Light and Architectural

Lighting Systems
On December 21, 1879, Thomas Alva Edison announced
the successful development of an incandescent lamp with
a baked carbonized cotton thread filament.
➢He was the first to develop a commercially feasible
electric light, a low-cost lamp that could remain lit for a
long period of time.

As electric lighting took a foothold, several advancements

in lighting took place.

In 1939, General Electric introduced fluorescent lighting,

an electric light source that is more efficient than the
incandescent lamp.
Professional Organizations
Professional organizations developed technical standards,
specifications and design techniques that govern the design
and construction of building lighting and
electrical systems.

Some of the organizations related to building lighting

and electrical systems:
1. Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA)
2. National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA)
3. American Lighting Association (ALA)
4. International Association of Lighting Designers (IALD)
5. Philippine Lighting Industry Association (PLIA)
ILLUMINANCE AND LUMINANCE
Illuminance
- When light strikes a surface, the
surface is illuminated.
- Illuminance is the amount of light
incident on (striking) a surface
- It describes how bright a surface
may appear to the human eye
depending upon the surface’s
reflectance.
Although an object may be illuminated, the eye
cannot see it without visible light leaving (reflecting
off) the object in the direction of the viewer.
 Luminance

- is the amount of light leaving an

object, thus relating to how bright an
object appears to the human eye

- is a luminous intensity of a surface in

a given direction per unit of projected
area of the surface
• The visual system perceives luminance, not
illuminance;
• that is, the eye sees visible light leaving the
object, not the light arriving at (incident on) the
object.
 ILLUMINATION

• Illumination or Illuminance (E) – it is the intensity of light

per unit area. It is measured by the normal luminous flux
per unit area received by it.

Where:
𝚽 E = illumination
𝑬= Φ = luminous flux
𝑨
A = area of the surface being illuminated
 UNITS OF ILLUMINATION
System of Luminous Area
Illumination (E)
Units Flux (Φ) (A)
lumen/m2 = lux (lx) or
MKS lumen m2
meter-candle
CGS lumen cm2 lumen/cm2 = Phot (ph)
lumen/ft2
English lumen ft2
= Foot-candle (fc)

1 footcandle = 10.76 lux

1 phot = 10,000 lux

foot-candle (fc) is equal to one lumen of light uniformly

illuminating a surface over an area of one square foot
TERMS, QUANTITIES AND CONVERSION
FACTORS
1. Light – it is the energy radiated in the form of waves which
produces the sensation of vision to the eyes. It may be natural
light from sun or the artificial light from the means created by
human beings.
2. Visible light – is that part of electromagnetic radiation spectrum
capable of exciting the retina and ultimately producing a visual
sensation.
3. Brightness – it is the intensity of sensation resulting from
viewing light sources and backgrounds.
4. Color – it is defined as the quality of visual sensation which is
associated with the spectral distribution of light. Visible light can
have length between 4000 Å to 7500 Å.
 TERMS, QUANTITIES AND CONVERSION
FACTORS
5. Glare – it is a strong steady dazzling light.

6. Reflection Factor or Coefficient of Reflection or Reflectance

(p) – it is given by the ratio of luminous flux reflected from a small
area of a surface to the total flux incident upon it. It depends upon
the characteristics and the color of the surroundings, i.e. walls and
ceilings, etc.
𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒍𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕
𝒑= 𝒑+𝜶=𝟏
𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒍𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕

Where: α = absorptance of the surface

❖ Note:
It is always less than 1. Its value is zero for ideal “black body”
and unity for perfect reflector.
TERMS, QUANTITIES AND CONVERSION
FACTORS
7. Transmittance (T) of an Illuminated Diffuse Reflecting
Surface – it is defined as the ratio of the total luminous flux
transmitted to it to the total flux incident on it.
8. Absorptance (α) – it is the ratio of the light absorbed versus the
light striking the surface.
9. Coefficient of utilization or utilization factor (η) – it is the ratio
of the lumens actually received by a particular surface to the total
lumens emitted by the luminous source.
Where:
𝚽𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒆𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒅 Φreceived = total lumens received by the working
𝜼=
𝚽𝒆𝒎𝒊𝒕𝒕𝒆𝒅 plane
Φemitted = total lumens emitted by the light source
TERMS, QUANTITIES AND CONVERSION
FACTORS
Factors affecting utilization factor:
 Kind of lighting system
 Type and mounting height of the fittings
 Color of surface and surrounding
 Shape and size of the room

The utilization factor varies from:

 0.10 to 0.40 for indirect lighting system
 0.40 to 0.60 for direct lighting system
TERMS, QUANTITIES AND CONVERSION
FACTORS
10. Maintenance Factor (MF) – it is the factor related to the
cleanliness of the lamp including the room, replacement of lamp
after recommended life, etc.

𝑰𝒍𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒚𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒊𝒔 𝒏𝒆𝒘

𝑴𝑭 =
𝑰𝒍𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

• Factors affecting maintenance factor:

 Dust, dirt, etc.
 Blacking of filament (light emitted decreases)

• The maintenance factor varies from:

 0.60 to 0.80
TERMS, QUANTITIES AND CONVERSION
FACTORS
11. Depreciation Factor (DF) – it is the reciprocal of
maintenance factor. Its value is more than unity.

𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒄𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒍𝒆 𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒔

𝑫𝑭 =
𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒄𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒍𝒆 𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒔 𝒐𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒆

𝑫𝑭 = 𝑳𝑳𝑫 × 𝐋𝐃𝐃 × 𝐑𝐒𝐃𝐃 × 𝐋𝐁𝐎

Where: LLD = lamp lumen depreciation factor

LDD = luminaire dirt depreciation factor
RSDD = room surface dirt depreciation factor
LBO = lamp burnout (only for 2 or more luminaires)
TERMS, QUANTITIES AND CONVERSION
FACTORS
The expression for gross lumens required taking into
consideration the utilization and maintenance factors

𝑬×𝑨
𝜱=
𝜼 × 𝑴𝑭

Where:
E = illumination
A = area of the working plane to be illuminated
MF= maintenance factor
η = utilization factor
TERMS, QUANTITIES AND CONVERSION
FACTORS
12. Specific Output or Light Efficiency or Efficacy – it is the
ratio of the luminous flux to the power intake. Its unit is lumens/watt
(lm/W).
𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒔 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕
𝑬𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒄𝒚 =
𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒅

Average efficacy of various types of lamps:

Type of Lamp Lumens per watt
Fluorescent lamp 50 – 80
Incandescent lamp 14 – 20
Mercury lamp 40 – 70
Metal halide lamp 60 – 80
Sodium lamp 90 – 100
Tungsten halogen lamp 16 – 20
THANK
YOU.