PREPARING FOR REVIVAL

Dr.Brian J.Bailey
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jzpf\/ ]]tkdxm0&bk&m; ,ckESpfrsm;twGif;wGif trIawmfukd jyKjyifawmfrlyg/
,ckESpfrsm;twGif;wGif xif;&Sm;apawmfrlyg/ trsufxGufawmfrlaomfvnf;
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wkdif;jynf? EkdifiHü Ekd;xrIa&muf&Sdaprnf/ okdUaomf ya&mzuf\ ikda<u;oHESifh
qkawmif;oHrsm;vnf; tvGefta&;ygvSay\/

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az:jycJhonf/ ]]okdUjzpfí w&m;avsmhyg\/ w&m;ojzifh pD&if qkH;jzwfjcif;r&Sdyg/
rw&m;aomol w k d U onf ajzmif h r wf a omol w k d U uk d 0d k i f ; aomaMumif h ?
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tr*Fvm 5 ck ckd;0Sufjcif; (2;6)/ olwyg;ypönf;ukd wyfrufjcif; (2;9)
rw&m;aomtrIESifh t"r®trIukdjyKjcif; (2;12) ,pfrI;jcif; (2;15) ESifh ½kyfxkukd
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xkvkyfí ukd;uG,fjcif; (2;19) rsm;ukd avhvmzwf½IEkdifonf/ bk&m;ocifonf
tr*F v mtjypf r sm;uk d usL;vG e f a eaom £oa&vEk d i f i H rsm;tm;
w&m;pD&ifrnf[k rdefUawmfrlcJh\/
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cH a e&aMumif ; avh v mol r sm;taejzif h jrif E k d i f y gonf / rnf h o k d U yif & S d a p
bk & m;ocif o nf wk d i f ; Ek d i f i H r sm;pG m ü w&m;pD & if r I u k d a&muf v mrnf
taMumif;vnf; wyg;wnf;today;vQuf &Sdaeao;onf/ wcsKdUEkdifiHtay:ü
bk&m;ocif\ w&m;pD&ifrIukd toif;awmftm;jzifh a&TUvQm;apEkdifjcif;rSm
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t&ifa&mufrIaMumifh w&m;pD&ifjcif;&Sdonfhwkdifatmif bk&m;om;orD;rsm;
vTwfajrmuf&\/
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jrif E k d i f o nf / t"r® t rI ? npf n rf ; aom tusif h E S i f h ½k y f w k q if ; wk
ukd;uG,faerIaMumifh a,½k½SvifNrdKUysufpD;rnfhtaMumif; ya&mzufrsm;
a[mMum;cJh\/ yxrjzpf&yfrSm bk&ifa,m½S tkyfpkd;aepOfwGif w&m;pD&ifjcif;
rwkdifrSD bk&m;ocifonf Ekd;xrIukday;cJh\/
'kwd,jzpf&yfwckum; at'D 70 wGifa&mr vlrsKd;rsm;tm;jzifh a,½k½Svif
NrdKUawmf ysufpD;cJh&\/ þysufpD;jcif;rwkdifrSD £oa&vvlrsKd;tay:ü
BuD ; rm;aom Ek d ; xrI j zpf a ponf / xk d t &mrsm;onf c&pf a wmf a ,½l E S i f h
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a&SUajy;jzpfonf/
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jzpf&yfjzpfonf/ þt&mrsm;ukd ya&mzufZmc&donf rSwfwrf;wifcJh\/ (Zmc&d
14;1-4)/ a[½S,uvnf; arSmifrkdufwefckd;onf þurÇmukdtkyfpkd;jcif;jzifh
thHMozG,faom w&m;pD&ifjcif;a&mufvmrnftaMumif; az:jyxm;cJhonf/
okdUaomf bk&m;ocif\ bkef;awmfonf toif;awmftay:ü ay:xGef;
vmrnf[kvnf; az:jyxm;onf/ (a[½Sm 60;1-3)
]]Asm'dwfawmfoHukd igMum;aomtcg &ifüvIyf&Sm;jcif;? ar;ckdifjcif;?
4
t½k d ; aqG ; ajr§ U jcif ; ? wuk d , f v k H ; wk e f v I y f j cif ; &S d \ / taMumif ; rl u m;?
trI a &muf a omaeUvk y f B uH a omol o nf ig\vl r sKd ; uk d wk d u f v maom
aeUwkdifatmifigonf ae&pf&rnf/ oabFmozef;yif ryGifh& pyspfyifroD;&?
oHviG yf if\aus;Zl;ukad jrmfvifí h rcH&? v,fwUdk onf toD;tESu H rdk ay;&? ok;d NcHü
okd;ukefí wif;ukyfüEGm;r&Sd&/}} ([AuúKwf 3;16-17)
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jzpfaMumif; þusrf;ykd'ftm;jzifh uREkfyfwkdUzwf½IavhvmEkdifonf/ okdUaomf
aemufqufusrf;ykd'ft& bk&m;\vlrsm;onf wykd;rIwfvQuf atmifyGJcH
aeaMumif;ukdyg jcm;em;pGmawGUjrifEkdifjyef\/ ]]okUd aomfvnf;? xm0&bk&m;ü
ig0rf;ajrmufí ighuu dk ,fwifawmfral om bk&m;ocifudk trSjD yKvQuf &Tiv f ef;rnf/
t&Six f m0&bk&m;onf ig\ tpGrf;owdåjzpfawmfrl\/ ighajcukdorifuJhokdU
jzpfapí igh\jrif&h mt&yfay:rSm ighuadk e&mcsawmfrrl nf/}} þykH&dyfukd uREkfyfwkdU
a[½S m , 60;1-3 wG i f xyf r H a wG U Ek d i f o nf h t &mrS m tarS m if w ef c k d ;
a&mufvmonfhwkdifatmif xm0&bk&m;\ bkef;awmfonf toif;awmf tay:ü
ay:xGef;vQuf&SdcJh\/
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ta&;yg;csufjzpfonf/ taMumif;rlum; xm0&bk&m;\ 0rf;ajrmufjcif;ukd
Ek;d xrItm;jzifh uREkyf t f oufwmü yifa&mufvmum cufcrJ EI iS hf w&m;pD&ifjcif;ukd
cH E k d i f & ef cG e f t m;&&S d v monf / Ek d ; xrI j zif h toif ; awmf & if h u suf
&SifoefEkdifa&;twGuf toif;awmfonf thHMozG,f edrdwfvu©Pmygonfh
Ekd;xrI&Sd&rnf/
1930 ck E S p f t awmwG i f ; wG i f a0;vf E k d i f i H ü tpm;acgif ; yg;jcif ; jzif h
w&m;pD&ifjcif;trIjzpfcJh\/ tpkd;&uyifaxmufyHhEkdifjcif;r&Sdí c&pf,mefrsm;
bk&m;ocifxHokdU wkd;0ifvQuf pdwftm;BuD;pGm tpm;tpmtwGuf qkawmif;
cJhMuonf/ tpm;aomufokdavSmif½kH Larder onf [mvm[if;vif; jzpfcJhonf/
c&pf,mefrsm;\ qkawmif;rIaMumifh [mvm[if;vif;jzpfaeaom tpm;aomuf
okdavSmif½kHukd zGifhvkdufonfhtcg EGm;Ekd;aygifrkefU? tom;ESifh wjcm;aom
tpm;pmrsm;jynfhvQHaeonfukdawGU &onf/ bk&m;ocif\ thHMozG,f&mtrIjzifh
xk d j ynf o l j ynf o m;rsm;tm; axmuf y H c J h a v\/ Ek d ; xrI o nf
u,fwifjcif;r&ao;aomolrsm;tm; c&pfawmfxHokdU ykdUaqmifonfomru
 5
Ekd;xrIonf w&m;pD&ifjcif;umvü toif;awmftwGuf tvkdtyfqkH;aom
t&mjzpf&yfyifjzpfonf/
EkdifiHwEkdifiHwGif w&m;pD&ifrItwGuf ya&mzufjyKonfhtcg okdUr[kwf
pwif o nf h t cg? wcsKd U aom pD ; yG m ;a&;vk y f i ef ; &S i f c&pf , mef r sm;onf
ab;'gPfBuD;umvtwGuf tpm;aomufrsm;ukd jyifqifrIvkyfcJhMuonf/
a':vm 2000 wef tpm;aomuf o abF m wpif ; uk d y if vl w OD ; twG u f
wES p f p mjzif h a&mif ; csEk d i f c J h a v\/ þt&mu c&pf , mef r sm;taejzif h
rnfokdUaqmif&GufaerIukd thHMop&mjzpfcJhav\/ wcsdefwnf;rSmyif c&pf,mef
rsm;onf w&m;pD & if r I t wG u f tpm;aomuf u k d jyif q if N yD ; aeUcsd e f ü
tpm;taomuf r &S d o l r sm; ol w k d U xH v mNyD ; vk , S u f r I u k d umuG , f & ef
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vkyfaqmifykHESifh BuHpnfaeykHum; tvGefyif thHMop&mjzpf&jyef\/ xkdokdU
r[kwb f ?J bk&m;ocif\ wefc;dk awmfatmufüom vkNH cKHE;dk xrIEiS hf thMH ozG,&f mukd
w&m;pD&ifaomumvtwGuf vkdtyfaeayonf/

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[Auú K wf t emwf * wf u srf ; ü bk & m;ocif u k d apmif h a rQmf a ejcif ; ES i f h

uk d , f p m;jyKqk a wmif ; jcif ; jzif h Ek d ; xrI u k d t pjyKcJ h \ / bk & m;ocif o nf
[AuúKwftm;w&m;pD&ifjcif;vmrnf[k rdefUawmfrlonfhtcg ya&mzufonf
Ek d ; xrI o nf uk d , f a wmf \ trI a wmf . . . trsuf a wmf u mvwG i f v nf ;
*½kPmt&mukd atmufarhaawmfrlyg 3;2 [k ikda<u;cJh\/
þt&mum; vGefcJhaom ESpfrsm;ü ukd,fawmfonf wkdif;EkdifiHtay:ü
rkd;acgifrIjzifh w&m;pD&ifykHjzpfcJhonf/ rkd;acgifjcif;onf bk&m;ocif\
w&m;pD&ifjcif;[k uREkfyfwkdUodcJhaomfvnf; bk&m;ocifonf uREkfyfwkdUtm;
wzef ]]rkd;acgifjcif;onf igh\vuf½kH;awmfjzpfaomfvnf; rkd;&GmoGef;zkdU
igh\*½kPmw&m;ukd oifwkdUawmif;qkdikd;a<u;&ef ightvkd&Sd\[k rdefUqkdae\/
bk & m;ocif \ w&m;pD & if j cif ; a&muf & S d v mrI u k d uREk f y f w k d U jrif o nf h t cg
bk & m;ocif \ *½k P mw&m;awmf t wG u f uREk f y f w k d U id k ; a<u;aerI o nf
tvGefta&;yg;ay\/ uREkfyfwkdUonf bk&m;ocif\ om;orD;rsm;jzpfonfh
6
tm;avsmfpGm uREkfyfwkdUonf rdrdukd,frdrd ESdrfhcsvQuf ]]tkdxm0&bk&m;
trsuf a wmf u mvü *½k P mw&m;uk d atmuf a rh a wmf r l y g}} [k ik d ; a<u;
ae&ayrnf/ tvGefBuD;rm;aomw&m;pD&ifjcif;&Sdaomfvnf; bk&m;ocif\
*½kPmw&m;ukd uREkfyfwkdUawmif;wMu\/ uREkfyfwkdUonf ikd;a<u;vQuf}}
tkdxm0&bk&m; þw&m;pD&ifjcif;ESifh uREkfyfwkdUxkdufwefyg\/ okdUaomfvnf;
tk d x m0&bk & m;ocif u k d , f a wmf \ trI a wmf u k d jyKjyif a wmf r l y g[k
qkawmif;&rnf/
ya&mzufonf [AuúKwf 2;1 ü ]]igonf ighvifph ifay:rSm&yfvQuf &Jwu dk üf
tNrJaevQuf? ightm;tb,foUdk rdeUf awmfrrl nfu4dk if;? tjypfwifvQif tb,foUdk
jyefavQmuf&rnfukd4if;? ighapmifhíaepOfwGif}} [k [pfatmf aecJhonf/
[Auú K wf o nf ol \ qk a wmif ; &m &J w k d u f ü qk a wmif ; vQuf ?
apmifharQmfaeonfrSm bk&m;ociftoHawmfomjzpfcJh\/
uREkfyfwkdUonf bk&m;ocifxHü qkawmif;jcif;ESifh apmifharQmfaeonfhtcg
Ekd;xrI\vkyfaqmifrIukd awGU&Sd&ovkd Ekd;xrItwGuf t[efUtwm;rsm;ukdyif
bk&m;ocifxHrS az:jyrIrsm;&&SdEkdifonf/ Ekd;xrItwGuf yxrqkH;aom
t[efUtwm;rSm oefU&SifrItwGuf vkdtyfcsufrsm;ukd rdefUawmfrIrnf/ [AuúKwf
2;1 ü ya&mzufonf bk&m;ocif\ a&SUawmfarSmufü ESvkH;om;ukd tyfESH&if;
bk&m;ocif\ rdefUqkdcsufukd ]]igtm; tb,fokdUrdefUawmfrlrnfukd4if;?
tjypfwifvQif tb,fokdUjyefavQmuf&rnfukd4if;}} apmifharQmfaecJhonf/
&Sifbk&if 'g0d'fyifvQif ]]tkdbk&m;ocif? tuREkfyfukd ppfaMumí? tuREkfyf\
ESvkH;ukd odrSwfawmfrlyg/ pkHprf;í pdwftxifrsm;ukdvnf; odrSwfawmfrlyg/
qk;d aomvrf;okUd tuREkyf v f u
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aoG;aqmifawmfrlyg (qmvH 139;23-24) [k ikda<u;cJh\/
Ekd;xrI uREkfyfwkdUxHü pwifrIukd owd&&eftvGefyif ta&;yg;vSay\/
uREk y f w k d U ES i f h t wl wjcm;aom ol r sm;xH ü Ek d ; xrI p wif v I y f & S m ;rI o nf
tvGefyifwifhw,vSyay\/ okdUaomf Ekd;xrIonf bk&m;ocifESifh tvGefyif
eD ; pyf a eaomol Ek d ; xrI u k d vk d t yf o l r sm;xH tNrJ w aph & S d a eaMumif ;
awGU&Sd&ayonf/ xkdUaMumifh ]]topfaomESvkH;om;ukd ay;awmfrlyg&efESifh
tkdbk&m;ocif uREkfyftm;pkHprf;í &Smawmfrlyg}} [k uREkfyfwkdU ikda<u;&rnf/
þt&mrsm;tm;jzifh Ekd;xrIpwifcJh\/ xkdjyif uREkfyfwkdUrxifrSwfaom
 7
t[efUtwm;rsm;ESihf Ek;d xrI\t[efUwm;rsm;ukd uREkyf w f Udk tm;az:jyawmfrrl nf/
a[&Sm, tcef; 6 wGif a[&Sm,onf xm0&bk&m;ocifESifhtwl&Sdjcif;?
rdwfo[m&zGJUjcif;tm;jzifhom Ekd;xrIjzpfay:ykHukd uREkfyfwkdUawGU&SdEkdifcJhonf/
þtcsuf u m; uREk f y f w k d U tm;vk H ; twG u f t"d u vk d t yf c suf j zpf o nf /
toif ; awmf t aejzif h xm0&bk & m;ocif u k d awG U qk H ; jcif ; rd w f o [m&
zGJUjcif;r&Sdygu uREkfyfwkdUonf r,kHMunfolrsm;u xm0&bk&m;ocifukd
awGUqkHzkdUvkH;0rjzpfEkdifyg/ a[&Sm,onf xm0&bk&m;ocif\ tdrfawmfukd
0ifa&mufonfhtcg aumif;uifwrefo&yfwkdUu aumif;uifAdkvfajct&Sif
xm0&bk&m;onf ]]oefU&Sif;awmfrl\? oefU&Sif;awmfrl\? oefU&Sif;awmfrl\}}
[k wyg;uk d w yg; a<u;aMumf > ruf q k d M u\/ xk d j yif t cef ; i,f 5 ü
a[&Sm,uvnf; ]]igütr*Fvm&Sd\/ igtusKd;enf;&SdNyD taMumif;rIum;
igonf n pf n L;aom EI w f c rf ; &S d v Quf ? npf n L;aomEI w f c rf ; &S d a om
vlrsKd;wGifaevQufESifh aumif;uifAkdvfajct&Sifxm0&bk&m;wnf[laom
&Sifbk&ifukd ukd,frsufpdESifh jrifavNyDwum;[kqkd\/}} þt&mrjzpfrSDwGif
a[&S m ,onf npf n L;aomol j zpf a Mumif ; owd r rI c J h & jcif ; rS m
aumif;uifAv dk af jc xm0&bk&m;\ bke;f awmfudk rjrifc&hJ jcif;aMumifh jzpfco hJ nf/
xkUd uJoh Udk yif uREkyf wf Udk \toufwmü wcgw&H owdrrIro d nfh t&mrsm;tm;jzifh
bk&m;ocif\ Ekd;xrIwefckd;ukd rjrifEkdif&jcif;jzpf&onf/ xdkt&mrsm;ru
uREkfyfwkdU\ toufwmü bk&m;ocif\ Asm'dwfawmf r&&Sdjcif;aMumifhvnf;
bk&m;ocif\ bkef;awmfrxif&Sm;ae&jcif; okdUr[kwf uREkfyfwkdU\toufwmü
rSm;,Gif;rI usL;vGefjcif;? owdrrIjcif; aMumifhvnf; jzpf&jyef\/ Ekd;xrIonf
toif ; awmf r S toif ; ol ? oif ; om;rsm;tay:ü bk & m;ocif \
oefU&Sif;jcif;a&muf&SdrIESifhtwl pwif&onf/
[Auú K wf vk y f a qmif c J h o vk d E S i f h uREk f y f w k d U aumif ; uif A k d v f a jc
xm0&bk & m;\ tajzuk d apmif h a rQmf a erS o m bk & m;ocif u rd e f U rI c suf
pwifvmvdrfhrnf/ þt&mum; uREkfyfwkdUtoufwmü qifjcif&ef aumif;uif
Akdvfajcxm0&bk&m;tvkd&Sdaom t&mjzpfawmfrl\/ þt&monf oefU&Sif;aom
0dnmOfawmfESifhjynfh0aom w&m;a[mq&m\tvkdcsifqkH;aom t&mvnf;
jzpfonf/ olonf bk&m;ocifxHü ukd,fawmf? oefU&Sif;aom0dnmOf uREkfyfay:ü
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8
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qk a wmif ; jyef \ / od k U aomf bk & m;ocif o nf xk d i S u f u av;vT w f z k d U bJ
jyefajymjyef\/ aemufqkH;awmh avSmiftdrfxJu iSufuav;ukd vTwfay;
vkdufonfhtcg oefU&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmf\jynfh0rIukd toufwmü cHpm;vm
&\/ ]]þt&mum; ao;i,f a omtrI ? jzpf & yf j zpf o nf } } rS e f a y\/
xkt d &mrsm;u oefU&Si;f aom0dnmOfawmf\ AwdZå aH y;rItwGuf twm;qD; rsm;yif
jzpf\/ xkdw&m;a[mq&mtaejzifh vTwfajrmufjcif;ukd b,fvkd? b,ftcsdefü
awmif ; qk d r d o vJ / tjzpf y suf u awmh xl q ef ; ay\/ a,½I u
aumif ; uif b k H t zrod b J pmiS u f u av;rsm;awmif a jray:ü rusap&[k
rdefUawmfrlcJhonfr[kwfvm;/
bk&m;ocifonf uREkfyfwkdU\ apmifharQmaerItay:üom pum;ajymvQuf
&S d \ / bk & m;ocif o nf uREk f y f w k d U \ zwf a eaom pmtk y f t m;jzif h 4 if ; ?
Munfhaeonf ½kyfoHrsm;jzifh4if;? vkyfaqmifaeaom trIrsm;tm;jzifh4if;
twm;qD;rsm;ukd az:jyvQuf&Sdaeonf/ EIwfuywfawmfü pyspfEG,fyifwkdUukd
ajracG;uav;rsm;u ysufpD;ap\ (a&SmvrkefoDcsif; 2;15) [k a&;om;xm;\/
bk&m;ocifonf uREkfyfwkdUtoufwmü Ekd;xrIjzpf&ef wm;qD;aomt&mrsm;ukd
zGifhjyajymqkdEkdif\/
xm0&bk&m;onf [AuúKwf\ apmifharQmfonftwkdif; tcef;BuD; 2 ü
tajzay;cJhaMumif;ESifhpum;ajymcJhaMumif; awGU&SdEkdifonf/ xm0&bk&m;onf
[Auú K wf t m;jzif h jyóemuk d az:jycJ h o nf / ]]pd w f j rif h a omol o nf
oabmrajzmifh}} ([AuúKwf 2;4) [k xm0&bk&m;onf rmeaxmifvTm;rI
twm;qD;ukd [AuúKwftm; Asm'dwfay;cJh\/ uRefawmfwkdUvnf; wcgw&H
toif ; awmf x J ü tvG e f 0 g<um;vQuf & S d M u\/ uREk f y f w k d U bk & m;ocif \
rsufarSmufawmfü csOf;uyfonfhtcg bk&m;ocifu uREkfyfwkdU\ rmeukd
vufnd§xkd;wyf\/ uRefawmfwkdUonf 0dnmOfa&;&m &ifhusufrItay:üvnf;
0g;<um;wwfMu\/ 0g<um;jcif; rmeonf vSnfhjzm;jcif;ESifh Ekd;xrIukd
 9
wm;qD;aom t[efUwm;wckjzpfonf/ uRefawmfwkdUonf bk&m;ocifukdom
tm;ukd;NyD; ESdrfhcsaom ESvkH;om;jzifh 0dnmOfawmfoGef;avmif;aom Ekd;xrIukd
owdESifh apmifharQmf&rnf/ þt&mum; bk&m;ocif\ aus;Zl;awmfESifh
pdwfESdrfhcsaom toufwm\ t"duusaom &v'fjzpfay\/
Ekd;xrIukd [efUwm;aom t&mwckum; uREkfyfwkdU\ tdrfüvnf; jzpfonf/
uREk f y f w k d U \ td r f ü vnf ; qk a wmif ; jcif ; ES i f h j ynf h 0 rS o m bk & m;ocif \
Ekd;xrIa&muf &Sdvmrnf/ bk&m;ocif\ rsufarSmufawmfxif&Sm;jcif;onf
bk&m;ausmif;xJüom yg0ifrI&Sdjcif;r[kwfbJ uREkfyfwkdU\ tdrfü yg0ifEkd;x
aejcif;jzpfonf/
&Sifayw½kMo0g'pm yxrpmapmif tcef;BuD; 3 wGif cifyGef;ESifh ZeD;armifESH
Mum; qufEG,frIukd az:jyxm;onf/ tcef;i,f 7 wGif cifyGef;onf ZeD;tay:
rnfokdUqufqHapmifhrrIukd ]]oifwkdU\ qkawmif;jcif;trIü twm;qD;
r&Sdapjcif;iSg}} az:jyxm;onf/ cifyGef;onf\ qkawmif;onfht&mukd
tqD;wm;rjzpfap&ef rdrd\ ZeD;ukd aumif;rGefpGm qufqH&rnf/ uREkfyfwkdU\
vufxyfxdrf;jrm;jcif;ESifh tdrftm;jzifh Ekd;xrIukd tqD;wm;jzpfEkdifonf/
rmvcd 4;5-6 t& xyfrHí oufaowckz:jyjyef\/ ]]xm0&bk&m;\
aMumufrufzG,faomaeU&ufBuD;ra&mufrSD}} om;wkdUESifh tbwkdUukd4if;?
tbwkdUESifhom;wkdUukd4if; toifhwifhjzpfap&ef ]]igonfvmí oifwkdU\ jynfukd
usdefjcif;ab;ESifh 'PfrcwfrnfhtaMumif;}} bk&m;ociftvkd&Sdawmfrl\/
xkdUaMumifh or®musrf;a[mif;ESifh or®musrf;opft& Ekd;xrIa&muf&Sd&ef
uREkfyfwkdUtdrfü a&S;OD;pGm tqD;wm;rsm;ukd z,f&Sm;&rnfjzpfonf/
Ekd;xrIonf rdbESifhom;orD;tMum; okdUr[kwf cifyGef;ESifh ZeD;tMum;rS
pwifEkdifonf/ tu,fí oifonf rdrd\ZeD;? cifyGef;? om;? orD;? rdbrsm;ESifh
aumif;aomoifhjrwfjcif;r&SdbJ? toif;awmfüvma&mufNyD; bk&m;ocif
þt&mrsm;ukd z,f&Sm;ay;yg[k ajymqkdír&yg/ tu,fíoifonf rdrd\
rdom;pk0ifrsm;ESifh oifhjrwfjcif;r&Sdygu oifonf c&pfawmfESifhtwl aeUpOf
avQmufvSrf;aeonf[k rajymqkdEkdifyg/ cifAsm;ajymEkdifygrvm;/ þt&mrsm;ukd
a&S;OD;pGm aqmuf&Guf&ayrnf/ tu,fí oifhtdrfrdom;pkü Ekd;xrIr&Sdygu?
toif;awmfüvnf; r&SdEkdifyg/ toif;awmfonf rdom;pk\ pkaqmif;&m
t&yfjzpf\/
10
uRefawmfonf toif;awmfrsm;rsm;ukd vnfywfcGifh aus;Zl;awmfcHpm;&\/
uRefawmfwkdU rdom;pktdrfrsm;ukd vnfywfcJhjcif;jzifh toif;awmfü Ekd;xrI
r&Sdjcif;ukd od&Sd&cJh\/ trSefpifppf rdom;pktdrfüom c&pf,mef\ tpjzpf\/
tu,fí rdom;pkESifh rdom;pk0ifrsm;tay:ü oifhjrwfrIr&SdbJ toif;awmfü
wOD;ay:wOD;NyKH;jyjcif;? [mavvk,m[k a<u;aMumfjcif;onf vSnfhpm;jcif;
rsm;om jzpfonf/ oifonf qkawmif;jcif;? csD;rGrf;jcif;rsm;ukd aqmif&Guf
Ekdifaomfvnf; Ekd;xrIukdawmh &&Sdrnfr[kwfay/ rdbrsm;wkdUonf om;orD;
tay:ü4if;? rdbESpfyg; tcsif;csif;tay:ü4if;? om;orD;wkdUonf rdbtay:ü
4if; oifhjrwfcif;&SdrSom rdom;pkü Ekd;xrI&Sdvmovkd xkdEkd;xrIjzifh toif;awmfü
Ekd;xrI&Sdvmrnf/ oifhrdom;pktay:ü Ekd;xrI&Sdyg&JUvm;/ bk&m;ocif\
tvkdawmftwGuf uREkfyfwkdUjyifqif&rnf/
bk&m;ocifonf [AuúKwfukd tqD;wm;rsm;ukd az:jyNyD;aemufaemuf
ajcvSr;f ukd az:jycJ\ h / [AuúKwf 2;4 ü bk&m;ocifu ]]ajzmifrh wfaom olru l m;
rdr, d MHk unfjcif;tm;jzifh touf&iS v f rd rhf nf}} [k rdeUf qkcd \
hJ / ppfreS af om pdwEf v
S ;Hk
ES d r f h c srI j zif h bk & m;ocif u k d uk d ; pm;vQuf ]]uk d , f a wmf ,k H M unf j cif ; uk d
uREkfyfESvkH;om;ü jyKjyifay;awmfrlyg}} awmif;qkd&ayrnf/ þt&mjzifh
uREkfyfwkdUtxJü bk&m;ocifonf Ekd;xrIukday;awmfrlvdrfhrnf/ xkdUtjyif
rd r d w k d U buf r S Bud K ;pm;jcif ; aqmif & G u f r I t m;jzif h r [k w f bk & m;ocif \
ay;awmfrIjcif;jzifh jzpfonf/ xkdUaMumifh uREkfyfwkdU\ ESdrfhcsaompdwfjzifh
bk & m;ocif u k d csOf ; uyf o nf h t cg bk & m;ocif o nf uREk f y f w k d U tay:ü
,kHMunfjcif;&&Sdum; rdom;pkESifh toif;awmfü Ekd;xrIa&muf&Sdvmay\/
uRef a wmf w k d U bk & m;ocif x H qk a wmif ; onf h t cg ,k H M unf j cif ; onf
aumif;uifwHcg;ukd zGifhapvQuf bk&m;ocifonf uREkfyfwkdUxJü Ekd;xrIwefckd;ukd
oGef;avmif;ay;awmfrl\/
arSmifrkdufwefckd;onf vlom;rsm;aexkdif&mNrdKUrsm;? NrdKUawmfrsm;ESifh
EkdifiHrsm;tay:ü pkd;rkd;vQuf&Sdaeonf/ owif;aumif;ra&mufEkdifatmif
arSmifrJaom rkd;wdrfyrm tqD;wm;vkyfvQuf&Sdaeonf/ xkdokdUaom tajcaeukd
rysufpD;jcif;ESifh cGJxkwfrIrvkyfrjcif; Ekd;xrIvkH;0rjzpfEkdifacs/ okdUaomf
qkawmif;jcif;ESifh ,kHMunfrIrSwyg; wjcm;t&mr&Sdacs/
wcgwkef;u thHMozG,faumif;avmufatmifjzpfaeonfhae&mrS rkdifaygif;
 11
2000 uGma0;onfhae&mokdU uREkfyfa&muf&Sdaecsdef aeUvnf acsmifacsmifü
uREk f y f a &S U usqif ; aom aumif ; uif w ref ES p f y g;a&muf & S d v mcJ h o nf /
xm0&bk & m; uREk f y f t ay: ]]þusqif ; aomaumif ; uif w ref r sm;onf
'Dywf0ef;usifukd pkd;rkd;aeaom olrsm;jzpfí olwkdUukd csnfaESmifavmh}} [k
rdefUawmfrlcJh\/ xkdtcg uREkfyfwkdUvnf; omrefvQHcgjzifh usqif;aom
aumif;uifwrefrsm;tm; ]]xm0&bk&m;onf oifwkdUtm; csnfaESmif&ef}}
rdefUqkd[k ajymcJh\/ usqkH;aom aumif;uifwrefrsm;u bmvkyfcJhMuovJ
odovm;/ olwkdUonf uREkfyfa&SUü ½kd;½kd;av; OD;nGwfum aecJhMuaomfvnf;
olwkdUü vkdvkdvm;vm;&SdykHr&SdcJhacs/ trSefpifppf uREkfyfrSm ukvm;xkdifay:ü
xkdifvQuf usqkH;aomaumif;uifwrefrsm;onf uREkfyfa&SUü &yfaeMuaomf
vnf ; aMumuf & G H U jcif ; ? wk e f v I y f a jcmuf j cm;jcif ; wpk H w ck r S rjrif & ay/
wcsdefwnfrSmyif uREkfyfowd&vkdufonfrSm bk&m;ocif rdefUawmfrl\
qkdonfhtcsufyifjzpfonf/ xkdtcg ]]oHBudK;jzifh csnfaESmifvQuf i&JokdU
ypf c savmh } } [k trd e f U ay;vk d u f o nf h t cg oH B ud K ;jzif h wyg;uk d w yg;
csnfaESmifvQuf aysmufuG,foGm;aMumif; uREkfyfxif&Sm;pGm jrifcJh&onf/
tcif;jzpfyg;NyD; &yfowåywftMumwGif xkdae&m&Sd acgif;aqmif &mxl;usqkH;NyD;
BuD;rm;aom ajymif;vJrIa&mufvmcJhaMumif;awGU&onf/ þtcsufum; qmvH
149;8-9 ]]. . .olwkdU\ &Sifbk&ifrsm;ukd oHBudK;ESifh csnfaESmifí . . .
tjypfpD&ifjcif;}} aqmif&Guf&ef[laomt&myifjzpfonf/
uREkfyfwkdUonf EIwfuywftwkdif; rdefUqkdvQuf csnfaESmifygu wkdawmif;
onfhtcsdefwGif xm0&bk&m;ocifonf uREkfyfwkdUtm; ol\ cGJcefUawmfrlaom
ae&mü &efolrsm;\ tiftm;rsm;udkyif jrifEkdifpGrf;jyifqif ay;awmfrlrnf/
bk&m;ocif\ EIwfuywfawmfü twkdif;touf&Sifygu uREkfyfwkdUtay:ü
cufcJaomt&mrsm;tm;jzifh pum;ajymawmfrIjcif;ukdcH&rnf/ &efolrsm;\
csnfaESmifrI? aESmuf,SufrIrsm;ukd odjrifEkdifpGrf;vnf;awGUjrif&rnf/ okdUtwGuf
uREkfyfwkdU\ ½lyg½kHukd jrifhrm;pGmxm;&SdNyD; toufwmü avQmufvSrf;ygu
bk&m;ocif\ rsufarSmufawmfonf uREkfyfwkdUtay: oufa&mufum Ekd;xrI
{uefa&mufvmrnfjzpfonf/
tu,fí þajcvSrf;twkdif; aqmif&Gufygu Ekd;xrItwGuf uREkfyfwkdU
taejzifh xda&mufaomjyifqifrIjzpfayrnf/ [AuúKwf\ a<u;aMumfcJhaom
12
]]tkdxm0&bk&m; trIawmfukd jyKjyifawmfrlyg}} t&mum; rdrdtoufwmü
bk&m;ocif\ pum;ajymjcif;trIukd iwfvihfaeaom ya&mzuf\ qkawmif;oH
jzpfayonf/ uREkfyfwkdUonfvnf; þt&mtwkdif; vkH;0aqmif&Guf&rnf/
xm0&bk&m;onf oifhxHokdUcsOf;uyfzkdU&ef oifukd,fwkdif csOf;uyfzkdU&ef
bk & m;ocif t vk d a wmf j zpf o nf / oif \ ES v k H ; om;xJ o k d U bk & m;ocif
tvkdawmf&Sd&ef xkdbk&m;ocifukd,fwkdif tvkd&Sdaomt&mvnf; jzpfonf/
avSmiftdrfxJrS iSufuav;vTwfzkdU tvkd&SdouJhokdU bk&m;ocifonf oif\
toufwm vTwfajrmufjcif;&zkdU tvkd&Sdaeygonf/ oif\toufwmü
rmeaxmifvTmrI okdUr[kwf jyóemukd rdrdukd,fwkdif rajz&Sif;bJ ]]þt&mukd
vkyfygNyD;awmh oifhb0ü Ekd;xrI&Sdrnf}} [k ykHaoenf;wkdif;? vkyfaqmifygu
vkH;0jzpfrvmEkdifyg/ okdUaomf oifonf bk&m;ocif\ rsufarSmufawmfü
csOf;uyfNyD; bk&m;ocif tvkdawmftwkdif; ajymif;vJp&mtrIukd ajymif;vJNyD;
rS o m bk & m;ocif o nf oif u k d pum;ajymygvd r f h r nf / þtcsuf u m;
uREkfyfwkdUtwGuf bk&m;ocifESifh tcsdef,lNyD;rS bk&m;ocifxHrS Asm'dwfawmf
&&SdEkdifrnf/ taMumif;rlum; Ekd;xrIonf bk&m;ocif\ uRrf;0ifrIüom
tpjyK&ay\/
ajrmufrsm;pGmaom toHrsm;onf þwkdif;jynf? þurÇmü ysHUESHUvQuf
&Sdae\/ wcsKdUaomt&mrsm;tm;jzifh Ekd;xrIukd az:jyaeNyD;? wcsKdUaomt&mrsm;
tm;jzifh w&m;pD&ifrIukd az:jyaeMu\/ okdUaomf trSefw&m;um; tb,fenf;/
uREkfyfwkdUonf ]]Asm'dwf ½lyg½kHukd oifykef;ay:rSm tu©&mwifí ([AuúKwf 2;2)
a&;om;&rnf / xk d t cg Ek d ; xrI E S i f h w&m;pD & if j cif ; uk d vl o m;rsm;
em;vnf;Ekdifrnf/ tu,fí uREkfyfwkdUonf Ekd;xrIukdom arQmfvifhrdygu
vS n f h z sm;jcif ; uk d &&S d E k d i f o vk d ? tu,f í w&m;pD & if r nf h t &muk d o m
arQmfvifhrdygu rkomESifh &ifqkdif&rnf/ xkdUaMumifh uREkfyfwkdUonf ppfrSefaom
Asm'dwf½lyg½kHtm;jzifh Ekd;xrIESifh w&m;pD&ifjcif;ukd ay;pGrf;Ekdifrnf/
w&m;pD&ifjcif;tm;jzifh oefU&Sif;jcif;ukda&mufap&jcif;taMumif;rSm
bk&m;ocifonf wkdif;jynf\ rSm;,Gif;rIukd Munfh½Iaejcif;aMumifhjzpfonf/
bk&m;ocifonf ol\toif;awmfukd odrf;qnf;aomtcg wkdif;jynftay:ü
ol\w&m;pD&ifjcif; a&mufvmrnf/ xkdtcg okd;rsm;ukd olU\ vusfmbufü4if;
qdwfrsm;ukd olU\vuf0Jbufü4if; xm;awmfrlvdrfhrnf/ (róJ 25;31-34)/
 13
xk d U aMumif h ok d ; wk d i f ; jynf j zpf z k d U &ef t wG u f rsm;pG m aom wk d i f ; jynf a y:ü
oefU&Sif;jcif;ukd a&mufzkdU tvkd&Sdawmfrl\/ þaemufqkH;aom umvwGif
bk&m;ocifonf aqmif&GufrIrvkyfaqmifrSD uREkfyfwkdUonf opöm&SdpGm
vlom;rsm;xHjyifqifrIvkyfaqmifay;&rnf/ ]]Ekd;xrIESifh w&m;pD&ifrItwGuf
jyif q if y g}} [l a om a<u;aMumf o H u k d em;qif , if ; trI a wmf u k d
aqmif&GufMuygpkdU/
w&m;pD&ifrItcsdefwGif uREkfyfwkdUonf toif;awmfü Ekd;xrIukd awGUEkdifrnf/
bk & m;ocif o nf ol \ csd e f ; csuf a omtcsd e f ü t&m&mawG
ajymif ; vJ o nf h t csd e f o nf toif ; awmf Ek d ; xrI t csd e f j zpf r nf / xk d t cg
bk&m;ocifonf ol\toif;awmfukd ]]ig\ bkef;wefckd;ukd oifhtay:ü
a&muf & S d & ef igh t vk d & S d a wmf r l \ }} [k rd e f U awmf r l r nf / bk & m;ocif \
aus;Zl ; awmf a Mumif h uREk f y f w k d U onf Ek d ; xrI t pD p Of u k d rMumcif r S m
jrif&awmhrnfrSm trSef{uefjzpfawmfrl\/

trS m pm

uREkfyf þpmtkyftm;jzifh twdwfumvESifh ,ckrsufarSmufacwfwGif

,k H M unf o l t ay:ü oef U &S i f ; aom0d n mOf a wmf oG e f ; avmif ; rI u k d
tenf;i,fwifjyvkdygonf/ ,kHMunfoltay:ü bk&m;ocif\ vIyf&Sm;rIESifh
vkyfaqmifrIrsm;rSm rsKd;pkHaeaMumif;? bk&m;ocifonf rjynfhpkHaomolukd
a&G;cs,fcGJUcefUaMumif;awGU&SdEkdifrnf/ ½SHqkefyifvQif bk&m;ocif\ a&G;aumuf
jcif;ESihf BuD;rm;aom wefc;dk &Scd ahJ omfvnf; ol\toufwmü tm½kpH ;l pku
d rf I r&Scd í
hJ
BuD;pGmaom qkH;½IH;rI&SdcJh\/ a&Smvrkefonf 0dnmOfawmf\ bdodwfjcif;?
ynm&Sdjcif;ESifh todw&m;&Sdjcif;rsm;&SdcJhaomfvnf; ZeD;onf\ jzm;a,mif;rI
aMumifh raumif;rIü aysmfarGUjcif; umr*kPfü arGavQmfjcif;aMumifh qkH;½IH;jcif;ukd
cHc&hJ onf/ bdow d jf cif;wckwnf;u vkaH vmufaomt&m r[kwaf y/ ,m,DwrJ S
vTwfajrmufjcif;? bk&m;ocif\ jyifqifjcif;ESifh jyKjyifjcif;rsm; uREkfyfwkdU
tay:ü&Sdjcif;om vkHavmufaomt&mjzpfonf/ uREkfyfwkdU Ekd;xrI twGif;
vkH;0jyifqif&rnf/
,ckrsufarSmufacwfwGif toif;awmftwGuf rsm;pGmaom om"ursm;
14
awGU&SdEkdifonf/ Ekd;xrIomoemtm;jzifh bk&m;ocif\ bdodwfay;rIonf &m?
axmifcsDtay:ü aumif;BuD;vQHy,fvQuf&Sdaeonf/ okdUaomf rsm;pGmaom
omoemrsm;onf bk & m;ocif t vk d a wmf t wk d i f ; jynf h p k H a om jyif q if r I
r&Sdjcif;aMumifh qkH;½IH;jcif;? ratmifjrifjcif;cH&onf/ omoem&Sdaomfvnf;
rdrdxifwkdif; BuJumvkyfaqmifaeMu\/
þpmtkyftaejzifh bk&m;ocif\ BuD;pGmaom tokH;jyKykHESifh vlom;tay:
ulnDrIukd jyifqifaerIESifh arQmfvifhcsufukd ay;qyfvkd\/ BuD;rm;aom Ekd;xrIukd
toif;awmftay:ü rMumrSDoufa&mufvmNyD;? toif;awmftm;jzifh rsm;pGmaom
&dwfodrf;rIukd þaemufqkH;aomumvü jynfhpkHvmrnf/
bk&m;ocif\ aus;Zl;awmftm;jzifh uREkfyfwkdUonf BuD;rm;aom Ekd;xrIukd
jyifqifNyD;? xkdEkd;xrIwefckd;jzifh rsm;pGmaom toif;awmfukd ulnDay;&ef
&nf&G,fa&;jcif;jzpfonf/

