Name: Date: November 2, 2021

Course/Year/Sec: BSN 1-YA-18 Teacher:

EXERCISE NO. 8

BLOOD

GIO: To know blood and its functions.

SIO:
1. Enumerate the different formed cellular elements of the blood
 The different formed cellular elements of the blood are
1. RBC – the Red Blood Cell or the erythrocyte
2. WBS – the White Blood Cell or the leukocyte
3. Platelets – or the thrombocytes

2. Describe the different formed cellular elements of the blood and give their
functions.

 The Red Blood Cells or the erythrocytes are the most formed or
dominant cellular elements of the blood. RBC's are shaped as
biconcave disks or like a donut that is poked in the middle, not
creating a hole. Its shape is flexible, allowing it to move at the tiny
capillaries with a maximal surface area for gas diffusion. It does not
have a nucleus and cannot reproduce itself. It contains the oxygen-
carrying protein hemoglobin, which gives blood its red color. The
primary function of RBC is to transport oxygen from the lungs to the
different parts of the body and take the carbon dioxide for the lungs to
exhale.

 The White Blood Cell or the leukocyte is lesser and larger than
RBC. Although they are considered blood cells, they primarily function
in the tissues and use blood for transport. Unlike RBC, WBC has a
nucleus and does not contain hemoglobin. It combats pathogen by
phagocytosis and immune response. WBC is made up of two groups
mainly, granulocytes and agranulocytes. The granulocytes develop
granules found in the cytoplasm, and their types are neutrophils,
eosinophils, and basophils. Neutrophils are the most numbered WBC
and function by killing and digesting bacteria and fungi, helping the
body fight infections. Eosinophils helps in counteracting the effects of
histamine, and basophils are the one that secretes histamine and
heparin. Both eosinophils and basophils are responsible for the
defense against allergic reactions or parasites. The agranulocytes, on
the other hand, do not contain granules and consist of monocytes and
lymphocytes. Monocytes combat infections, assist other white blood
cells in removing damaged or diseased cells and attack cancer cells.
Lymphocyte has two types mainly, T cells and B cells. Its role is also
 in the immune process as attacking bacteria, viruses, toxins and
produces antibodies. The primary function of White Blood Cells is to
help the body fight against infectious diseases.

 The platelets or the Thrombocytes are fragments of large cells

called megakaryocytes. They are small and colorless. Platelets are
sticky as it forms clots that prevent bleeding once the body gets
wounds, etc.

3. Describe the principle behind blood transfusion.

Draw and label completely the different formed cellular elements of the blood.

 Blood transfusion is the process wherein a person, called a donor,

transfers its blood to another person or the recipient/patient. In blood
transfusion, one cannot give blood of any type. It must be compatible
with the blood type of the recipient. The reason is that our red blood
cells consist of antigens, and when the blood receives a new type of
antigen or different from the antigen our RBC had, it treats it as a foreign
substance and produces an immune reaction that will cause a shock in
the body that can lead to death. That is why it is important to know the
blood type of both the recipient and donor before transfusing it. There
are four principal blood types mainly, Blood types A, B, AB, and O.
In Blood type A, antigen A is present in the RBC, and Anti-B
antibodies are present in the plasma. Antigen B is present in the RBC,
and Anti-A antibodies are present in the plasma of the Blood type B. In
Blood type AB, both antigens A and B are present in the RBC, and there
are no antibodies in it. And in Blood type O, there is no antigen present
in the RBC but contains both Anti-B and Anti-A antibodies in the plasma.
This concludes that blood types that have antigen which is not present in
the recipient cannot be donated. People that have Rh antigen in their
RBCs are called Rh-positive (Rh+), while people who do not have Rh
antigen in their RBCs are called Rh-negative (Rh-). Rh- has the
capability to donate blood in Rh+ as it doesn't contain natural Rh
antibodies. Rh+ can receive blood from both Rh+ and Rh-, but Rh-
cannot receive blood from Rh+.
In conclusion, Blood type O- is the universal donor, and Blood
type AB+ is the universal recipient.

 The different formed cellular elements of the blood are as follows