Central

Mindanao
University:
102 Years of
Excellence & Counting…
 1. Pass
LEA!

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Entrust all your
plans to the Lord
and these will
succeed. Proverbs 16:3
Philippine food security is
through food diversity (JMJamago).
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www.cmu.edu.ph
Increased quantity and quality of crop yields
(of diverse food crops) is one major key
to Philippine food security.

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How?
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 Production & availability of
quality seeds = another key for
successful crop production

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Farmers vs. Seed Growers
 Seed Production
Not just the ordinary or regular crop production but
the seeds for planting
 Seeds produced are sold as certified planting
materials to farmers for their crop production
Some Basic Concepts
Orthodox1 vs. recalcitrant seeds2
1moisture content (MC) can be lowered without
detrimental effects & seeds can be kept for a longer time
2 MC cannot be lowered without damage to seed
embryo (e.g. seeds of most fruit trees)
Hybrid seed production:
4 requirements for successful production & use of hybrid
seeds:
1. Heterosis (hybrid vigor) is exhibited by F1 progeny
2. Fertile pollen can be eliminated from female parent
(emasculation)
3. Pollen from male parent is effectively transported to
female parent (pollination)
4. Hybrid seed can be produced reliably & economically
Elimination of fertile pollen from female
parent
1.artificial emasculation = manual removal of stamens
(e.g. detasseling) , suction, chemicals (gas vapor)
2.use of male sterility = genetic or cytoplasmic
Elimination of fertile pollen from female
parent
1.artificial emasculation = manual removal of stamens
(e.g. detasseling) , suction, chemicals (gas vapor)
2.use of male sterility = genetic or cytoplasmic
6 Types of Hybrid Seeds
= function of number of parents (P) involved & the
relationship among parents
• Single cross P 1 x P2
• Modified single cross (P1* x P1) x P2
• Double modified single cross (P1* x P1) x (P2* x P2)
• Three-way cross P 1 x P2 x P3
• Modified three-way cross (P1 x P2) x (P3* x P3)
• Double cross (P1 x P2) x (P3 x P4)
Advantages & Disadvantages of Hybrids:
1. Productivity = single cross > modified single cross >
double modified single cross > three-way cross >
modified three-way cross > double cross
2. Uniformity = single cross from 2 inbred parents is most
uniform
Single cross > modified single cross > double modified
single cross > three-way cross > modified three-way
cross > double cross
Advantages & Disadvantages of Hybrids:
3. Cost of hybrid seed production
single cross > modified single cross > double
modified single cross > three-way cross > modified
three-way cross > double cross
4. No. of different plantings = seed production of
each parent & of the hybrid requires separate
plantings; complexity of production increases when
number of separate plantings increases
Release & Distribution of Cultivars

 Approval of new cultivars (NSIC)

 Registration of new cultivars (BPI-NSQCS)
 IPR (Intellectual Property Rights)  Plant patent
 Plant variety protection
Classes of Certified Seeds
Breeder seed = produced under direct control of
originator of cultivar or designated representative;
has highest level of genetic purity; can be used to
produce foundation, registered, & certified seeds
(WHITE TAG)
Foundation seed = direct increase from breeder seed;
(RED TAG)
Registered seed = 1st generation increase of foundation
seed; must maintain satisfactory genetic purity (GREEN
TAG)
Certified seed = from breeder, foundation, or registered
seed; not used to produce additional generations of
certified seed except when foundation seed of old cultivars
were not maintained or in case of emergency when
supplies of foundation or registered seed are not enough
(BLUE TAG)
YELLOW TAG = cultivar is not certified but breeder wants to
have the cultivar produced under the same standards of seed
quality as used for certified seed
 How a cultivar is certified*
1.Grower plants the foundation or registered seed of
an approved cultivar
2.Plant seed on clean ground, field should not have
been planted in the previous year to another
cultivar of same crop, or to other crops that might
affect genetic purity of crop being certified; remove
noxious weeds before harvest; clip borders if
necessary to maintain seed purity
 How a cultivar is certified
3. In CPCs, isolation of seed-producing field is
necessary, either by planting a specified distance
from all other fields of the same crop, or by planting
a specified no. of pollinator rows around the border
of the field to reduce opportunity for cross-
pollination with other cultivars in neighboring fields
4. Rogue off type plants & mixtures before harvest, or
before flowering in case of CPCs
 How a cultivar is certified
5. Field inspections are made by representatives of
the seed-certifying agency (NSQCS-BPI-DA) to check
on purity of cultivar, freedom from other crops &
noxious weeds, amount of disease that might affect
certification, & general conformity by grower to
seed certification rules.
Inspections are made at the time that purity &
diseases can best be observed.
 How a cultivar is certified
6. Seed inspections by representatives to observe &
supervise harvesting, conditioning, bagging, & other
processing operations. Representative samples are
drawn by inspector per seed lot after it has been
conditioned, bagged, & prepared for sale.
Seed samples are tested for impurities, germination, &
other factors affecting seed quality according to the
particular crop. Only seeds meeting or exceeding
minimum standards in all respects is accepted for
certification
 How a cultivar is certified
7. Official tags supplied by the seed-certifying agency
(NSQCS) are sealed on the bags of seed approved
for certification. Tag is labeled to show that the
seed meets the specific standards for the crop
Types of Seeds based on Genetic Purity
(as certified by NSQCS – main office in Visayas Avenue, Q.C.)

• Breeder seeds = white tag; highest genetic purity

• Foundation seeds = grown from breeder seeds; red tag
• Registered seeds = green tag
• Certified seeds = blue tag
• Good seeds but not certified = yellow tag
NSQCS or National Seed Quality Control Services of
NSIC-BPI -DA
guidelines, rules, policies and other protocols for
seed certification

TWG on Seed Production, Storage & Distribution 

formulates guidelines, policies, IRR and recommends
pricing of seeds (planting materials) of crops
If you think you can,
you can.
If you think you can’t,
you are right. (Mary Kay Ash)