmnnmh:hbtt:i
iW ......, "'
otflw
w
:
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P(X,; 1) = C(lO, 1) x (0.2) (0.8) = 0.2684
8
P(X = 2) = C(lO, 2) x (0.2/(0.8) = 0.3020
3
P(X=3) = C(lO, 3)x(0.2) (0.8/ = 0.2013
156
2. l!H1.Jl Sl P(X < 6)
5 5
P(X = 5) = C(l 0, 5) x (0.2 ) (0.8 ) = 0.0264
= 0.9936
tjtHSg
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run'i:H.Hu~
1\:t
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tJ
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twill n Sw p = 80 %= 0. 8
= 12 "'J.o
<' • c:o x !2-x
HSr:i'i:3Stjbn.Hn~tiL(lti P(X=x) = C(l2, x)x(0.8) (0.2) , x = 0, 1, 2, ... ,12
I I l..j
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1
157
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lli. ~ttl ruti fo.ntl funLmRo ru;J ruLtim~iltl Hn5m n5Ln'!3ljn~ s t tm~1_Ytm RlJ ftn ru
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&?!QlS z = 790-1001000 = _ 2. IO
P(-2.10<Z<O) = 0.4821
~----7~9~0~10~0~0--------~x
~ms g l.YOl'U &'tl rn t@ wt1 wrnsl.Yms
u ----------------------z
-2.10 0
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165
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trn~tsg't:flssrum P(O 1::1rn' 1.43) = 0.4236
cullw :
1811
= 0.8472
t1msg
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P(JZI < 1.43) = 0.8472 '1
~. P(IZI > 1.43) t t1'lli5 IZI > 1.43 t Sl g z > 1.43 u. z < -1.43
tR'QlS P(JZJ < 1.43) = P(Z > 1.43) + P(Z < -1.43)
.5-0.4236)+(0.5-0.4236) = 0.1528
t1msg
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P(IZI < 1.43) = o.J528 '1
~. P(X<6)
16~
ori1w :
1111
ttlQlS Z = X- 10
5
tlmsg
u
P(X > 12) = 0.3446 '1
2 _ P(X< 6 ) = p(X~10<6~10)
= P(Z<-0.8) = 0.5-0.2881 = 0.2119
tlmsg
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P(X<6) =0.2119 '1
n. P(48<X<54) 2. ?(52< X< 55) ti. P(IX -501 < J8) '1
n. P(0.25 < z < 1.75) 2. P(-0.70 < Z < 1.86) ti. P(-1.4<Z<-0.6) '1
3. es~flir;mmflflCUl'~eemUfUiGie Jl ee 0'
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0.9693
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P(Z < 1.87) = 0.9693
l:ltHS8
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a = 1.87
= 0.8849
tl=iQIS ~
(j
= 1.2 si2J a= .i_
1.2
=5
0 I ':t 0 C1 C) QIIIC:P
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n ....
5 '1
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" 2 .. !.4
= 0.0113 ,
168
80 -
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ll) = 0.0113 mw!.o. 80 - ll
-cr- =a
80
a = 2.28 t5 - = 2.28 ( 1)
"'" cr
tl"jlbt!tJ~ P(X>30) = 0.9713
p(x ~ ll > 30~ ll) = o.9713
mh 30cr-ll = b
&r:1Q1S P(Z >b) = 0.9713
tf:h t15 P(Z > -1.9) = 0.5 + 0.4713 ( um:nb M)
li1
P(Z>-1.9) = 0.9713
30
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"'" cr
imtl"hl~ffU (1) Sb (2) tr:1Q1Sl_?rl~fU~ffU
80 11
2 28
; = · (1) {80-!l = 2.28cr (l)
{ 30 ~ ll = -1.9 (2) Y. 30 -!l = -1.9 (2)
= 52.72
tlmsg
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f1=52.72Sb cr= 11.96 '1
'\:) Q 0 t
169
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? rumuiiiqn 6
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u
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2
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2. Var(X)
2
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171
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j+ 2 1 k
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orfJm:N
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i j
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i j
k 1 -2 7i- 7
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1 -2 1
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175
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7
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77 7-7
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" u
" = 0-7
7 7 ~ ~ 7 ...
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~
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v xu
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7
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=(cu)xv'1
176
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u
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177
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Sl~'i uxv
iJ
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7
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7 7
j k
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179
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AB=-3i+4j+k SbDC=-3i+4j+k m2jAB=DC
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<)
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7 7 7
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ABxAD =
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0 -2 6
wnuH:
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r:sunliH'i~GM8
t.l- t_:; I
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U lfl "-""' U
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wr Wz w3
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7 7 7 7 7
~.
7
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7
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7 7
= ux(cv)
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7
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7
=0
182
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7 7 -7
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w 1 w 2 w3
? ruunri
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
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7 7
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7 7
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!..?
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7
= 2!"-~"
+ J- k
? 7 7 7 7 77
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183
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'
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7 --?
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( 1 2, 1)
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~ ~
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"'
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7 7
= 2i+4j-2k
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187
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(a) '1
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h '1
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t?iQIStHli?irulMI:rt5~tltl PQ
1 n
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t.l
7 ' QJ
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l
=0 (I) '1
---7
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--7
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~ ,. ,.
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u
tu~mmti~i::lrum~m'i:1nMn
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188
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= o Sb'i5l:5 fAI
a1 : 2x+3y-2z =0
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r:uiJm:
w
• -7
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"' • -7 .
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I~ ·~I l-61 6
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~
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1 A
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189
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7 "" 7
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~
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1 w ~
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f:1 n 2 = (2, 3, -2)
~ l> 7
7-7-7 ijk l> l> 7
u=n 1 xn 2 = 1 _2 1 =i+4j+7k '1
2 3 -2
t:::i;J I el 0 I 0
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GV 1
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z
2.
190
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U "' I
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= JJ + 1 + 25 = J27 = 3./3 '1
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u "' 1
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thlufi
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I)
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u
2
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u
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0
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u
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u a
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192
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f..j
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C1i 6V
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tt:nrutu~mmti
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I
t:!msg
U
tRQ'lScrnflG
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c; <V
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= (-1, 5, -4)
Ji+b +c
D = jax0 + by0 + cz 0 + dj
Ja 2
+b 2 +c 2
o: 2 : 6x-2y+4z+4 =0
193
ruiw: W
t~'t3"\~nu'i::flru~tlbtii1~~
eJ el
13S~tibtl=l'i£1~
1 U GV l..j
u
~'iO tut1 tuUMti (x 0 , y 0 , z0 ) tsinbtit1'913ru tt.h 1:15§1u a: 1:3x-y+2z-6 =0
l.J 1 '*1 u 6\J
(2, 0, 0)
y = 0 Sb z= 0 tS'HnllbtrlS •.
(x 0 , y 0 , z0 ) = (2, 0, 0) ttflti5ti~tJ't3nttllb1J11Rrul~
u D
t't3l=irul
1
a =6 ' b = -2 ' c =4 sb d =4 tsitii1 6\J .
•
LuHuH :
fl. ~nti'i::f11:15~Grulti A(O, 0, 0) t9itii1 a: : 2x+3y+z = 12 '1
"' 1 6V
~0 '
2. ~nti'i~fll:15tlt1Cl.Jlti Q(l, 2, 3) t9i~b a: : 2x-y+z = 4 '1
19Mu9:
l,j n
ti'i::flti5~Grulti
..