___

tcef; (2)
 15

ighvlwkdUukd oGm;cGifhjyKyg

bk & m;ocif o nf uRef a wmf ^ rwa,muf c sif ; pD u d k Ek d ; xrI t wG u f

jyifqifay;vkdygonf/ Ekd;xrItwGuf twm;tqD;ajrmufrsm;pGm &Sdaeygavap?
bk&m;ocifonf uRefawmfwYdk \ twGi;f pdwEf v S ;Hk rSm qD;wmaeaom t&mrsm;ukd
ajz½Sif;zkdY&ef? tjyifbufrSm&Sdaeonfh tqD;twm;rsm;ESifh csnfaESmifrIrsm;ukd
OD;pGmpwifajz½Sif;ay;wwfygonf/ aemufqufwGJtaejzifh? uRefawmfwkdY\
tjyif y k d i f ; qk d i f & m csnf a ES m if j cif ; rsm;ES i f h EI w f u ywf a wmf ü bk & m;u?
arma½Stm;jzifh zma&mbk&ifudk ajymcJah om pum;taMumif;t&mukd azmfjyygrnf/
]]ighvlwkdYonf awmüightm;0wfjyKrnftaMumif;? olwkdYukd vTwfavmh}} (xGuf
7;16)/ 4if;onf 0dnmOfqkdif&mwkdufyGJESifh vGwfajrmufjcif; taMumif;yifwnf;/

obm0qkdif&mESifh 0dnmOfqkdif&m
uRefawmfwkdYonf vlYorkdif;wckvkH;ü ta&;BuD;qkH;aom tcsdefumv\
tpykdif;wGif touf½SifaeMujcif;jzpfonf/ bk&m;ocifonf þavmu\
enf;pepfrsm; (okdY) 0g'ESifh EkdifiHrsm;udk vIyfcgaeygonf/ uRefawmfwkdY\
acwfcsdefcgrSmyifvQif? ½k½Sm;ESifh Oa&myEdkdifiH&Sd uGefjrLepf0g'NyKdysufoGm;cJhonfukd
jrif&onf/ xkdrQru tm½S?ta½SUtv,fykdif;EkdifiHrsm;ESifh tjcm;tjcm;aom
Ekid if rH sm;rSmvnf; odoo d momyif? ajymif;vJvmaeaMumif; awGUjrifae&yg onf/
ar;cGefwcku ]]tb,fhaMumifhenf;}}/
aum&dEåKMo0g'pmyxrapmif 15;46 ü? uRefawmfwkdYtm; ½Sifaygvkajymjy
onf r S m ? bk & m;ocif o nf ouf q k d i f & muk d t&if O D ; pG m vk y f a qmif N yD ; rS
0d n mOf q k d i f & mud k vk y f a qmif w wf a Mumif ; yif j zpf o nf / Ek d i f i H w umrS m ?
obm0qkdif&m? t&m0w¦Kqkdif&m vGwfajrmufrIrsm; wkd;wufjrifhrm;vmonfukd
jrifawGUEkid \ f / Ekid if aH &;tusOf;om;rsm; vGwaf jrmufcMhJ u,kw H ifru? tcsKdUEkid if rH S
tpkd;&tkyfcsKyfa&;orm;rsm;yifvQif yg0ifaeonf/ tkwfwHwkdif;rsm;NyKduscJh&m?
bmvifwHwkdif;ESifh oHrPdjzifh umxm;aom tumrsm;yg0ifonf/ okdYaomf
16
uRefawmfwkdYudk bk&m;rdefUrSmonfh t&monf? toif;awmfESifh EkdifiHwum
twGuf 0dnmOfqkdif&m vGwfajrmufrItaMumif; jzpfygonf/ þ0dnmOfqkdif&m
vGwfajrmufrItaMumif; em;vnfEkdif&ef? tqifhqifhavhvm &ygrnf/ 4if;
tqifhrsm;udk od&SdzkdUu? bk&m;onf? tJ*kwåKü uRefcHaeaom olYvlrsKd; awmfudk
u,fEkwf,lcJhykHukd avhvm&rSm jzpfygonf/

u,fEkwf,ljcif; tqifhrsm;
tJ*kwåK&Sd £oa&vwkdYuJhokdYyif? uRefawmfwkdYonf a½S;OD;pGm csKyfaESmif
rIcHae&jcif;ukd odjrifzkdY&ef vkdtyfonf/ 4if;csKyfaemifrIonf? uRefawmfwkdY\
toufwmüaomf4if;? rdom;pkxJu jyóemwcktm;jzifhaomf4if; (odkY)
toif;awmfxJrSm wpkHw&mcsnfaESmifjcif; tm;jzifhaomf4if; jzpfEkdifonf/
uRefawmfwkdY odxm;rSwfom;&rnfht&mwckrSm? ]]uREkfyfwkdUonf avmuDom;
wkdYudk rarG;zGm;apcJhyg}}[kaom a[½Sm, 26;18 ü aMujimxm; onfht&myif/
tb,fhaMumifhqkdaomf uRefawmfwkdYukd,fwkdifu? csnfaESmifjcif; xJ&Sdaeí
jzpfonf/
'kwd,tqifhonf? uRefawmfwkdY\ csnfaESmifcH&rIaMumifh bk&m;ocifxH
jrnfwrf;jcif;jyK&ygrnf/ xGufajrmuf&musrf; 3;7 ü? bk&m;onf a[a½Stm;
]]tJ*wk Kå jynfü&Sad om ig\vlwYdk c&H aom ñSi;f qJjcif;udk igaphaphjrifcNhJ yD/ olwYdk ukd
apckdif;aom ocifwkdYaMumifh olwkdYjrnfwrf;aom toHudkvnf; igMum;cJhNyD}}[k
rdefYrSmcJh\/ uRefawmfwkdYtaejzifh? bk&m;udk Mum;avQmuf&ygrnf/ bk&m;xH
pwifjrnfwrf;jcif; (okdY) qkawmif;jcif;rjyKrcsif;? b,ft&mrS jzpfvmrnf
r[kwfay/ yxrEkdifiHrsm;twGuf obm0qkdif&mNyD;&if toif;awmf twGuf
0dnmOfa&;qkdif&m vGwfajrmufzkdYtwGuf tcsdefusa&mufNyD[k uRefawmfwkdY
od&SdonfESifh wNyKdifeuf? bk&m;xHMum; avQmuf&ygrnf/
a,Zausv 9;1-4„ü? bk&m;ocifñGefMum;cJhonfrSm jyKcJhorQaom
puf q k y f ½ G H ½ S m zG , f t rI tm;vk H ; twG u f nnf ; wG m ;ik d a <u;aom ol w k d Y \
ezl;ay:wGif trSwftom;a&;xkd;um? vlrsKd;awmfwkdY tv,fü avQmufoGm;
&rnfhtaMumif;jzpf\/ róJ 5;4 t&? ocifa,½Iu ]]pdwfromnnf;wGm;
aom olwkdYonf r*Fvm&SdMu\}}[lí rdefUrSmxm;onf/ toif;awmf\
tm;enf;jcif;twGufaMumifh uRefawmfwkdYawG ppfrSefaom nnf;wGm;&SdcJh
 17
ygovm;/ bk & m;ocif t oif ; awmf \ tajctaetwG u f rd w f a qG \
qkawmif;rIaMumifh? tu,fí bk&m;u jrifawGUojzifh uRefawmfwkdU\ ezl;ü
trSwftom;a&; xkd;rSmvm;/
xkdUaemuf? wwd,tqifhonf? jrnfwrf;jcif;ESifh nnf;wGm;jcif;jyKvm
onfhtcgrS? vGwfajrmufrI\ *wdawmfudk&rnfjzpfonf/ uRefawmfwkdYonf
wdusaom ]]Rhema}} (bk&m;xHrS pum;awmf) &&SdNyD;rS &efolukd oGm;wkdufckdufzkdY
jzpfonf/ £oa&vwkdUtwGuf pum;awmfonf ]]olwkdYukd u,fEkwfzkdY
igqif;vmNyD}} (xGuf 3;8) [líjzpf\/ wcgw&Hbk&m;\ u,fEkwfzkdY *wdawmf
(okdY) pum;awmftwGuf apmifhqkdif;&rnfh tcsdef&Sdwwfygonf/ qmvH 40;1
ü? 'g0d ' f r if ; u ]]igonf xm0&bk & m;ud k aph a ph a jrmf v if h onf } } [k
azmfjyNyD;aemuf? bk&m;ocif\ *wdawmfpum;onf? qmvH 102;13 ü
]]xawmfrlyg/ ZdtkefNrKdUudk oem;awmfrlyg}}[lí jzpf\/ ,©Ktcsdefonf
csKyfaESmifjcif; rsm;cHae&aom bk&m;ocif\ toif;awmfukd u,fEkwfrnfh
bk&m;\ tcsdefyifjzpfygonf/ uRefawmfonf EkdifiHrsm;tm; u,fEkwfaom
]]obm0qk d i f & m? yxr}}uk d awG U jrif c J h o nf e nf ; wl toif ; awmf u d k
u,f E k w f a om ]]0d n mOf q k d i f & m}} t&mud k v nf ; xyf í jrif a wG U &ef
vkdtyfMuygonf (1aum 15;46)/
aemufwqifhonf uRefawmfwkdYu? bk&m;ocif\ cefUtyfjcif;cH&oljzpfzkdY
vkdtyfonf/ xGuf 3;10 ü? bk&m;u arma½SYtm; rdefUrSmcJhonfrSm? ]]oifhudk
igapvTwfrnf}} [líjzpf\/ bk&m;u rapvTwfbJ? uRefawmfwkdYoGm;í r&yg/
xkdUaemuf tcef;i,f (12) ü? xyfírdefUrSmcJhonfrSm? ]]igonf oifESifhtwl
&Sdvdrfhrnf}} [lí jzpfonf/ &efoltm; rdrdwkdY\ tpGrf;jzifhom oGm;rwkdufrdzkdY
vkdtyfonf? bk&m;ocif\ rsufarSmufawmftwGuf pdwfcsrIESifh od&SdrI&SdzkdU
vk d t yf o nf / tcef ; i,f (14)rS m usawmh bk & m;onf ? arma½S t m;
ol\tmPmwefckd;ay;um aMujimaponfrSm ]]igjzpf[k trnf&Sdaom olonf?
ighukd oifwkdY&Sd&mokdY apvTwfawmfrlNyD}}[líjzpfonf/ uRefawmfwkdY onf
rMumcPqkdovkd bk&m;ocif\ wefcdk;awmftmPmudk ol\ opfvGifaom
emrü awGYjrif&wwfygonf/ rdwfaqG\ vwfwavmBuKH awGUae&onfh
tajctaetwGuf a,a[m0geDpd (bk&m;onf igwkdY\ atmifEkdifol) (okdU)
a,a[m0g,da& (bk&m;onf igwkdU\ rpol) (okdU) tjcm;tjcm;aom bk&m;\
18
yk*d¾Kvfqkdif&m emrrsm;\ zGifhjyrIudk jrifawGU&ef vkdtyfaumif;vkdtyfygvdrhfrnf/
rmuk 16;17 xJrSm? ocifa,½Iu ]]ig\emrukd trSDjyKí ewfqkd;wkdUudk
eifxkwfMuvwHh}} [k rdefUrSmxm;onf/ uRefawmfwkdUonf opfvGifaom
bk&m;ocifemr\ vu©Pmukd jrifawGUygrS? 4if;emr\ wefckd;tmPmjzifh
a½SUokdUc&D;qufEkdifMurnfjzpfonf/ wrefawmf 19;13-16 ü azmfjyonfh
oau0\om; (7) a,mufwkdUonf? a,½Iudk olwkdYukd,fwkdif oduRrf;jcif;r&SdbJ
ewfqkd;ukd EkifxkwfzkdU BuKd;pm;cJhMu&m? ewfqkd;u þodkU ]]oifwkdUum;?
tb,folenf;}}ajymqkdwkefUjyefNyD; olwkdUudk jyefvnfwkdufckdufcJhjcif;udk
cH&Muonf/ þtjzpftysufudkMunfhjcif;jzifh uRefawmfwkdUonfvnf; bk&m;\
apvT w f c H o l j zpf & ef E S i f h ol U emr\ wef c d k ; taMumif ; ud k od & S d x m;&ef
txl;vkdtyfygaMumif; em;vnf&onf/
xkdrQru? bk&m;\ owif;pum;&Sdxm;zkdYvnf; vkdtyfonf/ arma½Stm;
bk&m;ay;aom owif;pum;onf? ]]igvlwkdYonf awmüighudk 0wfjyKrnf
taMumif;? olwkdYudk vTwfavmh}} [lí jzpf\/ 4if;onf tifrwef ½Sif;vif;
aom owif;pum;jzpfojzifh ,aeU? uRefawmfwkdUtwGufvnf; jzpfygonf/

&ef o l u k d & if q k d i f j cif ;

owif;pum;&&SdNyD;aemuf? arma½SUESifh zga&mbk&ifMum; xdyfwkduf&if
qkdifjcif;rsm;jzpfyGm;vmcJhonf/ q,fpkESpfrsm;rMumrDu? EdkifiHawmf awmfrsm;rsm;
rSm? a'ocHvlxk\ tmPmu? olwkdUvkdcsifaom t&mudk &&Sdonfhwkdifatmif
tpkd;&xHtwkduftcHjyKcJhMuonfrSm ou0yifjzpf\/ xkdUtvm;wl 0dnmOf
a&;qkdif&mrSmvnf;? uRefawmfwkdYonf bk&m;ocifemr\ wefcdk;tmPm jzifh
&efoludkqufvufwkdifcdkufum? u,fEkwfjcif;ESifh Ekd;xrIudk jzpfay:vmap
&Muygrnf/
þt&monf awmiftmz&duü vlrJtmz&duwkdU\ vljzL? vlrJcGJjcm;jcif;
0g'ukd csKd;zsufcJhrItjzpftysufyif jzpf\/ 4if;onf pwifíjynfhpkHzkdU ½lyg½kHukd
wcgu? uRefawmf Capetown ü a&muf&SdaepOfjrifcJhygonf/ ½lyg½kHü
ajymif;vJjcif;qkdif&m\ Murf;wrf;aom avrkefwkdif;ESpfckonf EkdifiHwckvkH;tm;
wkud cf u
dk ½f iS ;f vif;oGm;cJo h nfukd uRefawmfjrifco
hJ nf/ 4if;ESpcf t k euf? wckonf?
e*k d u wnf ; u &S d a ecJ h o nf h Ek d i f i H a &;qk d i f & mjzpf N yD ; ? usef w ck o nf
 19
aemufrSvkdufvmaom 0dnmOfa&;qkdif&mwkdUjzpfMu\/
xGuaf jrmuf&m tcef;BuD; (5) t&? arma½SEiS hf zga&mwkUd \ yxrqk;H tBudrf
wk d u f c k d u f r I r S xG u f a y:vmaom &v'f o nf ? &ef o l o nf ol \
tpGrf;wefckd;udkjyaomtm;jzifh? £oa&vvlwkdUtay:ykdí BuD;av;onfh0efudk
xrf;&ufapaMumif; awGU&onf/ þt&monf uRefawmfwkdY 0dnmOfqkdif&m
&efoltm; pwifwkdufckdufonfhtcg? BuKHawGU&rnfyif/ &efolu jyefvnf
wkefUjyefwkdufckdufcH&onfudk wcgw&H uRefawmfwkdU em;rvnfbJ? tHhtm;oifh
aewwfavh&Sdonf r[kwfvm;/ trSefrSm? tHhMop&mr[kwfyg/ &efolonf
ol\wefcdk;tpGrf;udk tokH;jyKNyD; jyefwkdufwwf&m? ukd,fcE¨may: a&m*gqkd;
rsm;jzifh 'ku©ay;jcif;rsKd;ukdyif &ifqkdif&rSm jzpfonf/ xkdtcg? rdwfaqGonf
4if;0dnmOfqkdif&m wkdufyGJtwGuf bk&m;ocifxHrS cGeftm;opfESifh bk&m;onf
þ'ku©a0'emrS u,fEkwfvdrfhrnf[laom pdwfcsrIrsKd;udk vuf0,fykdufxm;&ef
vk d y gonf / taMumif ; t&mwck \ &v'f u d k r od x m;bJ ? rd w f a qG o nf
'ku©tcuftcJukd pNyD;qGxm;vkdrnfr[kwfay/ arma½SUu xGuf 6;6 ü?
bk&m;xHrS ]]igonf oifwkdYukd tJ*kwåKvlwkdYvufrS u,fEkwf,lrnf}}[laom
pum;awmf u d k vuf c H & cJ h o nf / ok d U aomf v nf ; ? £oa&vwk d U onf
olwkdUcHae&aom csKyfaESmifjcif;ESifh pdwf"mwfusjcif; wkdUaMumifh arma½SU\
pum;ud k em;raxmif c J h M uacs (xG 6;9)/ vl w k d U u? rMumcPqk d o vk d
pdwf"mwfusp&m jyKwwfMu&m? acgif;aqmif (okdY) acgif;aqmifrsm;onf
olwkdUcsnf;yJ wkdufyGJ0ifae&onf[k cHpm;vm&wwf ygonf/
&efow l ek Uf jyefwu
dk cf u
dk w
f wfjcif;onf bk&m;ocif\ tBuHtpDrmS &Syd gonf/
bk&m;ocifonf zga&mbk&iftm; qGay;avav? bk&if\ESvkH;onf rmo
xufrmavavjzpfcJh\/ zga&mbk&iftaMumif;ukd bk&m;u? a&mr 9;17 ü?
þokdY ]]igwefckd;udk oifü igjyjcif;iSg4if;? ighemrukd ajrwjyifvkH;wGif
ausmfapmapjcif;iSg4if;? oifhukd csD;ajr§mufcJhNyD}} rdefUrmxm;\/ rdwfaqG\
aumif;usKd;twGuf bk&m;onf? &efoltm; csD;jrifhtokH;jyKwwf\/ bk&m;vnf
0dnmOfwkdufyGJrsm;jzpfyGm;apjcif;jzifh ol\wefckd;tmPmxif½Sm;ovkd? ol\
tBuHtpDrsm;udkvnf; jynfhpkHNyD; ajrmufvmapjcif;jzpfonf/
arma½Staejzifh tJ*kwåKü?uRefcHaeaom olUvlrsKd;tm; u,fEkwf,lzkdY?
wkdufckdufrIwckNyD;aemufwckjyKcJhaomfvnf; ratmifjrifcJhojzifh tvGefpdwfysuf
20
tm; i,f v mEk d i f o nf / ok d U aomf ? acgif ; aqmif t wG u f pum;awmf r S m ?
]]tMuifolonf tqkH;wkdifatmif wnfMunf\/ xkdolonf u,fwifjcif;okdY
a&mufvdrfhrnf (okdU) bk&m;\ u,fEkwfjcif;udk jrifawGU&vdrhfrnf}}[lí jzpf\
(róJ 10;22)/ tqkH;wkdifwnfMunfNyD; &ifqkdifae&aom &efol\ wefckd;udk
csKd;zsuftEkdif&onfhwkdif? wkdufvSef&ygrnf/ uRefawmfwkdU onf oefU½Sifjcif;udk
tpOf t NrJ w nf a eap&ef vk d t yf o nf / ok d U rS o mvQif ?
bk&m;u,fEkwfrnfhtcsdeftxd pdwftm;ravsmhbJ &SdaeEkdifrnf/
tBudraf ygif;rsm;pGm? arma½Sonf zga&mtm; twku d t f cHvyk Nf yD; ]]ighvw
l Udk ukd
oGm;cGifhjyKyg}} [k Mum;avQmufcJhav\/ bk&m;xHrS pum;awmf &,lonfhtcg?
rd w f a qG o nf quf N yD ; ajymxG u f & rnf j zpf & m? rd w f a qG \ aetd r f (ok d Y )
toif ; awmf u d k ywf u myif ½G w f q k d o if h y gonf / xk d U ok d U ajymqk d o nf u k d
raumif;qkd;0g;rsm;Mum;Ekdifonf/ 4if;pum;awmfudk ,kHMunfjcif;jzifh qufvuf
ajymqkdygu? 4if;\toD;udk &dwf&rnf/ taMumif; rmuk 11;23 ü rdefUrSm
xm;onf/
þtaMumif ; ES i f h pyf v sOf ; í Oyrmwck u k d a,Zausv 37;4 ü
awGU&ygonf/ a,Zausvtm; ya&mzufjyKaponfht&mrSm? ]]tkd;aoGYajcmuf
aom t½kd;wkdY? xm0&bk&m;\ trdefUawmfudk em;axmifMuavmh}}[lí jzpfonf/
þpum;awmf u d k a,Zausv? ½G w f q k d v d k u f onf E S i f h t rQ? t½k d ; wk d U ud k
vIyf½Sm;vmNyD; touf½SifvmcJhMu\/ xkdUaMumifh wcgw&H? bk&m;ocifu
uRef a wmf w k d U tm; ajymapvk d a om pum;awmf E S i f h ya&mzuf j yK csuf u k d
quf v uf a jymqk d ½ k H j zif h bk & m;onf ? ol U wef c k d ; jzif h ? ol U tBuH t pD u d k
NyD;pD;apwwfygonf/

aiGaMu;qkdif&m vTwfajrmufjcif;
&efoltm;wkdufckdufjcif;NyD;qkH;onfhtcgusrS? £oa&vwkdY\ csrf;om
<u,f0rIa&mufvmaMumif;? ta&;BuD;aom tcsufudk awGU&onf/ trSefrSm
£oa&vwkdUonf tvGefqif;&JcJhMuygonf/ okdUaomf? olwkdUvGwfajrmuf
vmonfhtcg? bk&m;ocif\ tBuHtpDNyD;jynfhpkHzkdU? olwkdUü csrf;om<u,f0
jcif;&Sd&ef vkdtyfcJhMuonf/ tb,fhaMumifhqkdaomf? oJuEåm&wGif olwkdUawG
wJawmfwckwnfaqmuf&rnfjzpfaomaMumifh aemufqkH;uyfab;rwkdifrD? xGuf
 21
11;2 ü? bk&m;u arma½Stm; rSmMum;cJh onfrSm? £oa&vwkdUonf
tJ*kwåKvlrsKd;wkdUxH oGm;í a½TESifhaiGudk awmif;ap [kjzpf\/ 4if;onf
uRefawmfwkdUu? &efoltm; xkd;azmufrI\ tpjyKjcif;yifwnf;/ vTwfajrmufzkdU
eD;vmNyD jzpfaomaMumifh a½T?aiGpwifa&muf&Sdvmovkd? xkda½T?aiGvkdtyfjcif;
onf? bk&m;apckdif;aom t&m vkyfaqmifzkdUjzpf\/
xk d U aMumif h bk & m;ocif o nf £oa&vwk d U \ aiG a Mu;qk d i f & mrS
u,fvTwfcJhojzifh vkdtyfonfxuf ayg<u,fvmcJhMuav\/ trSefrSm?
olwkdUawG wJawmfudk aqmufvkyfonfhtcg? ay;vSLvmMuaom a½T?aiGtay:
arma½SUonf xyfrvSLMuzkdU wm;qD;cJh&\/ taMumif;rSm? wJawmfNyD;pD;zkdU
vufcH&aom tvSLonf? vkdonfxufawmifykdaeNyDjzpfaomaMumifhwnf;
(xGuf 36;5-7)/ bk&m;onf olwkdUtm; <u,f0pGm rpay;cJhjcif;jzifh bk&m;\
wJawmfwnfaqmuf&mü aiGaMu;rvkHavmufrIr&SdcJhacs/ uRefawmfwkdUonf
vnf; bk&m;u aiGaMu;qkdif&m vGwfajrmufrIay;Ekdif aMumif;udk ,kHMunf&
rnf/ avmupnf;pdrfcHpm;um aexkdifzkdY r[kwfbJ? bk&m;\ omoemvkyfief;
twGufom jzpfoifhonf/ bk&m;onf uRefawmfwkdUtm; olonf a,a[m
0g,da& (rpol) jzpfaMumif; em;vnfapvkdygonf/ þaiGaMu;udpöü?
uRefawmfwkdU vGwfajrmufzkdY vkdaumif;vkdaeygvdrhfrnf/
&Hzef&Hcg? uRefawmfwkdUonf pmwef&efol\ vSnfhzsm;jcif;udk owdrjyKrdbJ
&SdwwfMuonf/ uRefawmf\ rdwfaqGwa,mufu? woufvkH;qif;&JEGrf;
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aiGaMu;qkid &f mukd csKyfaESmifxm;aom qif;&Jjcif;qkid &f m pdw0f n d mOfukd jrifc&hJ \/
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bk&m;onf aiGaMu;qkdif&mrS vGwfajrmufjcif; ay;cJhav\/ uRefawmfwkdUonf
c&pfawmftwGuf oef;<u,folaX;awGjzpfMu &rnf[k rqkdvkdyg/ okdUaomfvnf;
aiG a Mu;qk d i f & m vG w f a jrmuf j cif ; ud k awmh v k d t yf o nf / ok d U rS o mvQif ?
uRef a wmf w k d U onf touf w mxJ r S m ? bk & m;BuH p D a om vk y f i ef ; uk d
NyD;pD;apEkdifMurnfr[kwfavm/
22
taoG ; awmf w ef c k d ;
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r[mwefcdk;&Sdygonf/ taoG;wefcdk;onf tJ*kwåKjynfwckvkH;ü&Sd £oa&v
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uRef a wmf w k d U onf v nf ; yJ ? þtcsd e f u mvonf ? taoG ; wef c d k ; jzif h
0dnmOfwkdufyGJqifEGJ&rnfh tcsdefjzpfaMumif; odem;vnfMu&ygrnf/

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zga&m\ pdwEf v S ;Hk onf rmaMumjyefojzif?h olUppfonfrsm;tm; £oa&vwkUd ukd
odrf;ykdufapcJh\/
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ao&onfxuf? tJ*kwåKvlwkdUxHü tapuRefcHvQifomí aumif;onf[k
qkdMu\}} (xGuf 14;12) [k þokdUqkdMu\/ olwkdU\ tcuftcJ? 'ku©aMumifh
 23
tJ*kwåKrS b,faomtcgrS? vGwfajrmufvdrfhrnf r[kwf[k xifcJhonfh
ae&muae? arma½Sonf olwkdUtm; OD;aqmifac:xkwf vmcJhrItay: pdwfqkd;?
a'goxGufcJhMu\/
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onfvnf;? £oa&vwkdU\ pdwfoabmxm;rsKd;&SdwwfMuonf/ olwkdUawG
onf avmuDom;b0okdU jyefacgufvkdMuojzifh ]]avmuDom;wkdU uJhokdU
aeoifhwmyg}}[k ajymqkdwwfavh&Sdonf/ 4if;onf bk&m;ukd tapcHjcif;
xufomí vG,fulygonf/ vlawGu rMumrParhaysmuf wwfMuonfh
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tJ*kwåKjynfokdU jyefoGm;vkdcJhMu\/
þuJhokdUaom jyóemrsKd; aum&dEåK,kHMunfolrsm;\ toufwmü
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\}} ajymcJhonf (2aum 11;20)/ þt&monf b0toufwm twGuf
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awGxJu awmifrS? olwkdU\ csnfaESmifcHb0ukd auseyfaeonf omru?
4if;csnfaESmifrIxJrS vTwfajrmufvkdpdwfyif r&SdMuacs/
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taumif (60) cef U yl ; cH a e&aom trsKd ; orD ; wa,muf t wG u f
qkawmif;cJhMuonf/ 0dnmOfqkd;trsm;pkudk eifxkwfEkdifcJhNyDjzpfayrJh? tenf;i,f
aom 0d n mOf r sm;onf ? xk d t rsKd ; orD ; \ txJ ü tjr§ p f p G J a eojzif h
tvGeftm;BuD;vQuf &SdaecJhMuonf/ xkdusefaeaom 0dnmOfqkd;udk eifxkwfulzkdU?
qkawmif; jcif;okdU uRefawmfwkdU ZeD;armifESHudkvnf; zdwfac:cJhMuonf/
bk&m;aus;Zl; awmfaMumifh? qkawmif;jcif;tm;jzifh 0dnmOfqkd;waumifuvGJí
tjcm;aom0d n mOf q k d ; tm;vk H ; uk d armif ; xk w f E k d i f c J h M uonf / bk & m;onf
þtrsKd;orD;udk u,fwif vkdonfomru? u,fwifEkdifonfukd uRefawmfwkdU
od y gonf / ok d U jzpf í uRef a wmf w k d U ol r tm; ]]oif v G w f a jrmuf v k d y gu?
vGwfajrmufjcif; onf oifhtwGuf jzpfonf}}[k ajymjycJhMuonf/ okdUaomf?
olru? 4if;0dnmOf qkd;waumifrS vGwfajrmufvkdonfh qE´r&SdcJhacs/ trSefrSm?
24
xkd0dnmOfqkd; onf4if; trsKd;orD;xHrS xGufcGgvkdaeNyDjzpfonf/ tb,fhaMumifh
qkdaomf bk&m;ocif\ r[mwefckd;awmfudk cH&yfEkdifpGrf;r&SdaomaMumifh jzpf\/
okdUaomf xkdtrsKd;orD;ukd,fwkdifu? 0dnmOfqkd;tm; xGufoGm;cGifhrjyKcJhyg/
trsKd;orD;taejzifh olr\ tjypfudk qufNyD;qkwfudkif? zkH;tkyfxm;vkdonfjzpfí?
olrtwGuf uRefawmfwkdUawG bmrSqufvkyfvkdU r&jzpfcJhonf/ 4if;aemuf?
nykdif;wGif xkdtrsKd;orD; onf?olr\ oli,fcsif; tm; þokdY ]]igvGwfajrmuf
cGifh&cJhayrJh? ig&JUcsKyfaESmif rIxJqufNyD; aecsifyg w,f}} &ifzGifhcJhav\/
vlwOD;wa,mufonfomru? EkdifiHrsm;onfvnf; csKyfaESmifrIxuf
vGwfajrmufrIudkomí vkdcsifMuygonf/ ,aeU tcsKdUaom EkdifiH (okdU)
vlrsKd;rsm;onf? £oa&vwkdUuJhokdU? csKyfaESmifrIudkomí ESpfoufMuovkd?
olwkdUtwGuf a½G;cs,fjcif;udkvnf; tjcm;vlrsm;ukd vkyfapvkdcJhMuonf/
ok d U aomf bk & m;ocif \ EI w f u ywf a wmf ü ? aemuf q k H ; aom umvwG i f
vlta,mufwkdif;wkdUonf? rdrdwkdUukd,fwkdif a½G;cs,frIjyK&rnf taMumif;
½Sif;vifpGm azmfjyxm;onf (a,mv 3;14)/
tmrk w f 5;19 ü azmf j yonf r S m ? pD & if r I r sm;onf ocif b k & m;\
aeU&ufrwkdifrD? a&mufvmrnfhtaMumif; ]]vlonf jcaoFh&Sd&mrS ajy;í0Hukd
awGUouJhokdU4if;? tdrfxJodkU 0ifí x&Hudk rSDpOfa>rukdufouJhokdU4if; jzpfvdrhf
rnf}} þokdUrdefUrSmxm;\/ xkdwd&pämef (3) rsKd;jzpfonfh jcaoFh? 0HESifh a>rponf
wkdUuJhokdUaom tEåm&,fonf? EkdifiHwumrSm ,aeYjzpfysufae avNyDjzpfonf/
jcaoFhonf ukDvkDeDwefckd;tmPmokH;cJhMuaom t*FvefrS ausmfMum;cJhonfh
acgif;aqmifBuD;ukd ykHaqmifygonf/ 0Honf ½k½Sm;udk ykHaqmif&m? 4if;onf
uGefjrLepftmPmokH;cJhonf ausmfMum;aom acgif;aqmifyifjzpf\/ jcaoFh
(ukDvkDeDpepf) vufatmufrusa&mufcJhaom EkdifiHrsm;onf 0H (uGefjrLepfpepf)
okdU vSnfhcJhMu\/ xkdEkdifiHrsm;ESifh vlrsm;u? ,©K4if;pepf? 0g'rsm;tvkyfrjzpf
awmhonfudk jrifvmojzifh? a>r (tEådc&pf) pHokdU rMumrD vSnfhvmMuawm
rnfjzpfonf/
vGefcJhaom ESpf (55) cefUu? tmz&du&Sd EkdifiHrsm; olwdkU\ vGwfvyfa&;
pwif&&SdvmpOf? ]]tb,fhaMumifhenf;}}[laom ar;cGef;ar;zkdU? bk&m;u
uRefawmfhtm; Ekd;aqmfcJhygonf/ bk&m;\ wkefUjyefonfh tajzrSm? ]]EkdifiHrsm;
(okdU) vlrsKd;rsm;twGuf c&pfawmfESifh tEådc&pfwkdUtMum; a½G;cs,frIvGwfvyfpGm
 25
jyKEkdif&ef jzpfonf}}[lí jzpfonf/ bk&m;ocifonf ,©Ktcg? EkdifiHrsm;udk
vIyfcwfaeygNyD/ okdUrSom EkdifiH (okdU) vlrsKd;rsm;taejzifh? tb,fhaMumifh
c&pfawmfudk ra½G;bJ tEådc&pfudk a½G;cJhaMumif;ponfwkdUtwGuf? vGwfvyfrI
&Muvdrhfrnf/ EkdfifiHwkdif; vlrsKd;wkdif;ü wkdif;wyg;xJokdU uRefjyKjcif; rcH&zkdU?
a½G;cs,f&ef ukd,fykdifqkH;jzwfEkdifaom tpGrf;tpvkH;0 &SdMuygonf/
uRefawmfwkdUonf ta&;BuD;qkH;tcsdefumvü touf½SifaeMuygonf/
EkdifiHrsm;pGmrS tpkd;&tkyfcsKyfolrsm; usqif;aeonfudk jrifae&ygonf/ Oya'\
vkyfxkH;rsm;ESifh trdefUtmPmrsm;usqif^qkH;½IH;ae&m? 2ouf 2;3 ü? ½Sifaygvk\
ya&mzuf j yKcsuf jynf h p k H z k d U &ef ? 4if ; wk d U onf tEå d c &pf r ay:vmrS D
qkH;½SLH;aysmufuG,foGm;rnfjzpfaMumif;yifjzpf\/

