merab kalandaZe

napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi
saqmianobis Seswavla
saqarTveloSi

gamomcemloba `inteleqti~
Tbilisi 2021
 winamdebare naSromi miznad isaxavs Seiswavlos
qarTuli napoleonianas erTi konkretuli segmenti.
napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis gaSuqeba
qarTuli istoriografiaSi. es am kuTxiT sakiTxis
ganxilvis pirveli mcdelobaa.
winamdebare naSromi gankuTvnilia studentebi-
saTvis da napoleonis moRvaweobiT dainteresebuli
farTo mkiTxvelisaTvis.

redaqtori aleqsandre miqaberiZe

recenzentebi: mixeil qarTveliSvili

Tamar anTaZe

ISBN 978-9941-31-340-0 © m. kalandaZe, 2021

 vuZRvni dedis naTel xsovnas
Sesavali

`didi adamiani yovelTvis ubedurebaa xalxisaTvis~. es Ci-

nuri andazaa prof. dimitri ciskariSvils Tavis wignSi `napo-
leonze~, ra Tqma unda, SemTxveviT ar moyavs da didi albaTo-
biT aq pirvel rigSi, swored, napoleons unda gulisxmobdes.
Cven savsebiT viziarebT sakiTxisadmi aseT midgomas. mas,
vfiqrobT, gaaCnia Tavisi rezoni, azri.
XX saukunis gamoCenilma ingliselma istorikosma, kem-
brijis universitetis profesorma, jeimz eltonma gamoTq-
va saintereso mosazreba, istoriuli pirovneba, rom gaxdes
WeSmaritad didi is unda akmayofilebdes or kriteriums. ra
moTxovnebia es? an savsebiT unda akmayofilebdes Tavisi epo-
qis moTxovnebs anda Zalian bevriT unda uswrebdes mas. ram-
denad Seesatyviseba napoleonis moRvaweoba am mkacr krite-
riums? napoleoni orive am kriteriums, vfiqrobT, savsebiT
akmayofilebda. es ar gaxlavT napoleonis panegeriki, rogorc
es erTi SexedviT vinmem SeiZleba miiCnios. is savsebiT akmay-
ofilebda Tavisi epoqis moTxovnebs da zogjer win uswrebda
mas. amitom, rogorc Cven gvgonia, napoleonis Sedareba stalin-
Tan da hitlerTan, albaT, mainc did sifrTxiles moiTxovs da
sakamaTo SeiZleba iyos. vinaidan es ori da sxva misi msgavsni:
v. lenini, b. musolini, mau Ze duni, kim ir seni, pol poti, ieng
samri, sadam huseini, fidel kastro. Zalian Sors idgnen am ori
kriteriumisgan, romelzec saubrobs ingliseli istorikosi
jeimz eltoni. sazogadoebis ganviTarebis gza, romelic maT
airCies uperspeqtivo aRmoCnda da qveyana CixSi miiyvana. is-

3
toriam mkacri ganaCeni gamoutana mas da savsebiT samarTli-
anad gadaisrola istoriis sanagveze. napoleonis diqtatura
gamoirCoda elastikobiT da ar gamoricxavda demokratiisaken
evolucias, rac, sxvaTa Soris, moxda XIX-XX ss. safrangeTSi.
winamdebare naSromi qarTuli napoleonianas meore nawilad
SeiZleba moviazroT. pirveli nawilia Cveni monografia `napo-
leonis qarTul sityvakazmul literaturaSi~ romelic 2008
wels gamovida.
napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianoba rasac uaxloesi
istoriografia `administraciul bonapartizms~ uwodebs didi
xnis ganmavlobaSi misi triumfaluri samxedro warmatebebis
CrdilSi moeqca, SedarebiT ukana planze aRmoCnda da per-
iferiul Temad gvevlineboda. prioritetuli iyo `samxedro
bonopartizmi~. Tanamedrove istoriografiaSi kardinalurad
icvleba suraTi. uwinaresad, es imiT gamoixateba, rom `admin-
istraciuli binapartizmi~ sul ufro wina planze gamodis,
yuradRebas ipyrobs, imkvidrebs adgils. amgvari midgoma gac-
ilebiT ufro dabalansebulia da ufro realisturi SeiZle-
ba Candes. aRsaniSnavia, rom napoleoni Tavis sakanonmdeblo
saqmianobaze sakmaod maRali azris iyo da mas mis mier mogebul
brZolebze maRla Tu ara, maT gverdiT ayenebda. `Cemi dide-
ba imaSi ki ar mdgomareobs, rom me movige ormoci brZola...
is rac icocxlebs marad, es aris Cemi samoqalaqo kodeqsi~.
amitom, vfiqrobT, interess moklebuli ar unda iyos vcadoT
gamovarkvioT Tu rogor iyo gaSuqebuli napoleonis kanonSe­
moqmedebiTi saqmianoba qarTul istoriografiaSi. es qarTuli
napoleonianas kidev erT saintereso fragmentad gvevlineba.
am rakursiT sakiTxis ganxilva sainteresoa da aqtualurad
migvaCnia. es siaxlea, qarTuli konteqti gaaCnia da aRniSnuli
problemis gaSuqebis pirvel mcdelobad gvevlineba. ramdenad
faseulia am kuTxiT sakiTxis gaSuqeba? ras mogvcems is?