Q t9itiS1~
1 .:
L nb~hn Rn.n~ht.hru
,
D = li'Qx&l
Ittl
~i:lru it m1r;&\~,r:nti9M'EstiS1~
1 l.J .:
L sb P mun.nr;tsitru'i5S1~
1 .:
L '1
x = -2 + 3t . y = -2t sb z = 1 + 4t '1
194
cuilw: N
&t:iHU (L) 'i:fiGH15~filJ X= -2+3t ' y = -2t sh z = 1 +4t ~Slg L
m'B~9~ug
01 l.i n
r:ruh"'"'Stl'i:flru
Ll' .,
D = I?Qxtl
1&1
= JT74
Ji9 = /6~2.25 '1
wnf1H:
L2 : x = 4s + I , y = s 2 , z = - 3s- 3 '1
~ <:b
v = (a, b, c) f:i x = x 0 +at , y = Yo+ bt , z = z 0 + ct
x = x 0 +at
~ Y = Yo + bt (t E R)
{
z = z0 + ct
"" ,
G hl'BfilJl;jg tSUSl61, L
"". x-xo
f:i • - - = Y-Yo = -
z-zo
- '1
~ "' a c
• hl~filHlJ~ E:tl tS1,1iH'tj rnmiim'BG'lJltl P(x0 , y 0 , z0 ) sh'i:fls1n9J rwll"ihru
7 <:b
n=(a,b,c) f:ia(x x 0 )+b(y y 0 )+c(z-z0 )=0'1
lh1 ·hzl
cose = lhdlh2l
195
c u'\;flli5~t1t!Grup:; P(xl, Yt· Zt) sb Q(xz, Yz· Zz) r;siQbnhn~
I
2 2 2
d = J(xz-Xl) +(yz-Yt) +(z2-zl) '1
0
nri:hm~tir::htSf~~Si C(x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) nl r ~ :(x-x0 /+(y-y 0 ) 2 +(z-z0 ) 2 = r2 '1
0 "" rrl"
hl'i:Hil~~tl:f'ItSt~:
"- 2 2 2
x +y +z -2x0 x-2y 0 y-2z 0 z+k = 0, k = x02 +y02 +z02 -r 2 '1
0
u'i:flrurhhWlu
<:I 1
Q t94'i5ti
6\.1
a ttlrunMu 1
Q {5sr:sinb'i5ti
c; G\.1
a RM~r:r::hru
I
1u9~M~ihrt.Hstiti
I GV
'1
0
u'\;f1rutitillilu Q t94'i5~~ L gt~nhnfiM~tr::hru D = 11~~~1 ttlru ~ m1u9~
LOlli9tutSti~~ L sb p mtirt!lutsinliti~~ L '1
?.. rurnui
1. ~ n tu~m~m'hf~Si st~ tu~ m1~ds'U ~~ttl rum~ m13ti rt!lu r:t.ll ruLtu'i5st~1u9~Lmli9 tu
1
7
n. A(O, 0, 0) ' u = (1, 2, 3)
2 2 I)
n. A(5, -3, 2) , B ( -
3, l' 1
2. m~m13ti Mu 1
P(2, 3, 4) tt.ll rufnb r;94sb'i5ti 3x + 2y- z = 6
611
'1
196
Q) II II cJ II ':1 I
4. H1M1HilHilm1HibS't5~'H1 L ~G:rlhltffl'e:
n. 't5 ~ 61
•
L fil61 fil13G b1.f1 G t'Ul ruLMm tf' 1 s h ~ G g ~ v
• 0 "" ""'"" ";l " 7
= 4i-
7 7
k
(i). (2, 3, 0) (ii). (-6, 3, 2) (iii). (2, I, 0) (iv). (6, 3, -2) 'i
~. 'USl~
4
L dl~'t5Mmtlh't5i1rJH:iG:nhtUfil13:
l..i I) U IN
a1 : x-3y+4z = 10 3J..
... w a2 : 2x-y+z+ 1 = 0 'i
7
D(O, 0, 0) n = - 3!7. + 2k7 E(O, 0, 6) X = 1- t , )I = 2 + t , Z = 4- 2t
x-1 z+3 'i
F(3,2,2) T=y+2=-=3
7. ~nM13mm-tHtlrnnM61ttnru't5Sl61
C)}
6V
•cJ o ·
"'
• x-1
-
-2
= y-4 = z
C:\
sh --=- =--=-
x
-3
y 2
=-=-
z
4
1
-1
2
'i
~J.lt ~ X y-4
Ql I cJ 0
8. ~nM13filmhttlblinM61&ttlti5GMG A(2, 2, 1) Sw'USln - = -
GV
I 0
1 4 2 -1
=z 'i
0 c:J 0 Q) I
n. 5x-3y+z = 4 x+4y+7z =1
2. 3x+y-4z = 3 , -9x-3y+ 12z = 4
197
n. (10, 3, --2), x=4t-2, y= 3, z= t+l
12. nbtH'i'i:32Stlln
.. 1 1
OABC mb E dlGMUnruTlbliCS'idb
1 01 lJ
[AB] , F sb P tUnnb
..
[OC]
1 1 1
FO 2 .... PO 1
m'i:3~rnm'l'li- =- sb- =- '1
"" o o
sb [OAJ mm8tirt.nti Q tsitnhob [BCJ run
U FC I OA 2 1 l.J
1
--7 --7 .., 0 , "
BQ = tBC '1 m [PQ] 't3Hd~ [EF] nrt.flnnq~ t '1
tltC1mrun2M
"'-" s s
O<s< 1 sb O<t< 1 '1 mb M sb N dlGMunrunrulsnb&i
1 01 n
[OA]
2. ~nruQ2rJ.Qmmci2bf3liLm~htl1:3j2J MN UJM~sb PQ ?
14. nbun'i:32Stlln
ct 1 1
ABCD tr:lbli'i:flSidbtM
LJ .....
I mb E dlGMUttifiidb
1 l_j
[CD] :nbnbffl'i:3
c;;
1 1 1 1
~ ":) eJ Ql ~ ':1
2. ~nm~tS m tr:lrntg~u~ru BG 'i:flSnt~H'liJmi:fl '1
? ruunriiiqil 1
1. Qbu~~2Stlln OABC tr:lrt5'i:flS0bt~sb I mb M sb N d1GlliJUfH1.1Jlrt5~S0b
1 ""' --7 17 --7 7 .... ---7 7 1
[AB] Sb [OC] tUliJ5115n OA =a OB =b Sb OC =c '1
0 t ':1 eJ ----7 ___,.
n. nMnm'i:3drnl:1n.nn.ntrn
"" 1 n
NM · NB
,....-....._..
2. IJ5n BNM = 8 '1 ~n61t'i:3
" cos8 '1
ev
2. .nbtin'i:32Stll61
. 11
OABC tr:lrutflSidbtMSb
lJ .... I mb P, Q sb R dlGMUttin'idb
1 lJ
1 1 1
0 I ':1 ...............
2. nMnnt~ cosRPQ '1
198
tifJfi rU C'fftijd 1!:1
:>:""0
3. ~l"i<1J15tHlJ18 A( 1, -1, 0) , B(-2, -2, 2) ""Glh C(O, 1, 1) --7
run AB = a"""Sb --7
AC = b7 '1
n. RMci61t~'ts
GV
t ~~~~§~1hnb1u9a
1\.J U
~+tb sb
1 1
b 'HlS~bl~ IJ
60° '1
" " ""
2. ~n!:~U11{J!!:SLf1~filM ABC '1
4. mh e dltiSlci~ruftHliRMfittn
<; u ru X = t ' y = -3 + 3t ' z= -2 + 2t sb
I eJ I 1 C:::. I 0
~nnHHtr1tstscrMG~tinHHtlhti~
U 1 W 1J
a GV
shHn~
V
z '1
5. mh R dl15Slfifilfiffl~UM8
& 1
(4, 0, 3) ttfiruuti515Sblu9~
1
h(l, 1, l) Sb (m) dl
Ufl5m9'isb R sb m ttfiruu'Hlrutl15Slciilbfln94ti~'HlSu'Hlruthhfl
Cf ~ cs
'1 ~n G'V (:1 ....
