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(Received 3 August 2011; accepted 3 November 2011; published online 7 December 2011)
Two-dimensional (2D) capillary retraction of a viscous liquid film is studied using numerical and
analytical approaches for both diphasic and free surface flows. Full 2D Navier-Stokes equations are
integrated numerically for the diphasic case, while one-dimensional (1D) free surface model equa-
tions are used for free surface flows. No pinch-off is observed in the film in any of these cases. By
means of an asymptotic matching method on the 1D model, we derive an analytical expansion of
the film profile for large times. Our analysis shows that three regions with different timescales can
be identified during retraction: the rim, the film, and an intermediate domain connecting these two
regions. The numerical simulations performed on both models show good agreement with the
analytical results. Finally, we report the appearance of an instability in the diphasic retracting film
for small Ohnesorge number. We understand this as a Kelvin-Helmholtz instability arising due to
C 2011 American Institute of
the formation of a shear layer in the neck region during the retraction. V
Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3663577]
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122101-2 Gordillo et al. Phys. Fluids 23, 122101 (2011)
FIG. 1. (Color online) Evolution of the sheet interface and vorticity field for Z ¼ 0.14 at four different dimensionless times: (a) t* ¼ 0, (b) t* ¼ 10, (c) t* ¼ 20,
and (d) t* ¼ 30. The incompressible Navier-Stokes equations are solved for both fluids using a VOF method in GERRIS.22
quasi-stationary approximation. A mathematical analysis of Consequently, in this formulation, q and l are discontinuous
the 1D system of equations for large times shows that the scalar fields that account for the densities and p
viscosities
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi of
time asymptotic solution can be separated into three different each fluid. If we define the capillary time s ¼ qL e3 =c, the
regions—film, neck and rim—with different length and time dynamics can then be rewritten in terms of dimensionless
scales. These regions can then be matched together in the variables
spatial domain in order to build a whole domain solution.
The details of the calculations can be found in Appendices A q~ð@t u þ u $ $uÞ ¼ &$p þ Z~
lDu þ jds n; (3)
and B. We would like to emphasize that obtaining such a $ $ u ¼ 0: (4)
quasi-analytical solution of the 2D film retraction opens the
way to improving the 3D linear stability analysis of liquid The length, time, velocity, pressure,
pffiffidensity,
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi and viscosity
films, by taking into account the film profile shape in a more have been rescaled by e, s, UTC ¼ c=qL e, c/e, qL, and lL,
accurate way. Finally, the comparison between asymptotic respectively. Besides the density and viscosity ratios, the dy-
solutions and numerics is discussed in Sec. IV. namics depends only on one dimensionless number, the
Ohnesorge number Z, which compares viscous and capillary
II. DYNAMICS OF THE RETRACTING FILM effects
A. Fluids equations l
Z ¼ pffiffiffiLffiffiffiffiffiffi :
qL ce
We consider the two dimensional dynamics of a thin
film of initial uniform thickness 2e of a liquid in the presence The dimensionless density q~ and viscosity l~ are both 1 in the
of a surrounding gas. The densities and dynamical viscosities liquid phase and qG/qL and lG/lL, respectively, in the gas
of the liquid and the gas are noted as (qL, qG) and (lL, lG), phase. As a consequence, the case of free surface flow can be
respectively. Both fluids can be considered as incompressi- easily accounted for by considering qG ¼ 0 and lG ¼ 0.
ble, thus, the dynamics is governed by the 2-D incompressi-
ble Navier-Stokes equations
B. Full numerical simulations
qð@t u þ u $ $uÞ ¼ &$p þ lDu þ cjds n; (1) Numerical integration of the set of Eqs. (3) and (4) is per-
r $ u ¼ 0; (2) formed using the GERRIS code,22 which uses a staggered-in-
time discretisation of the volume-fraction/density and pres-
where the velocity and pressure fields are noted u ¼ uex þ vey sure. The interface was tracked using the volume of fluid
and p, c being the liquid-gas surface tension. Capillary forces method (VOF) and an adaptive mesh refinement based on
are modeled by introducing the Dirac delta function ds at the quadtree decomposition (octree in 3D) is used. The combina-
interface, with n and j denoting the local normal direction tion of both techniques allows efficient computation of com-
and the local curvature of the interface, respectively. plex interfacial flows.23–25
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122101-3 Asymptotic behavior of a retracting 2-D fluid sheet Phys. Fluids 23, 122101 (2011)
FIG. 2. (Color online) Spatial domain and initial condition for the retracting
sheet numerical simulation. The domain consists of four square subdomains.