4
 yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT ramdenime garemoebaze. am prob-
lemis Seswavla saSualebas mogvcems SevavsoT is vakuumi, ro-
melic qarTul napoleonianaSi arsebobs da TeTri laqebi am
dargSi kidev ufro naklebi darCeba. es erTi. meore, am sakiTx-
is gaSuqeba qarTul sazogadoebas warmodgenas Camouyalibebs
imaze Tu ra aris am mimarTulebiT gakeTebuli da risi ga-
keTebaa kidev saWiro. am Temis gaSuqeba SesaZlebels xdis am,
dargis konkretulad ki, saqarTveloSi napoleonis kanonSemo-
qmedebiTi saqmianobis Seswavlis sul sxva da gacilebiT sain­
tereso suraTi davdoT.
uwinaresad, mizanSewonili iqneboda am sferoSi saqmianoba
daviwyoT napoleonis kodeqsis qarTul enaze TargmaniT. amas
aqvs mniSvneloba da axal mZlavrs stimuls micems napoleonis
kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis mecnierul Seswavlas, kvlevas.
Cvens xelT aRmoCndeba saintereso wyaro. unda daiweros
gamokvlevebi napoleonze rogorc kanonmdebelze, reforma-
torze. amas gaaCnia SemecnebiTi mniSvneloba da qarTul sazo-
gadoebas napoleonis koloritul figuras sul sxva aspeqtSi
daanaxebs. is iyo ara marto didi mxedavarmTavari, politiku-
ri moRvawe, diplomati, aramed kanonmdebeli. napoleons xele-
wifeboda, rogorc Seneba, ise ngreva, es seriozuli plusi iyo.
Tumca amis gamo misi gandideba, rogorc es xdeba apologetur
istoriografiaSi, cxadia, ar Rirs, zedmetia. napoleoni ar iyo
arc `aiaCoeli diokletiane~. rogorc amas frangi istorikosi
ipoliot teni amtkicebda da arc `evropeli Cingiz-xani~ ro-
gorc es, i. stalinis ZalixmeviT, farTod gavrcelda 30-40-ian
wlebis sabWoTa istoriografiaSi. misi moRvaweobis palitra
gacilebiT ufro mravalferovani da sainteresoa. is araa mar-
to dampyrobeli, napoleonis saxiT saqme gvaqvs erTpirovnul
mmarTvelTan kanonmdebelTan, reformatorTan. es ukve sxva
napoleonia.