'? 0 ~ ()
sb~tifl5rl15Slfi
I._; IJ &
R Sh m t:lbctl~ '1 2timm n '[Yfl5~ t sb m Lf1~ P sb Q
~:Db~ '1
x = 1-s x = -3 + 2t
R
j y = -2+s
z = -1 + 2s
m
j y=-l+t
z = I-t
mh f(s) dlu'Hlruticrrulu
1
P(-s+ C!
I, s-2, 2s-l) n:ritrn15Slci
c:i
R WitiSlfl
c:i
m '1
8. run A(l, -1, -2) , B(O, 3, 0) , h(3, -1, 2) Sb h(2, 1, -1) '1 e dltiSlfittlrnfilfi
&
m~Orulu
1
A tmruufl5m9'isb t sb a dlti~ttlrnfilrlm'eOrulu
w 1
B ttfirutnhsb
1n9~
1
h '1 mh (PQ) dltiSlrlcnhctlrnl"lNtumticrMn
& u " 1
P tsitrntiSlrl
&
e tmnMn 1
Q ~sitrnti~ a 6\1
'1 tr!rutt:jru p ~rltrntiSlrl
c:i
e ~nfU~fil~tshinncrrulu
1 1
Q '1
199
7 Q~ 7 ~ M
9. li5n A(O, 0, 1)' u(-2, 1, 1) St.J n(l, 1, 1) ~ filt.J e I(J I
WJ'i5Sl61i:[:Jbl5Alnfil1HHl.JlG
~ 1
0
0(0, 0, 0) tmruunms~1G9~
I
~ S~ a th'iJtit[jblifll~fil'!j~rLflti
6V I
A I:Ulli5tn~S~1G9~
1
p sb p· '1
2. ~n --7
AR dlH2~'!j2t2
1
"'"
d 2h ~ '1
7 7 ""
b,
II. tsinhG61'!j2Sru61
"' 1 1
ttlbli'idhmhltlthll
LJ ....
mh D shE dlGM1 Gtsitru~dh
LJ
[OA] sh
1 1 1
cJ 1 0 ~ 0
ttlblifil6lffi'!jGMG 0(0, 0, 0) , C(l, 1, 1) 2~ D(2, 5, 3) '1 mh P dlGMG~'iJtul:l
I 1 lJ IJ
200
0
tinn 11
a,b,c [:jt;dl
u
3,4,5 " ""'
tl:jbli'i:flShll§fil~ a2 + b 2 = c2 ""
rln 'i
n
a +b 11
=c 11 °
mmg n > 2 &9 [:jt;J:h ""
hll§nH a·3 + b3 =c 3 4
'i5 a + b
4
= c4 ""
'i ~'Ulnl§ni::l blit2
u ~ u
1
., . • c. c. c.., 011 Cl
nlntoni:llOfibfDIOnllnn IINI
c: •
1. m~nu;t!~eqe z
1.1. ntuliSilntmm.nisdssAn19n9u
M U tJ'
I I I
0 I
Mfn!JJ:
""' a#O
- m
"I:S a " '1
t::ll
- m q
C»
=o &218 a= o '1 0 tid1t1U1t'iMtS'it'i'liuSSt'in
I I l.:, 1J
'? ' 0 • dt t::J}
~gng'li a
I iJ"
'1
202
~ 0 tc:::b C» elt_)
'i5n(I)
u
sb(2) trubmsa+h=(qJ+q 2 )x (4)
2009 20
Wtmtftt!u : 'i5b'"J m\tl
lt1 "'
10 - 1 Sb 10 IO- I tun!:ilciSb 9 '1
orfJw :
N
10 2009 _ I = <10 _ 1)( 102oo8 + 10 2oo1 + 10zoo6 + ... + 1)
= 9( 102008 + 102007 + 102006 + ... + 1)
203
L61~'l:fl8tru221t~tit~mcru2~ co, 2, 4, 6 st~ s) '1
u
® 'i:H15022f'tH'itllcisb
ll ll
s rug,mf'ritl'l:fl8tru2ub
1 Li 1
o 15
"'-
s '1
® 'i:H151388&ur'itllu8b
ll ll
25 rug'ifi1triu22tu2ti21bubmntllu8b 25
1 Li ll .:1 1
" 1H15G8
ll ll
2 tuntllrlsb 3 ( sb 9) rug'ifi1trid
1 Li
rutlnt
u
ru2H'itb~
l.j .:1
t8o 2ll 2
® 'lH.ti022f'untllcisb
ll ll
11 rug'ifi1tridrutln~tlbdrut5ntru22~nucu
1 Li u .:1
sbdru15ntru22~tit8osscs·H
u .:1 u u
( nlinnnt9ittib)
n &
tuntllrlsb 11 '1
0 • 0 0 l
Wtmtif.ft
II
: tti'l:fl81382
ll
n = abcd 10 ~mmr:nru 10 ) '1
n. titilmm
Ul ....,
n tuntllrlsb 3 ( sb 9 ) mrurun a+b+c+d tuntllrlssb 3
( st~ 9 ) '1
2. titilmm
Ul ....,
n &untllrlsb 11 mrurun (b+d)-(a+c) &untllrlsti 11 '1
n. n=1000a+I00b+10c+d
204
2. n = 1000a + !OOb + 10c + d
= 11(91a+96+c)+(b+d)-(a+c)
t:Wt2g
u
n &tHii:htfsb 11 fflhlHl.m (b+d)-(a+c) &tsrii:htfsb 11 '1
f11fif1if:
U tl
t?i'i:fl2G22
IJ
n = 8x6y 10 ( Hllthmru 10) '1 d5Gtl5?irul~2ttl52fbil
I &
"" ...
2.1. sruman
i(l111l1M"' :
0 .. 0
- 1322
IJ
65x22<1473<65x23 ttHmmdlu22
IJ
1473 = 65x22+43 ~
- 822
IJ
65x(-23)<-1473<65x(-22) t?inHbiitmmm
n
822
IJ ~
nrul611322?i6i
u
H109ti
1 u·
q 2·tl1322?i6ifi'tl0l6i
u ~
r. tt:lru a= bq+r U::hru 0';5;r<b '1
a &'i511 m ~run b &u n b t'i51l dl 61IJ &u n q t'i51l dl d ru &u n s b r tUli dl rJ ru1 rn '1
0 I
MfnflJ:
14
205
n. a = 194 , b = 7' 2. a = -1317 , b = 21 ~
ol': <>
n. n:JHi5 194 = 7 X 27 + 5 Sl '\J q = 27 f;l tl r =5
2. tL:tHi5 -317 =21 X (-16) + 19 iJ~ q = -15 Stl r = 19 ~
n. a = 569 , b =7 2. a = -671 , b =6
j:)_ a = -734 , b =5 m. a = -849 ' b = 13 ~
- d5a dlt1tfl?H1.fltSb
I 1
nbZ
<t
&SlU?iQ'lSa=bq+O, r=O
1
- ttl a 'i§st'i3Sdlt1tfl?iMtS
1 1
b ntl
..