&efoltm; ajcrkef;jcif;
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onf? ,aeUjyawmfrlaom u,fwifjcif;udk Munfh½IMuavmh}}[lí rSmMum;cJh\/
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wkdifatmif &yfwefUroGm;oifhyg/ xkdaemuf bk&m;rdefUrSm jyefonfrSm?
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pum;onf ? a½S U ok d U csD w uf & ef jzpf o nf [ k uRef a wmf , k H M unf y gonf /
xG u f a jrmuf & musrf ; (14) ü? bk & m;ocif o nf £oa&vwk d U tm;
rjzpfEkdifaomtajctaexJu aeac:xkwfcJhaMumif; awGU&onf/ bk&m;onf?
yif v ,f e D u k d xuf j crf ; cG J u m? £oa&vwk d U tm; jzwf a vQmuf a pcJ h N yD ;
zga&mbk&ifESifh ppfonfrsm;ukdrl yifv,fxJü zsufqD;cJhav\/ uRefawmf
wkdUonf ,kHMunfjcif;jzifh a½SUokdUcsDwufygu? uRefawmfwkdU\ &efolukd
bk&m;zsufqD;Ekdifygonf/ xkdUtwGuf £oa&vwkdUonf ]]xm0&bk&m;onf
bkef;yGifhvQuf atmifyGJcHawmfrlonfjzpfí? ukd,fawmfudktm; oDcsif;qkdygtHh}}
(xGuf 15;1) [k csD;rGrf;cJhMuovkd? uRefawmfwkdUonfvnf; qkdEkdifMurnfom
jzpfonf/
26
csKyfaESmifjcif;rsm;xJrS uRefawmfwkdU vGwfajrmuf&ygrnf/ okdUrSomvQif
uRefawmfwkdUonf bk&m;ocif\ omoemvkyfief;rsm;ukd NyD;pD;vkyfaqmifEkdif
rnfjzpfovdk? Ekd;xrIqkdif&mvnf; jrnf;prf;cHpm;&ayrnf/ tJ*kwåKwkdU\
csKyfaESmifjcif; rysufrqD;rcsif;? £oa&vwkdUonf olwkdU\ tarG*wdawmfudk
&,lMurnfr[kwfay/ EkdifiHwkdif;twGuf *wdawmftarG&SdMu&m? 4if;udk&,lzkdU
onf a½S;OD;pGm uRefawmfwkdU\ csKyfaESmifrsm;udk ½Sifxkwfypf&ygrnf/
bk&m;ocifonf? ,aeUolUvlrsKd;udk ajymaeonfrSm? ]]oifxavmh/ vif;avmh/
oif\ tvif;a&mufvmNyD;}} [lí jzpfonf/ (a[½Sm, uRefawmfwkdU\
csKyfaESmifrIrsm;udk jzKwfcsypfum? ppfwkduf&ygrnf/ 4if;ppfonf? rdwfaqG\
b0toufwm? rdom;pktajctae? toif;awmf? a'ocHvlpkESifh tkyfpkd;ae aom
0dnmOfqkd;rsm;ponfwkdUrS wckckjzpfEkdifygonf/ csKyfaESmifrIESifh ½IyfaxG;
rIwckcsif;wkdUudk rz,f½Sm;rcsif; tem;,lí r&acs/ vGwfajrmufjcif;ESifh
pyfvsOf;í? ,©KyifvQif rdwfaqG\ ESvkH;om;xJü pwifum? tvkyfvkyfaeNyD[k
uRefawmf,kHMunfygonf/
bk&m;ocifonf uRefawmfwkdUtm; atmufygtqifhrsm;udkvkdufem?
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odem;vnf&ygrnf/ uRefawmfukd,fwkdifu? csKyfaESmifrIxJqufvuf&Sdaeygu?
olwyg;tm; vGwfajrmufapjcif;rjyKEkdifonfukdvnf; odxm;&rnf/ bk&m;
ocifxH pwifumjrnfwrf;jcif;jyK&rnf/ xkdUaemuf vkyfaqmifrItwGuf
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trSefyif/ rdrd\ pdwfESvkH;uae? &efoltm; tpOftNrJwkdufcdkufae rnfqkdygu?
atmifjrifrIvkH;0&&Sdayrnf/ xkdtcg? rdwfaqGonf? csKyfaESmifrIrsm;ESifh
aESmuf,SufrIrsm; tm;vkH;ysufqD;onfukd jrif&rSm jzpfonf/ rdwfaqG onf?
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NyKdvJrnfjzpf\/ bk&m;\ owif;pum;onf vGwfajrmufjcif; yifjzpf\/
]]ighvlwkdUonf awmü ightm;0wfjyKrnftaMumif;? olwkdUudk vTwfavmh}}/
 27
csKyfaESmifrIrsm;udk ajz½Sif;jcif;
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bk&m;pum;ajymvmcJhonfrSm? MumcJhygNyD/ tu,fí rdwfaqG\ rdom;pkwGif
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wkdufxkwfum? atmifjrifjcif;wefcdk;awmfxJrSm touf½SifavQmufvSrf;yg/
þpmtkyfukd zwf½Iaeaom rdwfaqGrsm;xJrS tcsKdUaom rdom;pkwGif
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oif;tkyfq&mESifh oif;axmufrsm; rdwfaqGwkdU\ toif;awmfonf
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toif;awmfü a[majymyg/ okdUygrS rdwfaqG\ toif;ol^om;rsm;tm;
0dnmOfwu dk yf o
JG Udk ac:oGi;f Ekid yf gvdrrhf nf/ Ekid if t
H awmfrsm;rsm;wGif obm0qkid &f m
wHwkdif;rsm;NyKdvJoGm;cJhNyDjzpfaomfvnf;? ,©Ktcsdefumvonf 0dnmOfqkdif&m
wH w k d i f ; rsm; NzKd c saeaom tcsd e f j zpf y gonf / þonf Ek d i f i H r sm;pG m wG i f
28
vlxktiftm;ESifh tpOfwpkdufwkdufckdufjcif; jyKvmcJhMuojzifh csKyfaESmifrI\
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(okdU) wefcdk;tm;jzifh r[kwfbJ? bk&m;\bdoduftm;jzifhomvQif csKyfaESmifrIrsm;?
rwnfNidrfapaom t&mrsm;ESifh aESmuf,Sufaom yk*dK¾ vfrsm;vJNyKdvdrfhrnfjzpf\/
wcsKdUaom EkdifiHawGrSm? obm0qkdif&m csKyfaESmifrIESifh tusOf;axmifrS
xGufvmolrsm;onf olwkdU\ EkdifiHü tpkd;&tkyfcsKyfa&; u@rSmyifvQif?
vkyfukdifMuolrsm;tm; awGUjrifcJhMu&onf/ xkdenf;wl? ,©Ktoif;awmf
onfvnf;yJ 0dnmOfqkdif&m csKyfaESmifrIrsm;rS Ekd;xum? olwkdU\ EkdifiHESifh
vlxktm; OD;aqmifvrf;jy&ef jzpfoifhonfr[kwfygvm;/

aumif;BuD;ESifh yGm;rsm;jcif;
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onf &dwfodrf;aom ocifjzpf&m? &dwfodrf;onfhtcg &dwfodrf;&onfh
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(3000) a,muf&SdaMumif;jzpf&m? 4if;wkdUonf uRefawmfwkdU\ toif;ol^om;
ta&twGuf jzpfonfukd odcJhMuonf/
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rd w f a qG \ toif ; awmf u d k wk d ; yG m ;rsm;jym;apvd r f h r nf u d k ,k H M unf y g/
uRefawmfwkdUonf? tmjA[H\ om;orD;rsm;jzpfMu&m? bk&m;u tmjA[Htm;
 29
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jyKrnfjzpfonf/ okdUjzpfí &dwfodrf;aom ocifonf? toif;awmfrsm;wGif
toif;ol^om;rsm; jynfhvQHonfudkjrifNyD; auseyftm;&rnfr[kwfygavm/

u,fvTwfjcif;ESifh Ekd;xjcif;
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uRefawmfwkdU awGUjrifae&ygonf/ þaemufqkH; umvü arSmifrkdufonf
avmuBuD;ukd zkH;tkyfaeojzifh? bk&m;ocif\ bkef;awmfonf toif;awmf
tay: xif ½ S m ;vmayvd r h f r nf / bk & m;ocif \ owif ; pum;awmf rS m ?
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jzpfonf/ bk&m;ocifonf rdwfaqG\ ajcukdatmifjrifaom ajcvSrf;ü?
vSrf;apNyD[k uRefawmf,kHMunf ygonf/ xkdrQru? bk&m;onf rdwfaqGtm;
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u,fEkwfjcif;ESifh Ekd;xrIwkdUukd rdwfaqGjrifawGUcHpm;Ekdifay vdrfhrnfjzpfownf;/
30

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 31
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32
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rsm;rMumrDa&mufvmawmhrnfh Ekd;xrIonf? wJawmfyGJtm;jzifh ykHaqmifxm;
ygonf/

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 33
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34
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yocgyGJrSmbJ? a,mf'efudkjzwfum? *wdawmfjynfokdU0ifa&mufcJh\ (a,m½I
 35
5;10)/ a,ZausvESifh a[ma½SwdkU\ xl;jcm;aom Ekd;xrIonfvnf;?
yocgyGJcsdefrSmbJ jzpfygonf (6&m 30;1? 4&m 23;21-22)/ jyefvnfxl
axmifaom umvtwGif; {Z&usif;yaom yGJawmfonfvnf; yocgyGJyJjzpf
onf ({Z& 6;19)/ "r®a[mif;umvwavQmufvkH;ü bk&m;ocifapvTwfaom
Ekd;xrIrsm;onf? yocgyGJtay: tajccHxm;aMumif; awGU&onf/ xkdumv?
xkdtaMumif;t&mudk bk&m;ocif\ okd;oli,f? a,½I\ taocHjcif;tm;jzifh
NyD;jynfhpkHapcJhavNyDjzpfonf/ c&pfawmf vuf0g;uyfwkdifrSm taocHcJhonfh
tcsdefonfvnf; yocgyGJcsdefwGifyifjzpf\/ (a,m[ef 19;13-16)

yifawukawåyGJawmf
yocgyGJusif;yNyD;aemuf? tjcm;yGJawmfonf *sL;jyu©'deft&? (3)vajrmuf
wGif jyKvkyfusif;yaom yifawukawåyGJjzpfonf/ 4if;yGJonf tJ*kwåKrS
xGufcGmvmNyD;aemuf odeawmifokdU a&mufvmaomtcg? yxrOD;qkH;usif;y
cJhonfh yGJwyGJjzpfonf (xGuf 19;1-2)/ odeawmifwGif bk&m;ocif\
rsufarSmufawmfonf rD;tjzpfqif;ouf&m? olwkdUawG bk&m;\ toHawmfudk
Mum;cJhMuovkd? bk&m;\ rpauR;arG;jcif;? edrdwfvu©Pmrsm;? tema&m*g
Nidrf;jcif;ESifh tjcm;rsm;pGmaom aumif;BuD;rsm;udk &&SdcJhMuonf/ þyGJawmfonf?
wrefawmf tcef;BuD; (2) ü azmfjyonf yifawukawåaeUwGif ueOD;toif;
awmftaejzifh yxrOD;qk;H BuKHawGUcJ&h aom oefU½Si;f aom 0dnmOfawmfü ESpjf cif;ukd
qkdvkdygonf/ £oa&vwkdU awGUBuKHcJhMuovkd? ,©KuRefawmf wkdUonfvnf;
0dnmOfawmf\ ESpfjcif;tm;jzifh &,lEkdifygonf/
t*FvefEkdifiH\ awmifbuf&Sd awmifwef;wckrSm? uRefawmf 0dnmOfawmfü
ESpfjcif;,lcJhonfukd ,©KxdtrSwf&aeygonf/ tjcm;aom bmompum;ajym
qk d o nf o mru? 4if ; nwG i f bk & m;ocif \ rD ; avmif u Rrf ; rI a Mumif h
uRef a wmf c E¨ m ud k , f u k d uRef a wmf x d í r&yif j zpf c J h o nf / ueOD ; toif ;
awmfonf? ESpfjcif;q&ma,m[efajymcJhonfh (oefU&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfESifh4if;
rD;ESifh4if; AwdåZHay;rnf) taMumif; em;vnfcJhMu\/
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36
yifawukawå[k rSnfhac:&jcif;onf? yocgyGJusif;yNyD;aemuf &ufaygif; (50)
jynfhonfhtcg? usif;ycJhaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ ]]ig;q,f}}onf *sKAvD\
eHygwfjzpf&m? 4if;*sKAvDonf vTwfajrmufjcif;ESifh jyefvnfxlaxmifjcif;
t"dyÜg,f&Sd\ (0wf? tcef;BuD; 25)/ 0dnmOfawmfü ESpfjcif;\ tusKd;&v'frsm;
tcsKdUwkdUESifh udkufnDaeaom tcsufrsm;&Sdaeygonf/
0wf 23;16-17 ü? yifawukawåaeUrSm £oa&vwdkUonf waq;
rygaom rkefUukdzkwfí ylaZmfouúmtjzpf bk&m;xH ylaZmfMu\/ waq;onf
tjypfESifh rSm;,Gif;aom oGefoifcsufukd qkdvkdaMumif; trSwf&rSmyg/ 4if;0dnmOf
awmf ü ES p f j cif ; onf jzLpif ? oef U ½S i f ; ol w k d U twG u f o m xd e f ; od r f ;
xm;jcif ; r[k w f a Mumif ; azmf j yaeygonf / þt&mtwG u f aum&d E å K
toif;awmfonf? om"u aumif;wckjzpf\/ tb,fhaMumifh qkdaomf?
þtoif;awmfonf? tvGef&ifhusufonf[k xifp&m&SdayrJh? oefU½Sif;aom
toif ; awmf t jzpf r S a0;uG m vQuf &S d \ / 0d n mOf a wmf ü ES p f j cif ; onf
oefY½Sif;olwkdUtm;om ay;jcif;r[kwfbJ? oefU½Sif;jcif;udk½Smaom olwkdUtm;
ulrzkdU&ef 0dnmOfawmfudk vkdvm;aom ,kHMunfolrsm;ukdvnf; ay;ygonf/
tb,fhaMumifh yifawukawåqkdif&mESifh edrdwfvu©Pm vIyf½Sm;rIcH,laom
toif;awmfrsm;wGif a&maESmrIrsm; &Sdaeonfudk oabmaygufzkdUtvkdUXg
txufygtaMumif; t&mtm; em;vnfxm;&ef vkdtyfygonf/ tjypf?
rSm;,Gif;aom cH,lcsuf? rSm;,Gif;aom ukd;uG,frIESifh tjcm;? tjcm;aom
rSm;,Gi;f rIrsKd;pk&H adS eayrJ?h 4if;ae&mwGif bk&m;\ wefc;dk &SEd idk o
f nf/ odeawmifwiG f
r[mwefcdk;awmfjzifh xif½Sm;aom bk&m;ocifESifh arma½SY qkHawGUaecsdef?
awmif a jcwG i f £oa&vwk d U onf EG m ;½k y f w k u k d xk v k y f u k d ; uG , f um?
BuD;av;aom tjypfrsKd;usL;vGefaecJhMuonf/ xkdenf;wl? ,aeUtcsKdU aom
yif a wuk a wå t oif ; awmf r sm;wG i f pnf ; urf ; rJ h a om uk d ; uG , f r I E S i f h
0dnmOftrsKd;rsKd;\ a&maESmrIrsm;&Sdaeygonf/
vGefcJhonf ESpfaygifrsm;pGmu uRefawmfonf qGdZveftoif;awmfwckrSm
&SdaecJhygonf/ 0wfjyKukd;uG,frIwckü yg0ifaepOf bk&m;onf uRefawmfrsufvkH;
ukd zGifhay;cJh&m? vrf;\wbufab;rSm? bk&m;\ aumif;uif wrefwyg;ESifh
tjcm;wbufab;rSm? usqif;aom aumif;uifwrefwyg; wkdU&yfaeonfudk
jrifawGUcJh&onf/ wcgw&H xkdoefU½Sif;aom aumif;uif wrefu? tpnf;
 37
ta0;ukd OD;aqmifaeoltm;jzifh yv’ifay:okdU wufum? vlawGudk tapcHav
\/ ok d U aomf wcgw&H r S m ? 4if ; oef U ½S i f ; aom aumif ; uif w ref o nf
aemufjyefqkwfoGm;onfhtcg? qkd;aom aumif;uif wrefu? yv’ifay:okdU
wufum? acgif;aqmiftm;jzifh tpnf;ta0;ukd OD;aqmifñGefMum; jcif;jyKwwf
\/ tb,fhaMumifh þokdUjzpf&oenf;[lrlum;? toif;ol^om; rsm;onf
ocifa,½IaemufodkU t<uif;rJhvkdufaom ,kHMunfjcif;r&Sdojzifh toif;awmf
rSm? tjypf&Sdaejcif;aMumifhyg/ toif;awmfrsm;rSm? þokdUuGJjym; rIjzpfyGm;jcif;ukd
jrifawGUvmcJh&m? 0wfjyKukd; csdeftwGif;rSmwifrubJ? w&m;a[maecsdefrSm
yifvQif jzpfwwfaMumif;jrif cJh&ygonf/ uRefawmfwkdU acgif;aqmifrsm;
tb,fhaMumifh þuJhokdUjzpfEkdif onfukd em;vnfxm;zkdU vkdtyfvSygonf/

"r®opfumv\ Ekd;xrIrsm;
uRefawmfwkdU "r®opftoif;awmfumva&mufvmawmh? Ekd;xrIrsm;onf
yif a wuk a wå u k d A[k d j yK0ef ; &H x m;aMumif od & onf / yif a wuk a wå a eU?
toif;awmfpwifaom tcsdefrSpí 0dnmOfawmfü ESpfjcif;ESifh bk&m;ocif\
wef;ckd;wkdUonf bk&m;ocif\ óoemvkyfief;udk wkd;yGm;rIjzpfaponf/
a,½k½SvifrS Ekd;xrIrsm; (wrefawmf 2-4)? ½Srm&djynfü (wrefawmf 8)?
aumaevd\ aetdrfü (wrefawmf 10) ESifh wrefawmf0w¦KwckvkH;ü Ekd;xrIrsm;
qufvufjzpfyGm;cJh&m? 4if;wkdYtm;vkH;onf 0dnmOfawmfbk&m;\ wefckd;jzifh
edrdwfvu©PmESifh ESpfjcif;rsm;tay: tajccHaeaMumif;awGU&onf/
toif;awmforkdif;ü? ueOD;toif;awmfonf &mpkESpfrsm;pGmtwGuf
yifawukawåqkdif&m? oefY½Sif;aom 0dnmOfawmfwefcdk;\ ykH&dyfjzpfcJhonf/
ok d U aomf v nf ; uG e f p wif w d k i f ; Constantine bk & if \
acwfa&mufvmonfhtcg? a&mr tifyg,mwckvkH;ukd c&pf,mefEkdifiHtjzpf
owfrSwfNyD;? toif;awmf\ 0dnmOfqkdif&m wefckd;udkokH;um? rSm;,Gif;aom
cH,lcsufESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;qkdif&m pepfukd pwiftpm;xkd;cJhMu\/ 4if;onf
wjznf ; jznf ; ES i f h a&mrbk e f ; awmf B uD ; rsm;\ tok d i f ; t0ef ; xJ o k d U
ysufjym;pD;0ifvmcJ&h m? aemufq;Hk bke;f awmfBuD;u Ekid if EH iS hf bk&iftay:rSmyifvQif
tk y f c sKyf v k d o nf h tqif h o k d U a&muf & S d c J h \ / bmoma&;qk d i f & mES i f h
avmuorkdif;wkdUu at'D 500 rS 1500 txdukd ]]tarSmifumv}}[k
38
rSnfhac:cJhMuonf/ okdUaomf bk&m;ocif\ r[m*½kPmawmfonf qufí
oGeaf vmif;cJo h jzif?h 4if;&mpkEpS rf sm;pGm rwlnaD om Ekid if EH iS hf vlrsKd;pkrsm;Mum;Ek;d x
rIrsm;jzpfyGm;cJhygonf/ ,©KuRefawmfwkdU\ umvü bk&m;onf edrdwfvu©Pm
vIyf½Sm;rI topftm; jzifh yifawukawå\ wefckd;awmfudk tokH;jyKum?
ajrmufrsm;pGm aom c&pf,mefrsm;udk jyefvnfysKd;axmif ay;aeygonf/
0dnmOfqkaus;Zl;jzihf edrdwfvu©PmjyKaom vIyf½Sm;rIwkdU\ tpykdif;ü
bk&m;ocifonf uRefawmfhtm; ½lyg½kHwckay;cJhonf/ pyg;&dwfodrf;&m
umvtwGif; a,m'efjrpfonf jrpfzsmtoD;oD;jzihf pD;qif;oGm;onfudk
jrifcJh&onf/ zsmxGufvmaom jrpfa&onf us,fysHvmum? 4if;jrpfonf zsmí
pD;qif;oGm;av&m? oJuEåm&wkdif;udk pdrf;vef;pkdajytouf0ifvmapcJh\/
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a,m'ef j rpf a &BuD ; í vQH c J h o uJ h o k d Y y if jzpf a prnf h t aMumif ; jzpf o nf /
qkaus;Zl;qkdif&m aumif;BuD;onf? yifawukawåqkdif&m ao;i,fvSaom
toif;awmfjrpfacsmif;rsm;rSwqifh ajrmufrsm;pGmaom *kP d ;f *P toif;awmfoUdk
topfaom toufwmESifh Ekd;xrIrsm; o,faqmifvmcJh ygonf/ okdUaomf
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jrpf a &rsm;onf avsmh e nf ; vmNyD ; ? e*k d j rpf a csmif ; i,f o k d Y jyef v S n f h u m
pD;oGm;onf/ okdUaomfvnf; a&onf[kdem;? 'Dem;rSm a&tkdifi,frsm; oD;oefU
usef&pftkdifaecJhNyD;? aemufykdif;4if;a&tkdifwkdUonf ½GHUEGHU? npfywfaom
a&tkdifjzpfygum? aemufqkH;rSmawmh vkH;0yifajcmufaoGUonfudk xyfrHjrifcJh&
onf/ 4if;tm; bk&m;½SifjycJhonfrSm? 0dnmOfqkaus;Zl;tm;jzifh topfjyK
jyifjcif;cHcJh&aom vlawG? toif;awmfawGonf Mum½SnfpGm r&yfwnfEkdifcJhMu
onfh taMumif;yifjzpf\/ 4if;Ekd;xrI\ aumif;BuD;onf tcsdefumvwckrQ
pD;qif;cJhayrJh? Mum½SnfpGm r&yfwnfEkdifojzifh? ajrmufrsm;pGmaom toif;awmf
rsm;onf txD;usef? ajcmufaoGYrIESifh awmifwifrIrsm;jzpf vmjyefonf/
jrpfa&BuD;jcif;\ &nf½G,fcsufonf a0;vHacgif;yg;aom a'orS vlawGukd
þaemufqkH;umvü bk&m;ocif\ t"dujrpfrBuD;xJokdY qufvufykdU
aqmifzkdY&ef jzpfav\/
yocgyG J o nf u,f w if j cif ; tawG U tBuKH u d k uk d , f p m;jyKaeNyD ; ?
u,fwifjcif;&NyD;aemuf uRefawmfwkdUonf 0dnmOfa&;ü wkd;wufvmum?
 39
0dnmOfawmf\ yifawukawåESpfjcif;cH,lzkdU vkdtyfaMumif; od&Sd&ygonf/
,kHMunfoltcsKdUonf 0dnmOfawmfudk vufcH&&SdonfESifh 0dnmOfa&;&mü
&if h u suf r I t qif h u d k &NyD [ k , l q wwf M u\/ trS e f r S m ? yif a wuk a wå
tawGUtBuKHonf? bk&m;u uRefawmfwkdUtwGuf bmawGjyifqifxm;onfudk
&&SdzkdUtpjyKvkdufjcif;oufoufrQom jzpfonf/ a[NAJ 6;1 ü? þokdUqkdxm;
onf ]]AwåZHw&m;udk oGefoifjcif;? xm0&pD&ifqkH;jzwfjcif;wnf;[laom
rlvtjrpfukd igwkUd onfjyefí rwnfb?J c&pfawmf\ bmomü tptOD;jzpfaom
taMumif;t&mwkUd udx k m;í pkv H ifaomtjzpfoUdk wufMuuket f /hH }} oefU½Si;f aom
0d n mOf a wmf \ ES p f j cif ; onf uRef a wmf w k d U \ 0d n mOf a &; touf w mü
tajccHtkwfjrpfwckrQom jzpfygonf/ xkdUaMumifh tu,fí uRefawmfwkdU
taejzifh vkH;0jynfpkHaom &ifhusufrIokdU qufoGm;vkdygu? 4if;tajccHtkwfjrpf
rsm;tay: wnfaqmufum BuD;xGm;&ygrnf/

wJawmfyGJrsm;ESifh ckESpfvajrmufü usif;yaomyGJrsm;

wwd,trsKd;tpm;yGJawmfrsm;udk £oa&vwkdU\ bmoma&;jyu©'deft&?
ckEpS v
f ajrmufü usif;yavh&odS nf/ yljyif;í ajcmufaoGUaom aEGO;D umv jzpf&m?
4if;&moDwGif £oa&vwkdUü bmoma&;yGJopfawGr&Sd Muacs/ okdUaomf
qufvufí aumufyJoD;ESH&dwfodrf;&m umvjzpf&SdcJhav\/ þtaMumif;
t&mrsm;onf? umv½SnfMumNyD; aoGUajcmufaom toif;awmfumv\
tv,fykdif;&mpkESpfrsm;ukd ykHEdIifí &Ekdifygonf/ 4if;&mpkESpfrsm;twGif;ü
toif;awmftaejzifh 0dnmOfykdif;qkdif&m tawGUtBuKHopfrsm; rcHpm;cJhMu
aomfjim;vnf; aumuf&dwfjcif;rsm;ESifh wkd;yGm;BuD;xGm;jcif;rsm; qufvufjzpf
yGm;cJh\/
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yGJawmfopfrsm;a&mufvmygawmhonf (0wfjyK 23;23-43)/ 4if;vxJü
wHykd;rIwfyGJ? tjypfajz&m ,ZfylaZmfaomyGJESifh wJawmfyGJ[lí yGJawmf (3) rsKd;?
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aemufqkH;yGJawmf? wJawmfyGJ[k ac:wGifEkdifygonf/
40
wH y k d ; rI w f y G J
0wfjyK 23;24 ü? owårv\ yxraeY&ufwGif £oa&vwkdUtaejzifh
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xl;jcm;csufrsm;udk od&SdbkdUtvkdUiSg awmvnf&musrf; tcef;BuD; (10)ukd
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trsKd;rsKd;&Sd\/ 4if;wkdUteuf? yxr&nf½G,fcsufonf? tcef;i,f (2)t&?
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azmfjyxm;onf/ 4if;aiGwHykd;rIwfvkdufonfhtcg? £oa&vvlrsKd;tm;vkH;onf
wJawmfwGif vma&mufpk½kH;Mu&efESifh bk&m;xHrS a½SUc&D;twGuf vrf;ñGefrIukd
&&Sd&ef apmifhqkdif;Mu&\/ þwHykd;rIwfjcif;yGJawmfonf? urÇmhorkdif;\
tcsdefumv qkdif&mt&? uRefawmfwdkU\ acwfü jynfhpkHcJhavNyDjzpfonf/
þonf 1948 ckESpfü? urÇmhw0Srf;&Sd £oa&vvlrsKd;rsm;? jyefvnfpk½kH;NyD;?
olwkdU\ EkdifiHudk wzefxlaxmifcJhMuaMumif;yifjzpf\/
aiGwyH ;dk rIwjf cif;\ 'kw, d ? &nf½,G cf sufrmS 0wfjyK 10;2 t&? ]]wyfwUdk onf
csDoGm;&Murnf}} [líjzpfonf/ urÇmhordkif;ü bk&m;ocifonf ol\
tBuH t pnf r sm;uk d quf v uf v k y f a qmif a eovk d ? vk y f a qmif a eorQud k
jynf h p k H a paeygonf / Oyrm? *sL;vl r sKd ; rsm;ud k oef U ½S i f ; aom
ajrokdUjyefvnfykdUaqmifchJjcif;yifjzpf\/ þuJhokdU *sL;vlrsKd;wkdUjynfawmfukd
jyefvnfxlaxmifapjcif;onf rMumrDa&mufvmrnfh ESpfaygif; (1000) twGuf
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4if;ESpf (1000) umvü c&pfawmfonf avmuokdU wzef<uqif; vmNyD;
a,½k½SvifwGif tajccsum? urÇmudk tkyfpkd;rnf jzpfownf;/
0wfjyK&m 10;9 t&? aiGwHykd;rIwfjcif;\ wwd,&nf½G,fcsufonf?
ppftwGuf wyfvSnfhaomtaejzifh toHjyKjcif;jzpf\/ þppftawGUtBuKHrsKd;udk
£oa&vvlrsKd;wkdUonf 1948 ckESpfü EkdifiHawmfudk jyefvnfxlaxmifaom
tcsdefrSpí &ifqkdifBuKHawGUvmcJhMuonf/ olwkdU\ ppfonfrNidrf;ao;acs/
tb,faMumifq h adk omf olwUdk &efo?l tdref ;D em;csif;jzpfMuaom tm&yfEidk if H rsm;ESihf
usrf ; pmü azmf j yxm;onf h zd v d w å d a c:ygvuf p wk d i f ; wk d U ES i f h ,aeUwk d i f
qufvufwkdufckdufae&Muonf/
txufygavhvmcsufudk okH;oyfMunfhygu? 4if;wHykd;rIwfyGJawmf\
 41
jynfhpkHrIonf? tcsdefumvykdif;jcm;jcif;qkdif&mt&? uRefawmfwkdUacwfü
jynfhpkHaeNyDjzpfonfudk em;vnf&ygonf/ obm0qkdif&m £oa&vonf
trsKd;tpm;wck (okdU) 0dnmOfqkdif&m £oa&vwnf;[laom toif;awmfü?
bk&m;ocif\ vkyfaqmifaeaom vu©Pmwckyifjzpf\ (1aum 15;46)/
1948 ckESpfü? £oa&vwkdUtaejzifh EkdifiHwckpwifjzpfvmonfhtcg?
wbufrSm bk&m;ocifonfvnf; Edk;xrIwefckd;udk pwifapvTwfojzifh?
4if;tm;jzifh ajrmufrsm;pGmaom {0Ha*vdq&m^rBuD;rsm;ay: xGef;apjcif;ESifh
atmifjrifxda&mufaom omoemvkyfief;rsm;aygufzGm;apjcif;wkdUjzpfcJhonf/
wHykd;rIwfyGJawmfonf? ,©Ktcgqufvufí 0dnmOfa&;t& jynfhpkH&ygrnf/
4if;twGuf bk&m;ocif\ tapcH? trIawmfaqmifrsm;onf urÇmhtESHokdU
vS n f h v nf u m? bk & m;ocif \ wd u saom owif ; aumif ; awmf u d k
a0iSa[majymjcif;wnf;[laom wHykd;udk rIwfaeMuygonf/ þokdUjyKjcif;jzifh
vl a wG o wif ; pum;uk d M um;NyD ; ? bk & m;ocif x H r S topf j yKjyif r I E S i f h
b,fvkdtouf½Sif&rnf[lonfh ñGefMum;rIwkdUudk &&SdMurnf/ þt&monf
,aeUurÇmwckvkH;tm; bk&m;rdefUrSmaeaom t&myifjzpfonf/ bk&m;onf
ol\toif;awmftm; a½SUokdUqufNyD;wkd;um vkyfaqmifapvkd\/ bk&m;ocif
onf ol \ toif ; awmf t m; a[NAJ 6;1-2 rS cH , l c suf r sm;rS w qif h
]]pkHvifjcif;okdU csDwuf}} apvkdygonf/ xkdenf;wl? wHykd;u toif;awmftm;
avmurSm jzpfvmrnfh ppfrsm;twGuf owday;Ekd;aqmfjcif;vnf;jzpfonf/
xk d r Qru? 0d n mOf q k d i f & m ppf y G J r sm;ud k v nf ; bk & m;\ppf o nf r sm;onf
wkdufckdufatmifjrifum EkdifiHwkdif;wGif Ekd;xrIukd o,faqmifvmzkdU jzpf\/

tjypfajz&m,ZfylaZmfaomaeU
aemufxyfyGJawmfwckonf? tjypfajz&m,ZfylaZmfaom yGJjzpf&m? 4if;onf
*sL;wkdUtbkdU wESpfywfvkH;\ yGJawmfrsm;xJrS tjrifhjrwfqkH;aom yGJwckjzpf\/
0wfjyK&m 23;27 ü? þokdU ]]owårv? 'oraeUonfvnf; tjypfajz&maeU?
"r®pnf;a0;jcif;jyKaom aeUjzpf\/ NcKdNcHpGm usifh&rnf}} [k a&;xm;onf/
4if;yGJonf (10) &ufajrmufaeUü usif;y&jcif;onf? 'ku© (10) rsKd;tm;jzifh
pkHprf;jcif;udk ykHaqmifaeygonf/ þt&monf £oa&vwkdU oJuEåm&awmü
pkHprf;jcif; (10) rsKd;awGUBuKHcJhMuonfudkvnf; qkdEkdifygonf/ 'Ha,v 1;12ukd
42
zwf o nf h t cg? ]]tuREk f y f w k d U ud k q,f & uf y wf v k H ; ay;prf ; yg}}[l í 4if ; ?
Asm'dwfusrf; 2;10 ü? ]]oifwkdUonf q,f&ufywfvkH; qif;&J'ku©udk cH&Muvdrfh
rnf}} [lí4if; a&;xm;\/ þtjypfajz&myGJaeUü *sL;rsm;wkdUonf 'ku©ESifh
tcuf t cJ r sm;ud k jzwf a usmf & Muojzif h ol w k d U awG tpma½S m if j cif ; ES i f h
qkawmif;jcif;jyKcJhMu&\/ 0wfjyK&musrf; tcef;BuD; (16) ü? 4if;tjypf
ajz&myGJaeUtaMumif;ykdrkdavhvmod&SdEkdifygonf/ tjrifhqkH;aom ,Zfya&m[dwf
onf vlrsKd;wckvkH;\ tjypftwGuf ylaZmfouúmrsm; ylaZmfjcif; ESifh tjypf
ajz&m,ZfylaZmfjcif;wkdUjyK&\/
c&pf,mefrsm;twGufrSm? tjypfajz&myGJawmfaeUonf a&mr 6;6 ü
azmf j yovk d tjypf r S oef U pif j cif ; cH , l u m? touf ½ S i f a om ,Zf t jzif h
touf½Sifjcif;xJokdU 0ifa&mufonfudk qkdvkdyg\/ toif;awmftwGufrSm?
4if;onf oefUpifjcif;udk qkdvkdonf/ þt&monf? ,©KumvrukefqkH;rD
toif;awmfu? {zuf 5;27 ESifh Asm'dwf 19;7-8 wkdUwGif azmfjyxm;ovkd?
oefU&Sif;aom owkdUorD;jzpfvmrnfhtaMumif;yif jzpfav\/
acwftcsdefumvqkdif&mt&? ,©KyifvQif uRefawmfwkdUonf? tjypfajz&m
aeU&uf x J r S m &S d a eonf [ k ,k H M unf y gonf / 4if ; onf 1973 ck E S p f r S
pwifcJhavNyD/ xkdESpfü uRefawmfwkdUawGonf ta½SUtv,fykdif;EkdifiHrsm;wGif
vSnfhvnfum? tpnf;ta0;rsm; usif;ycJh&m? tpöa&;EkdifiHudk a&mufawmh
oHvGifawmifay:&Sd wnf;ckdcef;wckwGif wnf;ckdcJhMuygonf/ bk&m;ocif\
xl ; jcm;aom rsuf a rS m uf a wmf o nf wnf ; ck d c ef ; xJ a &muf & S d v mum?
bk & m;ocif o nf tpö a &;Ek d i f i H t aejzif h BuKH a wG U &rnf h ppf y G J E S i f h t jcm;
ab;tEå&m,frsm; &ifqkdif&rnfhtaMumif; uRefawmfhtm; azmfjycJhonf/
4if;aemufrsm; rMumrD? &ufykdif;rSmyifvQif? tm&yfEkdifiHrsm;\ AkHrqifhqkdif;rqifh
wkdufckdufrIukd tpöa&;wkdU &ifqkdifcJhMuonf/ 4if;ppfonf tjypfajz&myGJaeUü
pwifwkdufcdkufaom ,GrfuDyfyGm(&f) (Yom Kippur) ppfyGJyifjzpfonf/
xkdtcsdefü £oa&vwkdU pwif&ifqkdifBuKHawGU&aom 'ku©rsm;onf?
uRef a wmf w k d U twG u f vu© P mwck y if j zpf o nf / 4if ; vu© P monf ?
urÇmwckvkH;udk 'ku©rsm;ESifh tcuftcJab;trsKd;rsKd;&ifqkdifapjcif;tm;jzifh
oefUpifrIESifh tjypfajz&mjyKrI jzpfapcJhav\/ 4if;aemuf 1974 ckESpfxJrSm?
bk&m;ocifonf uRefawmftm; ½Si;f vif;jywfom;pGm rSmMum;cJo h nfrmS ? ]]igonf
 43
jrifhaomae&m? yk*dK¾ vfrsm;\ tjypfukd azmfjyNyD;? EkdifiHrsm;pGmrS acgif;aqmifrsm;udk
z,f½Sm;rnf}}[lí jzpfonf/ 4if;aemufESpfESpfMumonfhtcg? EkdifiHrsm;pGmrS
acgif;aqmifrsm;\ tjypfrsm;udk bk&m;ocifonf xif½Sm;azmfjy um?
acgif;aqmif (30) cefUudk olwkdU\ &mxl;rS jzKwfcscJhonf/ xkdacgif;aqmif
rsm;teuf ? tar&d u ? or® w epf q if ? jyif o pf o r® w ? yG r f y D ' D , k d E S i f h
*smreDEkdifiHtBuD;tuJ 0DvDb&efUwkdUvnf; yg0ifonf/ xkdUaemufrSmawmh
wzefrSmMum;onfrSm? ]],©K?igonf ightoif;awmf\ tjypfukd xif½Sm;aprnf/
4if;tjypftwGuf pD&ifum? z,f½Sm;rnf}}[lí jzpfonf/ þt&monf
rsm;rMumrDuyifvQif bk&m;jyKcJhaom t&mjzpfygonf/ bk&m;onf tjypfrsm;udk
xif½Sm;apí uRefawmfwkdUawGudk oefU½Sif;jcif;ESifh oefUpifjcif; twGuf
vk y f a qmif & ef ajymMum;cJ h y gonf / bk & m;ocif o nf uRef a wmf w k d U \
twGif;0dnmOfykdif;ukd oefUpifapojzifh toif;awmfonf? tjypfajz&m ,ZfyGJ\
0dnmOfqkdif&m jynfhpkHjcif;okdU 0ifa&mufapvkdonf/ okdUrSomvQif uRefawmf
wkdUonf aemufqkH;yGJawmfjzpfonfh wJawmfyGJokdU 0ifa&mufjrnf;prf; cHpm;&ef
tqif o if h j zpf a eMurnf y if / 4if ; tawG U tBuKH o nf urÇ m vk H ; qk d i f & m
toif;awmftm; aemufqkH;ESifh tBuD;rm;qkH;aom Ekd;xrIxJodkU ac:aqmifum?
c&pfawmf\ 'kwd,tBudrf<uvmjcif;ESifh ESpf (1000) umvtpjyKjcif;twGuf
jyifqifrIjzpfaprnfh trSefw&m;yifjzpfonf/

wJ a wmf y G J r sm;
wJawmfyGJonf £oa&vwkdUtwGuf wpfESpfomtwGif;wGif aemufqkH;
aomyGJESifh tBuD;rm;? tcef;em;qkH;yGJawmfjzpf\/ acwfumvqkdif &mt&?
4if;onf a&mufvmrnfh rdaved ac: ESpf (1000)udk ukd,fpm;jyK&m? 4if;onf,©K?
þurÇm\ aemufqkH;ESifh tBuD;rm;qkH;aom acwfjzpfí c&pfawmfonf
Ek d i f i H t m;vk H ; tay: ES p f (1000) tk y f p d k ; rnf j zpf o nf (Asm 20;1-6)/
þtaMumif ; jzpf & yf \ yk H & d y f u d k Zgc&d tcef ; BuD ; (14) ü
twnfjyKazmfjyxm;ygonf/ Zgc&d 14;1-2 ü? tm&yfppfonfrsm;tm;jzifh
tqk;H wGif a,½k½v S ifukd 0ef;&Hord ;f yku
d ?f zsufq;D rnft
h aMumif; a&;zGUJ xm; onf/
tcef;i,f (3)rS (15) xdü? ya&mzufonf c&pfawmf\ 'kwd,<uvm
rnf h t aMumif ; uk d quf v uf a zmf j yxm;\/ rd a ved ? ES p f (1000)
44
taMumif;udkawmh tcef;i,f (16) ü? þokdU ]]a,½k½SvifNrKdUudk wkdufvm aom?
vlrsKd;taygif;wkdUwGif usef<uif;orQaom olwdkUonf? aumif;uif Akdvfajct½Sif
xm0&bk&m;wnf;[laom ½Sifbk&ifudk ukd;uG,fí? oauaeyGJ cHtHhom
iSgNrKdUawmfokdU ESpfwkdif;tpOfwufvmMuvdrfhrnf}} [k azmfjyxm;onf/
þusrf;ykd'ft&? rdaved umvtwGif;? ESpfpOfurÇmay:&Sd vlrsKd;wkdif;wkdU onf?
½S i f b k & if a ,½I u d k uk d ; uG , f z k d U a,½k ½ S v if o k d U uk d , f p m;vS , f rsm;ud k
apvTwfMurnfhtaMumif; em;vnf&yg onf/ ESpfpOfESpfwkdif;? wJawmfyGJukd
usif;yMuvdrfhrnfjzpfonf/ Zgc&d 14;17-19 ü qufvufí azmfjyonfrSm?
tu,fí 4if;wJawmfyGJokdU vlrsKd;toD;oD;wkdUu? ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;udk rap
vTwfygu? 4if;ESpfü rapvTwfaom vlrsKd;wkdUtay: jypf'gPfouf a&mufap
rnf j zpf a Mumif ; od & onf / xk d U aMumif h c&pf a wmf t k y f p k d ; aom rd a ved
EkdifiHawmfBuD;\ t"duyGJawmfonf? wJawmfyGJjzpfaMumif; ½Sif;vif;pGm
azmfjyxm;onf/
wJ a wmf y G J o nf 0d n mOf o abmt&vnf ; yJ c&pf a wmf ' k w d , tBud r f
r<uvmrD ? toif ; awmf x J ü jynf h p k H r I & S d c J h N yD j zpf a Mumif ; ta½S U yk d i f ; wG i f
azmfjycJhygonf/ bk&m;ocifonf tpöa&;EkdifiHukd obm0t&? jyefvnf
xlaxmifay;cJhjcif;onf rdavedtwGuf jyifqifrIjzpfovkd? 0dnmOfa&; t&?
toif ; awmf u d k jyif q if j cif ; vnf ; jzpf \ / þaemuf q k H ; umvü
toif;awmftay: 0dnmOfawmf\ wefckd;oGef;avmif;jcif;onf? wJawmfyGJ
tm;jzifh ya&mzufjyKcsufudk xif½Sm;azmfjyjcif;jzpfapovdk? 4if;onf Ekd;xrIqkdif
&m? 0rf;ajrmufrI? bkef;awmf &dwfodrf;jcif;ESifh c&pfawmf\ xif½Sm;azmfjyjcif;
ponfwkdUtwGuf jzpfav\/