5
 am problemis Seswavlas ori mxare gaaCnia, romelsac piro-
biT SeiZleba programa maqsimumi da programa minimumi uwodoT.
programa maqsimumi, cxadia, miznad isaxavs napoleonis kanon-
SemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis `napoleonis kodeqsis~, `adminis-
traciuli bonapartizmis~ specialur Seswavlas, mecnierul
kvlevas. ra Tqma unda, es Zalian kargia da sasurveli iqnebo-
da, magram iseTi patara qveynisaTvis, rogoric Cveni samSoblo
saqarTveloa, mTel rig sirTuleebTan aris dakavSirebuli,
rac aferxebs am sakiTxis mecnierul kvlevas. mniSvnelovan-
wilad, swored amiT aixseneba rom qarTuli istoriografiis
miRwevebi am sferoSi sakmaod mokrZalebulad gamoiyeneba. ma-
gram amis dramatizireba, cxadia, ar Rirs. swori ar iqneba mTa-
vari, Cveni azriT, es ar unda iyos, am SemTxvevaSi aqcenti unda
gakeTdes programa _ minimumze, sakiTxis popularizaciaze.
vfiqrobT, swored, es gaxlavT yvelaze ufro arsebiTi, mTa-
vari. napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiT saqmianobaze specialuri
samecniero gamokvleva, monografia an samecniero-popularu-
li narkvevi, ramdenadac CvenTvis cnobilia, dawerili araa.
es saqarTveloSi napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis
popularizaciis sust mxares warmoadgens, miuxedavad amisa,
unda iTqva, rom am sakiTxze mwir informacias mainc moviZiebT
da amis gverdis avla, wayrueba mizanSewonili ar iqneba da am
sakiTxis adekvatur suraTs ver Segviqmnis. qarTulma isto-
riografiam Tavisi wvlili Seitana saqarTveloSi napoleonis
kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis Seswavlis, popularizaciis,
saqmeSi, rac mis warmatebad migvaCnia. am TvalsazrisiT, sayu­
radReboa is gamokvlevebi, romelic arsebobs napoleonze da
saswavlo-sacnobaro literatura skolis da sauniversiteto
saxelmZRvaneloebi. es, ra Tqma unda, zRvaSi wveTia, magram
mainc Zalian kargia. sul araobas namdvilad jobia.
didi mniSvneloba aqvs swori kriteriumis SerCevas. es sa-
Sualebas mogvcems mecnierulad swored SevafasoT am sakiTxSi

6
qarTuli napoleonianas mier Setanili wvlili. dagvexmare-
ba aRniSnul sakiTxze adekvaturi warmodgenis Camoyalibeba-
Si. aq mkacri mecnieruli kriteriumi sazomad ar gamodgeba.
am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs ara sakiTxis mecnierul Seswav-
lasTan, aramed popularizaciasTan. qarTuli napoleonianas
winaSe gacilebiT ufro mokrZalebuli amocana idga. mas wmin-
da SemecnebiTi datvirTva gaaCia. am kulturtregerul misias
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom man urigod rodi gaarTva Tavi. es misi
warmateba iyo. amitom am masalis mniSvnelobisadmi skeptikuri
damokidebuleba, albaT, mainc didi sifrTxiles moiTxovs da,
rogorc Cven gvgonia, marTebuli ar iqneboda. maSin am sfero-
Si mSobliur enaze isic ar gveqneboda, rac gvaqvs. modiT nu
viqnebiT umadurebi. aqcenti keTdeba popularizaciaze da
ara kvlevaze. es, Cveni azriT, araviTar, Crdils ar ayenebs
moZiebuli masalis mniSvnelobas, Rirebulebas. aq nihilistu-
ri damokidebuleba uadgiloa. amgvari midgoma iyo praqtiku-
li, pragmatuli da mas gaaCnia, Tavisi rezoni, azri.
winamdebare naSromi ori nawilisagan Sedgeba. pirvel naw-
ils wminda kulturtregeruli datvirTva gaaCnia da yuradRe-
bas miapyrobs napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiT saqmianobas `ad-
ministraciul bonapartizms~, romelic, rogorc ukve iTqva,
napoleonis triumfaluri samxedro warmatebebis CrdilSi aR-
moCnda. SedarebiT sustad, mkrTalad, iyo gaSuqebuli da didi
xnis ganmavlobaSi periferiul Temas warmoadgenda. am mon-
akveTs SemecnebiTi datvirTva aqvs, samecniero-popularul
xasiaTs atarebs da faqtobrivad, kompilacias warmoadgens. am
rTul sakiTxze sityvis Tqmas, umTavresad, is garemoeba gvabe-
dinebs, rom masze qarTul enaze TiTqmis araferi iwereba.
meore nawili kvleviTi xasiaTisaa da rogor ukve aRvniS-
neT, siaxles warmoadgens, qarTuli konteqsti gaaCnia da aR-
niSnuli sakiTxis gaSuqebis pirvel mcdelobad gvevlineba.