Z tSlll'i:flSrltfl?iMtS
1 1
b ttlbliriudlb
u
a
1
Stlt1'ifltjMtttfbt9JritS b tt~rn1imb a ~
bq<a<b(q+ 1) ~ 0'5,a-bq<b
sb a= bq'+r'(0'5,r'<b)
206
2'U'I:fltn r< r'
0~ ~ 0~
a= bq+r Sl~ r =a bq 2b a= bq'+r' Sl~ r' = a-bq' &Sl8t?Hfl2
0 ::;; r < r' < b ttfi t15 r > 0 ' r' > 0 m~ r- r' < b 'i
n = 17q'+ 12 (2)
= 17(q+q')+17x1+3 = 17(q+q'+1)+3
mn = (17q+8)(17q'+l2) = 17 2qq'+l7qxl2+17q'x8+96
= 17 2qq'+17xl2q+17x8q'+l7x5+11
= l7(17qq'+ 12q+8q'+5)+ 11
2 2 2 2
m = (l7q+8) = 17 q +2X 17x8q+64
~ 0 •c:P Clol
n. &?i<1JG~2?in 1ftP9ti : -27 , -18 , -12 , 2 , 13 , 37 '1
2. finn~n1nnrnt{]bmnh11HnntuuH~nt2 3, 3
"" .. .. 1
2
, 3
3
, 3
4
, 35 sb 11 '1
u~u!Tlmmn5nnrnnb11HuntuuH~nt2
......., c;
337 sb 11 6V
'i
1
207
" a, b, c slj X mo~Sti~11{Jl9ti tljru X ~run~SJtU xja 'xjb ' xjc tSlg
xja+b+c '1
"Ll=iUO~Sti~11{Jl9ti a t13nttlrl:stlbt:lls2 '1
IJ
0 tQ Ql Q 0 ' Q 0 tQ C» cJ
t:lltiSStin Sb t:llOSStinaYt:lln tSlg'i::fiSOSStin tn
Q)
?.. rumui
l. tttlti5tLUMdlt15tit1JHhfiY~tnJis LMrum 8 t13nt:hrl 7 2k-l tljru k mo~Sti~
UYt:ll~'1
...
3. tiblmm
U1 ......,
n(n+1)(2n+l) ttinttlrlsb 6 '1
mossti~
ll
UMruunnfim (3-
4n+6n-I t'onl:!lcislj 9 '1
b t:llGSSti~
2 2
sb ll
UMrutinilRG'l t3-
ab(a -b ) t13nttlrlsb 3 '1
57
9. LMruutlJlfim 34 -1 t'onttJrlsh 11 '1
10. tu k mdssti~
ll
lnn5n.nrunh1fit'ont'uuiUinsb ct
1
GIJ
9 csfiss
1J
6s 6k , 6s k+l ,
6
6s 6k+ 2 ,
208
11. ~nwruH15nb~~tunsb 4
"'
ra 437 +214
1
25 29
'1
17
til 42573 sb 9 '1
n. a = 194 ' b = 7
2. a = -317 , b = 21
R. a = 487 , b = 9
lli. a = -734 , a = 5
b. a = 973 , b = 17
u. a = -849 , b = 13
~. a = 569 , b =7
t:l. a = -671 , b =6 '1
.,.
17 R 3 '1
15. Rr:l.fHhRURGSSRfiw'i:Hh~
lj u u ....
(x, y) te:Jrn 7x+y = 37 '1
0 I eJ Q, 0 I
209
2
0
OfifiUUH
'1.11
Qp C» ":1 0
o 15nLhllti51J~li9t2ti~sm5't9
o ~nn.timn~mO'URMfit3ssm5't9 '1
"" u
1. "~iim~G~dfi~ea~
1.1. fi§Btrut:r
m&~n~?'ifi~
U
1 st~ n 2st1t1
N
'1 nwntdit!ntsg
U t?'i'Ulim t3ss~sm5't9
U
'1
u
210
tO I Qat.:::), dt cJ 0 IQ.l eJ 0 0
Hl'liG fq~ j:i~ti13dl ~'i:HH51513 j:i'i:flS ~ tGndlG S S'Utl1313 ru ~'i..ll tll~bGnGS S'Utl13dlG S S
lj ~ -1 u u u u u IJ
~m5o~
u 1
~umn 1 '1 ~:mru~ ~j:'ith1ssj:'i~u13dlfitUnir1
lj u -1
1 sbnss'U1513
u
~mdss-@s'U1513
u
'1
M1Y1t!!f!nTin:
~ ~
mb n dlGSSj:i~u13dlfi-@s'U1513
u -1
'1 ffl13'i'9Nti9:nbnli n 'i:flS
wn
t:J 0 0 1::$ cJ 0 ";)
~tGndlGSS'Utl13~G'i50~13tllfflbtellru b '1
U U U 1U
tj:iQIS n = bq l:'i..lltll b dl~bGn~G'UO~tS
U U 1
0 ' 0 0
Il!tmtif!it : 'Ublmr.tl 173 dlGSS'i51513 '1
u lJ1 " u
211
0., 0
2. fflUSGi5n~W5~2~~n5ej~nfi15cS~
2.1. ufimnsilmnfntrtrrtirltsmnlfun
" Jl
!JtJ?tntnn: ~?l'i:flStHlS
"'
u
1001
0
= 7x 11 x 13 &'t~ru 7, 11, 13 dlnm'lili"B
n
'1
- dj q mfiSS'litl'B
u
t~rH n HltHuHnHdldru?JrultS~~nffi'litl'BQlS
1 n
'1
f:lr.;tSg
u
t?lffit.iMHnHfiSS?JfiU"Bdlfi
u ~
n dl9'i'Bti n
w = aa.xbpxc1 x ... xlt.. &'tlru
a, b, c; ... , l mus~mli"Bsb
u
a, ~. Y, ... , "A muss?Jficr"Bdlficrmb
u ....
I '1
r:uiJw<Ill
:666 = 2x3x3x37, 510511 = 19·97x277, 231231 = 7x11x13x231 ~
11.1Ruif
l,; II
: tlt'linUSU s ~b t'ifil"Bdl
W
d ru?JI n.n nffi'litl"B
n
:
212
t~-aj~ p muf'un~ruls n ~gLmtnLRliUtum5t5'!:3ts P mufunts n rtflru
S9hlH~tsnfunS'at15')tS
U£1 u u
p i§sot:ilhS9hl'iStSntunt!Hli!:lutV~Hnts
U£1 u u 'J et n '1
~ eJ '::1 C» Q tJ
m p ctln&Un'aliJ&S
u u
n tGmt¥:10lS n = p·q t'lflt15fi!HH'i5n p·q ctldbli¥:1C1..fl
1
0 0 cJ ':1
n. ~nhlo..nnmnts
1 u
150
ctlmtaLtnn!:l '1
ruiim:
..,
'1 t¥:1H'luhlHhl~n~tit5'!:3mft5 150 mliLn'l:3~
2
n. t¥:1ms rso = 2x3x5 :
1
Ln'l:39
Ql
1 'i::flsm~ 1, 2
C»
Ln'l:39 2 'i::flSm~ 1, 3
Q !.It
s'~-~Ln'l:39
c::.l
3 'i::flsm~ 1, s, s2 '1
1 1 1
0 ';I C» f ':1 c:),l 1 \;) .(;:»
213
~;,
lxlxl = 1
1x1x5 =5
2
1 X 1 X 5 = 25
lx3x1=3
3
~;, 1 X 3 X 5 = 15
2
1 X 3 X 5 = 75
~:
2x1xl =2
2x1x5=10
2
2 X 1 X 5 = 50
2
2x3xl=6
3~: 2x 3 x 5 = 30
2
2 X 3 X 5 = 150
0 0 eJ '? c:9
ft.H11HHui'H2 150 ?1 {1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 15,25, 30, 50, 75, 150} '1
.
11.1
..