The initial length of the sheet is 18e0 and the square subdomain length is
20e0.
@t h þ @x ðhuÞ ¼ 0; (5)
) ð *
& 2'
@t ðhuÞ þ @x hu ¼ @x 4Zh@x u þ h@x j dx : (6)
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122101-4 Gordillo et al. Phys. Fluids 23, 122101 (2011)
FIG. 5. (Color online) Sheet profile and vorticity field for three different Ohnesorge numbers at t ¼ 20: (a) Z ¼ 0.7, (b) Z ¼ 0.14, and (c) Z ¼ 0.028.
momentum balance. However, in order to cope with the tip kinematic condition at the tip and the symmetries of the
of the rim, the surface-tension term has to be amended by problem.
using the complete curvature j instead of its long wave- Numerical simulation of these 1D Eqs. (5) and (6) can
length limit j ' @ xxh. The integral associated with the sur- be performed using a finite difference method. Equations (5)
face tension term can then be expressed in a closed form and (6) are written in terms of u and A ¼ h2 and solved on a
ð staggered grid. A numerical issue arising in these kinds of
h@xx h þ ð@x hÞ2 þ1 equations is that the computational domain shrinks in time.
h@x j dx ¼ qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi3 :
In order to avoid having a time-dependent grid, we mapped
1 þ ð@x hÞ2 the domain into [0,1], rescaling x by the total length of the
sheet l(t). As a consequence, the boundary of the film is mov-
This model has been able to reproduce successfully 2D film _
ing in this frame and one needs to write an equation for lðtÞ.
retraction when the film is semi-infinite.16 The set of Eqs. (5) This equation simply says that the end point velocity, which
and (6) is well-posed by adding consistent initial conditions. _
can be extrapolated from the bulk velocity, equals lðtÞ. The
For the free retracting fluid sheet, this problem can also be new set of equations reads
seen as a kind of boundary value problem on a semi-infinite
domain which evolves with time. In the Taylor-Cullick ve- 1& '
_ @X A & 2A @X u;
locity moving frame the solutions satisfy a Dirichlet bound- @T A ¼ & u & lX (9)
l l
ary condition far from the tip
1& ' " #
hðx; tÞ ¼ 1
+
@T u ¼ & _ @X u þ 4Z @X A1=2 @X u
u & lX
at x ¼ &1; (7) l l2 A1=2
uðx; tÞ ¼ 1 1
þ @X j; (10)
l
and a singular Cauchy boundary condition at the film tip,
9 @T l ¼ uðlðtÞ; tÞ; (11)
hðx; tÞ ¼ 0 =
@x hðx; tÞ ¼ &1 at x ¼ x0 ðtÞ: (8) where X ¼ x/l(t) and T ¼ t.
; A Runge-Kutta method is used together with centered fi-
uðx; tÞ ¼ x_ 0
nite difference formulas to solve this set of equations with
The first boundary condition (7) comes from the unper- X 2 ½0; 1). The time evolution of the film retraction is shown
turbed geometry far away from the rim and the influx veloc- in Figure 6 for the same Ohnesorge numbers as in Figure 5.
ity on the reference frame at which the rim does not recede. The numerical solutions are robust when the domain size is
The second boundary condition (8) is imposed by the such that the boundary is far enough from the spatial
FIG. 6. (Color online) Sheet profile for three different Ohnesorge numbers at t ¼ 20, using the thin film approximation: (a) Z ¼ 0.7, (b) Z ¼ 0.14, and (c)
Z ¼ 0.028.