7
 mas mkveTrad gamokveTili polemisturi muxti gaaCnia, ro-
melic miznad isaxavs mecnierulad, argumentirebulad gaaba-
Tilos mTeli rigi sabWoTa stereotipebi da Stampebi, romel-
mac totalitarul-bolSevikuri reJimis ZalisxmeviT, mtkiced
moikida fexi qarTuli sazogadoebis cnobierebaSi. yvela
sikeTe sabWoTa realobasTan rodi asocirdeba.
pirvel yovlisa, bunebrivia, wamoiWreba sakiTxi ra mecni­
eruli Rirebuleba gaaCnia am masalas? ikveTeba ori midgoma:
pirveli: skeptikuri, nihilisturi damokidebuleba. am Zunw
informacias araviTari mecnieruli Rirebuleba ar gaaCnia. is
ar SeiZleba gaxdes mecnieruli gansjis sagani. misi mniSvn-
elobis gazviadeba mizanSewonili ar iqneba, sasurveli Sesa-
Zleblad ar unda miviCnioT. meore: optimisturi midgoma. ra
Tqma unda, es mwiri masala Zalian cotaa, sakmarisi ar unda
iyos. magram samwuxarod unda iTqvas, rom sxva ufro xelSesax-
ebi, masala ubralod ar mogvepoveba da imas unda davjerdeT
rac gagvaCnia. amis wayruebis, gverdis avlis, fufuneba iseT
patara qveyanas rogoric saqarTveloa ubralod ar gaaCnia.
Cven vcadeT am mcire masalaSi amogvekiTxa Tu rogori SeiZle-
ba yofiliyo aRniSnuli problemisadmi maTi damokidebuleba.
vfiqrobT, es ufro siantereso da perspeqtiuri unda Candes.
mniSvnelovanwilad, vfiqrobT, swored amiT aixsneba, rom am
Temaze Cveni msjeloba mtkicebis saxes ki ar ar atarebs, ar-
amed ufro frTxili forma gaaCnia da hipoTezebis sferos ar
cildeba. ufro farTo arCevani ubralod ar gagvaCnia.
amiT ki ar mTavrdeba aRniSnuli sakiTxis Seswavla, ar-
amed iwyeba, SesaZloa, Cven uneblieT raRac gamogvrCa, Tvals
moefara, amitom dawyebuli saqmis gagrZeleba mizanSewonili
iqneboda, gamoricxulad ar migvaCnia misi axali masaliT gam-
didreba, amas momavali kvleva gviCvenebs.

8
 kari pirveli

napoleoni erTpirovnuli mmarTveli,

kanonmdebeli, reformatori
 Tavi pirveli
diskusia napoleonis irgvliv

istoriografiuli dilema ase gamoiyureba. vin iyo na-

poleoni tirani, despoti, diqtatori, monstri Tu liber-
al-reformatori. istorikosebi ager ukve ori saukunea cdi-
loben am dilemis gadawyvetas, magram saboloo verdiqtis
gamotanamde jer kidev Zalian Sors arian. es advili gasagebia.
istorikoss ar ZaluZs saboloo verdiqtis gamotana. istorias
ar xelewifeba erTi WeSmariteba. es istoriuli mecnierebis
sikvdilis tolfasi iqneboda. maSin ras akeTebs istorikosi?
istorikosi gvTavazobs warsulis sakuTar versias. gana es co-
taa? albaT, ara. Tavisufali azrovneba, istoriuli movlen-
ebisadmi mravalvariantuli midgoma, pluralizmi, istoriuli
mecnierebis winsvlis, ganviTarebis, mTavari sawindaria. isto-
riul mecnierebaSi WeSmaritebis ukanaskneli instancia ar ar-
sebobs, am gzas CixSi mivyavarT.
erTni usaSvelod ganadideben da xotbas asxamen napoleons,
xolo sxvani ki mis saxels mxolod augad ixsenieben da uaryofiT
konteqstSi moiazrebdnen. SesaZloa, pirvelebi _ Selamazebu-
lad. vardisferebSi, warmoaCendnen mas, xolo meoreni piriqiT,
Zalian amuqebdnen realur viTarebas. orive ukiduresoba mi-
uRebelia. WeSmariteba, rogorc wesi sadRac SuaSi Zevs. am
oqros Suagulis gamonaxva sulac ar iqneba iseTi advili saqme
rogorc es erTi SexedviT Cans, radgan msajulebi napoleonis
Sefasebisas subieqturebi arian. zogs napoleonisadmi simpa-
Tia daZlevs da ityvian, rom is gmiria. zogs ki piriqiT, an-