Mmm : 1Ji'i3'9"" 1 ms 2 m~ 1Ji'i3'9 2 ms
. 2m~
""
1Ji'i3'9 3 ms 3 m~ '1 m'i3'tf:'1Hli
I I 1
t:/'? I 0 eJ ':) t::,}
"" 2
Ln'i§'9
I
"" 2 y CJ
'IJi'i3'93 1, c, c ,... , c r:1:Hli'81S y+l
I
fil'i§'tfflr:lifi!H1nt2~Q1ti 0226'itulitS
1.1 1.1
n r;t\5~
(a+ 1)(~+ 1)(y+ 1) '1
2
• 2 o ...!.':! o $:: a aXa
t?1Q1S. 3k =a , a dlu2S?16110'81S Sl;-&1 k =- = -
1.1 [3- i.J 3 3
0 '
MRU'IJ:
a 3 6 9 ...
k 3 12 27 ...
12k 36 = 6
2
144 = 12
2
324 = 18 2 ...
• GSSmh~'i:Hilfi
II ._..
n dlGSS'Uli"e
II
AlillOffi n 'tflSntuntnnHH~~ 1
II
sb n 2Sbb
~
'1
1 '1
""
•ttinE/N, n
• &~-e1nnru8ss
e.fA II
a dlGSS'U'!5Y
II
tr:'itun a SbGSS'U'!5Yn')ffl
II <t
'1 d5ms~ntunrun
._..
-erudrufJn.nru
II n
0 sbdrutunnudlbntuntt:lillU!Sli5nYntitltGm
U II W
a dlGSS'Uli"e
II
'1
215
0 •
ruunn
I. tHmfimuss 937 s~ 1933 ctlUSS'tH~~ '1
~ u u
3. &!:i§HJrul
i.J 1
E == {122, 123, 124, 125, 126} '1 trihlrulI E 1f1St:nnctlUSS'tHl~'tH9?
I U ~
4. u:ll~mrimt\iru1
4J .; I
E == {5042, 5043, 5044, 5045, 5046, 5047} msmnctlussu'l5~mg?
--1 I U ~'
OCJ 0 Q
s. umnuss
u
126, 525 s~ no ctldrn!:irt.nnmu'\5~ '1
1 n
OcJ 0 Q
7. u&'unuss
u
925925
.
s~ 253253 ctldrn!:irt.nnmu'\5~
1 n
'1
0 Cl 0 Q
10. n ctlGSS!:iricr~ctl~
II --1
ttlrn n;?:3 '1 ummmtti
lll"-'
n ctlnssu'\5~
U
nrH n+ 1 ~st~sctl
H. n ctlUSS!:ificr'!5ctl~
u ...
ttlrn n;?:3 '1 ummmtti
lll"-'
n ctlUSS'U'\5'!5
u
tS'H n+3 ~St'i5Sctl
USS'U'\51§
u
'1
"' ... 2
ctlu~S'li'l5'i5U,t9?
0
ttlrn n;?:4 '1 tn n -4n+3
2
16. m~ p ctlussu'\51§
u
tffiru t ctlHS!:i~SRrt.n~tt:nru
1
J(x) = 2x X+ P '1
18. inu!:itiGSS!:i~"igngu
u liJ"
X ttlrn x 2 2x+2 ctlUSS'i5'\5'i§nuctl~
u u
10 '1
C» 0 0 0
19. tnuSS n! + 1 ctluSS'lili~mg mmg n E { 1, 3, 4, 5, 6} ?
u u ~
0 0 cJ ,
21. ~nwrt.nntunts
I U
no '1
216
li. 360 2. 1350
474 2 1005
li. . 885
534
1020 51300
?i.
1260 lli. 16650 '1
.., ~
otfiniHfiilnmnnniH
til til 11 'Ill til
0 ' 0
0 fHl..Jl6HlUHHlil HH'iti'iHl &1 '1
1 1 1.1 u 1
1.
a Sb b filblH1ffi d thrituntS
lJ
a dbsbthnttintS
1.1
b db '1
o = GCD(a, b) '1
or e1 '::1 c:P
!Jtn'UJUU'l: nttin&s
1.1
42 f:'i !, 2, 3, 6, 7, 14, 21, 42
~r;crnr;s
eJ "
30 f:'i 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 15, 30
""
&'ittin~~tS
1.1 1.1
42 sb 30 ~ I, 2, 3 Sb 6 tSlHf:iQlS GCD(42, 30) = 6 '1
0 ' C» ':I
Mfn{IJ: m a dlblUlf:'irultS b tSlg GCD(a, b)= b '1
1 1
!Jtn'UJIIJJ1 :
., " 12 r;Slgtf:iQlS GCD(36, 12)
tf:i'i:flS 36 dlblUlf:'irultS = 12 '1
1 1
218
:Jf11UJU/J1"' : 60 = 2 X 3 X 5 Sb 90 = 2 X 32 X 5
i::lmsg
u
GCD(60, 90) = 2x3x5 = 30 '1
GCD(a, b) = I '1
LfiHvg: ML1:!rnL'D.mi=i:nbtLm1:! :
u
~ 1581 912
n. 306 ~. 12312 '1
'tflsstm9Q~m : 1i=iu~&unmts
t..:. u u
a sb b m~fun~1:!ts
u u
b sb r '1
Hflhl1:!n1£T)
L; ~
: ttl a= bq+r tmru d' ctl~tun~1:!t8
u u
b sb r tSlg1:f18tJ8Si=i?i
u
219
~S'U GCD(a, b) = GCD(b, r) '1
0 I 0
muntrttJ:
n. ~n GCD(75, 25)
= GCD(I5, 9)
= GCD(l5, 9) = GCD(9, 6)
220
GCD(a, b)= GCD(b, r) = GCD(r, r 1) = ... = GCD(r12 _ 1, r") = r" '1
1B~mmstHntH'timsg
n .:
t'UTlm HJflin1tr/1nr;
u w
'1
5 3 10
0 •
744 240 24 0 nHUHli
2. nbnhu1ussmh~'iHll~
.,1 1u .... 11!1Un~un~13~sussm~
l.Ju u u a ab b dlnu~untS'il!'iU
lJ
usstmt:ll~
u ....
~t:lill'i:flSrlti z = xa+yb ~t:lrn X ab y dlUSSI!'l~f~gflg'i)
u 1 u·
'1
15
221
GCD(a, b)= GCD(b, r) = GCD(r, r 1) = ... = GCD(r 11
_
1, r 11 ) =r 11
0 0 eJ ':I
nH1./lfll:tHHS
lU
r 11 (r,, = GCD(a, b)) '1
., GCD(~
d 'd
~) = GCD(a,
d
b) '1
a = bq + r m2J na = nbq + nr
b=rq 1 +r 1 m2Jnb=nrq+nr 1
" dj d thf!ttHU~tS
1J 1J
a Sb b tSlHfl~ I). tt'iQlS
222
ML1:17 t!J'(JlJJ1 tf :
- m~~~u~t:nturn ~?ims aco(~ ~) = 1 hl~~u rn o. aco(q:d , d~) = o. 1
, d
sl~ GCD(a, b) =o
- LGHu~n1~ : o= GCD(a, b) s1~ GCD1a, b)= o s1~ aco(~ , ~) = 1
1.5. YnftHHtr~th~ntSitGSGSSAft
ll I U Jl
.... .J
n. srntrsrn
0 . c. Cl 00 '? 0 . ~
3. rngru~:
- t~'i§j~n GCD
"' 0
tS13~S a 1, a 2 , ••. ,a11
0 '0 ':) ~
t:1tiJtt1:
1111
GCD(315, 225) = 45 t'i.flrn GCD(45, 525) = 15
t:lmsg
u
GCD(315, 225, 525) = 15 '1
223
1.6. t9~tntU~ ( Bezout) 8~t9~tr9it[Hu (Gauss)
au+ bv =I '1
ML'Eflt!JffllJUf :
n:mfimm HitlfitlHUl§tS
"l.Ju u
a stl b dlnttHUl§tS ax, by Stl z
u u
= ax+ by ftHli
x stJ y mussf.i~Gl§mti
,. u ...