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122101-5 Asymptotic behavior of a retracting 2-D fluid sheet Phys. Fluids 23, 122101 (2011)
oscillations behind the rim. Numerical convergence of the Because of the momentum balance between the inertial and
solution has been reached by changing the initial domain the surface-tension term at &1 coming from the Taylor-
size (l(0)). Cullick frame of reference, the constant of integration of
A good qualitative agreement is found between the two Eq. (15) given by boundary conditions at &1 is zero.
ð0Þ
numerical methods. In particular, we observe that the film ge- At z ! &1, hf ðzÞ tends to unity and nonlinear terms
ometry changes similarly as the Ohnesorge number varies. can be suppressed. The equation then behaves as a second
Before we perform more quantitative comparisons, we investi- order linear differential equation. By expanding the solution
gate in Sec. III the main features of the solution of this model ð0Þ
in this limit, i.e., hf ðzÞ ¼ 1 þ ! ek$z , we obtain
using analytic expansions in the asymptotic large time limit. pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
k ¼ 2Z6 4Z2 & 1. We find thus that the decay length scales
as 4Z for large Ohnesorge number and as (2Z)&1 for low
III. ASYMPTOTIC EXPANSION ones. Moreover, the solution presents spatial oscillations if
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
We are thus interested in finding an asymptotic expansion Z < Z0 ¼ 0.5 with wavenumber ki ¼ 1 & 4Z2 which con-
for the thin film model of Eqs. (5) and (6) for large times. In verge to unity for small Ohnesorge numbers, in quantitative
this regime, the rim is already well formed so that we can con- agreement with our numerical results.
sider that its radius is much larger than the film thickness Numerical integration of Eq. (16) reveals the appear-
ðRðtÞ * eÞ and that its receding velocity is only slightly dif- ance of two types of derivative singularities at finite z, cor-
ferent from the Taylor-Cullick value. In such a limit, by responding to a positive and a negative infinite slope of the
choosing a proper set of length scales for x, y, and u, time interface, respectively, as shown in Figure 7. In fact, such
derivatives can be neglected at least at the leading order, singularities appear because steady finite solutions of Eq.
when other terms containing spatial derivative may become (5) and (6) cannot be supported in the whole domain.
dominant. In order to obtain a solution valid in the whole Indeed, they would violate mass conservation since there is
domain at dominant and higher orders, we will analyze the a net flux of mass from infinity. The phase portrait of Eq.
nonlinear system given by Eqs. (5) and (6) at different self- (16) shows as well the existence of a manifold that behaves
similar scales. The existence of different length scales implies as the separatrix between the two types of singular solu-
the appearance of several regions, which should be matched tions. This separatrix plays a crucial role since it corre-
in space in order to generate a unique whole domain solution. sponds formally to an infinite mass rim, the only one that is
consistent with the mass conservation for the steady film
A. Far-field solution evolution. Therefore, in the large time asymptotic limit, the
rim should match this separatrix at the leading order. This
We expect, as observed in our numerical simulations,
curve is well defined in the whole domain and its asymptot-
that in the co-moving frame, the far-field flow remains
ical behavior can be found by balancing the viscous and the
unperturbed when the rim retracts. Thus, we pose solutions
surface-tension terms of Eq. (16). At leading order, the sep-
of the form
aratrix is quadratic and it can be expanded around z ! 1,
ð0Þ ð 1Þ
hf ðx; tÞ ¼ hf ðzÞ þ hf ðz; tÞ; (12)
ð0Þ ð 1Þ
uf ðx; tÞ ¼ uf ðzÞ þ uf ðz; tÞ; (13)
@z ðhuÞ ¼ 0; (14)
2 3
& ' 6 h@zz h þ ð@z hÞ2 þ17
@z hu2 ¼ @z 44Zh@z u þ qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 3 5: (15)
1 þ ð@ z h Þ2
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122101-6 Gordillo et al. Phys. Fluids 23, 122101 (2011)
1 1 1
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ h&1 & aða & 2Þh: (18)
2 2 2
1 þ ð@z hÞ
The second equation is decoupled from the first one and also
independent of the choice of R. By contrast, the continuity
equation depends on the quantity RR. _ This equation gives
FIG. 9. (Color online) When the Ohnesorge number is Z < 12, a neck is
formed behind the rim. The figure shows the neck thickness dependence on
physical and suitable solutions for our problem only if
the Ohnesorge number. Thickness values were obtained by numerical inte- RR_ ¼ Oð1Þ in time, due to a least degeneracy argument.28
gration of Eq. (16), starting from a far point on the envelope (17). This distinguished limit breaks the invariance f ! &f and
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122101-7 Asymptotic behavior of a retracting 2-D fluid sheet Phys. Fluids 23, 122101 (2011)
allows solutions with a net flux at one side and no flux at the
other one.