Ekd;xrIqkdif&m wJawmfyGJ
]]wJ a wm}}[l a om trnf e mronf a[NAJ b mompum; ]] S u k a h } }rS
qif;oufvm&m? 4if;\ t"dyÜg,frSm; ]]wJ (okdU) r@yf}} [lí jzpf\/
yGJawmftwGuf þemrukd ay;cJh&jcif;taMumif;&if;rSm? 0wfjyK 23;42 ü?
bk&m;ociftaejzifh ynwfawmfay;cJhcsdef £oa&vwkdUonf? wJzsif (odkU)
r@yfü 7-&ufwkdifwkdif wnf;ckdcJhMuNyD;/ ]]Suka}h } [laom pum;vkH;\ rl&if;pmvkH;
]]Suk}}\ t"dyÜg,fonf? ]]bdodwfzkdU? qDjzifh zkH;vTrf;&ef}}[k jzpfonf/ xkdUaMumifh
 45
wJ a wmf y G J \ 0d n mOf q k d i f & m t"d y Ü g ,f o nf ? aemuf q k H ; aom umvü
toif ; awmf o nf ? 0d n mOf a wmf b k & m;\ bd o d w f z k H ; vT r f ; rI a tmuf ü
&SdrnfhtaMumif;jzpf\/
a[½Sm, 25;7 udk zwfonfhtcg? ocifa,½Ionf ZdtkefawmifrSaeí
zsufqD;jcif;trIjyKrnfhtaMumif; þokdUazmfjyxm;onf? ]]vlcyfodrf;udk zkH;aom
rsufESmzkH;udk4if;? cyfodrf;aom vlrsKd;wkdUukd zkH;vTrf;aom wif;wdrfukd4if;
þawmifay:rSm y,fawmfrlvdrfhrnf/}} þt&monf avmu udk tkyfpkd;aeaom
pmwef\ wefc;dk qkid &f mrsm;ukd zsufq;D rnfh vu©Pmyifjzpf av\/ þokUd jzpfzUdk
tvkdiSg? toif;awmfonfjzpfcJhaom Ekd;xrIrsm;\ t&dyfta,mifrsm;ukd
jrifawGUcJhMuavNyD/ a0;vf(*Sf) EkdifiH\ Edk;xrIumv twGif;ü? bk&m;ocif\
bdodwfwefcdk;onf toif;awmfay:okdU om qif;oufcJhjcif;r[kwfyJ?
vlxkwckvkH;okdU qif;ouf aMumif; awGU&onf/ (20)&mpk\ tapmykdif;ü?
qD G ' if E k d i f i H w G i f Ek d ; xrI B uD ; wck j zpf c J h & m? 0d n mOf a wmf \ wk d U xd r I o nf
EkdifiHwckvkH;tay: oufa&mufcJh\/ xkdt&dyfta,mifwkdUonf? aemifwGifomí
BuD ; rm;aom Ek d ; xrI r sm;uk d uRef a wmf w k d U awG j rif & Murnf h t&mtwG u f
a½SUajy;rsm;jzpfMu\/ xkdumvtcsdefwGif vlwkdUonf c&pfawmf[lonf
rnfoljzpfaMumif; rod&SdMuonfjzpfap? bk&m;ausmif;wcg rQrwufzl;aom
olawGjzpfap? olwkdU\ tjypftwGuf oHa0*&Muvdrfhrnf/ þuJhokdUaom
Ekd;xrIrsKd;ukd uRefawmfwkdU acwfü jrifawGUcHpm;Murnfjzpfonf/ Ekd;xrIqkdif&m
½lyg½kHrsm;pGmudk jrifawGUcJhMu&NyDjzpfaomaMumifh? 4if;onf trSefwu,fyif
vlrsKd;pkwckNyD;aemufwck? ½GmwckNyD;aemufwckokdU bk&m;ukd aMumuf½GHUjcif;\
pdwfESvkH;onf vTrf;NcKHoGm;ygvdrfhrnf/ vlawGonf vrf;rrsm;ay:okdU
xG u f v mum? cG i f h v T w f j cif ; twG u f bk & m;ocif x H ? atmf [ pf
awmif;cHMuayvdrfhrnf/ toif;awmfonfomvQif 0dnmOfawmf\ bdoduf
vTrf;rkd;rIatmufrSm &Sdaernfr[kwfbJ? bk&m;ocif\ 0dnmOfvTrf;rkd; rIonf?
þaemufqkH;aomumvüEkdifiH? vlrsKd;tm;vkH;tay: oufa&mufonfudk
uRefawmfwkdUjrifawGU&rnf[k ,kHMunfygonf/
46
&dwfodrf;jcif;qkdif&m wJawmfyGJ
wJawmfyGJukd wenf;tm;jzifh xG 23;16 t&? ]]&dwfodrf;yGJ}}[lívnf;
rSnfhoGifxm;\/ þ&dwfodrf;yGJudk ]]ESpf\ tqkH;ü}}[lí azmfjyxm;onf/
4if;twGuf ½Sif;vif;csufudk £oa&vwkdU\ jyu©'def (2) rsKd;ü awGU&onf/
wpfckukd olwkdU\ bmoma&;ESpfESifh tjcm;wckudkawmh olwkdU\ vlrIa&;qkdif&m
(okdU) pkdufysKd;a&;qkdif&m ESpftwGuf tokH;jyKMu\/ olwkdU\ bmoma&;qkdif&m
jyu©'deft&? 4if;&dwfodrf;yGJonf? ESpf\ (7)vajrmufü usa&mufNyD;?
vlrIa&;qkdif&m (odkU) pkdufysKd;a&;qkdif&m jyu©'deft&awmh? ESpf\aemufqkH;rSm
usa&muf\/ xkdtcsdefonf ESpfukefcsdefvnf;jzpf? &dwfodrf;&rnfhaumufyJoD;ESH
tm;vkH;ukd &dwfodrf;pkapmif;NyD;aom tcsdefvnf;jzpfav\/
þ&dwfodrf;yGJonf £oa&vwkdUtwGuf ESpfukefcsdefrSm usa&mufae ovkd?
4if ; onf 0d n mOf a &;t&? toif ; awmf t wG u f aemuf q k H ; aomumvü
jynfhpkHayvdrfhrnfjzpf\/ þaemufqkH;aomumvü? ya&mzufjyKxm;onfh
twkdif; 0dnmOfrsm;pGmudk tHhrcef;aom &dwfodrf;jcif;jzpfvdrfhrnf? (róJ 13;39?
13;47? a[½S m , 60;1-7 ES i f h ,muk y f 5;7-8)/ uRef a wmf w k d U onf
,k H M unf o l r sm; azmuf j yef u k e f o jzif h ? þurÇ m ay: tenf ; i,f a om
,kHMunfolrsm;om usef&pfrnfukd ,kHMunfaejcif r[kwfyg/ þaemufqkH;aom
umvü BuD;rm;aom Ekd;xrIjzpfay:vmNyD;? 4if;tm;jzifh toif;awmf\
r[m&dwfodrf;rIBuD;onf NyD;jynfhpkHjcif;okdU a&mufvdrfhrnfjzpfonf/

0rf;ajrmufrIqkdif&m wJawmfyGJ
]]pyg;ES i f h pyspf & nf u d k od r f ; ,l N yD ; rS ? ck E S p f & uf y wf v k H ; oauaeyG J
(wJawmfyGJ)udk cH&Murnf/ xkdyGJcHpOf? ukd,fwkdifrSpí om;orD;? uRefa,musfm;
rdef;r? oifhae&mü wnf;ckdaomav0dom;? {nfhonftm*EåK? rdbr&Sdaomol?
rkqkd;rwkdUonf ½Tifvef;jcif;udk jyK&Murnf}} [k w&m;a[m&musrf; 16;13-
14 ü a&;om;xm;onf/ aumif;rGefaom &dwfodrf;jcif;ü 0rf;ajrmufrI&SdpNrJ
jzpfygonf/ wJawmfyGJonf pyspf&nfESifh qD&dwfodrf;rINyD;NyD;csif;ü usif;y&m?
4if;oD;ESH (2) rsKd;pvkH;onf? bk&m;ocifü 0rf;ajrmufrIukd qkdvkdaejcif;jzpf\/
ZdtkefawmifwGif pdwfrom nnf;wGm;aom olwkdUtm; bk&m;ocifonf
0rf;ajrmufaysmf½Tifjcif;qkdif&m qDbdodwfudk ay;vkdygonf/ bk&m;ocifonf
 47
uRefawmfwkdUtm; ol\0dnmOfqkdif&m pyspf&nfopfESifh jynfh0apvkd\/
c&pfawmfü ppfrSefaom 0rf;ajrmufrSmukd toif;awmftm;jzifh jrifawGU&rSmjzpf
ovkd? 4if;0rf;ajrmufrIu? uRefawmfwkdUtm; þaemufqkH;aom umvü
bk&m;\ tvkdawmfudk aqmif&Guf&ef cGeftm;jzpfapygvdrhfrnfyif r[kwfavm/

bkef;awmfqkdif&m wJawmfyGJ
wJawmfyGJ\ tjcm;½Ia'giftjrifwckonf? bk&m;ocif\ bkef;awmfxif½Sm;
jcif ; jzpf & m? 4if ; onf þaemuf q k H ; aomumvü toif ; awmf t ay:
vTrf;rkd;xm;ay\/ þtaMumif;ukd [*¾Jtem*wådusrf;? tcef;BuD; (2) ü
awGUjrifEkdifygonf/ tcef;i,f (1) ü? ]]owårvESpfq,fh wpf&ufaeUwGif?
ya&mzuf [ *¾ J t m;jzif h xm0&bk & m;\ EI w f u ywf a wmf a &muf v mí}}[k
a&;xm;onf/ þt&monf wJawmfyGJ\ aemufqkH;ESifh tBuD;jrwfqkH;aom
aeUwGifjzpfonfh t&mjzpf\/ þaeU&uftwGuf EIwfuywfawmfonf?
]]aemufwnfaom þtdrfawmfonf t&iftdrfawmfxuf bkef;omí BuD;vdrfh
rnf}} [k tcef;i,f (9) ü qufvufazmfjyxm;onf/ 4if;onf toif;awmf\
ya&mzufqkdif&m owif;pum;jzpf&m? þaemufqkH;aom umvü &Sdaom
toif;awmf\ bkef;awmfonf/ ueOD;toif;awmfxuf omí BuD;jrwfayvdrfh
rnfjzpf\/ ueOD;toif;awmf onf yifawukawå\ aumif;BuD;&cJh&m?
4if;onf oefU½Sif;aom 0dnmOfawmf\ ESpfjcif;r*Fvmyif r[kwfavm/ okdUaomf
aemufqkH;umvü toif;awmfonfvnf;yJ wJawmfyGJ\ aumif;BuD;r*Fvmudk
&,lcHpm;MurnfrSm ajrBuD;vufcwfrvGJay/
6 &m 5;3 ü? a½Smvrkef\ Adrmefawmfudk wJawmfyGJusif;y&mumvwGif
tEkarm"emjyKcJhaMumif; od&onf/ tb,faMumifhenf;qkdaomf? 4if;onf
aemufqkH;umv&Sd toifawmf\ ykHaqmifcsufjzpfaeaomaMumifh jzpfonf/
tcef;i,f 13-14 udk qufzwf&m? AdrmefawmftwGuf tEkarm"emjyKMupOf?
bk&m;ocif\ bke;f awmfonf AdrmefxjJ znfch ahJ Mumif; awGU&onf/ AdrmefawmfxJ
bk&m;\ bkef;awmfxif½Sm;vmí? ,Zfya&m[dwfwkdUtaejzifh vlawGukd
tapcHrIqufvufrjyKEkdifonfhwkdifatmif jzpfcJhonf/ a[½Sm, 4;5 üvnf;
þokdUazmfjyxm;onf? ]]ZdtkefawmifrSm&SdorQaom tdrfrsm;ESifh pnf;a0;&m
y&dowfrsm;tay:wGif? aeUtcsdefü rkd;wdrfESifh rD;ckd;udk4if;? ntcsdefü
48
rD ; vQH t vif ; ud k 4 if ; ? zef q if ; awmf r l í ? jrwf a omt&m tvk H ; pk H w k d U ud k
vTrf;rkd;awmfrlvdrfhrnf/}} wJawmfyGJumvü a½Smvrkef\ AdrmefawmfxJrSm?
bk & m;\ bk e f ; awmf j znf h a y;cJ h o nf e nf ; wl ? þaemuf q k H ; aomumvü
0dnmOfa&;qkdif&m ZdtkefwGifwnf&Sdaom toif;awmfrsm;onfvnf; bk&m;\
bkef;awmfESifh jznfhay;onfudk jrifawGU&rnfyifjzpfonf/
uRefawmfonf 0dnmOfawmftm;jzifh zGijhf yí? ajrmufrsm;pGmaom Ekid if rH sm;wGif
bk&m;jyKrnfh Ekd;xrIqkdif&m ½lyg½kHrsm;udk jrifawGUcJh&ygonf/ yifv,feDudk
rjzwful;rD? £oa&vwkdUtm; bk&m;ocifuG,fumay;cJh ouJhokdUyifvQif?
ol \ wef c k d ; awmf t m;jzif h ,k H M unf o l o m;orD ; rsm;ud k v nf ; tH h M ozG , f
tuG,ftumrsm;ay;aeonfudk uRefawmfjrifcJh&onf/ tb,f tcsdefrSmrsm;
bk & m;ocif \ bk e f ; awmf o nf ? ,k H M unf o l o m;orD ; rsm; tay:
oufa&mufvdrfhrnfenf;/ þar;cGef;ESifh pyfvsOf;í a[½Sm,u? 4if;onf
urÇmBuD;ukd arSmifrkdufzkH;vTrf;csdefü jzpfrnfhtaMumif; a[majymxm; onf/
xkdtarSmifxkü uRefawmfwkdUonf Mu,frsm;jzpfMu vdrfhrnf/ uRefawmfwkdU
odxm;onfrSm? Mu,f\vif;vufrIukd ntarSmifüom jrifawGU&wwfonf
r[k w f y gvm;/ omíarS m uf r k d u f a om nrsKd ; rS m ? Mu,f o nf v nf ; omí
vif;vufrnfyifjzpfonf/ xkdUaMumifh þurÇmxJokdU tifrwefrkdufaom
tarSmifxkBuD; qkdufa&mufvmpOf? bk&m;\ bkef;awmfonf oefU½Sif;olom;
orD;rsm;tbkdU a&mufvmrnfjzpfí? uRefawmfwkdUawG 0rf;ajrmufEkdifMurSm
jzpfygonf/

ocifa,½Iay:xGef;jcif;qkdif&m wJawmfyGJ
wJawmfyGJtcsdefumvrSmyJ? ocifa,½Ic&pfawmfonf olUvlom;rsm;xH
enf;vrf;opfrsm;jzifh xif½Sm;azmfjyygvdrfhrnf/ ocifa,½Ic&pfawmf taejzifh
awmifay:rSm? bkef;awmftm;jzifh tqif;o@efxl;jcm; ajymif;vJcJhjcif;onf?
toif;awmfü wJawmfyGJrsm;umvtwGif; xif½Sm;ay:xGef;vmrnfht&mudk
ykHaqmifaejcif;jzpfonf/ ayw½konf xkdawmifay:wGif c&pfawmfa,½I?
arma½S E S i f h {vd , wk d U (3)yg;pvk H ; aexk d i f & ef c&pf a wmf \ bk e f ; awmf ü
0rf ; ajrmuf r I & &S d z k d U wJ a wmf o k H ; aqmif u d k aqmuf v k y f w nf x m;vk d c J h \ /
Asm'dwfusrf;? tcef;BuD; (2) ü? þaemufqkH;aom umvwGif? 4if;oufao
 49
cHEpS Of ;D jzpfMuonfh arma½SUESihf {vd,wkUd onf xyfraH y: xGe;f vmrnfh taMumif;
a&;xm;onf / ok d U aomf yk d í ta&;BuD ; onf r S m ? uRef a wmf w k d U onf
ocifa,½Itaejzifh ol\oefU½Sif;ol? om;orD;rsm;xH? bkef;wefckd;awmfESifh
xif½Sm;vmrnfudk jrifawGUzkdU apmifhqkdif;aeMujcif;jzpfonf/
c&pf a wmf o nf aumif ; uif r S uk d , f c E¨ m ygvQuf 'k w d , tBud r f
<uqif;vmcsdef rwkdifrD? ykdí xl;jcm;aom enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh olUukd,fwkdif
toif;awmfxJü4if;? toif;awmftm;jzifh4if; xif½Sm;azmfjyygvdrfhrnf/
a,m[ef 7;2 ü? *sL;wkUd \ wJawmfyrJG sm;usif;yzkUd eD;uyfaecsdejf zpf\/ xkUd aemuf
tcef;i,f (10) ü? ]]ukd,fawmfonf xkdyGJokdU rxifr½Sm;<uawmf rl\}} [k
a&;xm;onf/ 4if;aemuf tcef;i,f (14) wGif? þodkUazmfjyxm; jyefonf?
]]xkdyGJudkcHpOfwGif? a,½Ionf AdrmefawmfokdU wufí qkH;rMo0g'ay; awmfrl\/
}} aemuf q k H ; rS m ? tcef ; i,f (37) ü? þok d U a&;xm;onf / ]]xk d y G J c H í
aemufqkH;jzpfaom aeUjrwfü a,½Ionf&yfí a<u;aMumfawmfrlonf}}/
txufazmfjyyg tjzpftysufrsm;udk Munfhjcif;jzifh c&pfawmfonf wJawmfyGJ
usif;yaepOfumvtwGif;? wjznf;jznf;csif;jzifh olUukd,fol vlxka½SUarSmufokdU
omí?omíjrifomatmif xif½Sm;jyocJhjcif; onf? þaemufqkH;aomumvü
toif ; awmf x J r S m vnf ; ? xk d u J h o k d U yif j yKrnf h vu© P myif jzpf a v\/
c&pfawmfonfomí?omí aumif;aomenf;jzifh olUukd,fudk xif½Sm;zGifhjy
vQuf&Sd&m? ,kHMunfolawGtaejzifh olUtm; vkH;0jynfhpkHpGm jrifawGU&onfh
wkdifatmif xif½Sm;jyrnfjzpfonf/
vGefcJhonf ESpfrsm;pGmu? uRefawmfonf tjcm;trIawmfaqmifrsm; ESihftwl
pnf ; a0;yG J w ck \ ab;em;rS m xk d i f a ecJ h M uonf / xk d t cg? pnf ; a0;yG J r S
q&mBuD;wpfyg;\ a[majymjcif;udk em;axmifaecJhMupOfrSm? csufcsif;qkdovkd
ocifa,½Ionf ay:vmNyD; uRefawmfwkdU xkdifae&modkU avQmufvmcJhonf/
a,½Ionf uRefawmfxdkifaeonfh ae&mwnfhwnfhokdU qufavQmufvm
cJhygonf/ uRefawmu atmufudk ikHYMunfh&m? uRefawmfhvufukd rawGU&yJ?
c&pfawmf\ aMumufp&maumif;aom vufonf;ESihf vufudkom jrif&onf/
uRef a wmf \ 0wf x m;aom t0wf t pm;uk d rjrif & yJ ? c&pf a wmf \
0wfvkHjzLrsm;udkom jrifcJh&onf/ xkdt&mxuf ykdrkdxl;jcm;onfrSm? uRefawmfu
w&m;a[mq&mtm; MunfhcJh&m? uRefawmf\ rsufvkH;jzifhr[kwfawmhyJ
50
c&pfawmf\ rsufvkH;jzifh MunfhcJhovkd? Mum;&onfht&mvnf; c&pfawmf\
em;jzifh Mum;cJh&onf/ xkdrQru? uRefawmf\ pdwfESvkH;om;xJrSm? cHpm;cJhaom
cH p m;csuf o nf y if v Qif ? 4if ; w&m;a[mq&mtaMumif ; ES i f h ywf o uf í
c&pfawmf\ cHpm;csufjzpfaecJhonf/ xkduJhokdU jzpfysufcJhonfrSm? ESpfrdepfcefUrQ
om MumcJhonf/ okdUaomf 4if;onf ]]c&pfawmfü &Sdaomol}} ,kHMunfolrsm;
&&Sdrnfenf;vrf;jzifh zGifhjyjcif;jzpfonf[k uRefawmfem;vnf chJ&ygonf/
okdUjzpfí bk&m;ocif\ EIwfuywfawmfü azmfjyxm;orQukd uRefawmfwkdU
awGUBuKHcHpm;EkdifaMumif; ,kHMunfMuygpkdUvm;/ bk&m;rdefUrSm csufonf?
]]bk&m;ocif\ jynfhpkHawmfrljcif;&SdorQESifhtnD jynfhpkHMuygrnf}} ({zuf
3;19)[l í jzpf o nf / þaemuf q k H ; aomumvü? c&pf a wmf E S i f h o l \
pkHvif;jcif;wkdUudk ol\om;orD;rsm;txJüaomf4if;? ol\om;orD;rsm;
tm;jzifhaomf4if; xif½Sm; zGifhjyaeonfukd jrifawGU&ygonf/ xkdUtwGuf?
bk&m;ociftm; csD;rGrf;oifhonf r[kwfygvm;/
acwftcsdefumvqkdif&mt&? tcsdefonf bmrQrusef&Sdawmhygojzifh?
c&pfawmf'kwd,tBudrf r<uvmrD? toif;awmftaeeJU vkyfaqmif&rnfh
t&mrsm;pGm &Sdaeao;aMumif; em;vnf&ygonf/ þaemufqkH;aom umvü
0dnmOfrsm;pGmukd tjynfht0&dwfodrf;pkpnf;apzkdUESifh zdwfac:jcif;ukd jynfhpkHapzkdU
toif;awmfwGif BuD;rm;xl;jcm;aom Ekd;xrIvkH;0jzpfay:a&muf&Sdvm&ygrnf/
xkdUtwGuf toif;awmfonf vkH;0&ifhusufjcif;ESifh c&pfawmfuJhokdUaom
bkef;wefckd;ESifh jynfhonfhtajctaewGif &SdaeoifhavNyD/ okdUjzpfí þaemufqkH;
aom aeU&ufrsm;ü ocifa,½Ionf olUvlom;twGuf touf paw;cJhonf
ud k uRef a wmf w k d U awG atmuf a rh q if j cif u m? a½S U ok d U wk d ; í trI a wmf u d k
BuKd;pm;vkyfaqmifMuygpkdU/ ocifa,½Ionf wHcg;rS &yfvQuf wHcg;udk
acgufaeygonf/ þaeU&ufonf bk&m;ocifudk tav;teufxm; um?
½SmazG&rnfh tcsdefjzpfonf/ ocifa,½IESifh teD;uyf qkH; rdo[m,zGJUzkdU
BuKd;pm;qufuyfolonfomvQif? bk&m;ocif\ bkef;awmf udk uRefawmfwkdU\
toif;awmfrsm;? tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh EkdifiHrsm;rSm xif½Sm;apygvdrfhrnf/
4if ; ud k r nf o l a wG j yKMuvd r h f r nf e nf ; / bk & m;ocif o nf uRef a wmf w k d U
ta,mufwkdif;tm; tpOftNrJac:aeygonf/ xkdrQru? bk&m;onf ol\
wwfpGrf;aom aus;Zl;awmfudk uRefawmfwkdUtm; a0rQay;aeonfjzpfí?
 51
4if;twGuf tjrefvufcH&,lum? tokH;jyKMuygpkdUvm;/

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tcef; 4

c&pfawmf\ jyifqifcsuf
a[m½S , tem*wd å u srf ; rS

uREkfyfwkdu\ ocifa,½Ic&pfawmfonf ol\ omoemNyD;jynfhpkHzkdU&ef

rnfuJhokdU jyifqifcJhaMumif;ESifh uREkfyfwkdU ajrmufjrm;pGmaom trSefw&m;rsm;ukd
avhvmEkid &f efzUdk &ef c&pfawmf\ toufwmukd a[m½Sm,tem*wdu å srf; tm;jzifh
Munf h ½ I r S w f o m;Ek d i f o nf / c&pf a wmf \ touf w monf
uREkyf wf Udk vku
d ef maqmif&rnft h &mjzpfaMumif; uREkyf w f Udk od&rdS o
S m uREkyf w f Udk onf
u,fwifjcif;w&m;ESifh EId;xrIwkdU\ owif;ukd o,faqmifolrsm;jzpfvm
Ekdifonf/ bk&m;ocif\ aus;Zl;awmfESifh bdodwfjcif;tm;jzifh ocifbk&m;\
ueOD;omoemtawmwGi;f ü uREkyf w f Udk twGuf pGr;f aqmifEidk rf rI &Scd ahJ cs/ a&S;OD;pGm
ocifbk&m;\ enf;vrf;ukd uREkfyfwkdUtoufwmü avQmufvSrf; &SifoefEkdif&ef
vkdtyfovkd c&pfawmf\ or®mw&m;ukdvnf; uREkfyfwkdUomoem xJü
&Sd&rnft&mvnf;jzpfaMumif; em;vnfoabmayguf&rnf/ bk&m;ocifonf
EkdifiH? wkdif;jynftay:okdU ol\ oefU&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfukd EkdxrItwGuf
oGef;avmif;ay;aeovkd? ocifbk&m;onf vltaygif;ukd c&pfawmfxHokdU
yk d U aqmif a eol E S i f h OD ; aqmif E k d i f o l t zk d U acgif a qmif r sm;uk d
arG;xkwfvQuf&Sdaeonf/

c&pfawmfrarG;zGm;rSD
a[½Sm,onf c&pfawmf\ toufwmESifh c&pfawmf\ oabmxm;ukd
ya&mzufjyKxm;ykHjzifh tpjyKcJayonf/ (a[½Sm, 7;17) NyD;aemuf a[½Sm, 49;1
ü c&pfawmf\ EIwfxGufpum;ukd rdefUawmfrl&ef ya&mzufa&muf&SdaMumif;
52

wuRef;wEkdifiHt&yfwkdU? ighpum;ukdMum;Muavmh? a0;pGmaom vlrsKd;wkdU aphaph

em;axmif M uavmh / igbG m ;puyif xm0&bk & m;onf iguk d a c:awmf r l \ ?
trd0rf;xJrSpí ig\emukd rSwfawmfrl\}} þpum;awmfrsm;onf £oa&vESifh
a0;uG m ;aeaom ol r sm;ES i f h aemuf q k H ; aom umv\ toif ; awmf r sm;xH
a&;om;aMumif; tvGex f if&mS ;aeay\/
xm0&bk&m;ocifonf a,½Ic&pfawmftm; rdcif0rf;xJuyif ac:aeaMumif; ukd
ya&mzuftm;jzifh ya&mzufaMumif;ESifh þt&mukd &SifróJ c&pf0ifusrf; 1;21 ü
aumif;uifwrefonf a,moyfxHokdU ]]xkdom;onf rdrdvlwkdUukd tjypfrS
u,fcRwfrnfol}} ajymqkdaerIjzifh NyD;jynfhpkHaeaMumif; uREkfyfwkdUawGU &SdEkdifonf/
trd 0 rf ; xJ u yif a&G ; cs,f a c:awmf r l j cif ; trI u k d a,&rd E S i f h &S i f a ygvk
toufwmrsm;tm;jzifhvnf awGUjrifEkdifonf/ (a,&rd 1;5? *vwd 1;15)/
þok d U aom yk * d ¾ K vf r sm;tm; trd 0 rf ; xJ u yif xm0&bk & m;onf
cG J c ef U rS w f o m;cJ h a omf v nf ; ol w k d U \ ac:awmf r l j cif ; trI u k d rsm;pG m aom
ESpfrsm;üxdem;vnf oabmaygufjcif;r&SdcJhay/ þuJhokdUjzpf&yfrsm;vnf;
,aeUrsufarSmufüvnf; jzpfay:vQuf&Sdaeao;onf/ xm0&bk&m;onf oifhtm;
trd0rf;xJuyif cGJcefUxm;aom oljzpfEkdifNyD; okdUaomf oifhtaejzifh cGJcefUjcif;ukd
oabmrayguf a omol j zpf a umif ; jzpf v d r f h r nf / ok d U twG u f a Mumif h
wrefawmf&Sifaygvkonf {zufNrdKUrS ,kHMunfolrsm;twGuf bkef;BuD;aom
bk&m;ocif\ ac:awmfral om ajrmfvifjh cif;ukd od&rdS nft h aMumif; xkb d &k m;ocifu
xkd;xGif;aomOmPfukday;rnfhtaMumif; qkawmif;ay;cJh\/ ({zuf 1;16-18)
{zuf N rd K UrS , k H M unf o l r sm;onf trsKd ; rsKd ; aom bmompum; ajymjcif ; ES i f h
ya&mzuf j yKjcif ; ? trI u k d v k y f a qmif a eaMumif ; wref a wmf 0 wå K 19;9 ü
uREkfyfwkdUzwf½IEkdifonf/ okdUaomf &Sifaygvkonf xkd,kHMunfolrsm;ykdrkdí
vkt d yfaMumif;ESihf olwUdk \ ac:awmfrjl cif;ukd ykrd dk od&edS m;vnf&ef vkt d yfruI dk od&cdS o
hJ nf/
uREkfyfwkdUod&Sdem;vnfoabmayguf&efESifh xm0&bk&m;\ ac:awmf rljcif;?
cGJcefUjcif;wkdU\ uREkfyfwkdUtoufwmtwGuf tvGefta&;yg aevSygonf/
ol w yg;aom omoemuk d tNrJ w aptjypf j rif w wf ? a0zef wwf a om
trIawmfaqmifrsm;ukd uREyfk o f cd &hJ onf/ oifvnf; xku d ohJ Udk rjzpf&ef owdjyK &rnf/
 53
tu,fí ocifbk&m;onf wpkHwOD;OD;\ omoem vkyfief;ukd bdodwf
ay;NyD;aumif;BuD;ay;ygvdrfhrnf/ oifukdvnf; xkdokdUaom omoemvkyfief;
aqmif&Guf&ef bk&m;ocifcGJcefUrnf[k qkdvkdjcif; r[kwf/ aqmif&Gufaeonfh
omoemvkyfief;rsm;ajymif;a&TUvkyfaqmifjcif;jzifh omoemvkyfief;ysufpD;cJhaMumif;
uREyfk w f Udk rsm;pGm awGUjrifc\ hJ / oiftay: bk&m;ocif\ cGcJ efUjcif;ESihf a&G;aumufru I dk
tNrJ o wd & NyD ; quf u yf a qmif & G u f & ef E S i f h o if \ vusf m buf ?
vuf0,fbufukdrMunfhbJ bk&m;ocif\ tvdkawmftwkdif; aqmif&Guf&efom
vkt d yfay\/
oifonf toif;awmfwyg;ü oif;tkyft&mukd aqmif&GufaepOf? bk&m;ocif
bd o d w f N yD ; ? wyg;ol r sm;uk d OD ; aqmif E k d i f o nf h acgif ; aqmif u k d v nf ;
a&G;cs,fcGJcefUxm;&rnf/ vGefcJhaomESpfu? uREkfyfwkdUonf a[mvefEkdifiHESifh
*sreDEidk if rH sm;okUd rsm;pGmaom thzH , G rf sm;jzifh trIaqmifaeaomolEiS hf awGUqkcH MhJ uonf/
okUd aomf xdt k rIawmfaqmif\ toufwmrSm rSeu f efrrI &Scd ahJ cs/ uREyfk w f Udk onf xkod El iS hf
pum;ajymqkad ecsed üf bk&m;ocifonf uREyfk \ f 0dnmOfrsupf yd iG ahf pum; xkyd *k K¾d vftm;
aemufu, G üf 0dnmOfq;dk \ vSnphf m;rIudk cJ&h ovkd ol\ thb H , G ef rd w
d vf u©Pmrsm;yif
0dnmOfqkd\ aqmif&GufrIjzpfaMumif; uREkfyfodvkduf&onf/ xkd0dnmOfqkd;uvnf;
]]oif\omoemvkyfief;ü igyg0ifvkd\}} [k ajymaecJh\/ NyD;aemuf bk&m;ocif\
0dnmOfawmfonf uREyfk t f m; ]]ac:awmfral om olrw S yg;? tb,forl Q xkt d &mjrwfudk
rod r f ; r,l } } (a[NAJ 5;4) [k rd e f U qk d c J h \ / xm0&bk & m;ocif o nf
uREkyf w f Udk tm;ay;awmfrrlygu omoemvkyif ef;ukd aqmif&u G íf r&Ekid af y/
uREkfyfwkdUonf 0dnmOfa&;&müjynfh0aomolrsm;ukd od&SdEkdif&rnf taMumif;rSm
wcsKdUaom[efaqmiftrIawmfaqmifrsm; &Sdaejcif;aMumifhjzpfonf/ oifonf
atmif j rif a eonf h t rI a wmf a qmif j zpf p Of ajrmuf y if h a eaomol o nf
oift h m;um;wkid w f ifrnfojl zpfEidk \f / oift h m;aumif;uifrq S ck say;awmfral om ol[k
ajrmufyifhcsD;rGrf;aeaomolonf oifhtm; i&JokdU ykdUaqmifaeaomoljzpf Ekdif\/
okdUaomfvnf; oifh\ omoemonf bk&m;ocifukd,fwkdif cGJcefUaom t&mESifh
csD;ajrmufaomt&mjzpfaMumif;vkH;0{uefpdwfcsrI&Sd&rnf/ xkdtcg bk&m;ocifonf
oift h m; 0dnmOfa&;&müjynf0h olrsm;ukd jyoawmfrrl nf/ wcgw&H bk&m;ocifonf
oifxHa&muf&SdvmNyD; rnfuJhokdUaomyk*d¾KvfESifh pum;awmfrsm;ukd az:jyvdrfhrnf/
od&EdS idk af om ynmuk4d if; xk;d xGi;f Ekid af om OmPfawmfudk oift h m; az:jyay;ygvdrrhf nf/
oifonf a,m½IESifh wdarmaoukdyif acgif;aqmifrIukd oGefoifay;cJhaom
54
bk&m;ocifxHü OmPfynmukd awmif;cHyg/
a[½Sm, 49;1 ü c&pfawmfonf trd0rf;xJuyif bk&m;ocif\ cGJcefUjcif;
cHcJhaMumif; xif;&Sm;pGm jyocJhonf/ róJ 1;21 ü aumif;uifwrefonf r,fawmf
rm&d x H ]]a,½I [ l í emrnf a y;&rnf } } [k ajymaeaomt&monf
NyDjynfhpkHaomt&mjzpfonf/ a,½I[laom *&da0:[m&onf ]a,m½I} jzpfum;
]]a,a[m0gonf u,fwifjcif;w&m;}} jzpfonf[k t"dyÜg,f&\/ olonf
u,fwif&Sifjzpfrnf[k az:jyjcif;jzpfonf/ oifonf toif;awmfaomf4if;?
tzGUJ pnf;ukad om4if; pwifonft h cg bk&m;ocif\ jyifqifay;aom trnfemr&&S&d ef
xkb d &k m;ocifxo H Udk qkawmif;&rnf/ taMumif;rlum; xkt
d rnfemrtm;jzifh oift
h m;
bk&m;ocifbo d wd af Mumif; tvktd a&;yg;vSay\/