10
tipaTia. da ityvis, rom is antigmiria. maT Soris konsesusis
miRweva Zneli iqneba. es dava kidev didxans gastans da, albaT,
arc arasdros damTavrdeba. yovelTvis iqnebian, rogorc napo-
leonis Tayvanismcemeli, ise mowinaaRmdege istorikosebi. es
arcaa gasakviri. XX saukunis holandieli istorikosis, leide-
nis universyteteis profesoris, piter heilis TqmiT `istoria
dausrulebeli polemikaa~ aq yvelaze ufro kargadaa danaxuli
istoriuli procesis Semecneba. zustadaa gansazRvruli isto-
riuli codnis mniSvneloba. (1. 186.2. 18-45).
Cven gagvaCnia aRniSnuli sakiTxis sakuTari versia da am ori
mosazrebidan erT-erTs dauWerT mxars, Tumca unda iTqvas,
rom napoleonis usaSvelod gandideba, rac Zalumad igrZnoba
apologetur literaturaSi, romlis mTavar tonis mimcemad
gamoCenili frangi istorikosebi: adolf tieri, alber sore-
li, alber vandali, eduard drio, frederik masoni, artur
levi, lui madleni, andre kastelo, gvevlinebian, andac misi
saxelis augad moxseneba, miwasTan gasworeba, rac laitmotivad
gasdevs antibonapartiseul literaturas, misi mTavari warmo-
madgenlebi arian pier lanfre da Jan Sarasi, zedmetia. (3)

***
safrangeTis didi revolucia da napoleonis epoqa war-
moadgens tradiciuli sazogadoebis modernizaciis saqmeSi
erT-erT mniSvnelovan niSansvets, romelmac katalizatoris
roli Seasrula da daaCqara samrewvelo gadatrialebis proce-
si, mZlavri stimuli misca axali industriuli sazogadoebis
formirebas. es iyo sazogadoebis ganaxlebis erT-erTi Sesa-
Zlebeli gza. misi apologeturi Sefaseba an dagmoba calmxrivi
iqneboda da ar ivargebs. unda viyoT realistebi. es iyo im
eqstremaluri viTarebidan, romelic Seiqmna safrangeTis didi
revoluciis Semdeg, erT-erTi realuri gamosavali, romelsac

11
gaaCnia Tavisi Zlieri da susti mxareebi. frangi istorikosis
Jan Joresis TqmiT revolucia aris `progresis barbarosuli
forma~.
XVIII-XIX saukuneebis mijnaze xdeba grandiozuli mniSvne-
lobis farTo masStabiani reformebi, romelic aSkarad ara
atarebda viwro, lokalur, xasiaTs, cildeba erTi qveynis,
erTi kontinentis farglebs, mkveTrad gamokveTiul global-
ur xasiaTs atarebda da mniSvnelovani iyo mTeli maSindeli
samyarosaTvis. mTeli am procesis mTavari sulisCamdgmeli da
iniciatori gaxldaT erTi saxelmwifo _ safrangeTis da erTi
adamiani, _ napoleon bonaparti. amitom es monakveTi msoflio
istoriaSi `napoleonis epoqis~ saxeliT moixsenieba. am bobo-
qar epopeas istorikosebma `napoleonis omebi~ uwodes. yov-
el saukunes ganasaxireben adamianebi, gansakuTrebuliT didi
pirovnebebi, ingliseli istorikosis arnold toinbis TqmiT,
es `SemoqmedebiTi umciresoba~.
am gmirul epopeis logikuri Sedegia evropis politikuri
mowyobis axali modeli. mkveTri saxecvlileba ganicada Zal-
Ta balansma saerTaSoriso asparezze. XIX saukunis dasawyisSi
mkafiod gamoikveTa safrangeTis hegemonia, Tavadi a. kuraki-
ni parizidan imperator aleqsandre I (1801-1825) atyobinebda
`pirineidan oderamde, zundidan mesinis srutemde _ yvelaferi
safrangeTia~ (4. 152). XIX saukunis dasawyisSi safrangeTis he-
gemoniis ugulebelyofa, albaT, mainc did sifrTxiles moiTx-
ovs da amerikeli mecnieris j. modelskis msoflio hegemonobis
`grZeli ciklebis~ Teoriis aqelevsis quslad migvaCnia. amg-
vari midgoma, cxadia, SemTxveviT ar iyo da amis mizezi, pirvel
yovlisa, j. modelskis msoflmxedvelobaSi unda veZioT. sa-
frangeTis hegemonisadmi aseTi indiferentuli damokidebule-
ba mniSvnelovanwilad imiT SeiZleba yofiliyo ganpirobebuli,
rom, safrangeTs ar yavda Zlieri floti, romelsac j. mod-
elski msoflios hegemonobis damyarebis sakiTxSi did mniSvne-