This system is also invariant under the two following set
of transformations: h ! R0h, f !f/R0, u ! R0u and f
!f & f0, u ! u þ RRf _ 0 . The second equation can in fact
easily be integrated
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
hðfÞ ¼ R20 & ðf & f0 Þ2 : (23)
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122101-8 Gordillo et al. Phys. Fluids 23, 122101 (2011)
or equivalently,
2 $ %
23 p2 1 2 1 1
NðgÞ ¼ , & '-3 þ g2 2 F1 & ; & ; ; &g&3 : (34)
3 C 23 2 3 2 3
different Ohnesorge numbers. The collapse of the four curves This asymptotic tail adds an error of order t2 ln t into the rim
into a single one for large times is proof of the existence of region. Therefore, a higher-order analysis is strongly required.
this region. It has to be noticed, here, that because of the
rapid variation of the profile near the neck, the lubrication
E. Higher-order analysis
approximation is in general not valid anymore in this region.
This discrepancy is expected to be more relevant for small The calculation of higher-order terms calculations is
Ohnesorge numbers where inertia might become important. complex. In the intermediate region, the integrals are very
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122101-9 Asymptotic behavior of a retracting 2-D fluid sheet Phys. Fluids 23, 122101 (2011)
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122101-10 Gordillo et al. Phys. Fluids 23, 122101 (2011)
FIG. 14. (Color online) Comparison between the numerical simulations and the analytical approach of the evolution of the film thickness for two different
Ohnesorge numbers: Z ¼ 0.7 (1) and Z ¼ 0.14 (2). The initial instability behind the rim and the rim curvature and size are practically the same in the three cases.
From top to bottom in the legends, the curves correspond to: Navier-Stokes simulations (black line), thin film approximation, light gray line (blue online), and
asymptotic expansion, gray line (red online). The insets show a zoom for the neck region. Simulation times are shown in the legend of each of the figures.
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
where k is the wavenumber (k ¼ 2p/k, with k the wave- 1 qL qG
length), " ¼p lLffi/q kmax ¼ :
ffiffiffiffiLffiffiffiffiffiffi is the kinematic viscosity and 2Z ðqL þ qG Þ2
DU ’ UTC ¼ c=qL e. In the dimensionless units introduced
above, we obtain pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Taking kmax > ki ¼ 1 & 4Z2 , the wavenumber of the spa-
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi tial oscillation of the liquid film behind the rim, we obtain
qL qG
x¼ k & Zk2 : that the Kelvin-Helmoltz instability develops for
ðqL þ qG Þ2
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
The Kelvin-Helmoltz instability develops thus for 1 qG
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiqffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Z < Zlim ¼ :
k < k0 ¼ Z1 ðq qþq L G
Þ2
, with the most unstable wave-number 2 qL þ qG
L G
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122101-11 Asymptotic behavior of a retracting 2-D fluid sheet Phys. Fluids 23, 122101 (2011)
Let us suppose that the corrective terms in Eqs. (12), Straightforward calculations show that the Wronskian of the
(13), (19), (20), (27), and (28) can be expanded in a power differential operator is
series of t. A hierarchy of equations can then be written for 3p h ð0Þ i2 h ð0Þ i4
each region. For each order, a linear differential operator Wm ðnÞ ¼ h @n hm :
4q m