'1
0 I c:j; ~ cJ
=1
QJ
1:1tHSg
U
'i:!lSuSSf.ifiHiln!f'U
U I \.J.
u Stl v &1:1ru ua+vb '1
c:;l 0 I ef
"fuHul§n~mC'U'i:!lSuSSf.ifi u
l.j "
QJ
u
Q
1:1msg
u
d dlntun'fs ua+vb tfi ua+vb
u
=I '1
" ."
n.Jtmfi~! 1: ~n GCD(l2, 18) Stl GCD(l2, 18 x 5) uWn5S~S
.. c;t
GCD(12, 18) Stl
Wtmtrttt2: II
'Utllmm
U1"'-'
c stl a 'UUl§~tltlffl rug~ff1tfi GCD(a, b) = GCD(a, be) '1
ct lli
224
Gtfft1.1
IN
:
a sb be '1
lflSG!:HH'ifi
IJ
u sb v tt:lm ua+ vc = 1
uba + vbc =b
d ~ 0~ u ~
d ctl'j&crfitS be Sl;&J d ctl'j&crfitS vbc
t:lmag
u
d ctlntum13tS
IJ IJ
a Sb b '1
~- unnrutit"!IlRffi ~
tti c tti a ti1513~tltlm
..
ttfiru c stl b m13aati1513~tlbm
IJ ..
&Slg
c ab
""
ab til uS
0
IJ
StiTI'i:H tlti i?fl
..
'1
'ftrifi: ttJ~CiH~SStH~
lJ lJ
n ttH'ii:llcisi:l a tib funi:llcisb b tib ttfiru a Sb b
t:imsg
u
'i:flS q' EN , q = bq'
n = aq = abq' s12J n funi:llcisb ab '1
226
2.
rJmw : H'itJG:::u:~J:16'icr-ectl~2liHrn
w u ....
a Sb b !:J:'i(f!Shlrult1Ul?'iruli'i:3~S
1 1 1 u
a
0~ .~
1 1 u
0 • 0
Wt.mfiliJI: ~R LCM(l68, 180) '1
cufJw: 1111
3 2
tlmsg
u
t?'iQlS LCM(168, 180) = 2 x3 x5x7 = 2520 '1
'5 ""
:!: w'i:3~~ n tl'Ul1 J:'1i rul U~'i:361Gtid
0 0
t!UU£11
II eJ U 1
61 t?'i1J611 J:'i rul Sl ffl'i:3tltm S tluG2lb tum-e
u
" t:/1
tJunafJJ
0 t:/1
tJt.mafJ 2
22-7
f:lmsg 1581_~ = 21 x51_ 2x456 31 2
u 306 12312 6x51 27x456 = 6-27
&t:h t15 LCM tS 6 Stl 27 ~ 2 x 27 = 54
f:lmsg tmns ~-~ = 3Ix9-2x2 = 279-9 = 275
u 6 27 54 54 54
LuRuU:
n. ~n LCM tS 120 stl 164 '1
2. m§~ a=
315
stl b
132
= 2079 '1 t'Hl..flS'l a-b '1
v 1176
3. t9'ifu9
H1UtlUHHl.fltS
lj 1 1
LCM(a, b) ~thmJHHl..IU13tS
1 1 IJ
a stl b '1
13Jtl t9Jn m = as , m = bt
f:lfHSg
u
km = k(as) = a(ks) ~thtlUlt'Hl..fltS
1 1
a ttfiru km = k(bt) = a(kt) ~til
t1 U11 t'Hl.fH
1
" S b '1
t:::b ? c::b '?
km = k(as) = a(ks) t1tht1Ult'HlJHS
1 1
C»
a t'Ulru km = k(bt) = a(kt) t1tht1Ult1(l.fHS
1 1
b '1
f:lfHSg
u
144 thtl'i..Jlt1M113tS
1 1 IJ
24 stl 36 tumg 144 = 24x6 stl 144 = 36x4 '1
228.
\•
runnm'iH!J1 n :
5). - d5 n dHl'Ul?Hl..flH.3hl
1 1 u
a sh b t2'HH18GSSr:i~B"l§ctl~
u ....
k1 Sh k 2 &'f:jrn
m = ak 1 Sh m
""
= bk 2 0 1':
2'1'1) nm = nak 1 ""
sh nm = nbk 2
t:JtHSg nm ctlrl'Ulr:iM~"l§&s na Sh nb '1
u 1 1 u
- ttl p ctlrJ'Ulr:iMm&s
u
na Sh nb t2'18 p = naq 1 = nbq 2
.
1 1
mh aq 1 = bq 2 = m ~
tw rn m dHl'Ulr:iM~"l§t8 a
1 1 u
""~
Sw b '1
tJtiJt!J
Ill
: LCM(25, 15) = LCM(5 x 5, 5 x 3) = 5LCM(5, 3) = 5(5 x 3) = 75 '1
n. ntmm.nnnmdtHtisfttnssutl'tnnwm
l/U II ll c:t I
ffih m = LCM(a, b)
ri'Ulr:iMtS
1 1
ab m fiutitSn
u 1
m q = '1
f:lmsg m(a, b)
u
= ab '1
229
tfitfl2 GCD(a, b) x LCM(a, b) = ab ti
"'-
ou. = ab '1
run ll = LCM(a, b)
""., ab ab
fil1:31J~ti9t~H £fi9l~QlS ll = 8" !.{ LCM(a, b) = GCD(a, b) '1
230
5 1{1SJ:ltflf:irul 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, ...
5, 10 Sb
.,.
15 1{1SJ:ltfli?irul~'i:Hiu'i50ni?i
1 1 1J u 1
30 '1
0 "'"
n. ~ntltni?in.fl~'i§nutidn~s
1 1 1J u
0
1
"
45, 65 sb
.,.
85 '1
~- d5m.ni?iMmnm5ontS
1J u
1 1 1
126 sb 70 X a ~ 42
b '1 s~nturm
n m
o = PGCD(a, b) '"'-i5 o = GCD(a, b) '1
....,.
0
LRU a E IN • LRU n E IN SbLi?iU~tun~'i§ d 'fs a sb b ti?iQlS :
1). GCD(na, nb) = nGCD(a, b)
231
2) GCD(~ ~) = GCD(a, b)
. d'd d
c a Si'l b mussmhi1:3ctl~'i5'l51:3ltli'lm
IJ .... c;
J;ljgH'fl~n'i:flSUSSf:i~1gng'ij
I t_; IJ I \.J.
u si'l v ~Ejru
au+ bv =I '1
0
ain , b!n Sb GCD(a, b) =I sl~ abjn '1
0
'if:iU
L:.