c&pfawmf\i,fpOfb0
a[½Sm, 9;6 wGif c&pfawmf\ arG;zGm;jcif;ukd ]] . . . igwkdUtzkdU
oli,fub dk mG ;jrif\}} [k az:jyxm;onf/ c&pfawmfonf ½kww f &uf? þavmuokUd
bk & m;ocif \ om;awmf t jzpf <uvmjcif ; r[k w f a Mumif ;
uREkfyfwkdUem;vnfod&SdMuonf/ olonf uav;oli,fjzpfa&muf&SdvmcJhonf/
ocifa,½Ic&pfawmfonf uREyfk w f Udk \ twk,&l rnf acgif;aqmifwOD;vnf jzpfonf/
acgif ; aqmif w OD ; onf ol \ aemuf v k d u f r sm;\ aqmif & G u f
vk y f a qmif j cif ; jzpf a omt&m&mjzpf \ qk d o nf h t &monf acgif ; aqmif r I ü
tvkdta&;aomt&mjzpfonf/ c&pfawmfonf vlom;rsm;\ acgif;aqmifuJhokdU
þavmuü arG;zGm;;BuD;jyifvmoljzpfonf/ oif;tkyfq&mrsm;? acgif;aqmifrsm;?
oifwkdU\ okd;rsm;ukd aumif;aomykHoufaojzpfomOD;aqmifoGefoifyg/ oifwkdU\
yef;wkdifonf olwyg;ukd zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fzkdUr[kwfbJ okd;rsm;ukd OD;aqmifvrf;jyzkdUom
jzpfonf/
c&pfawmfonf ol\omoemvkyfief;ukd rpxifrSD i,fpOfuwnf;uyif
&ifhusufEkdifzkdU BudK;pm;½kef;uefcJhonf/ ol\ 0dnmOfa&;&m wkd;wufa&;twGuf
EIwfuywfawmftm;jzifh yxrtqifhukd pwifcJhonf/ a[½Sm, 7;15 wGif
c&pfawmf\ i,fpOftoufwmukd ]]xkdolonf aumif;aomt&mukdy,fí?
aumif;aomt&mukd a&G;,lwwfonfwidk af tmif? EkUd prf;ESiyhf sm;&nfudk pm;&vdrrhf nf}}
[k az:jyxm;onf/ EkdUprf;qkdonfht&mrSm rsm;pGmaom EkdU[lajymqkdjcif;ESifh 1ay 2;2
t& EkUd onf bk&m;ocif\ EIwu f ywfawmfudk ykaH qmifaejcif;jzpfonf/ ysm;&nfonf
 55
oefU&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfykHpHESifh jynfh0jcif;ukd (1"r® 14;27) az:jyjcif;jzpfonf/
c&pfawmfraumif;aom t&mukdy,fí aumif;aomt&mukd a&G;Ekdifjcif;rSm
EkUd wnf;[laom bk&m;\ EIwu f ywfawmfEiS hf ysm&nfwnf;[laom oefU&Siaf wmfEiS hf
rdwfo[m&zGJUjcif; wkdUaMumifhjzpfonf/ uREkfyfwkdUyifvQif bk&m;ocif\
EIwfuywfawmfukd aeUpOfpm;aomufNyD; oefU&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfESifhjynfh0ygu
0d n mOf a &;&mü &if h u suf v mum; aumif ; aomt&mwk d U uk d
toufwmüa&G;cs,Ef idk rf nfjzpfonf/
a[½Sm, 49;2 wGif ocifbk&m;\ wkd;wufrI ½kyfykHvTmukd uREkfyfwkdU
awGUjrifEkdifonf/ ocifbk&m;onf ]]ighEIwfukdxufaom "m;uJhokdUjzpfapí}}
[krdefUawmfrl\/ a[NAJ 4;12 wGif EIwfuywfawmfonf oefvQufwum
wd k x uf x uf j cif ; jzpf a Mumif ; uREk f y f w k d U awG U Ek d i f o nf / uav;i,f u J h o k d U
c&pfawmfBuD;jyif;vmcJhpOf ol\ EIwfü bk&m;ocif\ EIwfuywfawmfjynfh0
cJhjcif;&SdcJhonf/ c&pfawmf\ touf 12 ESpfjynfhvmonfhtcg Adrmefawmfü
acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifhtwlwuG aqG;aEG;jcif;? ar;cGef;rsm;ukd ar;jref;jcif;trIukd
jyKvkyfcJhonf (vkum 2;46-47)/ ol\em;vnfrIESifh tajzrsm;twGuf vlyk*d¾Kvf?
acgif;aqmifrsm; thHtm;oifhapcJhonf/ ocifbk&m;onf xkduJhokdUjzpf&yfrsm;
uREkfyfwkdUtoufwmü &Sdap&ef tvkd&Sdae\/ c&pfawmfonf uREkfyfwkdUtwGuf
taumif;qkH;ESifh ykHoufaoaumif; acgif;aqmifwyg;jzpfonf/ acgif;aqmif
aumif ; onf aemuf v k d u f r sm;vk y f a qmif E k d i f & ef tNrJ w ap aqmif & G u f r I u d k
ay;vQuf&Sdonf/ ocifbk&m;onf a[½Sm, 59;21 ü *wdxm;aomt&mukd
uREk f y f w k d U touf w mü NyD ; jynf h p k H & ef t vk d & S d a e\/ ]]oif \ tay:ü
igxm;aompum;onf ,ckrSpí umvtpOftquf oif\EIwf? oifh\
trsKd;tEG,Ef iS ?hf oift h rsKd;tEG,\ f trsKd;tEG,\ f EIwx f u J rxGurf aysmuf ap&[k
xm0&bk&m;rdeUf awmfr\ l /}}
wcgwkef;u uRefawmfwkdU\ "r®aumvdyfwGif wcsKdUaomq&mrsm;onf
oGefoifcH,lrIü tcsif;csif; tjiif;ckHjzpfcJh&mrS wzufuq&mwOD;u uREkfyftm;
]][kwNf yD? 'Dtcsuu f dk ausmif;om;rsm;odatmif em;axmifcidk ;f r,f}} [k ajymvku d of nf/
okUd aomf aemufwaeUwGif uREkyf q f ak wmif;aepOf xm0&bk&m;onf ]]þpum;onf
igh \ EI w f x G u f p um;igh \ EI w f x G u f p um;? vl p um;r[k w f } } [k
uRef t m;tvG e f t h H b G , f p G m tajzay;cJ h o nf / xk d U aMumif h uREk f y f w k d U onf
w&m;a[monfhtcg? twlwuGaqG;aEG;wkdifyifonfhtcg xm0&bk&m;xH
56
armf[pfum qkawmif;&efvkdtyfygonf/ EIwfuywfawmfESifh cH,lrIrsm;udk
tvG,fwul pGefUypfzkdUrvkyf&yg/ uREkfyfwkdUajymqkdoifMum;onfh tcsdefwkdif;
xm0&bk&m;\pum;awmfudk tNrJowd&um ajymqkad e&rnf/ c&pfawmfonf touf
12 ES p f t &G , f u yif usrf ; wwf y k * d ¾ K vf r sm;ES i f h t wl EI w f u ywf a wmf r sm;uk d
tajcwifpum;ES;D aESmcJEh idk o f nf/ a[½Sm, 49;2 ü az:jyaom ol\ EIwpf um;onf
xufaom "g;uJhokdUjzpfonf[laompum;onf þtcsdefüyif c&pfawmf\
toufwmü NyD;jynfph cHk ahJ v\/
12 ESpt f &G,&f dS a,½Ionf xm0&bk&m;\ EIwu f ywfawmfEiS hf jynfph aHk omvnf;
tb,f a Mumif h bk & m;ocif o nf xk d o k d U aomtcsd e f ü c&pf a wmf t m; ol \
trIawmfjrwfüyg0ifrrI ay;cJo h vJ/ qko d nft h &mukd uREyfk w f Udk ar;cGe&f adS umif;&SEd idk o
f nf/
xkjd yif "r®aumvdyrf b S &JG cgp vli,frsm;ukd trIawmfjrwfübmvkUd yg0ifrrI apckid ;f ovJ
ar;cGe;f vnf;&Sad umif;&SEd idk t f rHk nf/ olwUdk vnf; "r®aumvdyrf S bG&J vkUd ausmif;qif;cgp
trI a wmf j rwf ü yg0if & ef of i ;tk y f t &mjzpf 4 if ; ? omoemjyKt&mjzpf 4 if ; ?
{0Ha*vdq&mjzpf4if;? yg0if&ef cHpm;rI&SdEkdifygonf/ uREkfyf\ b0üvnf;?
uREyfk "f r®aumvdyrf S bG&J cgp? ausmif;qif;NyD;cgpwGif bk&m;ocifonf trIawmfjrwfü
yg0if & ef uREk f y f t m; wk d u f ½ k d u f n T e f U Mum;rnf [ k xif c J h y gonf / ok d U aomf
xifovkdr[kwfbJ uREkfyftm; tdrfüom jyefapcJhNyD;? tcsdeftawmfMumrS
omoemvk y f i ef ; xJ ü yg0if a pcJ h y gonf / ausmif ; qif ; cgp
"r®aumvdyfausmif;ol^om;rsm;ukd *wdawmfxm;onf jynfawmfukd 0ifpm;zkdU&ef
olvQLt d jzpf pkpH rf;cJo
h vkd pkpH rf;jcif;umvukd {uefrck s&ifqidk jf zwfoef;&rnfjzpfonf/
omoemvkyfief;okdUyg0ifEkdifzkdUtvkdiSg rsm;pGmaomjyifqifrIESifh pkHprf;jcif;ukd
{uef & if q k d i f & ef v k d t yf y gonf / c&pf a wmf \ touf w müvnf ;
þuJo h Udk aomjyifqifrEI iS hf pkpH rf;jcif;ukd cHc&hJ jcif;jzpfay\/
a[½Sm, 53;2 tm;jzifh c&pfawmfyifvQif ]]aoGUajcmufaomajrü aygufaom
twufuJhokdU4if;}} uREkfyfwkdUtm; oGefoifae\/ þt&mjzifh c&pfawmfonf
0dnmOfa&;&mü aoGUajcmufaomt&yfrS BuD;xGm;vmaMumif; &Si;f vif;aeonf/ wcgw&H
]]tu,fírsm;0dnmOfawmfvyI &f mS ;&mt&yfü uREyfk w f Udk &Scd v
hJ Qif uREyfk wf Udk aumif;rGerf mS bJ}}
[k xif r S m ;cJ h M uonf h w k d i f a tmif xm0&bk & m;ocif o nf uREk f y f w k d U tm;
0dnmOfa&;&maoGUajcmufonfht&yfü ykdUaqmifvQuf&Sd\/ taMumif;rlum;
aoG U ajcmuf a om 0d n mOf a &;&mt&yf r S 0d n mOf & if h u suf a omt&yf ?
Ek d ; xaomt&yf o k d U a&muf & S d a Mumif ; ta&;BuD ; onf /
 57
ajcmufaoGUaomt&yfüaygufaomtyifum; ckdifcefUaom yifpnf&Sdwwf\/
rk;d &moDüaygufaomtyifum; BuD;xGm;oavmufa&aomufjrpfrmS wkí d EIwyf pfzUdk &ef
tvGefvG,fulaMumif; oifodEkdif\/ wcsKdUaomomoem vkyfief;rsm;onf
jrefjrefqefqef wk;d wufoavmuf jrefjrefqefqef omoemysufp;D onft&mrsm;ukd
uREkfyfrsm;pGmawGUcJhbl;ygonf/ uREkfyfwkdUonf 0dnmOfa&;&mü t"du BuD;xGm;rSom
wnfMunfaomtoD;rsm;oDEidk rf nfuo dk &d ef tvGet
f a&;BuD;vSay\/ þt&mtwGuf
uREk f y f w k d U tm; c&pf a wmf o nf 0d n mOf a oG U ajcmuf a omt&yf o d k U aomf 4 if ; ?
cJ c uf a omtouf w mok d U yk d U aqmif v Quf & S d o nf / a[½S m , 9;1-2 wG i f
c&pf a wmf y if v Qif cJ c uf a om t&yf ü yif ol \
omoempwifcJhaMumif;az:jyvQuf&Sdonf/ *gvdvJonf ]]tarSmife,fajr}}
]]tarSmift&yfüavQmufvrS ;f aeolrsm;}} jzpfaMumif;az:jy ckid ;f EIid ;f xm;\/ þt&mum;
crnf;awmfEpS o f ufawmfral omt&yfjzpf\/ þt&mrsm;onf cJcufaomt&mrsm;ukd
atmifjrifNyD; crnf;awmfb&k m;\ om;awmftwGuf jyifqifay;aomt&mrsm;jzpfay\/
a[½Sm, 49;2 wGif c&pfawmf\ &ifhusufwkd;wufaerItoufwmukd
qufvQufí az:jyae\/ c&pfawmf\ oufaocHcsufjzpfaom ]]igEIwfukd
xufaom"g;uJhokdUjzpfapí vufawmft&dyfüzkH;xm;awmfrl\}} qkdaomt&mum;
tvG e f y if t a&;ygvS \ \ yxrouf a ocH c suf u k d c&pf a wmf \ 12
ESpft&G,f uREkfyfwkdUíomNyD;jynfhpkHcJh\/ xkdUaemuf c&pfawmf\ aemif 18 ESpfukd
uREk f y f w k d U onf rod & S d E k d i f a y/ ok d U aomf a[½S , \ ya&mzuf j yKcsuf u k d
crnf;awmfbk&m;\ t&dyfü zkH;xm;aMumif;jzifh jynfhpkHjyef\/ a[½S, 9;2 wGif
crnf ; awmf b k & m;onf tarS m if e ,f a jrüusif v nf N yD ; vuf a wmf a tmuf ü
zk;H xm;aMumif; xyfraH z:jyxm;jyef\/
wcgw&H tu,f í uREk f y f w k d U bk & m;ocif \ rsuf a rS m uf a wmf ü
emcHaomtoufwmESifhavQmufvSrf;ygu tvif;atmufü tNrJwap&Sdaernf[k
uREkfyfwkdUxifwwfMuonf/ r[kwfyg/ uREkfyfwkdUonf emcHjcif;atmufü
avQmuf v S r f ; Muaomf v nf ; tarS m if t &yf ? cJ c uf a omt&mrsm;uk d
jzwfoef;&rnfjzpfonf/ a[½S, 50;10 wGif ]]oifwkdUwGif tb,folonf
xm0&bk & m;uk d aMumuf & G H U íoenf ; ? xk d o l o nf uk d , f a wmf u Ref \
toHukdem;axmifygap? tb,folonf tvif;r&SdbJ arSmifrkdufü oGm;vmoenf;?
xkdolonf xm0&bk&m;\ emrawmfukd ckdvIHí rdrdbk&m;ocifukd trSDjyKygap}} [k
az:jyxm;onf/ þusrf;yk'fu uREkfyfwkdUonf tarSmift&yfü &Sdapum;rl
58
]]xm0&bk&m;\emrawmfukd ckdvIHae&rnf}} ukdqkdvkdygonf/ tykd'fi,f 11 wGif
uREkfyfwkdUtm; xm0&bk&m;onf arSmifrkduft&yfü ykdUapum;rl xkdt&yfrS
jzwfoef;atmifjrif&ef today;xm;ygonf/ ]]rD;ukdnd§í rdrdwkdUukd rD;yGm;wkdUESifh
0ef;&Hapaomoltaygif;wkdU? oifwkdUrD;tvif;ü4if; oifwkdUjyKpkaomrD;prsm;ü4if;
oGm;Muavmh? igvufücH&aom trsKd;rlum;? oifwkdUonf 0rf;enf;vQuf
td y f & Muvd r f h r nf / tu,f í oif o nf arS m if r k d u f t &yf a eaomf v nf ;
bk & m;ocif a &S U arS m uf ü rS e f u ef p G m avQmuf v S r f ; ygu xk d b k & m;ocif ü
ckdvIHíapmifharQmfygap/ a[&Sm, 45;2 wGif az:jyaom ]]arSmifrkdufü&Sdaom b@m}}
ukd uREyfk w f Udk rawGU&SEd idk yf g/ xm0&bk&m;ocifonf uREyfk w f Udk arSmifru
dk t
f &yfü&Sad epOf
róJ 10;27 ]]arSmifrkdufü oifwkdUtm; igajymaom t&mrsm;ukd oifwkdUonf
tvif;üMum;ajymMuavmh}} tm;jzifh cGeftm;ay;vQuf &Sdonf/
vGefcJhaomESpfrsm;pGmü uREkfyfwkdUwGif pm;p&mr&Sd? aiGvnf;r&Sdonfhtcsdef?
uREkfyf\ZeD; Audrey zsm;emcJhpOf uREkfyfwkdUtm; ulnDay;Ekdifrnfolukd pOf;pm;NyD;
zkef;jzifh tul;nDawmif;&efBudK;pm;cJhonf/ okdUaomf bk&m;ocif\ toHawmf
]]rif;zke;f tm;jzift h ulnaD wmif;vQif rif;ukd ighpeG Uf vTwrf nf}} [k uREyfk f Mum;odvu dk \f /
uREkyf pf Ofpm;awG;awmvku d o
f nfrmS vkycf &hJ ifa&m u,fwifjcif; vnf;rqk;H ½I;H ygbl;?
NyD ; awmh oif ; tk y f t &mES i f h &&S d a omqk a us;Zl ; awG v nf ; rqk H ; ½I H ; ygbl ;
qkdonft&m0ifvmcJh\/ okdUaomf bk&m;ocif\ toHawmfum; uREkfyftm;
tem*wfü 0dnmOf&ifhusufzkdU&ef bk&m;ykdUaqmif aeaMumif; tarSmife,fajr?
cJ c uf a omtcsd e f ü emcH a omtouf w mjzif h atmif j rif j cif ; &&S d o nf h t cg
odvu dk &f jcif;jzpfonf/
c&pfawmf\ touf 12 ESihf 30 ESpMf um;vufawmfatmufü zk;H uG,x f m;jcif;ukd
a[½S, 49;2 ]]ighukdvnf; OD;opfaompnf;oGm;jzpfapí? rdrdjr§m;axmifhxJrSm
0Sufxm;awmfrl\}} [kaz:jyxm;jcif;rSm bk&m;ocif\ tBuHpnfjzpfcJh\/
þtcsd e f u mvonf uREk f y f w k d U \ t&S i f o cif c &pf a wmf \ taMumif ; uk d
zk H ; uG , f x m;ovk d ? xm0&bk & m;ocif o nf c&pf a wmf t m;
OD;opfaompnfomG ;jzpfap&efEiS hf a&G;aumufawmfrjl cif;\ trSwo f m;jzpfc\hJ /
a[NAJa0:[m& ]]Chatha}} ukd ]]tjypf}} [k t"dygÜ ,fjyefqadk Mumif; "r®a[mif;usr;f ü
awGU&aomfvnf; ykdrkdí em;vnfvG,fulatmif ]]trSwftom; wckukdvGJacsmfjcif;}}}
[k t"dyÜg,fjyefqkdEkdifaMumif; a&mr 3;23 t& ]]vltaygif; wkdUonf 'kp½kdufjyKí
bk&m;ocifa&SUawmfü toa&ysufMuNyD}} [k awGUEkdifonf/ þusrf;ykd'fuvnf;
 59
c&pfawmftm; OD;opfaom pnf;oGm;jzpfapaom t&mjzpfuREyfk w f Udk tm; ykrd edk m;vnf&ef
az:jyvQuf&Sd\/ c&pfawmfonf trSwfom;ukd trSm;t,Gif;r&Sd rSefEkdif&eftwGuf
rd r d t m;jr§ m ;awmif h x J ü 0S u f x m;vQuf & S d \ / bk & m;ocif \ a&S U awmf ü
toa&rysufzkdUtvkdiSg c&pfawmfonf xl;jcm;aom oltjzpfBuHpnfxm;awmfrl\/
uREkfyftm; aoGUajcmuft&yf? arSmifrkdufae&mwkdU\ tawGUBuKHtm;jzifh
xm0&bk&m;onf &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;ol\ tBuHpnfukd odcJh&av\/ uREkfyfukd
'D v k d t cJ c uf b 0uae aumif ; uif o k d U ac:awmf r l y g? rcH E k d i f a wmh y g[k
qkawmif;cJah omt&mukd bk&m;ocif þokUd tajzay;cJ\ h /
wnwGif aumif;uifwrefonf uREkfyftdyfaysmfaepOf a&muf&SdvmcJh\/
uREkfyfEld;vkdufonfhtcg uREkfyf\ ukwifay:ü&yfaeonfukdawGUcJh&\/ uREkfyfonf
rdrdcE¨mukd,frS xGufvmum aumif;uifwrefxJokdU csOf;uyfcJh\/ wkdawmif;onfh
tcsdefwGif; xm0&qkdonft&mukdcHpm;rdovkd uREkfyfcE¨mukd,fvnf; uREkfyfeD;tem;
rSm ESpEf pS cf sKid chf sKid hf tdyaf eonfuadk wGUjrifc\hJ / trIawmfjrwfüvnf; ryg0ifawmhovkd
aMumuf&UHG pGmcHpm;rdco hJ nf/
aumif;uifwrefvSnfhovkd uREkfyfvnf; vkdufvSnfhum pum;wcGef;rS
wa,mufukdwa,mufrajymrqkd tvif;xufjrefqefEIef;ukd uREkfyf\tdrfrkd;ukd
xk d ; azguf u m aumif ; uif o k d U a&muf & S d c J h \ / avmuES i f h tvG e f a 0;uG m
aeaMumif;vnf;cHpm;rdcJhonf/ aumif;uifokdU teD;qkH;ae&mokdU a&mufpOf
rdrdukd,fukdpOfpm;vkdufcsdefü igu,fwifjcif;&cJhygw,f? a&üESpfjcif;cHcJhw,f?
0dnmOfawmfü ESpjf cif;cHco hJ vkd qkaus;Zl;&&S,d rHk u tvif;ü usiv f nfcohJ yl g okUd aomf
aMumufpw d 0f ifcahJ v\/
uREkfyfonf aumif;uifwcg;0ukda&muf&Sdonfhtcsdef uREkfyf\ i,fpOfrSpí
,ckjzpfysufonf tcsdefxd ½kyfykHMunfh½Iovkd rdrdb0tukefpifukd jrifvkduf&cJh\/
wckNyD;wck? jrifvkdufonfhtcg wcsKdU½kyfykHrsm;rS trJa&mif rIef0g;0g;jzpfNyD;
xkdtrJa&mifrIef0g;0g; ½kyfykHrSm bk&m;rodrSDESifh bk&m;r&SdcJhonfh b0rSwfwrf;ykHrsm;
jzpfcJhonf/ okdUaomf uREkfyfbk&m;odNyD;aemuf toufwmajymif;vJNyD;aemuf
bk&m;ocifa&SUarSmufü 0efcsawmif;yefcJhjcif;ESifh c&pfawmf\ taoG;awmftm;jzifh
xktd &mrsm;ukd aq;aMumjcif;awGU&Scd &hJ onf/
uREyfk \ f a&G;aumufjcif;ESihf bk&m;ocif uREyfk t f ay:üxm;&Sad om tBuHpnfrsm;ukd
bk&m;ocifaz:jyrIukdcHpm;vkdufonfhtcg NyD;jynfhpkHrIr&SdaMumif; rdrdtoufü
cHpm;cJ&h onf/ 0rf;enf;rI aemifwpdw&f cdS &hJ mrS xm0&bk&m;tm; uREkyf u f dk avmuokUd
60
jyefvnfyUdk aqmifay;NyD;? uk, d af wmf\ tBuHpnfudk NyD;jynfph aHk tmif aqmif&u G Ef idk zf Udk
awmif;avQmufc\ hJ / bk&m;ocifonf uREkyf \ f qkawmif;oHuMdk um;vku d í f aumif;
uifwrefudk trdeUf ay;vku d rf nfjzpfonf/ aumif;uifwrefvnf; bmwcGe;f rS rajymbJ
uREkfyfESifhtwl þavmuokdU tHMop&maumif;avmufonf vQifjrefEIef;jzifh
a&muf&v dS mcJMh u\/
Nid r f o uf p G m ES i f h ES p f E S p f N cd K uf N cd K uf t d y f a ysmf a eaom uREk f y f c E¨ m uk d , f ü
ta&mufaumif;uifwrefonf uREkfyfukd wkd;vkdufonftcg uREkfyfcE¨mokdU
a&mufcahJ v\/ rMumcif&ufyidk ;f rSm bk&m;ocifudk bmjzpfvUdk 'Dvt dk jzpfysuf awGudk
awG U apcJ h o vJ v k d U ar;vk d u f o nf h t cg bk & m;ocif u ]]igvl r sKd ; rsm;uk d
aooGm;onft h cg 'Dvjdk zpfr,fqw dk t hJ &mawGudk ajymzkUd owday;yg}} [k tajzay;cJ\ h /
rdwfaqG? oifhtm; c&pfawmfu a&G;aumufjcif;ESifh aqmif&GufonfhtrSefukd rNyD;bJ
rjynfhpkHbJ aumif;uifokdUra&mufcsifygeJU/ 0rf;enf;p&maomua&mufp&mawGukd
awG U oG m ;vd r f h r ,f / bk & m;ocif u igh w k d U \ rsuf & nf r sm;uk d
aumif ; uif o k d U a&muf o nf h t cg ok w f a y;ygvd r f h r nf (Asm'd w f 21;4)/
oifaumif;uifokdUa&mufonfhtcg bk&m;ocifonf ol\ tBuHpnf rsm;ukd
az:jyygvdrfhrnf/ oifonf b,favmufESifh b,fvkdaqmif&GufcJhykHukd bk&m;ocif
jrifapygvdrfhrnf/ aumif;uifa&mufrS &&SdrJho&zlxuf uREkfyfwkdU þavmuü
b,favmufESifh b,fvkdbk&m;ocif\ tBuHpnfukd aqmif&GufcJhw,fqkdwmykdNyD;
a&wGu&f ygvdrrfh ,f/ uREkyf w f Udk toufwmü bk&m;ocif a&SUawmfü b,favmufxd
toa&ysufapcJhw,fqkdwmukd a&wGufjcif;&Sdygvdrfhr,f/ a'oem 7;17 xJukd
bk&m;ocif\ aeU&ufrwkid rf dS uREyfk w f Udk ac:awmfrjl cif;rcHzUdk tvGet f a&;BuD;vSay\/
jr§m;\ tajccH ESpyf idk ;f odUk r[kwf ESprf sKd;ukd avhvmrSwo f m;zkUd vktd yfaeygonf/
jr§m;\ yxrykdif;jzpfonfh jr§m;xdyfukd owåK? oHrsm;ESifh vkyfaqmifovkd
'kwd,ykdif;ukdawmh opfom; okdUr[kwf 0g;rsm;jzpf vkyfavhvkyfx&Sd ygonf/
þtydkif;ESpfykdif;u c&pfawmf\ b0jzpfpOf ESpfrsKd;ukd ykHaqmifvQuf&Sdygonf/
cRefxufaomjr§m;xdyfu c&pfawmf\ bk&m;om;jzpfjcif;? tjypfESifhuif;aomol?
vlZmwdukdcH,ljcif;ESifh touf 12 ESpfxdukd ykHaqmifaeonf/ useftykdif;jzpfaom
opfom;okdUr[kwf0g;um; c&pfawmf\ vlom;jzpfpOfESifh tjypfESifhuif;aomol?
bk&m;jzpfaMumif;ukd ykaH qmifyg\/
þtcsdefxdc&pfawmf\ orkdif;jzpfpOfukd bk&m;ocif\ vufawmfatmufü
zkH;xm;ovkd ol\ vlom;jzpfpOf? xufjrufEkdifzkdU&ef jyifqifonfhumvjzpfonf/
 i

61
tu,fíjr§m;wHonf rSefuefrIr&SdbJavxJü ysH0Jaeygu ypfrSwfukd vTJrnfrSm
{ueftrSefjzpfonf/ a[NAJ 5;8 ü c&pfawmfonf jr§m;OD;ü xufjrufaomaMumifh
ypf r S w f u k d rvG J c J h j cif ; jzpf o nf / ]]bk & m;ocif \ om;awmf r S e f a omf v nf ;
qif;&J'ku©ukdcH&aomtm;jzifh em;axmifjcif;tusKd;taMumif;ukdoifawmfrl\/}}
qif;&J'ku©cH&jcif;jzifh ol\ vlom;b0ukd jyifqifrIwckvkyfaqmifcJh\/
þt&mtm;jzifv h nf; ypfrw S u
f dk rvGaJ csmaf &;twGuf c&pfawmftm; crnf;awmfb&k m;
apvTwfawmfrlcJh\/ c&pfawmf\ ypfrSwfum; um;wkdifjzpfcJh\/ a[NAJ 5;9 wGif
c&pf a wmf o nf þuJ h o k d U ]]xk d o k d U pk H v if j cif ; ok d U a&muf N yD ; rS ?
,kHMunfem;axmifaomoltaygif;wkdUtm; xm0&u,fwifjcif; aus;Zl;ukdjyKaom
oljzpfawmfrlí}} rdefUawmfrlcJh\/ c&pfawmfonf bk&m;ocif\ tBuHpnf
jzpfawmfrlaom u,fwifjcif;w&m;ukd rvGJacsmfrd&eftwGuf qif;&J'ku©ukd
emcHjcif;toufwmjzifh vkyaf qmifcahJ v\/ þt&mtm;jzifh uREyfk w f Udk \ toufwmü
bk&m;ocif\ pkHprf;jcif;? aoG;aqmifjcif;rsm;ukd atmifjrif ausmfvTm;&ef
emcHjcif;toufwmukd oif,l&ayrnf/ bk&m;ocifonf c&pfawmftm;jzifh
jyif q if x m;aom tBuH p nf u k d uREk f y f w k d U touf w mü rvG J r d a p&ef
tvGet f vk&d adS omt&mjzpfay onf/
uREkfyfwkdUtm; rsm;pGmaomenf;rsKd;pkHjzifh bk&m;ocifonf oGefoifpkHprf;vQuf
&S d a eonf / wcgwk e f ; u uREk f y f x H o nf oif ; tk y f q &mxygvma&muf u m
]]igh&JUtoif;om;toif;olrsm;u tvGefykefuefwwfaomol? emrcHaomoljzpfvkdU
igh&JUtrIawmfjrwfyg0ifwJh oif;tkyft&mukd pGefUvTwfrnfNyD;awmh toif;awmfukd
ydwfNyD; toif;ol toif;om;awGukd wjcm;toifawmfukd ay;vkdufr,f}} [k
ajymqk d c J h \ / uRef a wmf bk & m;ocif x H xk d U tajzwG u f qk a wmif ; cJ h p Of
bk&m;ocifrdefUawmfrlcJhonfrSm ]]toif;awmfukd rydwfeJU}} xm0&bk&m;ocif onf
qmvH 60;8 rS trIefvlrsKd;uJhokdUaomolrsm;jzpfaMumif; tajzay;cJh\/
xkUd tjyif xm0&bk&m;u ]]&ifu h suaf omol? jynfph aHk omoif;tkyq f &m vkt
d yfvUdk
ol u k d 'D t oif ; awmf x J igh a c:vmwmvk d U ? NyD a wmh yk e f u ef w wf a om
toif;oltoif;om;tm;jzifh &ifhusufjynfhpkHaom oif;tkyfq&mjzpfzkdUESifh
&ifhusufjynfhpkHaomoif;tkyfw&mrsm;jyKpk&eftwGufvnf; olukdighapvTwftkH;r,f}}
[k rdefUawmfrlcJh\/ trSefpifppf þtoif;oltoif;om;rsm; bk&m;ocif\
rsufarSmufawmfukd &Smaomolrsm;r[kwf? okdUaomf ypfrSwfukdrvGJacsmfa&;twGuf
tok;H jyKcHtjzpf vkyaf qmifvQuf&cdS o hJ nf/
62
c&pfawmf\ wzefjyifqifjcif;t&mukd a[½Sm, 49;2 ü ]]igukdvufawmf
atmufü zkH;xm;awmfrl\}} [k awGUEkdifcJh\/ jr§m;onf ypfzkdU&eftwGuf jyifqif?
toif&h adS omfvnf; jr§m;q&mu ok;H zkUd &ef tcsed af pmifah rQmaf e&tk;H rnf/ þusr;f yk'd w f iG f
c&pfawmfonf crnf;awmfbk&m;\ apvTwfawmfrljcif;rwkdifrSD jyifqifNyD;?
toifh&SdaeaMumif; toufwmukdawGU&SdEkdifonf/ bk&m;ocifonf uREkfyfwkdUtm;
vufawmfatmufü zkH;xm;onfhtcsdef&Sdaeovkd ol\ apvTwfrItcsdefukdvnf;
apmifharQmfEkdif&rnf/ þt&mjzifh uREkfyfwkdUtoufwmü bk&m;ocifüom
ckdvIH&rnfaMumif; oGefoifaeav\/ bk&m;ocifonf uREkfyfwkdUtm; tcGifhESifh
aqmif&Guf&rnfht&mukd az:jyrIr&Sdrcsif;? uREkfyfwkdUonf rnfonfht&mrS
aqmif&u G í f r&&SEd idk af cs/ tu,fí uREyfk w f Udk toufwmü ausmMf um;aomomoemukd
ykdifqkdifolr[kwf? bk&m;ocif\tvkdawmftwkdif; aqmif&Gufaeoljzpfvkdygu
þuJo h Udk aom jyifqifrt I m;jzifh uREyfk w
f Udk tm; toif&h adS &;twGuf ulnaD y;ygvdrrhf nf/

