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Probability
Random Experiments:
An experiment is called random experiment, if it satisfies the following two
conditions:
(i) It has more than one possible outcome .
(ii) It is not possible to predict the outcome in advance.
Ex: When a dice is rolled, then on upper face one of the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6
can appear, but we are not sure which one of these results will actually be obtained.
This is a random experiment.
Outcomes: A possible result of a random experiment is called outcome.
Ex: When a die is rolled, then outcomes of this experiment are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6.

Sample Space: The set of all possible outcomes is called Sample Space.
Ex: When a die is rolled, then {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} is the sample space of the experiment.

Equally likely events: When two or more events have equal chance of happening
or equal probability of occurrence, then those events are called equally likely events.
Ex: When a fair die is rolled, then occurrence of 1 and occurrence of 2 are equally
likely events.

Independent events: When two events are occurred, then the probability of
occurrence of one event is not affected by the occurrence and non-occurrence of the
other event, then the two invents will be called the independent event.
Ex: When a fair die is rolled and a card is picked from a well shuffled pack of cards,
then occurrence of 3 when the fair die is rolled and picking a red card from the well
shuffled pack of card are independent events because occurrence and non-occurrence
of the one event is not affected by the occurrence and non-occurrence of the other
event, then the these two invents are called the independent event.

Complementary events: When two events are occurred, such that if one of the
events happens, then the other event cannot happen and vice versa.
Ex: When a fair die is rolled, then occurrence of odd number and occurrence of even
numbers are complementary events.
Note: The probability of complement of an event must be unity minus the probability
of the event.
Complementary event of event A is denoted by A' or A ̅.

Exhaustive events: When two or more events are occurred. then all such that if
one of the events happens, then the other event cannot happen and vice versa.
Ex: When a fair die is rolled, then occurrence of odd number and occurrence of even
numbers are complementary events.

Mutually exclusive events: When two or more events are said to be mutually
exclusive events, if occurrence of one of them precludes the occurrence of any of the
remaining events.
If events E1, E2 and E3 are mutually exclusive events, then

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E1  E2  E3 = 
Ex: When a fair die is rolled, then event
E1 = Occurrence of the numbers less than 3
E2 = Occurrence of odd prime numbers
Sol: When a fair die is rolled, then
Sample space (S) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
E1 = {1, 2}
E2 = {3, 5}
Here E1  E2 = 
Hence, E1 and E2 are mutually exclusive events.

Probability: Probability is possibility or chance of occurrence of the event.

n(E)
P (E) = n(S)
Where: E is event
n(E) = Number of favorable cases to an event E.
n(S) = Sample space

Note: Probability of occurrence of event E is the ratio of number of favorable cases

to total number of cases.

Ex: What is the probability of getting a jack from a well shuffled pack of cards?
Sol: Here, n(S) = 52 and n(E) = 4 (Total 4 jacks)
𝑛(𝐸) 4 1
Hence, required probability = P (E) = = = .
𝑛(𝑆) 52 13