a, b si'l n mussr;;~tsl:3ctl~sb'if:iUn~tHill:3
IJ .... L:. IJ IJ
d 'fs a sb b
0 1 0 0 eJ ':t Q
2. nrulnhHUlntcrn~l:3ts
IIJ IJ
1625 sb 825 '1
li. a = 90 , b = 105
2. a = 3960 , b = 819
t:l. a = 7020 , b = 52272 '1
'232
lli. a = 2600 , b = 1540
b. a = 3920 , b = 2025 ~
~ 0 cJ t::),
6. H'itlHHHH1::lbl5'tflS~b15'lin
w u
72 Sb GCD = 72 ~
Ql 0 tJ ~
7. ~nrlHiSS~t:lbli'tflS~bli'i5n
w u
150 Sb GCD = 15 ~
fi,Uasu15Yttfiru
w
33a-45b = 0 ~
n. RM6'1MMoHs~~tunsb 43 &s m ~b n
2 2 2 2
n. xy = -6 2. X - )' = 15 ~- x y +xy = 12
2 2
lli. 4x - y = 20 b. (2x-3)(3y+1)=-2 13. (x-2)(y+3) = 14 ~
4. Ullin mcrss~6'1
w Lnflrutirrnfim
c.s-
2
n(n -t) t'unr:t~cisb 3 ~
5. U'lU n mcrss~6'1
w Lnflrutirrnl'im c.s-
n(n
4
-I) tun r:t1 cis b 5 ~
0 I 1 6
6. U'lU n dluSS~n Lnfll15'i5mlntfl n(n -1) tun r:tl ci sb 7 ~
w c.s-
2~3
9. 1_,?1li a Sb b dlcr~S?i~ 1_,n1lli515L]l~Gl ab(i-b
2
) ~!Hlf:hUSb 3 '1
2. ummm cr&mg1f.1licrss?lfiUt§dl~
~~ lj u ...
n t01btl
li
1 sb p t?i(flS f(n) e: N '1
R. 5x + 16y =1
2. 44x-40y =4
?1. 44x-20y =4 '1
18. ~RhlrulnfuR~t§~sti~crss
IU U U
a sb b f~rn§1:nbtUFnt§ mmm~ntuR~t§th5on a
U U t3- U IJ I
sb b
R. a = 171 , b = 99
2. a = 924 , b = 336
?1. a = 345 , b = 285
lli. a = 208 ' b = 308 '1
':1 0 I
234
0 Ci IIIII OlEin;! 1101 0 0101&~
unn Ul
ruHnllfillltHnfitlnHitdltfiUtru 'UI 'UI
0 IQ cJ eJ Q ~ Jl II eJII
o nn..n n s ru'i3 s ru&2J&Fnb nusb nmmu:nm'i3n
o tH'ub
N
tu~m~t'H'rntfllctl
U
M~ filHI:l filn~b'imtu'i3n1
~
m
~
o tucitmutstu~fil~~trn '1
~ Q. - ,,, ~ ,,
1. U~JG meneeensiDmuunusfi
t~ms mbtmmm rutu~mr~rutl:l rn
2
9lR9b~bnttHn~ '1 nbtdntsg t~sbfiJnn y = -- +x
X
"'I "' \.:t' 72
y
rl m rui tl:l rnt~q.f5nttH9timb t2Jtfilb tsi (lb (24,/i, 24,/i- 16)
I
18
uti '1 t = 1
(0,:)~2~
6\1
n~nit~
u rn~sb tSu rn Slm hl~n'i3115
u6\1 <>"
1 Ql II II eJ 11
236
X = f(t) stl y = g(t) t'ifliltHd~fmm'ht-Jn'fs t stl t &'iflictl m'ht-Jn <t nHl.HlJn
rnrmm <t
x = t 2 -4 sh
"'
y = t , -2 s;; t s;; 3 <t
2
2
X = t -4
t
y =
t -2 -1 0 1 2 3 2
y
2 t = 2
t =3
X 0 -3 -4 -3 0 5 t =I
t =0
X
-4 2 4 6
3
y -1 --1 0
l
1 t = -1 t = -2
2 2 2 -2 -2 s;; t s;; 3
t:::J}
tU13Al~Qlm13n
II U tJ II
nh tU~Al~13ti5
.. IJ
""'""
g 1:1 ~
2 1
X= : -4 X = 4 y z -4
{y = -2 t = 2y X = (2y) 2 -4
t.6
237
tLm'B :
x = 4/-4 cruu@m~h.lfu'htHl5tl:j
u
rn'tflsHnn:agdlHnH!:lnsbfirHutsiU&l~GMG
U6'11 li u I
I
-I
ttnru x = -1- &S1Hi:101S x 2 = 1-
Jt+i t+I
-2
sl~t+l=~
X
-3 t = -0.75
2
t = -l-x
2-
x
1-i
2
~ t X 2
ttn ru y = -t+-1 = ----::--
2 = X y
l-x
--+1
2
X
0 • 0
nn.n &lut mg x > o '1
y =
3fnUUM 3: ~fUt~Jtfllb mb n5@m~fu'ht''!§61
ffl'BfU'Bfil~(flm'Bn
.., " " "" ti:191Q)01S cose = 3X Sb sin9 =~
4
ff1'!HU'tH~ cos 2 e + sin2 e = 1 ti:1(flS
u "
2 2
238
ffl't:Hu~filH!:l fil6i t~HID (!A ttl t2Jt Alb tSHJH~Htl'U
x = 3cos8 y = 4sin8
'i:flS~6iU1il co. o) fi~rnL6iil co. 4) stJ co. -4) stJ y
4 e = ~2
3
I 0 I QJ IQJ c::p
ttin6iti..HilrntiDmttl "-!>
mrnmsg16i101StinH~
l_j u c:
rusb 2
U I
9tut ttl 'fs ~ t rui ilJ StiS'Hiljfil filill run e tL'U'[Y run 0 e=
'IJ -2 -1 1 2
-1
tffl 21t '1
-2
ffli:i2VltnHui 3 21tltnhsancr2Htrtusi:Jls
t.l occr -3
tal g m~'i:fls t6iLmun1§sU'liLm2 tuL'i:flti nnil alu rn alm ni~ ~tal g t9 ~ttrsbUll m~ tu~m~
I U
m'htY6itl:l rnstl H'lcrlmtittr~'eb ~ 19 mtl 9tu tttl stl t rn~s tsiu;ti tn rn tl:l rn~ '1
munzin11: ~ntu~m~m'hf''l§g;t~i:ijmt!Lfilu'fs y = 1-i ti:Jlruqffm'ht''l§n
21 tJ 'Lmi:i :
n. t =x
Q1 QJ IIUC)tl Q 2 2
n. ttix=t &S1Hti01Stui:ifil~Q1m~6ix=t Sby=!-x =1-t ;teiR
m = dy = -2x
dx
239
m=O
2 X
m .. !» m
x = - - Sw y = 1 - - , m E IR '1
2 4
I 0 I Q cJ c/
ffl'i:Hu ti 'e S
li1
m tfH ~'tfH fil tl &!:::! ru
t 1=1 ii 6HtHfl ru tlli ....,
m=4 m = -4
0 Cl Q ~
Mru;p (ii) t~Jtfiltl1Ji1'i:flS9Mtf:li~tiHHS8 '1
u 1 2
" • "" ..., m ""' m""' m .....:~
MfnflJ : ttifflw - 2 =t &S'H flj'i§fil~ X =- 2 stl y = 1-4 !JlliHtttdl
""' 2 o ""' m =t o~ "'
x=t Stl y= 1-t .Mru;)~ (n) ttnru-- Sl<('im Stl t 'i:fl2Mt'TTH1Jldtllff!'1
2 tJ (9 1ct
f:ltH
u
2 g t~Hfiltl
'tf
iit! rJ~'i:flS gMtf:lid~ rum
~
'1
I
tUtmlfJ,p:
,.