a*smf'efjrpfübdodwfjcif;
a,½Ionf olU\ omoemukd pwifzkdU&ef a*smf'efjrpfem;okdUoGm;a&mufum
crnf;awmfbk&m;\ jr§m;jzifh jyifqif;jcif;trIukdjyKvkyfaqmif&GufcJh\/ okdUaomf
xkjd r§m;OD;onf wefc;dk awmfEiS t hf wl ypfrw
S uf rdk vT&J ef uREyfk w
f Udk od&&dS rnf/ þa*sm'f efjrpfü
crnf;awmfbk&m;onf c&pfawmftm; bdodwfay;um ypfrSwfukd rvTJacsmfbJ ol\
omoemukd NyD;jynfph cHk ahJ v\/
c&pfawmfxH crnf;awmfb&k m;onf oefU&Si;f aom0dnmOfawmf qif;oufjcif;ukd
csKd;iSuftm;jzifh jzpfaMumif; c&pf0ifusrf;ü uREkfyfwkdUavhvm zwf½IEkdifygonf/
oefU&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfonf c&pfawmfxH qifoufrIonf ]]c&pfawmf}}
]]bdow d af y;jcif;}} [k t"dygÜ ,f&aom crnf;awmfb&k m;\ wHqyd cf wfjcif;jzpfay\/
za&mzufa[½Sm,onf bdow d af y;jcif;onf ocifc&pfawmfüom jzpfaMumif;
a[½Sm, 11;1 wGif ]]a,½SJ trsK;d tikwüf twufaygufvrd rhf nf/ ol\ tjrpfwUdk wGif
tnGefUonf toD;oD;vdrfhrnf}} [k rSwfwrf;wifcJhonf/
uREkfyfwkdUonf aemufusrf;ykd'f ]]xm0&bk&m;\ 0dnmOfawmfwnf;[laom
em*wfynm&Sday;aom 0dnmOfBuHpnfwwfpGrf;Ekdifaom owdåukday;aom0dnmOf?
xm0&bk & m;uk d o d í aMumuf & G H U aomoabmuk d ay;aom0d n mOf a wmf o nf
xkdoltay:rSm usdef;0yfawmfrlvdrfhrnf}} ukd zwf½IEkdifonf/ þbdodwfjcif;onf
bk&m;ocif\ 0dnmOfckESpfyg;ukd az:jyac:qkdEkdifonf/ (Asm'dwf 4;5? 5;6)
 63
þbk&m;ocif\ 0dnmOfckESpfyg;onf a*smf'efjrpfü c&pfawmftay:üqif;oufNyD;?
þbdow d rf o I nf 0dnmOfawmfü AwdZå cH jH cif;xufomí BuD;jrwfovkd aywukawåaeUü
wynfhawmfrsm;tay:ü qif;oufawmfrlaom 0dnmOfawmfwefckd;xufvnf;
BuD;jrwfawmfrjl yef\/ þjzpf&yfEpS cf \ k jcm;em;csuu f dk uREyfk w
f Udk taejzifh aoaocsmcsm
em;vnf;oabmayguf&ef tvGet f a&;BuD;vSay\/
Oyrm/ bk&m;ocif\ d0dnmOfckESpfyg;rS wckaom0dnmOfrSm OmPfynmukd
ay;aom0dnmOfjzpfNyD; oefU&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmf\ qkaus;Zl;wckjzpfaom
xkd;xGif;jcif;w&m;ukday;aom 0dnmOfjzpfaMumif; od&Sd&rnf/ þjcm;em;rIt&mum;
OmPfynmukday;aom0dnmOfESifh xkd;xGif;jcif;w&m;ukday;aom0dnmOfjzpf\/
a&Smvrkex f üH &&Sad om t&mum; OmPfynmuk&d aom0dnmOfjzpfonf/ bk&ifr½Sb D m\
rsm;pGmaomar;cGef;rsm;ukd tvG,fwul rSefuefatmif ajzqkdEkdifcJhaom a½SmvrkefrSm
bk & m;ocif o nf OmPf y nmuk d a y;aom 0d n mOf a wmf t m;jzif h
bdodwfjcif;aMumifhjzpfonf/ þbdodwfjcif;tm;jzifh a½Smvrkefonf qufvufí
OmPf y nm<u,f 0 aejcif ; jzpf c J h o nf / od k U aomf xk d ; xG i f ; jcif ; w&m;um;
þuJhokdUr[kwfacs/ xkd;xGifjcif;w&m;jzpfaom 0dnmOfawmf\ qkaus;Zl;&&Sdaom
,kMH unfoo l nf tvGet f MHh ozG,&f m tjzpfysuu f dk yifem;vnfoabmaygufEidk af y\/
þqkaus;Zl;onf tcsed &f n S v
f sm;atmif tok;H jyKEkid o f vkd olwyg;\ jyóemrsm;ukd
ajz&Si;f Ekid af yvdrrhf nf/ wcgw&H xk;d xGijf cif;w&m;qkaus;Zl;jzifh Asm'dwaf wmf &&SEd idk o f vkd
r&&SdEkdifonfh tcsdefvnf; oifhtay:ü&Sdygvdrfhrnf/ odkUaomf OmPfynmukd
ay;aom0dnmOfbo d w
d rf o I nf bk&m;ocif\ OmPfawmfudk tNrJwaprScD v dk Qu&f odS nf/
þt&mrsm;uk d c&pf a wmf t ay:ü bk & m;ocif o nf ouf a &muf & ef
bdow d af y;aejcif;jzpfonf/ a,m[ef 2;24 wGif ]]cyford ;f aomolwUdk ukd odawmfr\ l }}
[k c&pfawmftm;&nfneT ;f xm;onf/ c&pfawmfonf ,k'\ aqmif&u G rf nft h rIrsm;ukd
odcahJ v\/
xkUd aMumifh uREyfk w f Udk onf oefU&Si;f aom0dnmOfawmfü AwdZå u H cdk NH yD; 0dnmOfawmf\
qk a us;Zl ; uk d v uf c H y k d i f q k d i f N yD ; ? xk d t &mrsm;uk d ol w yg;xH a 0iS j cif ;
txG e f a qmif & G u f & rnf / þtcsif ; t&mwG u f wref a wmf & S i f a ygvk o nf
ayawukwfawåaeU& oefU&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfqkü AwdåZHcHcJhaom {zufNrdKUrS
,kHMunfolrsm;twGuf bk&m;ocif\ xkd;xGif;aomOmPfukdawmif;cHcJhjcif;jzpfonf
({zuuf 1;17)/ crnf;awmfb&k m;onf c&pfawmfxo H Udk bdow d f qif;oufapaom
OmPf y nmuk d a y;aom 0d n mOf a wmf o nf ,aeUaemuf q k H ; aom umv
64
,kMH unforl sm;tay: oufa&mufqifouf&ef vkt d yfvQuf&adS eygonf/ Asm'dwf 5;6
wG i f uREk f y f w k d U zwf ½ I j rif a wG U aom ok d ; ol i ,f ü rsuf p d c k E S p f v k H ; csKd
ckESpfacsmif;&Sd\[laomt&mum; bk&m;ocif\ 0dnmOfckESpfyg;onf þavmuokdU
xkdt&mrsm;ukd qif;oufaeapjcif;jzpfonf/ uREkfyfwkdUyifvQif bk&m;ocif\
ok;d oli,f\ oabmobm0ukd tvk&d &dS rnf? xkrd o S m bk&m;ocif\ 0dnmOfcEk pS rf sKd;
uREkfyfwkdUtay: qif;oufNyD; uREkfyfwkdUtm;jzifh olwyg;xH vufqifhurf;um
omoemus,fjyefUvmEkid rf nf/
bk&m;ocif\0dnmOfcEk pS rf sK;d rS 0dnmOfawmfyxrbdow d rf o
I nf xm0&bk&m;\
0d n mOf a wmf u c&pf a wmf t ay: bd o d w f a y;aMumif ; a[½S , 61;1 wG i f
]]xm0&bk&m;\ 0dnmOfawmfonf ightay:rSm wnfawmfrl\/ taMumif;rlum;
qif;&Jom;wkdUtm; 0rf;ajrmufp&m odwif;ukdMum;ajymapiSg}} [k awGU&SdEkdifonf/
xm0&bk&m;\ 0dnmOfawmf uREkfyfwkdUtay:ü qif;oufbdodwfjcif;onf
0rf;ajrmufp&m odwif;Mum;ajymzkdU&efjzpfonf/ uREkfyfwkdUonf c&pfawmfuJhokdU
]]igh a [majymaompum;onf igh \ bk e f ; wef c k d ; xif ; &S m ;&ef E S i f h
ukd,ftvkdavQmufajymaompum;r[kwf}} (a,m[ef 14;10) [k ajym&rnf/
þt&mum; trI a wmf a qmif r sm;twG u f bk & m;ocif \ apvT w f r I E S i f h
a[majymEk d i f a &;twG u f 0d n mOf a wmf \ bd o d w f q if ; ouf r I
tvGefvkdtyfaMumif;od&Sd&rnf/ uREkfyfwkdUtaejzifh or®musrf;pmukd wwfajrmuf
oduRrf;NyD; em;vnfía[majymjcif;r[kwfbJ oefU&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmf\
bdow d q f if;oufraI Mumifo h m a[majymjcif;jzpf&rnf/
a[½S, 11;2 rS 0dnmOfawmf\ 'kwd,bdodwfrIonf BuHpnfEkdifaomynm
0dnmOfjzpfonf/ þbdow d jf cif;um; uREyfk w
f Udk tm; ppfreS af omt&mukd a&G;cs,Ef idk &f efEiS hf
vkdtyfonfhtcsdefü aqmif&GufEkdifjcif; jzpfonf/ BuHpnfEkdifaom ynmqkd&mwGif
OmPfynmukd tokH;jyK&ef[k qkdaumif;qkdEkdifygvdrfhrnf/ OmPfynmwckwnf;jzifh
rjynfph ?Hk vkaH vmufrrI &daS y/ OmPfynmukrd ok;H bJ oiftaejzifh BuHpnfprG ;f aqmifr&I &dS ef
vkdtyfayonf/ acgif;aqmifaumif;wOD; jzpf&eftwGuf £oa&vvlrsKd;rsm;\
acgif ; aqmif j zpf c J h a om BuH p nf p G r f ; aqmif rI u k d rd r d a cgif ; aqmif x H r S
oif,lbdodwfjcif;cH&aom a,m½IuJhokdUjzpf&rnf/ (w&m;a[m 34;9) wcsdefu
uRefawmfonf Charismatic cH,laom toif;awmfwyg;wGif oif;tkyfq&mtjzpf
trIawmfjrwfüyg0ifcJhonf/ uREkfyfwkdU OD;aqmifaepOf oefU&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmf\
vI y f & S m ;vk y f a qmif r I u k d qef U usif c J h a om oif ; axmuf v l B uD ; \
 65
ZeD;onfukdawGUqkHcJhonf/ uREkfyfonf xkdtpDtpOfukdtqkH;owfum uREkfyfonf
0wfjyKtpDpOfawGUBuKcH ahJ omt&mukd pOf;pm;&if;jzifh tdrjf yefc\ hJ / uReaf wmftrd af &mufNyD;
rD;zkdacsifokdU t0if b0ü rSwfom;avmufaomtawGUBuKHwck &ifqkdifcJh&\/
za,mif;rD;wkid cf Ek pS v
f ;Hk eH&aH y:wGif a&GUvsm;aeaMumif; awGUcJ&h \/ Asm'dwf 4;5 wGif
za,mif;rD;wkdif ckESpfvkH;rSm bk&m;ocif\ 0dnmOfckESpfyg;[k az:jyxm;\/
xkzd a,mif;rD;wkid f ckEpS cf \
k ykid &f iS f 0dnmOfawmfonf uREyfk t f ay:okUd 0wfvu Hk cdk sKaH y;cJ\ h /
þt&mum; uREkfyfb0ü raz:jyEkdifavmuf thHMozG,faumif;aom bk&m;ocif
bdodwfrIjzpfcJhonf/ odkUaomf uREkfyftay:ü 0wf½kHukd csKHay;aom bk&m;ocif\
0dnmOffawmfonf uREkfyfOD;aqmifyg0ifaeaom toif;awmf\ jyóemukd
ajz&Sif;Ekdifa&;twGuf bk&m;ocif\ BuHpnfwwfpGrf;EkdifrIukday;aejcif;jzpfonf/
xm0&bk&m;ocifonf olUtm; qefUusifaeaomoltay: &,farmEkdifouJhokdU
uREkfyf&,farmEkdifcJh\ qmvH 2/ uREkfyf&,farmaejcif;rSm wjcm;t&mrsm;twGuf
r[kwfbJ 0dnmOfawmf\tvkyfukd qefUusifuefuGufaeaom trsKd;orD;tay:
&,farmaejcif;jzpfonf/ xkdtrsKd;orD;onf rdrdukd,frdrd usef;rmonf[k
xifaeaomfvnf 0wfjyKtpDpOftNyD; em&DtwGif;aq;½kHokdUykdUjcif;cHcJh&\/
xm0&bk&m;ocifudk tb,forl Q avsmifajymifír&Ekid af y/
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vk;H vk;H vsm;vsm;vufc, H MHk unfonft h cg uREkyf t f ay:ü bk&m;ocif\ 0dnmOfawmf
qif;oufrcI pH m;&ovkd BuHpnfprG ;f aqmifEidk zf Udk toufwmü &daS Mumif;cHpm;vku d cf \
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olr\ qkawmif;ay;aepOf olU\ BuHpnfpGrf;aqmifrIukday;cJh\/ uRefawmfonf
tema&m*gNid r f ; rI r vk d t yf a omf v nf ; uREk f y f a wmif ; w&?
vk d t yf o nf h B uH p nf p G r f ; aqmif r I u k d a y;cJ h a v\/ ]]oif w k d U wG i f
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66
uREkfyfwkdUod&Sdem;vnfEkdif\/ (1&m 12;32/ vkum 24;45)/ em;vnfEkdifaom
0dnmOftm;jzifh uREkfyfwkdUonf ½lyg½kHAsm'dwfawmfrsm;ESifh tdrfrufrsm;ukdyif
em;vnf j yef q k d E k d i f & ef ul n D a qmif & G u f a y;Ek d i f o nf ('H a ,v 1;17)/
vlwOD;wa,muf\ tdrfruf ½lyg½kH\ t"duaz:jycsufrsm;ukd wdwdusus
emvnfEidk af &;twGuf tvGet f a&;BuD;ay\/
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tvGefta&;ygvSayonf/ aeyk'fcaeZmESifh zma&mbk&ifwkdU\ tdrfrufrsm;ukd
'Ha,vESifh a,moyftm;jzifh wdusaomteufukd&&Sdovkd xkdtdrfrufrsm;twGuf
bk & m;ocif \ BuH p nf j yif q if a omt&mrsm;jynf h p k H c J h j cif ; jzpf a yonf /
vlawmfawmfrsm;rsm; bk&m;ocifay;aom tdrfruf ½lyg½kHrsm;\ euft"dyÜm,fukd
wdwdusus teufrzGifhEkdifjcif;aMumifh olwkdU\toufwmü 'ku©ESifhtwl
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oif;axmufq&m\ ZeD;onftaMumif; tm;jzifh Oyrmay;vkdyg\/ þtrsKd;orD;
onf oefU&Si;f aom0dnmOfawmf\ tvkyu f dk jiif;y,fqefUusicf í hJ aq;½kaH &muf cJah epOf
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xm0&bk&m;&yfaeonfukdawGUcJhNyD;? xkdtrsKd;orD;rSm a&m*grS aysmufuif;rnf[k
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tvk y f u k d r vuf c H í touf w mü rd r d u k d , f u k d
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 67
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9;6) wkdifyifzuf? wkdifyifaz:jzpfzkdU uREkfyfwkdUü wkdifyifzuf 0dnmOfawmf&Sd&rnf/
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0dnmOfawmfr&Syd gu vkyaf qmifí r&Ekid af y/
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68
vufxyfEkdifaMumif; tBuHjyKcJhMu\/ waeUwGif uRefawmf xHokdU xkdtrsKd;orD;ESifh
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ar;cJhMu\/ uREkfyfvnf; olwkdUtm; csufjcif;tajzray;bJ aemuf 3 &ufMumrS
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olwkdUtay:vufwifNyD; bk&m;ocifxHokdU tyfvkduf\/
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trIawmfjrwfü yg0ifco hJ nf/
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vuf x yf c J h u m uav;wa,muf u k d bk & m;ocif aumif ; BuD ; ay;½k H o mru
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awGUBuKH&ifqkdifae&aom tajcaerS vGwfajrmufNyD; wkdifyifEkdif&eftwGuf
bk & m;ocif o nf wk d i f y if z uf 0 d n mOf u k d ay;vQuf & S d a e\/ aemuf q k H ; wG i f
 69
ol w k d U tm;vk H ; onf bk & m;ocif t vk d a wmf t wk d i f ; avQmuf v S r f ;
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a[A½kefNrdKUokdU o,faqmifcJh\/ uREkfyfwkdU\ c&pfawmfüvnf; þuJhokdUaom
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ukeo f nfrsm;\ pm;yG?J ckrH sm;ukd vTwyf pfcEhJ idk jf cif;jzpfonf/ bk&iftm['f\ jrif;wyfjzifh
vk d u f j cif ; uk d c H c J h & aom "vd , tay:üvnf ; BuD ; rm;aom
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aqmif&GufvQuf&Sdonf/ bk&m;ocif\ BuD;rm;aomtrIukd aqmif&GufEkdifzkdUtvkdiSg
uREk f y f w k d U onf BuD ; rm;aom0d n mOf a wmf \ bd o d w f r I u k d awmif ; w&rnf /
aemufqkH;aom ocifbk&m;\ aeUüyifvQif 0g;<um;Ekdifjcif;rSm þBuD;rm;aom
0dnmOfawmf\ bdow d rf aI Mumifo h mjzpf&rnf/
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twd w f E S i f h ypö y Ü K uk d od & S d a z:jyEk d i f z k d U &ef þxk d ; xG i f ; od E k d i f a om
0d n mOf a wmf b d o d w f j cif ; &S d r S o mjzpf r nf / wpk H w &mjzpf v mrnf t csd e f ?
trIukdodEkdifzkdUaomf4if;? oufaocHzkdU&eftwGufaom4if; uREkfyfwkdUü þbdodwf
jcif;&Srd o
S mjzpfrnf/ c&pfawmfyifvQif oabFmwzefyifatmufüaeonf emoaevukd
jrifEkdifjcifonf xkd;xGifEkdifaom 0dnmOfawmf\ bdodwfay;jcif; aMumifhjzpfonf/
(a,m[ef 5;47-48)
,aeUc&pfawmf\ toif;awmftay:ü bk&m;ocif\ rdefUqkdcsufukd
od&Sdem;vnfEkdifa&;twGuf uREkfyfwkdUtay:ü xkd;xGifEkdifaom0dnmOfawmf\
bdodwfrI&SdrSomjzpfrnf/ ]]rsufarSmufor®mw&m;}} ukd wnfaxmifvkd\[k
ayw½krdefUqkdouJhokdU uRefawmfwkdUvnf; tvkd&Sd&rnf (2ay 1;12)/ Charismatic
t,l0g' (rsufarSmufor®mw&m;) onf oefU&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfü AwdåZHcHjcif;ESifh
tema&m*gNidr;f jcif;jzpfonf/ okUd aomf ,aeU ppfreS af om or®mw&m;u oefU&Si;f jcif;ESihf
jynfhpkHjcif;yifjzpf\/ oifonf raeUü touf&SifvkdU r&ovkd? vGefcJhaom
70
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bk&m;ocif\ aMumuf&UHG aomolwUdk tm; (bk&m;ocifonf tmediEdk iS hf ½Szga&ukd
w&m;pD&ifjcif;) oefU&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfonfBuD;rm;aom todw&m;ukday;cJh\/
tvGef½kd;om;jzLpifaomolrsm;om tpnf;a0;okdU a&mufvmMu\/
þtjzpfysuEf iS q hf ifwl ½k;d rSm;aomt&m uREyfk o f cd \
hJ / tvGeyf if ½k;d om;jzLpifNyD;
bk&m;ukdMunfndKaom t*FvefEkdifiH ajrmufykdif;wGifwnf&Sdaom toif;awmfrS
 71
toif ; ol ? toif ; om;rsm;onf / tjypf w pk H w &mvk y f r d y gu b,f a wmh r S
toif;awmfü ryg0ifMuacs/ tjypfukdaz:jyonfhtwkdif; 0efcsNyD;rS toif;awmfü
yg0if M u\/ wpk H w a,muf o nf tjypf & S d v Quf 0 ef c sjcif ; r&S d y gu
w&m;a[mcsuf t m;jzif h a omf 4 if ; ? za&mzuf j yKjcif ; tm;jzif h a omf 4 if ;
oefU&Si;f aom0dnmOfawmfü az:jyvQu&f adS ecJ\ h /
xm0&bk & m;uk d a Mumuf & G H U aomol r sm;tm;jzif h wEk d i f i H v k H ; tay:ü
El;d xrIujdk zpfap\/ 'D&mpktp a0;Ekid if üH El;d xrIpwifcphJ OfwiG f xrif;qkid rf sm;yifvQif
pm;aomufaecsed w f iG f qkid rf sm;ukyd wd cf MhJ u\/ rdrw d Udk \ tjypfuo dk &d u
dS m vufrsm;ESihf
av;zufaxmufí4if;? 'l;axmuf&if;jzifh4if; bk&m;ausmif;&Sd&mokdU qkawmif;zkdU&ef
oGm;cJhMu\/ qGd'ifEkdifiHwGif Eld;xrIjzpfay:pOf noef;acgif;tcsdefü tdyf&mü
twltdyfaeaom olrsm;yifvQif xí bk&m;ausmif;qDokdU ta&mufajy;um
rdrdwkdUtjypfrsm;ukd 0efcsawmif;yefqkawmif;cJhMu\/ olwkdU\tjypfrsm;rS
vTwaf jrmufjcif;&&So d nft h xd qkawmif;cJMh u\/
aemufq;Hk aomumvwGif Ekid if w H ckNyD;wckwidk ;f jynfwckNyD;wck bk&m;ocifonf
þt&mrsm;uk d wzef a qmif & G u f r nf j zpf o nf / uREk f y f w k d U tay:ü
xm0&bk&m;tm;aMumuf&GHUaom 0dnmOfawmfoufa&mufzkdU xm0&bk&m;xH
qk a wmif ; &rnf j zpf o nf / uREk f y f w k d U touf w mü xm0&bk & m;tm;
aMumuf&GHUaom0dnmOfawmf &Sifoefjcif;jzifh uREkfyfwkdU\ toif;awmfüyif4if;?
wkid ;f Ekid if rH sm;tay:üyif4if; El;d xrIjzpfay:vmrnfjzpfonf/
oiftoufwmwckvkH;ukd xm0&bk&m;ü qufuyftyfESHNyD;? oGefoifawmf
rlt&mwkdif; avQmufvSrf;ygu bk&m;ocifrS oGef;avmif;aomxm0&bk&m;tm;
aMumuf&UHG aom0dnmOf\ pGr;f aqmifru I dk oifonf {uefrck sjrif&rnf/ bk&m;ocif\
aemufqkH;aomaeUü uREkfyfwkdUESvkH;om;t<uif;rJhjzifh bk&m;xH ukd;pm;onfhtcg
uREkfyfwkdUonf tv,fü bk&m;\ thHMot&mrsm;awGU &SdEkdifrnf jzpfonf/
uREkfyfwkdU\ ocifc&pfawmftay:ü bk&m;ocif\ 0dnmOfckESpfyg;jzifh
bdow d cf cH ahJ omaMumifh bk&m;ocif\ bke;f wefc;dk ukx d if&mS ;atmif aqmif&u G Ef idk cf \
hJ /
þbd o d w f j cif ; tm;jzif h uREk f y f w k d U touf w müvnf ; bk & m;ocif u k d
bke;f awmfxif&mS ;apNyD; uREyfk w f Udk aexkid af omEkid if üH El;d xrIujdk zpfay: apEkid rf nfjzpfonf/
BuD;rm;aom bdow d rf o I nf ocifc&pfawmftay:ü qif;oufaMumifh (a[½Sm,
11;1-2) wGif az:jyNyD;? tykd'fi,f 5 wGif ]]w&m;ESifh opöm&Sdaomol\ cg;yef;?
cg;pnf;jzpfvdrfhrnf}} [k vnf;az:jyxm;\/
72
bdodwfjcif;rsm;onf vkHavmufaomt&mr[kwfay/ or®ma[mif;usrf;ü
wcsKdUaomyk*d¾Kvfrsm;xHü bdodwfjcif;trIonf ,aeUaemufqkH;aomumvüyif
rawGUEkid o f nft h &mrsm;&Scd MhJ uaomfvnf; olwUdk toufwm usq;Hk cJ&h ay\/ ½Sq H ek of nf
BuD;rm;aom0dnmOfawmf\ bdow d jf cif;ukcd cH &hJ ovk?d xkBd uD;rm;aom0dnmOfwefc;dk jzifh
av;vHaomNrdKU0if*dwf? NrdKU½kd;rsm;ukdysufpD;EkdifcJhovkd av;vHaomt&mrsm;ukd
o,f a qmif c J h E k d i f a omf v nf ol \ touf w mü
bk&m;ocif\usiphf Ofopömapmifx h ed ;f rIr&Scd ahJ cs/
a½Smvrkefonf i,fpOfuwnf;uyif bk&m;ocifESifh qkHawGUcJh&ovkd
0dnmOfawmfcEk pS yf g;rS 0dnmOfawmf\ OmPfynmuk&d cJo h nfw h idk af tmif aemufq;Hk ol\
toufwmü cGJuGmjcif;ESifh 'ku©rsm;jzifh tqkH;owfcJh\/ rnfuJhokdUaom
0dnmOfawmfqkaus;Zl;bdodwfjcif;cH&aomfvnf; oiftm; xkdbdodwfrIu tNrJwap
csKyf u k d i f x m;rnf r [k w f a y/ a½S m vk y if v Qif bd o wf j cif ; cH & aomf v nf ;
toufwmüusqkH;cJh\/ bdodwfjcif;onf xm0&bk&m;ocif\ trIawmfukd
aqmif & G u f j cif ; jzpf o nf / ok d U aomf bk & m;ocif o nf wpk H w ck v k y f z k d U
awmif;qkdvQuf&Sdaeonf/ uREkfyfwkdUonf c&pfawmf\ opömapmifhxdef;rIESifh &SdrIukd
a[½Sm, 11;5 wGif awGUEkid o f nf/ c&pfawmfonf bdow d rf w I ckb&J &Sjd cif;r[kwb f J
olbufü bdow d jf cif;ay;aom bk&m;ociftay:ü opöm&Scd ahJ Mumif; a[NAJ 2;17 ESihf
Asm'dwf 19;11 wGif awGU&SdEkdifonf/
bk&m;ocifudk uREyfk w f Udk awGUzkUd t"du vkt d yfcsurf mS olonf uREyfk w f Udk ESv;Hk om;ü
BuD;rm;aomtrIukd apckdif;jcif;jzpfonf/ or®musrf;pmü rsm;pGmaomolrsm;tay:ü
bdodwfjcif;&SdcJhMuygaomfvnf; usqkH;cJhMu\/ rsm;pGmaomolukd ac:aomvnf;
a&G;aumufjcif;cHolrsm;rSm enf;vSay\/ oifonf ac:jcif;ukdcH&aomfvnf;
a&G;aumufjcif;uk&d zkUd opöm&Srd v I t
dk yfayrnf/ þaemufq;Hk aomumvü Asm'dwf 17;4
t& oifb h 0ü opömr&Syd gu? raqmif&u G af omoljzpfygvdrrhf nf/

]]ighwkdUtbkdU oli,fukday;awmfrlcJh}}

a[½S m , 9;6 wG i f a[½S m ,\ ya&mzwf j yKjcif ;

]]ighukdtbkdUoli,fukdbGmjrifap\}} [k uREkfyfwkdUod&SdEkdifcJhonf/ ocifa,½Ionf
uav;oli,farG;zGm;jcif;cH&ouJhokdU uREkfyfwkdUvnf; 0dnmOfa&;&mtwGif
bk&m;ocif\ EkdifiHawmfxJü oli,fuJhokdUarG;zGm;jcif;cH,l&rnf/ c&pfawmfonf
 73
&ifhusufouJhokdU uREkfyfwkdUvnf aus;Zl;awmfxJü BuD;xGm;zkdU&ef touf&Sif&rnf/
þtwGuf a[½Sm,onf ]]ighwkdUtzkdU oli,fukday;cJhNyD}} [k qufí rdefUqkdcJh\/
þya&mzufjyKjcif;ukcd &pfawmf\ touf 30 ESpjf ynfo h nft
h cg tvGef &ifu h suaf om
bk&m;om;awmftjzpf jynfhpkHapcJh\/ þtcsufukd a*smf'efjrpfü ]]igjrwfEkd;&m?
igh\cspof m;aywnf;}} [k aumifuifb&Hk iS f bk&m;ocifred Uf qkcd \ hJ (&Siv f uk m 3;22)/
þtcsdefum bk&m;ocifonf uREkfyfwkdUtwGuf uav;i,fomr[kwfawmhbJ
&ifuh sufaom om;awmftjzpfay;aejcif;jzpf\/ ol\ toufwmukd bk&m;ocif\
jr§m;tjzpf aqmif&GucJhrIjzpfonf/ þtcsdefum; £oa&vvlrsKd;rsm;twGuf
bk&m;ocif\ oltay:jyifqifjcif;ukd ]]Munf½h aI vmh bk&m;ocif\ ok;d oi,fawmf}}
[k a,m[efu þokdUqkdcJh\ (a,m[ef 1;26)/ c&pfawmftm; bk&m;ociftwGuf
jr§m;tjypf aqmif&u G &f ef um&eDay:ü wifjcif;ukcd cH &hJ \/
uREk f y f w k d U vnf ; bk & m;ocif \ trI a wmf t wG u f bk & m;ocif \
tjzpf,w l ifaqmif&u G &f ef xku
d o hJ Udk jyifqif&rnfjzpfonf/ uREyfk w f Udk \ EIwüf vnf;
xufaom "g;uJhokdU bk&m;ocif\ EIwfuywfawmfukd tNrJajymqkd ae&rnf/
uREkfyfwkdUtoufwmukd bk&m;ociftwGuf qufuyftyfESH&rnf/ bk&m;ocif\
qkH;rrIatmufü emcHjcif;toufjzifh cufcJaom toufwmukd &ifqkdif&rnf/
uREkfyfwkdUonf bk&m;ocif\ vufawmfü tNrJwap ol\ om;orD;tjzpf
&yfwnfaqmif&Guf&rnf/ ol\ tcsdefjynfhpkHonfhtxd ol\ jr§m;twGuf
jyifqifae&rnf/ xkt d cg uREyfk wf Udk onf bk&m;ocif\ a&G;aumufru I dk rvTrJ acsmb f J
0dnmOfawmf\ wefc;dk awmftm;jzifh aqmif&u G Ef idk af yawmhrnf/ rdwaf qG; c&pfawmfuo hJ Udk
bk & m;ocif \ jr§ m ;awmf t jzpf u,f w if j cif ; twG u f E S i f h El d ; xrI u k d
o,faqmifaeaomol? aqmif&u G af eaomoljzpfEidk yf gap/

___
74
tcef; 5

tarG&,ljcif;

bk&m;ocifonf ol\om;orD;rsm; wpfOD;csif;ukd tarGay;vkdaom

qE´ & S d a Mumif ; ½S i f ; vif ; pG m od & S d & ygonf / "r ®a[mif;ü bk&m;ocif\
vlrsKd;wkdUonf *wdawmfjynfokdU rnfokdU0ifa&mufodrf; ykduf,lcJhMuaMumif;ukd
Munfhjcif;jzifh ,aeU?c&pfawmfü ac:xm;aom uRefawmfwkdUonfvnf;
*wdawmftarGESifh Ekd;xrIwkdUukd rnfuJhokdU &,lEkdifaMumif; em;vnfEkdifygonf/
bk&m;ocifonf rwlnDaom qkaus;Zl; ukd,fpDykdifqkdifxm;Muonfh yk*¾dKvf
(3)OD ; tmjA[H ? a,m½I E S i f h 'g0d ' f w k d U uk d twl v k y f a qmif a pjcif ; jzif h
olUvlrsKd;awmftm; *wdawmfjynfokdU vkH;0a&muf&Sdatmif ac:aqmifapcJh\/
tmjA[Honf bk&m;xHrS *wdawmftarGudk vufcH&&SdcJhaomfvnf;?
4if;*wdawmf\ jynfhpkHjcif;udk rcHpm;cJh&acs/ xkd*wdawmfudk &&SdcHpm;zkdU
a,m½Ionf? tmjA[H\ rsKd;pOfqufwkdUtm; OD;aqmifum cgeefjynfukd
odrf;ykduf,lcJhonf/
*wdawmftarGudk pwifykdifqkdif&ESifhcJhaomfvnf; a,m½Itaejzifhvnf;
vkH;0jynfhpkHjcif;rsKd;awmhr&SdcJhacs/ tmjA[H\ rsKd;pOfquftwGuf *wdawmftarG
tjynfht0&&SdcHpm;zkdUESifh *wdawmfjynfhokdU 0ifa&mufodrf;ykdufykdifqkdifzkdU
'g0d'frif;taejzifh £oa&vvlrsKd;udk OD;aqmifOD;½GufrIjyKvkyfcJhygonf/
þuJ h o k d U rwl n D a om qk a us;Zl ; toD ; oD ; \ vk y f a qmif r I w k d U onf
bk&m;ocif\ EkdifiHawmfxJodkU 0ifa&mufum? jynfhpkHaom *wdawmftarG&&Sd&ef
uRefawmfwkdUtwGuf r&Sdrjzpfvkdtyfonfh t&mrsm;yifwnf;/ *wdawmfudk
vuf c H & cJ h a om tmjA[H w a,muf t aejzif h 4if ; *wd a wmf j ynf h p k H z k d U
vkyfaqmifcJhayrJh tvGefenf;yg;aom rrmPrQom &&SdcJhygonf/ xkdaemuf
a,m½I\ vkyfaqmifrIjzifh *wdawmfjynfokdU 0ifa&mufykdifqkdifcJhonf[k
qkdaomfvnf; tpdwfykdif;tcsKdUrQomjzpf\/ aemufydkif;wGif tcsdefwefonfhtcg?
bk&m;ocifonf 'g0d'frif;tm; csD;ajr§mufum? 4if;rsKd;½kd;tm;jzifh *wdawmf\
 75
jynfhpkHjcif;okdU a&muf&Sd&ef uRefawmfwkdUudk OD;aqmifapcJhygonf/
tcsKd U aom tajctaersm;rS m ? trsKd ; rsKd ; aom acgif ; aqmif r sm;\
wNyKdifwnf; vkyfaqmifrIrsKd;vkdtyfygonf/ tjcm;aom tajctaersKd;rSm?
bk&m;ociftaejzifh acgifaqmifwa,muftm; vkyfief;okH;rsKd;ukd vkyfaqmifzkdU
xkdolb0\ oD;jcm;umvrsm;wGif wckcsif;pDukd vkyfaqmifapwwf\/ okdUaomf
uRefawmfwkdU odxm;oifhonfrSm? tmjA[H? a,m½IESifh 'g0d'fwkdU\ vkyfaqmifcJhrI
rsm;onf uRefawmfwkdUtwGuf *wdawmfjynfhpkHjcif;ESifh Edk;xrI&&SdzkdU twl
vufwGJvkyfaqmif&ef rD;armif;xkd;jyaejcif;yif r[kwfygvm;/

1/ *wdawmfudk vufcH&&SdcJhaom tmjA[H

Ekd;xrIqkdif&m\ t"dyÜg,fudk tjriftrsKd;aygif;rsm;pGmjzifh zGJUqkdxm;&SdMu

ygonf / tjrif w ck t aejzif h 4if ; onf tmjA[H t m; bk & m;ay;cJ h a om
y#dnmOfqkdif&m *wdawmftjzpf ½IjrifEkdifonf/ þ*wdawmfonf tcdkiftrmyif
jynfhpkHcJhonfhenf;wl toif;awmftm; bk&m;ay;xm;aom *wdawmfrsm;vnf;
jynfhpkHvdrfhrnfjzpfaMumif; uRefawmfwkdU od&Sdem;vnfEkdifygonf/
y#dnmOfqkdonfrSm? yk*¾KdvfESpfOD;Mum;(okdU) tzGJUESpfzGJUMum;oabm wlnDrI
wckjyKjcif;yifjzpfonf/ ,aeUurÇmay:rSm? vlawGonf oabmwlnDrI (okdU)
y#dnmOfrsm;pGm jyKMu&m? tcsKdUaom y#dnmOfrsm;onf vG,fulpGmausysuf
qD;oGm;wwfygonf/ Oyrm? [pfwvmonf y#dnmOfESifh oabmwlnD
csufrsm;ukd jyK&mü tvGefESpfoufolwa,mufjzpfcJhaomfvnf; jyKcJhonfh
y#dnmOfrsm;udk xyfcgxyfcg ysufqD;apcJhonf/ rnfodkUyifqkdap? bk&m;ESifh
tmjA[HwkdUMum;jyKcJhaom y#dnmOfonf tjcm;y#dnmOfrsm;ESifhvkH;0 uGmjcm;vS
ygonf/

tmrcHcsuf&Sdaom bk&m;\*wdawmrsm;
urÇmOD;tcef;BuD; (15) ü bk&m;onf tmjA[HESifh y#dnmOfjyKcJhaMumif;
a&;xm;ygonf/ tcef;i,f (9-10) t&? wd&dpämef,Zfaumifudk,lum
xufjcrf;ckwfjzwfaMumif; awGU&onf/ þuJhokdU jyKjcif;onftzGJUESpfzGJUu
76

y#dnmOfjyKonftcg? wd&dpämef,Zfaumiftm;xufjcrf;ckwfum vSJxm;NyD;?