acting on the n-th corrective term may be balanced with non-
linearities coming from lower-order terms. The free coeffi- By taking these results into account, a closed solution can be
cients can then be fixed by matching leading terms with found explicitly
those coming from other regions. $ð h i&1 %
4q
For the rim region, the hierarchy adopts the form hðmnÞ ðnÞ ¼ & hðm0Þ 3 @n hðm0Þ wm pðmnÞ dn vm
3p
$ð h i&1 %
Lr hðrnÞ ¼ Xr ðfÞ pðrnÞ ðfÞ; (A1) 4q
þ hðm0Þ 3 @n hðm0Þ vm pðmnÞ dn wm
ðnÞ ðiÞ ðiÞ 3p
where pr depends on f through hr and ur with
i ¼ 0…(n & 1) and þ AðmnÞ vm þ BðmnÞ wm þ PðmnÞ pm þ QðmnÞ #m :
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122101-12 Gordillo et al. Phys. Fluids 23, 122101 (2011)
2Z &1 &1 1 1 1
lim hðr1=2Þ ðfÞ ¼ q f & pffiffi q2 f&2 ln f
f!0 3 4 2
h pffiffi 1 ð1=2Þ i &1
þ b þ 2q2 Br f 2þc
" 1 #
þ O f2 ln f ; (B1)
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122101-13 Asymptotic behavior of a retracting 2-D fluid sheet Phys. Fluids 23, 122101 (2011)
ð1=6Þ
and the asymptotic behavior of hm when g ! 0, From the former of these expansions, we can already notice
that the matching with the outer region is possible only if
$ % 4pq
2q 1 4q 1 Bðm1=6Þ ¼ pffiffi :
lim hðm1=6Þ ðgÞ ¼ & g2 ln g þ Aðm1=6Þ & g2
g!0 7a 49a 7 3aA0
" 7 # Furthermore, since we know the expansion of g in terms of
þ O g2 ln g :
n, the last result implies that
) *
1 1 &12 1 1 1 2Za 8a 4a ð1=6Þ &12 & '
lim hðm1=6Þ ðnÞ
¼ & pffiffi q n ln n þ pffiffi q ln 2 þ d þ Am
2 2 n þ O n&1 ; (B2)
n!1 4 2 4 2 2 3e 3q q
" $ %12 #
ð1=6Þ 3 3 32Za 3 ð1=6Þ
& '
lim hm ðnÞ ¼ & n ln n þ ln 2=7 þ Am n þ O n7 ln n : (B3)
n!0 28Z 56Z 3e 32Za
where d is a constant depending on Z. When these expan- remanent time logarithmic tails coming from the &secondary'
&1=6
sions are written back into the physical plane, both dominant terms of ' and (B3). The corrections are O t
Eqs. (B2)
& &1=2 ln t
orders match, respectively, the secondary terms of expan- and O t ln t , respectively, and are related to the transla-
ð1=6Þ
sions (17) and (B1). Besides, the constant coefficients Am tional invariance of the solution. This intermediate-order
ð1=2Þ
and Br from Eqs. (B1)–(B3), which have not been fixed matching led to homogeneous equations in the rim and inter-
yet, should meet the following set of two linear equations: mediate regions that can be solved directly.
$ %12 At this point, it seems that there is not any condition for
3 32Za 3 3 the tip position correction c12 at this order. However, a careful
ln 2=7 þ Aðm1=6Þ ¼ ;
56Z 3e 32Za 28Z analysis of the matching conditions shows that the Oð1Þ cor-
1 2Za 8a 4a pffiffi 1 rection in Eq. (B1), c, becomes dominant when the far-field
ln 2 þ d þ Aðm1=6Þ ¼ b þ 2q2 Bðr1=2Þ ; and intermediate regions are matched. In order to annihilate
2 3e 3q q
this term, the first correction of the tip position should satisfy
in order to ensure the asymptotic matching in the whole do- $ %
main. It is quite remarkable that the conditions that deter- 3 2
c1=2 ¼ q 1 & pZ : (B4)
mine the coefficients arrive from the matching of secondary 4 9
terms instead of the dominant ones.
ð1=6Þ ð1=2Þ
After solving Am and Br from the previous set of Taking all of these considerations into account, our second
equations, the second order solution can be built up. Indeed, order asymptotical approach is finally written in terms of
two extra terms should be added to suppress the effect of the z ¼ x þ 2c12t1/2 and given by
1 6
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