finn~t~H
U
filtl ttl ruQ1Sl=lnHLtl
U
ruo rulu
I
P 'e tllttl ru hlfitsi t rn~tlci
II "' IJ
(Cycloid) '1
nmlinL"eru~~urLt~ts '1
1
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I
tu e = 1t tS18 P ~n
tsiljiciUblJluHfim'i:fl (1ta, 2a) '1 cu e = 27t tS18 P tsitrnHnJHlli~hlLnciublJlu
(21ta, 0) '1
ffl'eatitl=lttllmtfl
u ...., LAPC = 180°-e
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f:ltHS8
u
M~fil~mhf.gfi~ X = a(e- sine) stl y = a(l- cose) '1
240
tinrnt
u
[f!t{jd !1
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y
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~ Ql 0 I U II rJ II
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tr1 13"'m 1:5 n m't3 run Ham t s ~H rn t si nb'i5 ti ~ 'i5 b t ~ t i:tl thmu s b o 13 ru tun murn
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u .J frnb nHHttl
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243
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u 1 u
m§i r 2 = ~ (cos29>0)
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thhl~fil~tifrnt2iHmHli2lbtru
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247
t::lo Or. 0 •
ffifiJi1§8fii:I!Uii§iU816J
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: e = lim
11-7+~
(1 + -nI)" = 2. 71828
" f1tit'i! : (all) t:tH~n~'i:HIThn A ttl lim all =A
, u ~ 1J ll-7+=
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.. lgl..nfPmumbttil.,Fnmnnnti : s = l t<x)dx
J(x) Jdx
2
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" t:JRlsHtsttt:Jt
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u "" co
s rutH1H9'n
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... 1.1 6U 1.1
n I/iYi _ L,xlL/i
: a=
nL,x;-(L,x;r
b = ~ ( LY;-aL,x; )
11
M'lJumlfft~lSHtdt X : E(x) = ~> 1 p 1 , i = 1, 2, ... , n
250
• L1Jffb1J
U
: L = fJI
a
+[f'(x)] dx
2
• " • x n-x
• OJ111Iftn IS~tn1J . P(X = x) = C(n, x)P (1- p)
~ ~ ?
i j k
ul Uz u3
VI V2 V3
" 0 0 0 t Ql Q
" 1jHIIti7ISitlffltitStJlUft1
I
P(x, y) : Ol92ln9S~:Utl~ffi'Ufqtl.Hl~HHltHS
2
.. Miimttnngm i11Jg:thli11Jttifi : (y-k) = 4p(x-h)
, 2 2
• Mi1munt:f11J: (x-h) + (y-k) =1
b2 a2
"1UM1JUUM:
ljn u a 2~ b dlGSSf.l~U'I§Ol~'UtltHtl~m
u ..., ..
rugumfn
1
u ' VE z
au+ bv =1
• ufnnbfOfifllltWW N(!l, o) : !l 'l§tiJ'I§tSUfM~fun
" fllltihWM/:it/7 Z :
Gl
Z = X-0" !l
" ommnonnottT/1JI:i'~~ttJ : d = jaxo + byo + czo + dl
"' ·-1 tN ii Ja2 +b2 +c2
· gnumtsfjfmlsoll!Jo P(r, e) : m92lr!i9s~~n~m2~~
2
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I 2 2 2 2
"Mi1mti1{nffnt : (y-k) - (x-h) =1 , (x-h) - (y-k) =1
' i1 a2 b2 a2 b2
• 1Jig11UtffJ1M: ttl ajab 2~ GCD(a, c) = 1 t21Hf.lQlS : c!b '1
251
0"' "' •• • •
mrunnnntnurinnJmrurutnn
""'
t~ljiUJ~rita-1 'LA1Yt2Jtff1tl nmmru
"' t'liz=l.96.
29ltnHUl: "" '
tS"H P(01:!ruz)=0.4750
~
z~ 0 1.96
z 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
0.0 0.0000 0.0040 0.0080 0.0120 0.0160 0.0199 0.0239 0.0279 0.0319 0.0359
0.1 0.0398 0.0438 0.0478 0.0517 0.0557 0.0596 0.0636 0.0675 0.0714 0.0753
0.2 0.0793 0.0832 0.0871 0.0910 0.0948 0.0987 0.1026 0.1064 0.1103 0.1141
0.3 0.1179 0.1217 0.1255 0.1293 0.1331 0.1368 0.1406 0.1443 0.1480 0.1517
0.4 0.1554 0.1591 0.1628 0.1664 0.1700 0.1736 0.1772 0.1808 0.1844 0.1879
0.5 0.1915 0.1950 0.1985 0.2019 0.2054 0.2088 0.2123 0.2157 0.2190 0.2224
0.6 0.2257 0.2291 0.2324 0.2357 0.2389 0.2422 0.2454 0.2486 0.2517 0.2549
0.7 0.2580 0.2611 0.2642 0.2673 0.2704 0.2734 0.2764 0.2794 0.2823 0.2852
0.8 0.2881 0.2910 0.2939 0.2967 0.2995 0.3023 0.3051 0.3078 0.3106 0.3133
0.9 0.3159 0.3186 0.3212 0.3238 0.3264 0.3289 0.3315 0.3340 0.3365 0.3389
l.O 0.3413 0.3438 0.3461 0.3485 0.3508 0.3531 0.3554 0.3577 0.3599 0.3621
1.1 0.3643 0.3665 0.3686 0.3708 0.3729 0.3749 0.3770 0.3790 0.3810 0.3830
1.2 0.3849 0.3869 0.3888 0.3907 0.3925 0.3944 0.3962 0.3980 0.3997 0.4015
1.3 0.4032 0.4049 0.4066 0.4082 0.4099 0.4115 0.4131 0.4147 0.4162 0.4177
1.4 0.4192 0.4207 0.4222 0.4236 0.4251 0.4265 0.4279 0.4292 0.4306 0.4319
1.5 0.4332 0.4345 0.4357 0.4370 0.4382 0.4394 0.4406 0.4418 0.4429 0.4441
1.6 0.4452 0.4463 0.4474 0.4484 0.4495 0.4505 0.4515 0.4525 0.4535 0.4545
1.7 0.4554 0.4564 0.4573 0.4582 0.4591 0.4599 0.4608 0.4616 0.4625 0.4633
1.8 0.4641 0.4649 0.4656 0.4664 0.4671 0.4678 0.4686 0.4693 0.4699 0.4706
1.9 0.4713 0.4719 0.4726 0.4732 0.4738 0.4744 0.4750 0.4756 0.4761 0.4767
2.0 0.4772 0.4778 0.4783 0.4788 0.4793 0.4798 0.4803 0.4808 0.4812 0.4817
2.1 0.4821 0.4826 0.4830 0.4834 0.4838 0.4842 0.4846 0.4850 0.4854 0.4857
2.2 0.4861 0.4864 0.4868 0.4871 0.4875 0.4878 0.4881 0.4884 0.4887 0.4890
2.3 0.4893 0.4896 0.4898 0.4901 0.4904 0.4906 0.4909 0.4911 0.4913 0.4916
2.4 0.4918 0.4920 0.4922 0.4925 0.4927 0.4929 0.4931 0.4932 0.4934 0.4936
2.5 0.4938 0.4940 0.4941 0.4943 0.4945 0.4946 0.4948 0.4949 0.4951 0.4952
2.6 0.4953 0.4955 0.4956 0.4957 0.4959 0.4960 0.4961 0.4962 0.4963 0.4964
2.7 0.4965 0.4966 0.4967 0.4968 0.4969 0.4970 0.4971 0.4972 0.4973 0.4974
2.8 0.4974 0.4975 0.4976 0.4977 0.4977 0.4978 0.4979 0.4979 0.4980 0.4981
2.9 0.4981 0.4982 0.4982 0.4983 0.4984 0.4984 0.4985 0.4985 0.4986 0.4986
3.0 0.4987 0.4987 0.4987 0.4988 0.4988 0.4989 0.4989 0.4989 0.4990 0.4990
252