4if;\tv,frS ESpfzGJUpvkH;twljzwfavQmufjcif;jzifh olwkdU\ y#dnmOfudk
twnfjyKrIudk oabmaqmifonfh a½S;usaom ta½SUtv,fykdif;vlwkdU\
xk H ; pH w ck j zpf y gonf / xk d U twl tmjA[H x uf j crf ; ck w f v S J x m;aom
,Zfaumiftv,frSm jzwfavQmuf&rnfh olrsm;rSm tmjA[HESifh bk&m;wkdUyif
wnf ; / ok d U aomf tcef ; i,f (12)t&? tmjA[H t aejzif h y#d n mOf u d k
twnfjyKjcif;rjyKbJ BuD;aomtdyjf cif;jzifh tdyaf ysmfomG ;aMumif; azmfjyxm; onf/
xkdUtjyif tcef;i,f (17) t&? ]]cGJxm;aom tom;tv,fü rD;ckd;xGufaom
rD;zkd? rD;xGef;vif;aom rD;cGufonf xif;½Sm;pGm a½SmufoGm; av\/}} xkdUaMumifh
þtjcif;t&mudk Munfhjcif;jzifh y#dnmOfudk twnfjyK wHqdyfcwfolwkdUrSm?
crnf;awmfbk&m; (rD;ckd;xGufaom rd;zkd? a[NAJ 12;29) ESifh ocifa,½Ic&pfawmf
(rD;xGef;vif;aom rD;cGuf? a,m 8;12) wkdUjzpf aMumif; od&onf/ tmjA[Honf
ckwfvSJxm;aom ,Zfaumif tom; tv,frS jzwfavQmufjcif;rjyKcJhacs/
tb,fhaMumifhqkdaomf 4if;y#dnmOfonf? *wdawmf (okdU) vl\ tpGrf;tptay:
rSDwnfaejcif;&SdraeaomaMumifh yifjzpf\/
4if;y#dnmOfudk jyKvkyfolESifhwnfNrJapjcif;onf crnf;awmfbk&m;ocifESifh
ocifa,½Ibk&m;wkdU\ wefckd;tm;jzifhomvQif jzpf\/ crnf;aawmfESifh
om;awmfa,½IwkdUonf tmjA[HESifhjyKcJhaom y#dnmOfjynfhpkHzkdU oabmwlcJhMu
jcif;yifwnf;/ xkdUaMumif; 4if;y#dnmOfonf b,fawmhrS ysufqD;jcif;odkU
ra&mufEkdifyg/
urÇmOD;usrf; 17;1-5ü? bk&m;ocifonf tmjA[HESifh y#dnmOfjyKNyD;aemuf
ESpfaygif;tawmfMumonfhtcg? 4if;y#dnmOfjynfhpkHvmrnfh *wdawmfpum;udk
tmjA[HxH xyfrHrdefUrSmcJh\/ tu,fí bk&m;ocifu uRefawmfwkdUudk
*wdpum;ay;cJah omf 4if;onf tvGet f MhH ozG,tf awGUtBuKH wckjzpf ayvdrrhf nf/
odkUaomf 4if;ajymcJhonfh (okdU) ay;cJhonfh pum;awmfudk ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmMumrS
bk&m;u? jyefvnftwnfjyKajymrnfqkdyguomí? omítHhMozG,fcHpm;&rnf
r[kwfayavm/ wcgw&H uRefawmfwkdUonf bk&m;xHrS *wdpum;rsm;
arh a ysmuf w wf a omaMumif h rarh z k d U bk & m;\ *wd a wmf o k d
xm;onfu h RefawmfwUdk &JU pdwEf v
S ;Hk ukd *½kwpdu k f apmifx
h ed ;f &ef vkt
d yfvaS yonf/
 77
vlom;rsm;taejzifh arhaysmufwwfonfhwkdifatmif *wdawmfay;olbk&m;u
arhavsmhjcif;r&Sdacs/
*wdjyKcJhNyD; ESpfaygif; (400) ausmfvGefyg&m arma½S\ acwfcsdefcgüyifvQif
]]bk&m;onf tmjA[HESifh jyKcJhbl;aom y#dnmOfudk atmufarhawmfrl\}} (xGuf
2;24)/ xkdrQru ,©Kacwfüyif tmjA[HESifhjyKcJhaom *wdawmfudk jynhfpkHapzkdU
ol U vl r sKd ; awmf t m; tpö a &;Ed k i f i H o k d U 0if a &muf o d r f ; yk d u f , l & ef
bk&m;jyifqifay;cJhygonf/
þtaMumif;t&mudk em;vnfoabmaygufxm;&ef ta&;BuD;ygonf/
tb,fhaMumifhqkdaomf tmjA[Htm;jyKcJhaomf y#dnmOfonf? ,aeU?bk&m;\
toif;awmfEkd;xrItwGuf t"duaomhcsufyifjzpf\/ uRefawmfwkdUonf
c&pf a wmf \ ,k H M unf j cif ; jzif h tmjA[H \ om;orD ; rsm; (*vm 3;29)
jzpfMuovkd? ,©KaemufqkH;aomumvwGif tmjA[Htm; bk&m;jyKcJhaom
y#dnmOf*wdawmfonf? toif;awmftm;jzifh jynfph aHk prnfjzpfygonf/ xkUd aMumifh
uRefawmfwkdUonf 5 &m 12;32 ü azmfjyaom umvtcsdefwkdUudk em;vnfí
tb,fokdUjyKoifhonfudk odwwfaom £ocgtrsdK;om;rsm;uJhokdU jyKusifh&ef
tvGefw&mrS ta&;BuD;ayonf/ uRefawmfu bk&m;ocif vkyfaqmifaeaom
t&mrsm;ud k t jyif r S a eum avh v mok H ; oyf v k d ol r sm;om r[k w f b J ?
bk & m;vl a wG t ay: bk & m;jyKaeaom Ek d ; xrI u d k rd r d u k d , f w k d i f
awGUBuKHcHpm;&vkdolrsm;jzpfMu&ygrnf/
csdef;csufxm;aom tcsdefa&mufonfhtcg? bk&m;onf toif;awmftm;
ay;cJhaom *wdawmfudk trIjyKvdrfhrnfjzpfonfenf;wl uRefawmf^r wOD;csif;
tm;ay;cJhaom *wdtwGufvnf; jynfhpkHaprnfrSm {ueftrSefyif/ vGefcJhonf
ESpftawmfrsm;rsm;u bk&m;\ aumif;uif wrefwyg;onf uRefawmfh
tem;&yfum ½lyg½kHESifh *wdpum; rsm;ay;cJhonfudk jyefNyD; owd&rdygonf/
4if;tjzpftzsufu uRefawmf uav;b0 t½G,frSmyg? okdUaomf xkdt&monf?
waeUus&if bk & m;u uRef a wmf b 0rS m vk H ; 0jynf h p k H a pvd r f h r nf u d k
pdwfcsxm;ygonf/
wcsdefu uRefawmft*FvefrSm&SdaepOf bk&m;u olay;cJhonfh *wdpum;
tay: trIjyKcJhonfukd uRefawmf½Sif;vif;pGm awGUjrifcHpm;cJhygonf/ tJ'DrSm
omoemjyKq&monf ol\ (uav;rsm;udk ynma&;twGuf) tmz&durS
78
jyef a &muf v monf h omoemjyK wa,muf & S d y gonf / xk d o l o nf
omoemuGif;bkdU bk&m;ac:xm; aom ½lyg½kHaysufoGm;ojzifh oif;tkyfq&m
wyg;tjzpf trIawmfxJyg0ifcJh&m? 0rf;enf;ylaqG;rI? 'ku©wckNyD;wckudk
ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm BuKHawGUcHpm;cJh&\/ tu,fí bk&m;xuf om;orD;udk
OD;pm;ay;cJhrdygu? aomuylaqG;rIrsm; BuKH&rnf/ odkUaomft&mtm;vkH;xuf
bk&m;udk OD;pm;ay;ygu? t&mcyfodrf; twGuf bk&m;ubJ wm0ef,lrnf
jzpfygonf/ xkdUaMumifh 4if;oif;tkyfq&m onf 'ku©wckNyD;aemuf wck&ifqkdif
BuKHawGU&aejcif;yif r[kwfavm/ 4if;oif;tkyfxH rMumcPqkdovkd uRefawmf
oGm;um? tm;ay;pum;qkdcJh&m bk&m;ocifpwiftvkyfvkyfvmojzifh t&ifu
bk&m;ay;xm;cJhonfh ½lyg½kHudk jyefvnftrSwf&vm\/ 'geJU oif;tkyfq&monf
pd w f E S v k H ; t<uif ; rJ h E S i f h bk & m;xH vS n f h v mum ol \ e*k d ½ l y g½k H j ynh f p k H z k d U
qk a wmif ; quf u yf c J h a vonf / bk & m;ocif u vnf ; xk d o if ; tk y f t m;
tmz&duodkU apvTwfjyef&m? (6) vwkdifwkdif 0dnmOfawmfESifh jynfh0um
temNidrf;jcif; vlaxmifaygif;rsm;pGm ajymif;vJjcif;jzpfaponfh tHhMozG,fEkd;x
rIBuD;tjzpf OD;aqmifEkdifcJh\ 4if;aemuf olonft*Fvefudk jyefvm&m?
,©KtcgrSmawmh bk&m;ocifü bkef;awmf0ifpm; oGm;NyDjzpfygonf/ bmyJjzpfjzpf
bk&m;onf olUtm; (6)vtwGif;ü tHhzG,f0dnmOftoD;rsm;pGm &drf;odrf;
cGifhay;cJh\/
þpmudk zwfrdolxJu tcsdKUrSm? ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmu rdrdtm; bk&m;
ay;cJhonfh ½lyg½kHudk vspfvSL½laeolrsm;&Sdaernfudk uRefawm f,kHMunfygonf/
rdwfaqGtm; bk&m;ay;cJhonfh *wdpum;rsm;twGuf bk&m;u trIjyKae
aMumif;udk ,kHMunfzkdU jyefvnftrSwf&&ef bk&m;tvkd&Sdygonf/ tu,fí
rdwfaqGtaejzifh bk&m;xHjyefvSnfhum bk&m;xHrSac:jcif;? qkaus;Zl;ESifh
*wdpum;rsm;ukd jyefvnfrrG ;f rHNyD; vkyaf qmifygu 4if;wkUd tm;vk;H vk;H 0jynfph u Hk m
topfaom toufwm&Sdvmrnfyifjzpfonf/

tmjA[H\ ESpfqaom tarGawmf

tmjA[Honf xl;jcm;aom *wdawmfrsm;udk vufcH&&Sdaom bk&m;\
vljzpfygonf/ 4if;*wdawmfü tykdif;ESpfykdif;tjzpf yg0if&me,fajryx0Dqkdif&m
avmutarGESifh 0dnmOfa&;qkdif&m aumif;uiftarG[lí jzpf\/
 79
urÇm 13;15-16 ü bk&m;u tmjA[Htm; *wdawmfrsm;ay;cJhonfrSm?
]]oifjrifaom ajrwjyifvkH;udk? oifESifhoif\ trsKd;tEG,ftm; igonfumv
tpOftNrJay;rnf/ oif\trsKd;tEG,fudk ajrrIefUuJhodkU igrsm;jym;aprnf/}}
tmjA[Htm; bk&m;rdefUrlonfhtcg ]]ajrrIefU}}[k okH;EIef;onfudk Munfhjcif;jzifh
tmjA[H\ rsKd;EG,fudk ajrBuD;ay:rSm rsm;jym;aprnfh e,fajryx0Dqkdif&m
*wdawmfyifjzpf\/ xkdUaemuf urÇm 22;17 üvnf; bk&m;onf tmjA[H\
rsKd ; EG , f q k d i f & m *wd a y;&m ]]aumif ; uif Mu,f u J h o k d U }}[l í jzpf o nf /
þokdUajymqkd&jcif;onf tmjA[H\ rsKd;EG,fxJubJ 0dnmOfqkdif&m aumif;uif
tarGrsm;pGm xGufay:vmonfh taMumif;yifjzpfav\/

uRefawmfwkdU\ e,fajryx0Dqkdif&mtarGawmf
bk&m;onf olUvlrsKd;awmfudk e,fajryx0Dqkdif&m tarGay;vkdygonf/
bk&m;\ om;orD;rsm;jzpfonfh uRefawmf^r wkdUtaejzifh oGm;vkdonfh
ae&mwkdif;odkU oGm;aeír&ovkd? þ^xkdae&monf uRefawmf^rykdifqkdifonfh
e,fajryg[k aMujimjcif;jyK&vnf; r&yg/ uREkfyfwkdUonf bk&m;EkdifiHawmf
twGuf e,fajrwckukd odrf;ykdufrnfqkdvQif yxrOD;pGm uREkfyfwkdUwGif bk&m;xHrS
xk d e ,f a jrES i f h y wf o uf í bk & m;ay;aom ½l y g½k H & S d & rnf j zpf y gonf /
bk & m;ocif o nf toif ; awmf w ck t m; {0H a *vd t bk d U e,f a jrwck u d k
odrf;ykduf&ef ½lyg½kHay;aumif;ay;Ekdifonf/ xkdUtwl tjcm; wa,mufudk
]]tcuftvufwkdUonf tkwf½kd;ay:rSm ausmfoGm;\}} (urÇm 49;22) [k
wifpm;cJh&onfh a,moyfuJhokdUjzpf&ef ac:xm;jcif;rsKd;vnf; jzpfEkdfif\/
4if;\qkdvkd&if;rSm? xkdolrsm;onf c&pfawmftwGuf rdrdtdrfeD;em; csif;(okdU)
NrKdUrsm;? (okdU) omoemuGif;wkdUudk odrf;ykduf,l&efjzpfEkdifonf/
bk & m;xH r S tmjA[H & &S d x m;aom ½l y g½k H o nf ? vl r sKd ; wum\
zcifjzpfvmzkdUjzpf\ (urÇm 17;4)/ ol\ tarG*wdawmfonf NrKdUwNrKdU (odkU)
ESpfNrKdUtwGuf omr[kwfbJ? 4if;onf wurÇmvkH;qkdif&mtwGufjzpfonf/
þuJhokdUaom ½lyg½kHrsKd; ,aeUuRefawmfwkdU&JU tcsdefumvrSmvnf; vkdtyf
ygonf / bk & m;onf aemuf q k H ; aomumv taMumif ; ud k ]]xk k d u mvü
vlrsKd;trsm;wkdUonf xm0&bk&m;bufokdU 0ifpm;í ig\vljzpfMuvdrfhrnf
(Zmc&d 2;11)}}[k rdefUrSmcJh\/ usrfpmüqufNyD; ajymxm;onfrSm?}} oifhudk
80
rodbl;aom vlrsKd;wkdUonfvnf;? oif\bk&m;ocif xm0&bk&m;aMumifh
oifhxHokdU ajy;vmMu vdrfhrnf/ xkdbk&m;onf oif\ bkef;udk yGifhapawmfrl\
(a[½S m 55;5) [l í jzpf \ / bk & m;\ bk e f ; wef c k d ; awmf x J o k d U 0if u m
toif;awmf\ Ekd;xrIudk cHpm;zkdU apmifharQmfaeaom vlrsKd;rsm;pGm &Sdaeygonf/
þt&mjzpfygu qmvH 68;31 ü ajymxm;onfhtwkdif; vlawGu vlwkdU
vufrsm;udk bk&m;ocif xHawmfqefUMuvdrrhf nf/ xkUd aMumifh uRefawmfwUdk onf
bk&m;jyef<u vmonf h t cg? vl r sKd ; awmf w k d U bk & m;xH j yef v S n f h v mNyD ;
BuD;rm;onfh Ekd;xrItwGuf ½lyg½kHtm; ½Sif;vif; jywfom;pGm jrif&efvkdtyfonf/
toif ; awmf a cwf u mvüjzpf c J h a om Ek d ; xrI r sm;ud k avh v mjcif ; jzif h
bk&m;ocif\ 0dnmOfwef;ckd;onf umvwckwGif EkdifiH? a'owckvkH;wGif
vGrf;NcKHum? olwkdU\ EkdifiHukd bk&m;onfomvQif tkyfpkd;ol? ykdifpkd;oljzpfaMumif;
0efcHvmonfhwkdif vlwkdUudk ajymif;vJapaMumif; od&ygonf/ rmwifvkom\
acwfü? *smreDEkdifiHwckvkH;onf ajymif;vJí bk&m;\tvkdawmftwkdif;
touf ½ S i f z k d U vS n f h v mcJ h M uonf / Ek d ; xrI o nf þok d U Ed k i f i H ? vl r sKd ;
tay:BuD;rm;onfh tusKd;&v'frsm;jzpfapcJhonfhtwGuf ,aeUxdyifvQif
vko&if toif;awmfonf EkdifiH\ toif;awmftjzpf xif½Sm;pGm&Sdaeygonf/
*Ref0pövD\ acwfumv?t*FvefEkdifiHrSmvnf; xkdUtwl jzpfcJh\/ xkdtcsdef
t*Fvefonf avmuDqefjcif; rl;,Zfaq;0g;ESifh jynhfeufaeNyD; tvGef
tifrwefU qkd;qkd;0g;0g; azmufjyefysufqD;aecJh\/ okdUaomfvnf; *Ref0pövD
OD;aqmifaom Ekd;xrI aemufykdif;rSm? t*FvefEkdifiHwckvkH;bk&m; xHjyefvSnfh
vmcJhMuonf r[kwfvm;/
(20) &mpk\ tapmydkif;ü tDAefa&mAwfOD;aqmifaom a0;(vf)(pf)
vlrsKd;Ekd;xrIjzpfcJhonf/ olonf EkdifiHwckvkH;udk tusKd;oufa&mufapcJhojzifh
a0;vf(pf) EkdifiHom;tm;vkH; bk&m;xHjyefvSnfhvmcJhMu\/ bk&m;ocif\
0d n mOf w ef c k d ; onf yk * ¾ d K vf w OD ; tm;jzif h toif ; awmf w ck (od k U )
a'owcktwGif;rSmom vIyf½Sm;jcif;r[kwfbJ EkdifiHwckvkH;ukdyg tusKd;&v'f
oufa&mufapaomom"u wckyifr[kwfaybl;vm;/ Ekd;xrI tpDtpOfudk
Ek d i f i H \ ae&mtES H U oG m ;a&muf j yKvk y f c J h j cif ; r&S d a omf v nf ; Ek d ; xrI \
vTrf;rkd;jcif;onf a0;vf(pf) EkdifiHwckvkH; bk&m;xHjyefvmMuonfhwkdifatmif
ESHUjym;a&muf&SdoGm;cJhavonf/
 81
xkdUtwGufaMumifh uRefawmfwkdUtaejzifh bk&m;xHrS e,fajryx0Dqkdif&m
tarG*wdawmfudk awmif;avQmuf&rnf[k uRefawmfcHpm;rdygonf/ rdwfaqG\
bdodwfjcif;onf tb,ft&menf;ESifh toif;awmftwGuf bmawGjzpf onfudk
bk&m;azmfjyzkdU awmif;avQmuf&ygrnf/ bk&m;u ]]oifhem;rSm &Sdaom NrKdU?
½Gmtm;vkH;&Sd vlawGighxHjyefvmzkdUonf oif\ tarG*wdawmf jzpfaMumif;
,kHMunfapvkdonf}} [k rdwfaqGtm; ajymaumif;ajymygvdrfhrnf/ b,fvkdyi
fjzpfap? þaemufqkH;aomumvü bk&m;ocifonf? tmjA[H\ ½lyg½kHrsKd;rsm;
pGmaom ,kHMunfolrsm;udk ay;xm;ojzifh 4if;udkwkd;csJUvkyfaqmif apvkdygonf/
4if;½lyg½kHt& vlrsKd;wumwkdUonf uRefawmfwkdU\ *wdawmf tarGyifwnf;/

uRefawmfwkdU\ 0dnmOfa&;qkdif&m *wdawmftarG

'k w d , taejzif h 0d n mOf a &;qk d i f & m *wd a wmf j zpf y gonf / 4if ; onf
uRefawmfwkdU&,laom e,fajryx0Dqkdif&m *wdawmftarGESifhrwlyg/ okdUaomf
4if;0dnmOfqkdif&m *wdawmftarG&Sdonfudk vkH;0,kHMunf&rnf/ xkdokdU
,kHMunfaom toif;awmftm;jzifh aemufqkH;aomumvü uRefawmfwkdU twGuf
bk&m;ay;cJah om 0dnmOfqidk &f m *wdawmftarGukd tjynft h 0 0ifa&mufcpH m;Ekid rf mS
jzpfygonf/
acwftqufqufwkdif;ESifh Edk;xrIwkdif;wGif toif;awmfonf e,fajr
twkdif;twmwckrQudkom uefUowfaMujimodrf;ykdufjcif;r[kwfbJ? 0dnmOfqkdif
&m *wdawmftarGe,fy,fudk wkd;csJUjcif;ESifh ykdrkdjrifhrm;onfh e,fy,fokdU
vSrf;cJhMu\/ rmwifvlomonf *smreDvlxkwckvkH;tay: tusKd;ouf a&muf
aponfomru EkdifiHwckvkH;udk bk&m;twGuf[k aMujimapcJh\/ xkdUaMumifh
olwkdU\ ½kyfwkqkdif&mudk pGefUypfNyD; touf½Sifaom bk&m;udkom tapcHcJhMu
onf/ e,fajrqkdif&m e,fedrdwfodrf;ykdufonfhtjyif rmwifvlomonf
vlawGudk ,kHMunfjcif;jzifh ajzmifhrwfaponfh 0dnmOfqkdif&m *wdawmftarG\
ykdrkdjrifhrm; aom tvif;w&m;xJhokdU ac:aqmifcJh\/
*Ref0pövDonf ,kHMunfjcif;jzifh ajzmifhrwfjcif;&aMumif; xkwfazmfcJhovkd
oefU½Sif;jcif;taMumif;ESihf omoemtvkyftwGuf ½lyg½kHudk vufcH&&SdcJh\/
xk d U aMumif h t*F v ef \ Ek d ; xrI & v'f o nf urÇ m rS m omoemjyKtrsm;
qkH;apvTwfaom EkdifiHwckjzpfcJhonf/ tDAefa&mbwf OD;aqmifaom a0;vf(pf)
82
Ek d i f i H \ Ek d ; xrI o nf o mí euf e J a om or® m w&m; taMumif ; ES i h f
0dnmOfawmfbk&m;\ vkyfaqmifrItaMumif; ,kHMunfolrsm;tm; em;vnf
oabmaygufapcJhonf/ rmwifvlomacwfrSpí xl;jcm;aom Ekd;xrIwkdif; onf
toif;awmftm;omí eufeJaom tvif;w&m;xJodkU ac:aqmifcJh ygonf/
xkdUaMumifh toif;awmftaejzifh ykdrkd&ifhusufjcif;ESifh jynfh0aom 0dnmOfqkdif&m
tarG*wdawmfudk &,lcHpm;EkdifcJhMu\/

rsKd;aphrSvmaom tarGawmf
avhvmcsuft&? tmjA[Honf bk&m;xHrS xl;jcm;aom *wdawmfudk
vufcH&&SdoljzpfayrJh? olUb0rSm 4if;*wdawmf\ tenf;i,faom yrmPukd
om &,lcHpm;cJh\/ odkUaomf ol\rsKd;pOfqufrS qif;oufvmolrsm;ü *wdawmf
tarG\ jynfhpkHjcif;udk &&SdrnfhtaMumif; tmjA[Htm; bk&m;rdefUrSmcJhonf (urÇm
12;15-16?15;4-5?22;17-18)/ okdUjzpfí t"duaomhcsufonf rsKd;aphü
rlwnfaeaMumif; em;vnf&onf/
om;£ZufarG;zGm;onfhtcg? tmjA[Honf touf (100)&SdNyDjzpf\/
om;&zkdU *wdtwGuf tqifoifhtajctaeodkUa&mufatmif bk&m;onf
tmjA[Htm; ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm tcsdef,lum jyifqifcJh\/ uRefawmfwkdU\
toufwmtwGuf bk&m;ay;*wdawmfjynfhpkHzkdU bk&m;u uRefawmfwkdUukd
rMumcPqk d o vk d qef ; ppf j cif ; jyKwwf y gonf / tb,f a Mumif h q k d a omf
aumif;BuD;ESihf wkd;yGm;jcif;ray;rSD 4if;wkdUudk vufcH,lzkdU t&nftcsif;&Sdr&Sd
ppfaq;avh&Sdonf/
uRefawmfESifh ZeD;onfwkdU taemufajrmuftar&duü aexkdifMupOf?
þor® m w&m;twG u f yk H a zmf v k d U aumif ; aomt&muk d awG U cJ h M uygonf /
4if;a'o&Sd pkdufysKd;a&;orm;c&pf,mef wcsKdU&JU ½Sif;jycsufrsm;? ]]a½Tt&om}}[k
rSnfhxm;aom ta&mifpkH&Sd? yef;oD;&&Sd&ef ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm tcsdef,ljyKpk&
aMumif;yg/ olwkdUtaejzifh rsKd;aphudk ESpftawmfMumao csm*½kpkdufjyKpk&NyD;
rsKd ; aph a tmif N yD q k d w meJ U tjref q k H ; tyif x G m ;um 4if ; \ toD ; uk d v nf ;
EkdifiHrsm;pGmokdU wifykdUMu&\/ xkdenf;wl? bk&m;ocifonf uRefawmfwkdU
txJü&Sdaom om;awmfa,½Iqkdif&m *wdawmf\ obm0ukd ESpfrsm;pGm
jyKpkysKd;axmifum ppfrSefonfh rsKd;aphxkwf,lzkdUjzpfonfESihf EkdifiHwum?
 83
vlrsKd;wumokdU tcsdefESifhwajy;nDyGm;apygonf/ tmjA[HESihf pm&mwkdUonf
*wdawmfqkdif&mom;ukd &&Sdcsdefonf obm0t& arQmfvifcsuf uif;rJhcsdef?
t½G , f v G e f r S j zpf v monf e nf ; wl c&pf a wmf o nf toif ; awmf t m;jzif h
,aeUþaemufqkH;umvü jynfhpkHjcif;jzpfvmrnfyifjzpfonf/ c&pfawmfonf
xajrmuf N yD ; toif ; awmf u d k v nf ; jynf h 0 onf h *wd a wmf t arG x J o k d U
ac:oGifrnfjzpfygonf/

2/ *wdawmfjynfhokdU0ifa&muf&efESifh ykdifqkdif&ef a,m½Ipwif

tmjA[H\ tcsdefumvwGif; tmjA[Honf olESifh ol\ om;pOfajr;quf
ukd ay;xm;aom*wdawmfjynfESifh olpdrf;jzpfaeonf/ 4if;*wdawmfajrrS
olykdifqkdifonf rSm? ZeD;onf aoonfhtcg jr§KyfESHoN*KØ[fzkdU 0,fxm;aom
ocsKØ i f ; *l E S i f h ajruG u f t enf ; i,f o mjzpf o nf (urÇ m 23;2-20)/
*wdawmfjynhfokdU pwifodrf;ykdkufykdifqkdif&ef bk&m;csD;ajr§muf tokH;jyKcJhjcif;
cHolonf a,m½Iyifjzpf \/ bk&m;ocifonf þaemufqkH;aom umvü
vlawGukd *wdawmftarG jynfokdU ac:aqmifrnfh ]]a,m½I}} uJhokdUaom
olajrmufrsm;pGm udk ½SmazGaeyg onf/ a,m½I\ touf wmESifhvkyfief;udk
tykdif;okH;ykdif;jzifh ykdif;jcm;Munfh&m? jyifqiffaomumv? *wdawmfjynfodkU
0ifa&mufjcif;ESifh 4if;jynfudk odrf;ykdufykdif qkdifjcif;[lí jzpfonf/

a,m½I\ jyifqifaomumv
usrf ; pmxJ ü yxrOD ; qk H ; a,m½I t aMumif ; ud k xG u f 17;9 t&?
tmrvuf v l r sKd ; ud k wk d u f c k d u f z k d U £oa&vvl w k d U uk d OD ; aqmif o nf h
tjzpf t ysuf y if j zpf \ / tmrvuf v l r sKd ; onf Zmwd t aoG ; tom;ud k
ykHaqmifonfh {aom\ ajr;tmrvufjzpfonf (urÇm 36;12)/ acgif;aqmif
wa,mufjzpfzkdUu? uRefawmfwkdU taoG;tom;wnf;[laom Zmwdpdwfudk
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vnf; zsufqD;ygvdrfhrnf/
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84
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zsufqD;jcif; tEå&m,frS uif;vTwf&ygrnf/}}
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 85
*wdawmfjynfxJodkU 0ifa&mufjcif;
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ajrudkoifwkdUtm; igay;rnf}} þ*wdpum;onf bk&m;u tmjA[Htm;
yxrOD;pGm ay;cJhonfh *wdawmfudk jyefajymjcif;jzpf\ (urÇm 13;17)/
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ykduf ykdifqkdifrnfoltm; trSwf&ap&efjzpfonf/
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bk&m;\ *wdawmfrsm;udk rdrdukd,fwkdif&&Sdxm;oljzpfaMumif; trSwf&ae&rnf/
qufvufí tcef;i,f (7) ü bk&m;rdefUrSmonfht&monfh ]]iguRefarma½
S r S m xm;aom w&m;twk d i f ; usif h r nf [ k apmif h a ½S m uf j cif ; Xg tm;,l í
tvGef&J&ifhjcif; &Sdavmh}}/ *wdawmfajrokdU r0ifa&mufrSD bk&m;onf a,m½IESifh
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emcHvkdufavQmufzkdU jzpf\/ þuJhokdUyif acgif;aqmifwa,muftwGuf
bk&m;\ ynwftm;vkH;udk jynfhpkHpGmvkdufavQmufzkdU ta&;BuD;vSygonf/
tb,f h a Mumif h q k d a omf toif ; awmf o nf bk & m;tvk d a wmf t wk d i f ;
b,favmufatmifjrifonftxd c&D;oGm;rnfht&monf acgif;aqmifjzpfol\
qkH;jzwfvkyfaqmifjcif;tay: rlwnfaeygonf/ tu,fí acgif;aqmifu
rS m ;,G i f ; onf h cH , l c suf r sm;ud k tok H ; jyKaeygu *wd a wmf t arG o nf
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86
tvkd&Sdygonf/ *wdawmfajrwnf; [laom cgeefjynfwGif &Sdaeaom vlawGukd
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qk d ; oG r f ; NyD ; npf ñ l ; aom aMumif h jzpf \ / cgeef j ynf o m;rsm;uJ h o k d U
uRefawmfwkdUonfvnf; npfñl;aom tjypf&SdcJhygu? bk&m;onf wlnDaom
uREkfyfwkdUtm;vnf; xkdjynfukdtyfay;yghrvm;/ wcgu q&mwa,mufonf
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qkdawmh rif;txJrSm igholi,fcsif; &Sdaew,fav}}[k jyefajymav\/
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toif;awmftaejzifh tarG*wdawmfxJodkU 0ifa&mufzkdUukd tmjA[H\ r,m;
(3) a,muf j zpf M uonf h [m*&? pm&mES i f h auwk & wk d U tm;jzif h v nf ;
azmfjyxm;onf/ [m*&onf £oa&vwkdU\ ynwfawmfumvtwGuf
ykHaqmif\ (*vm 4;24-25)/ pm&monf toif;awmfumv (*vm 4;22-
 87
28) ESifh aumwk&onf £oa&vwkdUtwGuf ESpfaygif; (1000) twGuf
ykHaqmifaejcif;jzpf\/ odkUaomf urÇm 25;1-6 t&? tmjA[Honf tjcm;om;
orD;rsm;tm; qkv'frsm;ay;cJhaomvnf; pm&mESifh&aom om;£Zufudkawmh
tarG * wd a wmf t jynf h t 0ay;cJ h a Mumif ; awG U &ygonf / xd k o d k U tvm;yif
toif;awmfonf 0dnmOfqkdif&m aumif;BuD;tarGtm;vkH;udk &&Sdxm;ygonf/
bk&m;u tmjA[Htm; jyKcJhonf *wdawmftm;vkH;onf toif;awmftaejzifh
0dnmOfqkdif&m tjynfhtpkH&&Sdjcif;yifwnf;/
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uRefawmfwkdU ,kHMunf&rnf/ xkdUaMumifh uRefawmfwkdUonf ]],©K'DaemufqkH;
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vmrSmyg bk&m;}} [k qkawmif;oifhygonf/
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zsm;vSD;jcif;? toufwm ylaZmfjcif; t"dyÜg,faqmifygonf}} [lí jzpfonf/
a,mf'efjrpfudk ul;jzwfjcif;onf uRefawmfwkdU\ vla[mif; (Zmwdoabm)
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6;6)/ a,m½IrSwfpm 3;15-16 udk qufMunfhygu? yifv,faoxJodkU
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*wdawmfajrokdU uRefawmfwkdU 0ifa&mufEkdifrnfr[kwfygavm/
88
a,m½IrSwfpm tcef;BuD (5)t&? £oa&vwkdUonf a,mf'efjrpfudk
ul j zwf N yD ; aemuf csuf c sif ; qk d o vk d *d v *gvt&yf ü pcef ; csMu\/
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4if;onf uRefawmfwkdU\ arG;&myg obm0? tjypfoabmESifh tm'HESihf
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29)/ *dv*gvonf bk&m;jzwfxkwfjcif;[laom a,mf'efjrpful; onfhtcg
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b0toufwmESifh pdwfESvkH;wkdUtxJrS wpkHw&mudk jzwfxkwfz,f½Sm;onfh
tcgrSm cH&cufaom emusifrIa0'emcH&rnfrSm {ueftrSefyg/ urÇm 17;7-
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olwkdif;omí euf½Idif;aom 0dnmOfaumif;BuD;rsm;&vdrfhrnf/}} xkdUaemuf
tjcm;cE¨mao;aom aumif;uifwref\ wukd,fvkH;ü ]]twif;tusyfvkyf
aqmifol}}[laom pmwef;tjynfha&;xkd;xm;onf/ 4if;udk bk&m;½Sif;jyonfrSm
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aumif;uifwrefwyg;ukd apvTwfNyD;? xkdwrefu ighqE´udk twif;tusyf (odkU)
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uRefawmfwkdU\ tjypfrsm;udk pD&ifrnfjzpfaMumif; pdwfraumif;pGmjzifh
jrifawGUvkdufygonf/
 89
*wdawmfajrudk &,lydkifqkdifjcif;
a,m½Ixrf;½Guf&aom vkyfief;wm0ef\ &nf½G,fcsufonf £oa&v
vlrsKd;tm; a,m'efjrpfudk jzwfausmfNyD; *wdawmfajrudk pwifodrf;ykdufykdifqkdifzkdU
jzpfav\/ *wdawmfajrokdU 0ifa&muf&efonf oefU½SifrI&Sd&rnf/ odkUaomfvnf;
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ukd tkyfpkd;aom AkdvfrSL;uJhokdU xif½Sm;cJh\ (a,m½I 5;13-15)/ a,m½IuJhokdU
aom acgif;aqmifwkdif;onf a,½Itm;AkdvfajcwkdU\t½Sif? bk&iftjzpf
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0dnmOfrsm;udk &dwfodrf;Ekdifrnfjzpfonf/
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bk&m;ocifonf tpDtpOfa&;qGJay;cJhonf/ 4if;tpDtpOftay: rnfonfhapm
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90
ppfcsD<u\/ a,m½IxH avQmufxm;aom wyfrSL;\ avQmufvSJcsufrSm
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 91
bk&m;xH ar;avQmufjcif;rjyKcJhojzifh *daAmiftrsKd;om;wkdU\ vSnfhzsm;jcif;udk
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tm; tultnDay;&efESifh ywfoufí txufyg tjzpftysufrsKd; uJhokdUyif
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92
cHpm;&,loifhygonf/

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pum;oHukdMum;onf cPjcif;wGif em;axmifyg\/ wyg;trsKd;om;wkdUonf
 93
tuREkfyfukd awmif;yefMuyg\}}[k ajymcJhygonf/ xkdrQru qmvHusrf; 2;8
üvnf; bk&m;xHrS wdusaom *wdawmf ]]ighudkawmif;avmh/ vltrsKd;rsKd;wkdUudk
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e,fedrdwfonf tb,ft&mrsm;jzpfonfudk bk&m;xHawmif avQmufyg/
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94
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olwkdUawGudk bmtaMumif;oifMum;&rnftwGuf qkawmif;cJh&m? bk&m;u
 95
pum;ajymvmonfrSm ]]igu þEkdifiH? vlrsKd;ESifhbmompum;txJrS rsm;pGmaom
bk & if E S i f h ,Zf y a&m[d w f u d k ay:ayguf a prnf / oif c gwk d i f ; oif
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oifay;yg/ tb,faMumifhvJqkdaom iguolwkdUtm; xm0&tkyfpdk;rnfh
bk&ifrsm;ESihf ,Zfya&m[dwfrsm;jzpfaprnf}}[lí jzpfonf/ þonfrSm
bk&m;ocifonfh ol\vlrsKd;tm;vkH;udk *wdawmftarGtjynfht0&,lap
vkdojzifh ac:aqmifaeaMumif;od&Sd&ygonf/

'g0d'frif;\ vJNyKdjcif;ESifh jyefvnfxlaxmifjcif;

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ol o nf ? ppf w k d u f j cif ; Oya'rsm;ud k vk d u f e mapmif h x d e f ; cJ h í jzpf o nf /
rnfodkUyifjzpfap? olonfbk&ifwyg;taejzifh tdrfaxmifESihf ywfoufí
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96
eH&Htumukd z,f½Sm;ypfrnfjzpf onf (qm 80;12-13)/
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jynfh0vmonfhtcg wem&m*pdwf jyóemrsm;onf csufcsif;ajz½SifEkdifMu\/
0d n mOf E S p f j cif ; cH , l N yD ; aemuf ? 4if ; umr&m*pd w f u d k cG i f h j yKvk d U r&yg/
od k U r[k w f y gu? rS m ;,G i f ; aom cH , l c suf r sKd ; pk H E S i h f rS m ;,G i f ; aom
pdwful;rsm;wkdUonf 0ifa&muf ae&m,lvmygvdrfhrnfrSm aocsmygonf/
þjypfrIrsKd;EG,fESif pyfvsOf;í ½Sif;vif;jywfom;pGm a[majym&ef bk&m;u
uRef a wmf h u d k rS m Mum;ygonf / tcsd e f t awmf M um a[majymrI r sm;pG m
jyKvkyfNyD;aemufydkif;rSm vlxkajrmuf rsm;pGmonf ZmwdtaoG;tom;\
wyfrufrlrS vGwfajrmufzkdU qufuyf? qkawmif;vmMkuygawmhonf/
uRefawmfwkdU awGUBuKH&ifqkdifcJhaom jyóemrsKd;rsm;,aeU? EkdifiHrsm;pGm&Sd
toif;awmfrsm;&ifqkdifaeMu&ygonf/ þjyóemuyfqkd;onf i,f½G,faom
uav;b0rSpí urÇmay:&Sd vlom;wkdif &ifqkdifae&aom t&myifjzpf\/
4if;onf vkH;0ajz½Sif;&rnf jzpfygonf/ 4if;udk z,f½Sm;zkdU&ef ikda<u;ae½kH?
qkawmif;ae½kHjzifhr&Ekdifyg/ uRefawmfodygonf wcsKdUu olwkdU&ifqkdifae&onfh
þjyóemtwGuf rpjcif;&zkUd qkawmif;aeolrsm;&SMd u&m? tajzwckrS r&Muyg/
vTwfajrmufjcif;wkdif;twGuf bk&m;\ tHhzG,fvkyfaqmifrI &Sd&ygrnf/
tjypftwGuf omrefpdwfraumif;jzpfjcif; (odkU) 0efcsjcif;rsKd;jzifh r&yg/
4if;tjypfudk pGefUypfvkdpdwfESihf ppfrSefaom aemifwpdwfjzifh bk&m;xHtyfESHzkdU
ta&;BuD;ygonf/
 97
tu,fí þuJhokdUaom jyóemrsm; rdwfaqG\ toufwmü&Sdaeygu?
½kd;om;pGm 0efcHyg/ rdrdtm; ulnDEkdifrnfh olxHokdUoGm;í oifhtzkdU qkawmif;
ay;&ef tultnDawmif;yg/ qmvH (51) ü'g0d'frif;jyKcJhouJhokdU bk&m;ocifxH
qkawmif;vkdufyg/ ,©KuRefawmfhtaeeJU tm½kHpl;pkduf vkdonfh t&monf
'g0d'fuJhokdUaom jyefvnfxlaxmifjcif;yJjzpfygonf/ tb,faMumifh qkdaomf
,aeU? þaemufqkH;aom umvü bk&m;ocifonf? 0dnmOfa&;ü usqif;ae
onfh c&pf,mefrsm;udk jyefvnfxlaxmifNyD; olwkdU\ ac:jcif;ESifh óoem
vkyfief;xJ Ekd;Mum;wuf<upGmjzifh yg0ifvkyfaqmifzkdU tvkd&Sdaeygonf/
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qifjcifjcif;jzifh tjypfxJ usqif;ESpfjrKyf aeolwkdif;twGuf vrf;nGefrIudk
ay;Ekdifvdrfhrnf[k arQmfvifhygonf/
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trSefwu,f&SdaeaMumif; todtrSwfjyK&ygrnf/ 'kwd,tcsuf tjypftwGuf
bk&m;\ w&m;pD&ifrIudk vufcH&rnf (0wf 26;41-42? 2 &m 12;10-14)/
tjypf'Pfp&D ifjcif;ESihf BuKHqv Hk monft h cg bk&m;\ jyKjyifay;rIEiS fh tjypfay;rIukd
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wwd,tcsuf tjypfudk pGefUypfvkdonfh pdwf&Sd&ygrnf (qm 51;7-11)/
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pdwfESvkH;xJuae qkawmif;oifhonf/ uRefawmfwkdU\ pdwfESvkH;xJ&Sdaeonfh
npf ñ l ; aom tjypf u d k od r f ; rxm;oif h y g/ 4if ; tm; bk & m;ocif x k w f
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vkdtyfonf/
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jyef v nf ½ S i f j yef x ajrmuf z k d U a½G ; cs,f c H c J h o l j zpf í ES p f a ygif ; (1000)
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ayrnf (a,&rd 30;9? a,Zaus 37;24-25? a[ma½S 3;5)/ olonf
98
c&pfawmf\ 'kwd,tBudrf<uvmcsdefü £oa&vEkdifiHudk jyefvnfxlaxmifzkdU
t&nftcsif;jynfhrSDoljzpfvmygvdrfhrnf/ tb,faMumifhqkdaomf 'g0d'fonf
tjypfuif;aom a,oa½Sb\ cifyGef;ukdowfjzwfjcif;trIrS cGifhvTwfjcif;cH&í
jyefvnfwlaxmifckdifcJholjzpf&m? 'g0d'f\ þykHoufaoonf tjypfuif;aom
ar&Sd,ukd um;wkdifwifowfcJhí 0rf;enf;ylaqG;aeaom xkdvlrsKd;wkdUtm;?
'gd0d'f\ jzpf&yfukd jyefvnfqifjcifjcif;jzifh cGifhvTwfjcif;ESifh jyefvnfxlaxmif
Ekdifjcif;tcGifhESifh ESpfodrfhjcif;ukd ay;pGrf;Ekdifygvdrfhrnf/ (Zmc&d 12;10)
'g0d'f\ toufwmudk qifjcifjcif;jzifh uRefawmfwkdU cGeftm;,lEkdifygonf/
olonf rw&m;aom arxkefrIjyKcJhonfhwkdif? toufwmudk jyefvnfxlaxmif
EkdifcJholjzpf&m? olonf ,©KaemufqkH;aomumvü&Sd toif;awmf? bk&m;ocif\
aumif;csD;r*Fvmrsm;xJokdU 0ifa&mufrnfh olrsm;twGuf ykHaqmifrIwckyif
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tjypftm;vkH;udk aq;aMum ay;vkdygonf/ tu,fí rdwfaqGtaejzifh
bk&m;tm;tcGifh ay;cJhygu? rdwfaqGudk jyefvnfxlaxmifNyD; cspfrnfyif
r[kwfvm;/ bk&m;rsufarSmufü rdwfaqG\ b0udk qufuyftyfESHygu?
bk&m;onf rdwfaqGtm; topfjyKjyifum? trIawmfxJ wzeftHhMozG,f
tokH;jyKygvdrfhrnf/ rdwfaqGonf Edk;xrIxJ vIyf½Sm;vsuf þaemufqkH;
umv\ &dwfodrf;rIxJ tpdwftydkif;wcktjzifh yg0ifEkdifygonf/
'g0d'f? a,m½IESifh tmjA[HwkdU\ toufwmudk avhvmjcif;tm;jzifh
Edk;xrItwGuf jyifqifEkdifovkd c&pfawmfü&Sdaom tarG*wdawmftjynfhtpkHudk
&,lEkdifygonf/ yxrOD;pGm? tmjA[HuJhokdUyif uRefawmf^rwkdUonf? bk&m;xHrS
aumif;jrwfaom *wdawmfqkdif&m ½lyg½kHudk vufcH&&Sdxm;olrsm;jzpfMu&rnf/
þt&monf? ajryx0Dqkdif&mESihf 0dnmOfa&;qkdif&m tarG*wdawmfrsm;
 99
yg0ifonf/ xkdUtwl uRefawmfwkdUonf a,m½IuJhokdU bk&m;\ *wdawmfajrudk
pwif0ifa&mufodrf;ydkuf ykdifqkdifaom a,½I\ ppfom;aumif;rsm;jzpfzkdU
vk d t yf v S \ / aemuf q k H ; taeeJ U ? uRef a wmf ^ rwk d U onf vl r sKd ; awmf t m;
*wdawmfjynfokdU ac:aqmifum? pkHvifjcif;tjzpfokdUwkdif OD;aqmifEdkifcJhaom
'g0d'fuJhokdU bk&m;\ tvdkudkvkdufonfh bk&m;vlrsm;jzpfzkdU ta&;BuD;ygonf/
xkdUaMumifh trIawmfxJyg0if&mü ao;i,fonfh vkyfief;ESifhom wif;wdrf
a&mifh&Jaeolrsm; r[kwfbJ? bk&m;\ rpjcif;jzifhomí BuD;rm;aom óoem
vkyfief;udk vkyfaqmifvkdolrsm;jzpfMuygap/

tcef; (6)

Ad r mef a wmf w nf a qmuf j cif ;

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pwifwnfaqmufcJh&m bDpD 516usrS tNyD;owfEkdifcJhaMumif; od&onf/
þt&monf toif;awmf (4if;onf? ,©Kbk&m;ocif\ Adrmefawmf)twGuf
0dnmOfa&;qkdif&m ta&;BuD;aom tcsufyifwnf;/ 1 aum 10;11 t&?
£oa&vwkdUü jzpfysufBuKHawGUcJhorQaom t&mrsm;onf uRefawmfwkdU
c&pf,efrsm;twGuf vrf;ñGefrIjzpfaMumif; owday;aeygonf/

zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifjcif;\ &nf½G,fcsuf
rlvtpuwnf;u tJ*kwåKjynfü arma½SvufxufwGif bk&m;ocif\
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jzpfonf/ xkdrQru? a½Smvrkefrif;vufxufwGif AdrmefawmfxJjznfhcJhaom
bk & m;\ bk e f ; awmf u k d v nf ; od & S d c J h M u\/ ok d U aomf ol w k d U onf
bk&m;ociftaejzifh olwUdk tm; zrf;csKyfí w&m;pD&ifrjI yK&onfw h idk ?f 0dnmOfa&;ü
usqif;vmum tjcm;bk&m;udk ukd;uG,fpjyKvmcJhMuonf/ xkdolwkdUuJhokdUyif
toif;awmfonf &ifqkdifBuKHawGUvmcJhMu&\/ £oa&v vlrsKd;wkdUvkdyif
toif ; awmf o nf v nf ; ueOD ; ü&&S d c J h a om wef c k d ; rsm;
wjznf;jznf;avsmh&JaysmufqkH;vmcJh&onf/
100
zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifro
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jynfheufapcJhMuonf/ w&m;a[m&musrf; 28;47 ü? bk&m;ocifu olwdkUtm;
owday;cJhonfrSm? tu,fí olwkdUawGonf 0rf;ajrmufjcif;ESifh aysmf½Tifjcif;jzifh
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aornfyif r[kwfygavm/
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ykdUaqmif&jcif;\ &nf½G,fcsufrSm? olwdkUudk ulnDrpzkdUESifh jyKjyifzkdUom
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axmif o l £oa&vvl t csKd U onf uRef t jzpf od r f ; yk d u f r cH & onf r S m
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em;axmifum? touf½Sifolrsm;onfomvQif uReftjzpf odrf;ykdufac:
aqmifcH&jcif;jzpfí olwkdU\ cspfjcif;ukd ykdrkdjyKjyifoefUpi fjcif;cH&ovkd? bk&m;\
 101
rsufarSmufESifh teD;qkH;odkU ac:oGif;cH&Mu\/ bk&m;ocifonf uReftjzpfac:
aqmifjcif;cH&olrsm;udk ]]aumif;aom oabmFozef;oD;}} uJhokdU ñGef;qkdNyD;
jynf a wmf ü usef & pf o l r sm;ud k u m; ]]tvG e f n H h a om ozef ; oD ; }} uJ h o k d U
ñGef;xm;aMumif; (a,& 24;5-8) ü azmfjyyg&Sdonf/ usef&pfolrsm;\
touf w mü bk & m;onf vk H ; 0vk y f r vk y f a wmh a cs/ rMumcPqk d o vk d
uRef a wmf w k d U awG ; xif r d o nf r S m ? tu,f í bk & m;ud k emcH v Quf
vkdufavQmufygu? tcuftcJESifh BuKHqkHvmonfhtcg? rnfonfh 'ku©rQcHpm;
&rnfr[kwfyg[lí jzpf\/ trSefrSm? tu,fí uRefawmfwkdUonf bk&m;udk
emcHvdkufavQmufonfhtcg? rMumcPyJ 'ku©a0'emcHjcif;\ oifwef;ausmif;
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ol\ ajzmifhrwfjcif;jzifh vkyfaqmifwwfzkdU tvdk&Sdjcif;aMumifh jzpf\/ taumif;
qkH;aom Oyrmonf tvGefemusifzG,fa0'emcHpm;&aom a,mbaywnf;/
a,Zausv 15;14 ü azmfjycsuft&? a,mbonf "r®a[mif;rS tajzmifh
rwfqkH; yk*¾dKvf (3) OD;xJu wyg;jzpfaMumif; od&onf/
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ADZtjypfrS oefU½Sif;pifMu,fapjcif;&,lzkdU jzpfonf/ om"u wcktaejzifh?
pyspf&nfaumif;&zkdU tvdkXg cGufwckrS tjcm;wckodkU Budrfaygif;rsm;pGm
avmif;xnfhjcif;jzifh cGuf\atmufajcrSm&Sdaom te,f (okdU) tzwfrsm;udk
z,f½Sm;&ygonf/ a,&rd 48;11 ü a&;xm;onfrSm? armbtrsKd;om;wkdUonf
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i,faomt&G,frSpí Nidrfvsuf? rdrdtzwftenfay:ü ae&musvsuf&Sdaom
aMumif h rd r d t &omonf wnf a e\/ arG ; aomteH U vnf ; rysuf } } [k
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teHU xkwfvkyfrnfom jzpf\/ xkdaMumifh xkdolwkdU\ trsufa'go (odkU)
102

remvkd0efwkdrI (okdU) rkef;wD;rIponfwkdUonf waeUwjcm;ykdí wefckd;BuD;

vmayvdrfhrnfrSm trSefyif? okdUjzpfí 4if;tjypfobm0udk bk&m;xHtyfESH&ef
tvGefta&;BuD;ygonf/ tyfESHonfh tcg? bk&m;u uRefawmfwkdUtm;
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uRefb0xJrSm oefUpifjcif; cH,ljzwfoef;um t&nftcsif; jynfhrDS olrsm;jzpf
vmMurnf/

uRefb0rS xGufcGmjcif;
uRef b 0a&muf £oa&vwk d U onf ES p f a ygif ; (70) aemuf y d k i f ;
vGwfajrmufvmum? a,½k½SvifokdU jyefvmí Adrmefawmfudk jyefvnf
wnfaqmufrnfhtaMumif; a,&rd\ EIwfrSwqifh bk&m;u aMujimcJh onf/
a½S m vrk e f r if ; u t&mcyf o d r f ; aomtrI t wG u f tcsd e f [ l í &S d a Mumif ;
ajymxm;onf/ uRefb0odkU a&mufoGm;&aom tcsdefESifh jyefvnfvGwfajrmuf
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(29;10-14) wk d U wG i f ya&mzuf j yKcJ h y gonf / xk d U twG u f a Mumif h
uRefawmfwkdUonf 5 &m 12;32 ü yg&Sdaom £ocgrsm;uJhokdUjzpf&eftwGuf
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 103
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104
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 105
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106
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 107
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108
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114
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 117

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rkd;wdrfqif;oufonfudk uRefawmfwkdUjrifawGU&ygrnf/ xkdUaMumifh uRefawmfwkdU
\ ½lyg½kHudkomí jrifhaomtqifhokdU jr§ifhwif&ayrnf/ bk&m;udk ruefUowfyg
u? uRefawmfwkdUonf? bk&m;utoif;awmftm; rdefUrSmcJhaom EIwfuywf
awmfrsm;udk ,aeUaemufqkH;tcsdefumvü jrifawGUcHpm;&ygrnf/ 2 aum
3;7 ü arma½S v uf x uf w G i f azmf j ycJ h o nf h bk & m;\ bk e f ; awmf o nf
aysmufoGm;cJhNyDjzpfaomfvnf; 0dnmOfawmf\ vkyfaqmifrIrsm;onfomí
BuD ; jrwf v d r f h r nf t aMumif ; a&;xm;onf / a[½S m , aMujimch J o nf r S m
]]bkef;awmfonf oif\tay:rSm xif½Sm;vQuf&Sdvdrfhrnf}} (a[½Sm, 60;2)
[lí jzpfonf/
uREkfyfwkdUonf ½lyg½kHxJwGif bkef;awmfESifhjynfhaeaom toif;awmfukd
awGUjrifcJh&onf/ NyD;awmh ocifa,½Ic&pfawmfOD;aqmifaom toif;awmf[m
aumif;uifrSqif;<uaewJh ½lyg½kHyJjrif&cJh&onf/ tifrwef bkef;awmfESifh
jynfh0wJh aumif;uiftoif;awmfjzpfonf/ tJ'Daumif;uiftoif;awmf[m
qif ; ouf v movk d a jrBuD ; ay:u toif ; awmf a wG [ m Ek d ; xrI e J U wuG
xajrmuf a ewmuk d v nf ; awG U &onf / tJ ' D t oif ; awmf 2-ck v k H ; [m
xyfwlxyfrQyJjzpfonf/ bk&m;ukd csD;rGrf;ygw,f/ toif;awmftwGuf
BuD;rm;wJh Ekd;xrIBuD;[m ocifeJUawGUqkHzkdUtwGuf toifhjzpfaeNyDjzpfonf/
 123

csD;rGrf;? udk;uG,faomae&m? Zdtkef

'g0d'f\ wJawmfywfvnfü csOf;uyfukd;uG,foltm;vkH;onf 'g0d'frif;ESifh
quf p yf o l r sm;jzpf M uonf / xk d q uf p yf o l r sm;onf t&if u bk & m;&J U
vlawGb,faomtcgrQ rjrifzl;cJhwJh Zdtkefawmifay:u csD;rGrf;jcif;ESifh
0wf j yKuk d ; uG , f j cif ; e,f r ,f x J o k d U xk d o l w k d U 0if a &muf c J h N yD ; jzpf o nf /
þaemufqkH;aomumvüvnf; bk&m;ocifonf uRefawmfwkdUtm; t&ifu
rBuKHzl;aom r&SdcJhbl;aom csD;rGrf;? udk;uG,fjcif;rsKd;tqifhokdU ac:aqmifyg
vdrfhrnf/ qmvH 65;1 ü? ]]ZdtkefNrKdUü udkf,fawmfa½SUrSm Nidrf0yfpGm aeí
csD;rGrf;&yg\}}[k ajymxm;onf/ þcsD;rGrf;ukd;uG,fjcif;onf xif½Sm;vmzkdU
apmifhqkdif;ae&m? 4if;onf toif;awmfudk ZdtkefokdU csDaqmifaomtcg
jzpfrnfyifr[kwfygvm;/
þEkd;xrIrsKd;t&dyfta,miftaejzihf 1930 ckESpf 0ef;usifü paumhwvef
EkdifiHwGif jzpfyGm;cJhygonf/ 4if;Ekd;xrIwGif wm0ef&Sdol trIawmfaqmif
nDtpfukdrsm;ESifh uRefawmfqkHawGUcJhonf/ {nfhBuKdrsm;onf noef;acgif,H
tcsdefa&mufawmh vltkyfudk armif;xkwfNyD; bk&m;ausmif; wHcg;rsm;udk
ydwfcJhMu\/ xkdtcg vltkyfBuD;onf bk&m;ausmif;aqmif\ ywfywfvnfwGif
pk½kH;um wnvkH;csD;rGrf;cJhMu&m? aemufreuf 8;00 em&D? bk&m;ausmif;
wHcg;rsm;jyefziG ohf nfw h idk af tmifyif/ 4if;onf csD;rGr;f ? uk;d uG,jf cif;e,fy,fjzpfí
xkdt&mudk uRefawmfwkdUawG apmifharQmfaeMujcif; jzpfygonf r[kwfavm/

oifMum;aomae&m? Zdtkef
Zdtkefawmifonf aemufqkH;aom aeU&ufrsm;wGif oifMum;rIjyKrnfh
ae&mvnf; jzpfygonf/ a[½Sm, 2;2 ü aemufqkH;aom ae&ufrsm;wGif
bk&m;\awmifü wnfxm;aom tdrfawmfonf csD;ajrmufjcif; cH&rnfjzpfovkd
vlrsKd;tm;vkH;onfvnf; 4if;tdrfawmfokdU a&muf&SdMuvdrfhrnf/ þt&monf
Zdtk efawmifudk ñGef;aejcif;yifjzpfaMumifESifh c&pfawmf\ toif;awmfudk
þaemufqkH;aom aeU&ufrsm;wGif csD;jr§ifhcH&rnfhtaMumif; jzpf\/ xkdUaemuf
a[½Sm, 2;3 ü? bk&m;\ awmifodkUvmaomvlxku ]]bk&m;onf? vrf;c&D;
awmfwkdUudk jyooGefoifawmfrlí? igwkdUonf ajcawmf&mokdU vkdufoGm;Murnf}}
124
[l í ajymqk d M uvd r f h r nf / bk & m;ocif o nf ol \ vrf ; c&D ; awmf u d k
uRef a wmf w k d U xH azmf j yvd r f h r nf / qmvH 103;7 ü£oa&v wk d U onf
bk&m;ocif\ trIawmfrsm;ESifh edrdwfvu©Pmrsm;udk awGUjrifcJhMu aomfvnf;
arma½SwOD;wnf;omvQif bk&m;\ c&D;awmfudk odcJh&aMumif; a&;xm;onf/
uRefawmfwkdU\ umvrSm? bk&m;ocifonf ol\c&D;awmfukd ZdtkefawmifokdU
csDwufolwkdUxH xif½Sm;jyoygvdrfhrnf/

w&m; (odkU) Oya'wnfaomae&m? Zdtkef

a[½S m , 2;3 ü quf N yD ; ]]w&m;awmf o nf Zd t k e f a wmif r S 4 if ;
ay:xGufvdrfhrnf}} [lí ajymxm;ygonf/ EkdifiHaygif;rsm;pGmokdU vSnfhywf
oGm;vmcJhonf uRefawmfhtm; bk&m;rdefUrSmcJhonfrSm? ol\w&m;awmftm;
þaemufqkH;aeU&ufrsm;ü csD;jr§ifonfhtaMumif;jzpfygonf/ ynwfawmf (10)
yg;udk usifhapmifhaom vltokdif;t0kdif;tm;jyKjyifajymif;vJzkdU? vGefcJhonf
ESpftenf;i,faemufykdif; EkdifiHwum;okdU w&m;awmfjzefUcJhonf/ odkUaomf
bk & m;ocif o nf þaemuf q k H ; aomaeU&uf w G i f ol \ w&m;awmf u k d
vlrsKd;wumtMum;ESifh ol\toif;awmfxJü csD;jr§ifhygvdrfhrnfyifwnf;/
4&m 10;30ü a,[konf vkyfaqmifzkdU bdodwfcH,lcJhaom trIawmfudk
jynfhpkHpGm vkyfaqmifcJhaMumif; awGU&aomfvnf;? tcef;i,f (31) ürlum;
]]a,[konf £oa&vtrsKd;\ bk&m;ocifxm0&bk&m;\ w&m;awmf
vrf;okdU pdwfESvkH;t<uif;rJhvkdufjcif;Xg owdrjyK/}} [k azmfjycH&onf/
rdwfaqGonf bk&m;\ bdodufcH,lum? omoemvkyfief;ukd jynfhpkHatmif
vk y f E k d i f r nf j zpf a omf v nf ; wbuf r S m ? bk & m;ocif \ w&m;awmf E S i f h
udkufnDrIr&Sdaom touf½SifrIrsKd;&SdEkdifygao;onf/ taMumif;rSm rdwfaqGonf
omoemtwG u f bd o d w f j cif ; cH & NyD ; ? jynf h p k H a pcJ h o nf u k d rd w f a qG o nf
bk&m;ocif\ tHhzG,frsufarSmufawmf&&SdNyD[k rqkdvkdEkdifay/ þaemufqkH;aom
umvü bk&m;ocif\ w&m;pum;ukd em;axmifzkd&ef tvGefta&;BuD; ygonf/
tb,fhaMumifhqkdaomf vdrfnmvnfzsm;jcif;ESihf BuD;rm;onfh jypfrIrsKd;rsm;pGm
jrifawGUae&aom aMumifyh ifwnf;/ qmvH 119;165 tm;jzifh cGet f m;,l&rnfrmS ?
]]w&m;awmfudk ESpfoufaomolwkdUü BuD;pGmaom Nidrfoufjcif;&Sdyg\/
olwkdUpdwfysufp&mtaMumif;r&Sdyg}} [lí jzpfygonf/
 125

Ekd;xrIqkdif&m wnf&Sdaom Zdtkef

a[½Sm, 25;7 ü? uRefawmfwkdUtm; ajymxm;onfrSm? ]]vlcrf;odrf;wkdUukd
zkH;aomrsufESmzkH;udk4if;? cyfodrf;aom vlrsKd;wkdUudk zkH;vGrf;aom wif;wdrfukd4if;
þawmifay:rSm y,fawmfrlvdrfhrnf}} [lí jzpfonf/ NrKdU?½GmESifh EkdifiHrsm;ukd
tk y f p d k ; onf h usqif ; aom aumif ; uif w ref r sm;taMumif ; rMumao;rS D
ESpfrsm;wGif uRefawmfMum;cJhMu&ygonf/ 4if;wkdUaMumifh xdkt&yfa'orsm;ü
{0Ha*vdw&m;ukd tjynfht0vufcH,ljcif;r&SdcJhacs/ odkUaomfvnf; arSmifrkduf\
wefckd;rsm;csnfaESmifNyD;aom ae&m? zkH;vGrf;xm;onfh tzkH;rsm;usKd;rJhysufpD;
NyD;oGm;NyD; bk&m;\ bdodufjcif;ESifh bk&m;\ wefckd;qif;oufvmonf/
xkdUtwl uRefawmfwkdUwawG ZdtkefawmifokdU csDwufonfhtcg? þurÇmEkdifiH
rsm;tay: zkH;vGrf;xm;aom wefckd;rsm;udk csKd;zsufz,f½Sm; Murnfjzpfygonf/
uRefawmfwkdUaexkdifaom NrKdU? ½GmESifh EkdifiHtay: tkyfpkd;aeaom rif;tmPm
pufrsm;udk z,f½Sm;rnfhwefckd;onf bk&m;xHr S&&SdMuNyD;? 4if;uNrKdU? ½Gmtay:okdU
bk&m;\ 0dnmOfoGef;avmif; jcif;jzpfapygvdrfhrnf/ 4if;onf Ekd;xrI\ t"du
aomhcsufjzpfonf/ 4if;Ekd;xrIonf EkdifiH (okdU) NrKdU (okdU) ½Gmay: zkH;vGrf;aeaom
t&mudk NzKdcs? zsufqD;ypfrnfyifwnf;/ zkH;vGrf;aom t&mz,f½Sm;NyD;onfhtcg
bk&m;\ 0dnmOfawmf oGef;avmif;jcif;aMumifh vlawGoHa0*&um? ae&mwkdif;
Ekd;xrIjzpfay:vmayrnf/
qGJ'ifEkdifiHwGif vGefcJhaom &mpku Ekd;xrIvkdif;BuD;[m EkdifiHukd jzwfoGm;wJh
tcg tJ'DEkdifiHom;awG[m þuJhokdU vTwfjcif;tcGifh&&SdcJhMuonf/ tJ'guawmh
olwkdU[m ESif;rkefwkifrsm;Mum;rSm awmifvrf;avQmufNyD; olwkdUukd c&pfawmf
taMumif;ajymEkdifrJh toif;awmf? ocifhu,fwifjcif;[m olwkdUtjypfukd
aq;aMumfEkdifw,fqkdwma0iSEkdifw,fqkdwm a0iSEkdifrnfh toif;awmfukd
&SmazGcJhMuNyD; olwkdUtjypfawGukdvnf; 0efcHvmcJhMuonf/ 'ghaMumifh bk&m;u
aumif;uifwHcg;ukd NrdKUwNrdKUay:rSm zGifhvkdufNyDqkdvQif 0dnmOfawmf[m
tdrfwdkifrSm pD;qif;oG;onf/
a0;(pf)EkdifiH\ Ekd;xrIü? tcsKdUaomNrKdUrsm;wGif tpnf;ta0; pwifvdkuf
onfESifh 4if;NrKdUay:&Sd pm;aomufqkdifawGrSm vlawGonf olwkdU\ bD,mcGuf
awGudk r,lNyD;raomufEdkifjzpfcJhMuonf/ tb,fhaMumifhqkdaomf bk&m;ocif\
126
0dnmOfawmfonf xkdolwkdUtay:okdU qif;oufaom aMumifhjzpf\/ wcgw&H
olwkdUawGonf olwkdU\ tjypfrsm;rS vTwfjcif;&,lzkdU 0wfjyKpnf;a0;yGJokdU
wGm;íoGm;cJhMuav\/ 4if;Edk;xrIrsKd;udk uRefawmfwkdUawG jrifvkdMuygonf/
xkdEkd;xrIü tpdwftykdif; wcktaejzifh yg0ifcJhaom bk&m;udktvGefukd;pm;onfh
oif;tkyfq&mwOD;xH uRefawmfoGm; vnfywfcJhonf/ 4if;oif;tkyfq&mu
a,½Ic&pf\ emrawmfudk ½Gwfqkdvkdufonfhtcg? pnf;a0;yGJcef;rwckvkH;okdU
c&pfawmf\ csKdjraom &eHUoif;ysHUoGm;cJhaMumif; ajymjyonf/ 4if;wkdU\
NrKdUwavQmufodkU uRefawmfavQmufoGm;cJh&m? xl;qef;onfh oefU½Sif;jcif;&eHU
rsKd ; &cJ h y gonf / vrf ; rrsm;ay:rS m avQmuf o G m ;cJ h & m? tjcm;NrKd U ES i f h r wl
xl;jcm;aeonfrSm trSefyg/ Ekd;xrIBuD;jzpfcJhonfrSm MumcJhNyDjzpfayrJh bk&m;\
oefU½Sif;jcif;onf 4if;NrKdUü &Sdaeao;onf/ oif;tkyfq&mESifh uRefawmfwkdU
avQmuf a e&if ; q&mu ]][k d t aqmuf t OD ; ud k awG U vm;}}[k ar;awmh ?
uRefawmfu ]][kwfuJh}} vkdUjyefajzygonf/ q&mqufajymjy&m? ]]4if;
taqmuf t OD ; onf ,© i f u pm;aomuf q k d i f (bD , m) yg? ok d U aomf
,©Kpm;aomufqkdifr[kwfawmhbl;/ bmaMumifhvJqkdawmh vmaomufpm;rnfh
vlawGr&SdawmhvkdUyg}}[lí jzpfonf/ xkdenf;wl pm;aomufqkdifwckNyD;
wck q uf x k d ; jy&m? wpf ' gZif c ef U aom qk d i f a wG u d k ausmf v mvnf ;
wqk d i f r S r zG i f h M uawmh y g/ taMumif ; rS m bk & m;ocif \ 0d n mOf a wmf u
4if;qkdifawGukd oefU½Sif;ypfcJhjcif;jzpf\/ qufajymjyonfrSm? ]]uRefawmfwkdU
bk & m;ausmif ; onf vl r qef U jzpf c J h & m &yf u G u f r S ½k y f ½ S i f ½ k H y k d i f w pf O D ; u
½kyf½SifMunfhrnfolrsm;rvmMuawmhojzifh ½kHaomhtyfum bk&m;ausmif;twGuf
tokH;jyKygqkdNyD; vmtyfcJh onf}}[líjzpfonf/ bk&m;ocif\ wefckd;onf
zk H ; vG r f ; xm;aom t&mrsm;uk d zsuf q D ; cJ h \ / xk d t &monf bk & m;u?
uRefawmfwkdUtm; ZdtkefawmifokdU csDwufum &,lapvkdaom t&myifwnf;/
Zdtkefawmifü &Sdaom wefcdk;awmfonf EkdifiH? NrKdU?½Gmrsm;udk oefU½Sif;apum
bk&m;txHawmf okdU ac:oGif;Ekdifygonf/
nDtpfudkwa,mufonf rMumao;rDu olUNrKdUrSm tifrwefqkd;oGrf;½l;
rkdufaom jypfrI&SdcJhaMumif; uRefawmfhtm; ajymjycJhonf/ xkdNrKdUrSm tkyfpdk;aeonfh
rif;tmPmpuf? tvGefaMumufrufzG,faumif;aom aumif;uifwrefudk
uRefawmfjrifcJhygonf/ odkUaomfvnf; 4if;aumif;uif tmPmpufrif;tm;
 127
bk&m;onf z,f½Sm;NyD; vlawGudk u,fEIwfrnfhtcsdefa&mufvmaeNyD[k
uRefawmf,kHMunfygonf/ uRefawmfwkdUonfvnf; 'g0d'frif;Zdtkefü tajccs
tkypf ;dk cJph OfBuKHawGU cJo
h nft
h wkid ;f BuKHawGUzkUd tcsdeaf &mufvmaeygNyD/ 'g0d'o
f nf
ppfwkdufonfhtcgwkdif; wpfcgrQr½IH;yJ tEdkif&cJhav\/
w&m;a[m&musrf ; 28;13 t&? toif ; awmf o nf tNrD ; rjzpf b J ?
acgif;jzpfrnfhtaMumif; ajymxm;ygonf/ toif;awmftaejzifh jynfpkHaom
*wdawmfokdU wufvSrf;a&muf&Sdygu? csD;ajrmufjcif;cH&rnfjzpfonf/ xkdtcg
toif;awmfonf tNrD;r[kwfawmhbJ? þurÇmay:rSm&Sdaom t&mwkdif;twGuf
tvkdqE´&SdorQ&,lEkdifayvdrfhrnf/ toif;awmfonf OD;acgif;jzpfvmum?
tpkd;&rsm;? or®wrsm;ESihf tmPm&Sdolrsm;udk vrf;ñGefjcif;trIjyKvdrfhrnf/
þt&monf tcsKdUaom EkdifiHrsm;ü vufawGUjzpfaeygNyD/ tpkd;&t&m&Sdrsm;onf
ol w k d U bmawG ? b,f v k d v k y f aqmif o if h o nf u d k rod a omaMumif h
tBuHnPfaumif;rsm;&&SdzkdU bk&m; ausmif;udk oGm;Muygonf/ aemufqkH;aom
aeU&ufrsm;wGif vlajrmuf rsm;pGmonf olwkdUtwGuf vrf;ñGefcsufudk
bk&m;ausmif;rS &,lMuonfyif r[kwfygvm;/

ZdtkefodkU wufjcif;ESifhtajccsjcif;
Zd t k e f a wmf o k d U wuf z k d U twG u f tajctaersm; (ok d U ) t&nf t csif ;
rsm;&S d & ayrnf / qmvH 24;3 ü? ]]xm0&bk & m;\ awmif a wmf a y:ok d U
b,f o l o nf wuf & rnf e nf ; / oef U ½S i f ; &mXgeawmf ü b,f o l & yf a e&
rnf;enf;}}[k ar;xm;onf/ 4if;awmifonf y#dnmOfaowåm awmfwnf&Sd
cJhonfh 'g0d'f\ wJawmfwnf&m Zdtkefawmifyifjzpf\/ 4if;awmifokdUwufzkdU
t&nftcsif;ukd þodkU ]]oefU½Sif;aom vufESifhjzLpifaom ESvkH;&Sdaomol?
rkomudrk rS0D rJ qnf;uyf? rrSeaf om usdeq f jdk cif;udk rjyKaomol}} (qmvH 24;4)[k
azmfjyxm;onf/ ZdtkefawmifokdU wufzkdU uRefawmfwkdUtwGuf t&nftcsif;rsm;
tm;vkH;onf ajzmifhrwfjcif;tay: tajccHxm;ygonf/
H e brid e s uRef ; rsm;wG i f Ek d ; xrI t wG u f qk a wmif ; Muonf h t cg?
bk&m;ocifonf þqmvH 24 xJu usrf;ykd'frsm;jzifh pum;ajymcJh\/
xkdusrf;ykd'frsm;t& olwkdUawG bk&m;a½SUü edrfhcscJhMuojzifh bk&m;ocifonf
csufcsif;qko d vdk 0dnmOfawmfoeG ;f avmif;cJah v\/ NrKdUwNrKdUNyD;aemuf wNrKdUwGif
128
vl a wG o nf bk & m;\ 0d n mOf a wmf a Mumif h BuD ; rm;aom oH a 0*w&m;
&cJhMuonf/ tb,faMumifhqkdaomf bk&m;\ oefU½Sif;aom trIawmfaqmif
tcsKdUwkdUonf 0dnmOfqkdif&m ZdtkefawmifodkU wufa&muf cJhMuaomaMumifh
jzpf\/
bk&m;u uRefawmfwkdUtm; qmvH 15;1 xJu þar;cGef; ]]tkdxm0& bk&m;?
wJawmfü tb,folonf wnf;&ygrnfenf;/ oefU½Sif;aom awmifay:rSm
tb,f o l ae&ygrnf e nf ; }} rsKd ; ud k ar;aeygonf / þqmvH u srf ; ü
Zd t k e f a wmif a y:rS m wuf N yD ; aexk d i f v k d o l t wG u f ajzmif h r wf jcif ; \
t&nftcsif;rsm;xufomvGefaom t&nftcsif;rsm;udk awGU&onf/ qmvH
24 onf ZdtkefokdU wufEkdifzkdU uRefawmfwkdUtwGuf tajctaersm; ay;xm;ayrJh
4if ; oef U ½S i f ; aom awmif w G i f NrJ N rH p G m wnf a ezk d U t&nf t csif ; onf
ykdívkdtyfaMumif; em;vnf&onf/
uRefawmfwkdU\ pdwfESvkH;udk ppfaq;NyD; oHa0*w&m;o,faqmifvmzkdU
0dnmOfawmftm;cGifh jyK&ygrnf/ tcsKdUaom rdwfaqGrsm;onf þtaMumif;
t&mudk zwf½IUNyD; rdwfaqG\ xm0&c&D;yef;wkdiftbkdU qkH;jzwfcsufcs&ef
a½G ; cs,f r I j yKMuayvd r f h r nf / u,f w if j cif ; &,l z k d U (ok d U ) r&zk d U twG u f
qkH;jzwfjcif;r[kwfbJ Zdtkefawmifay:wGif wnfae&ef t&nftcsif;rsKd;
rdwaf qGü&S?d r&Sq d ;Hk jzwf&ygrnf/ bk&m;ü oefU½Si;f pGm? euf½idI ;f pGm vku d af vQmufzUdk
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rjynfhrDonfudk a½G;cs,fqkH;jzwfMu&ygonf/
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vlwkdUonf qkH;jzwfcsufcsjcif; csKdifh0Srf;rSm &SdaeMuonf/ rdwfaqGwkdUtxJu
tcsKdUonf toufwmukd csdefcGifwGif csdefwG,fcHaeMu&\/ rdwfaqG\
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aexkdif&rSmjzpfonf/
 129

Zdtkefü arG;zGmjcif;
qmvH 87;4-7 ü? ZdtkefwGif arG;zGm;rnfholrsm;taMumif; okH;Budrfwkdifwkdif
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NrKdUawmfü zGm;jrifaom trsKd;jzpfonf[k ajymqkMd uvdrrhf nf}}[lí azmfjyyg&So d nf/
bk&m;onf uRefawmfwkdUtxJü 0dnmOfa&;qkdif&m Zdtkefonf uRefawmfwkdU\
td r f j zpf a Mumif ; ½l y g½k H u d k arG ; zG m ;zk d U tvd k & S d y gonf / bk & m;ocif o nf
uRefawmfwkdU\ toufwmESifh toif;awmfrsm;twGuf 0dnmOfa&;qkdif&m
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þuJhokdUaom ½lyg½kHrsKd;? rdwfaqG\ pdwfESvkH;xJü arG;zGm;NyD[k uRefawmf
,kHMunfygonf/ tb,fhaMumifhqkdaomf? bk&m;ocifonf uRefawmf^r
wa,muf c sif ; tm; a&S U quf N yD ; xyf v k y f a qmif & rnf h ½l y g½k H u d k ay;zk d U
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0dnmOfawmfü ESpfjcif;udk a&mcH,lNyD;NyDvm;/ a[NAJ 6;1 ü uRefawmfwkdUonf
yxrOD;pGm tajccHqkdif&m c&pf,meftoufwmudk jzwfausmfavQmufvSrf;
½kHwifru? jynfh0pkHvifjcif;okdU qufvufwufvSrf; &rnfjzpfygonf/
oJuEåm&wnf;[laom ab;'ku©rsm;udk wGef;vSefausmfjzwfzkdU emcHjcif;ESifh
ESdrfhcsjcif;udk uRefawmfwkdU oif,l&rnf/ uRefawmfwkdUonf touf½Sifaom
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tarGudk pwifykdifqkdif&,lzkdU vkdtyfygonf/
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&rnf/ odkUrSom uRefawmfwkdUwawGonf 0dnmOfqkdif&m ZdtkefodkU wufvSrf;
um tajccsaexkdif&rnf r[kwfavm/ uRefawmfwkdU\ 0dnmOfa&;tajctae
(okdU) tqifh b,frSmbJ&Sdaeygavap? bk&m;ocifonf uRefawmwkdUtm;
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awGUBuKHcJhaom t&mwkdUxuf ykdíomvGefonfh ½lyg½kHukd oaE¨wnfay;Ekdifonf/
130
0dnmOfawmfonf rdwfaqG\ ESvkH;om;xJü c&pfawmf\ pkHvifjcif;uJhokdU
jzpfonfhwkdifatmif b,fawmhrS rwif; wdrfEkdfifaom qE´udkay;pGrf;Ekdifygonf/
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pdw½f n S o
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c&pf a wmf x H y k d U aqmif ay;jcif ; rQom jzpf \ / rd w f a qG ? c&pf a wmf u k d
vkH;0ykdifqkdif&,lonfhwkdif? qufNyD; BuKd;pm;ouf½Sifyg/ xkdokdU jyKygu? bk&m;\
rsuf E S m omud k & NyD ; ? uRef a wmf w k d U onf bk & m;\ bk e f ; awmf twG u f
wef q myvmaumif ; tjzpf tok H ; cH v Quf vl r sKd ; wumtm; c&pf a wmf x H
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ajrBuD;vufcwfrvGJyifjzpfygonf/

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131