12
lobas aniWebda. erTi saukunis ganmavlobaSi erTi saxelmwifos
hegemonobaze apelireba, rogorc amas j. modelkis akeTebs,
damajerebeli ar unda iyos da XIX saukuneSi saerTaSoriso as-
parezze Seqmnili viTarebis adekvatur suraTs ver gvixatavs.
saerTSorosi asparezze arsebuli mwvave konkurenciia, faqto-
brivad, kadrs miRma aRmoCnda (5).
grandiozuli gardaqmnebi xdeba sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis
yvela ubanze, socialuri, politikuri da sulieri cxovrebis
yvela sferoSi. Tvisebrivi xarisxobrivi, cvlilebebi ganicada
evropis ekonomikam, pirvel rigSi ki, mrewvelobam. napoleonis
gmiruli da sisxliani epopeis Sedegad, evropaSi samrewvelo
gadatrialebis procesma Seuqcevadi xasiaTi miiRo. yvela gzas
Tavisufal mewarmeobasTan mivyavarT. `napoleonma absolu-
tizmas miayena iseTi Zlieri dartyma. romlisaganac is welSi
veRar gasworda, swored amaSi mdgomareobda im gmirul epoe-
pis _ istoriuli mniSvneloba, romelic mis saxelTanaa dakav-
Sirebuli~. (6,9).
napoleonis omebis mniSvnelobis Sefasebisas istorikosebs
Soris erTsulovneba arasodes yofila da seriozuli azrTasx-
vadasxvaoba sufevda. erTni optimisturad arian ganwyobilni
da maJorul notaze arian momarTulni. meoreni piriqiT. Zalze
pesimisturad arian gawyobili da minorul tonSi msjeloben.
pirveli banakis erT-erT TvalsaCino warmomadegnelad frangi
istorikosis eduard drio gvevlineba. is apologetur ganwyo-
bilebas amJRavnebs ganadidebs napoleonis omebs da irwmune-
ba, rom `napoleonis omebi iyo udidesi movlena kacobriobis
istoriaSi~. frangi istorikosi fransua fiure skeptikurad
ekideba napoleonis omebs da erTgvari gulistkiviliT kiTxu-
lobs, Tu ras miaRwia napoleonma am gauTavebeli omebiT. napo-
leonis omebma didi roli Seasrules. im progresuli Zalebis
konsolidaciis saqmeSi, romelsac wilad xvda ganesazRvra ev-
ropis istoriis momavali. ase rom aq zedmeti pesimizmi uadg-

13
iloa, magram amis gamo napoleonis usaSvelod gandideba, gaid-
ialeba; rogorc amas eduard drio akeTebs, cxadia, ar Rirs
zedmeti. orive ukiduresoba miuRebelia. napoleonis omebs
mZlavri revoluciuri muxti gaaCnia. es umTavresad imiT ga-
moixateba, rom dapyrobil teritoriebze ganaxlebis danergva
mainc xdeboda, `napoleoni wmendda evropis feodalizmis av-
geosis Tavlebs~. es iyo modernizaciis procesis erTi forma,
rodesac gardaqmenebi xorcieldeboda Zalismieri meTodebiT.
es iyo `progresis barbarosuli forma~. samrewvelo gadatri-
alebis procesi Seuqcevad xasiaTs iZens. yvela gzas Tavisu-
fal mewarmeobasTan, industriul sazogadoebasTan mivyavarT.

napoleonis dapyrobiTma omebma marto uaryofiTi roli ar

Seasrula, mas gaaCnia dadebiTi momentebi. amitom misi erTm-
niSvnelovnad dadebiTi an uaryofiTi Sefaseba sworxazovani
iqneboda da aRniSnul sakiTxze srulyofil, amomwurav, war-
modgenas rodi gviqmnis. frangi istorikosi grafi aleqsis de
tokvili fiqrobs, rom amisaTvis sulac ar iyo saWiro revo­
lucia da amas safrangeTi miaRwevda mSvidobiani evoluciis
saSualebiT. (7). es iyo erTi xedva. arsebobs gansxvavebuli
Tvalsazrisi, romlis Tanaxmadac amisaTvis, rom migveRwia
unda gagevlo is gza, romelic safrangeTma gaiara. tradi-
ciuli sazogadoebis transformacia umtkivneuli xasiaTs ar
atarebda da sxvadasxva formiT mimdinareobda. is sazoga-
doebis revoluciuri da evoluciuri ganviTarebis Serwymis,
Sexa­mebis, mcdelobaa.. erTgan es xorcieldeba revoluciis
saSualebiT, meoregan evoluciis gziT. liberaluri reforme-
bis saSualebiT. napoleonis dros Zveli, tradiciulia sazoga-
doebis modernizaciis procesi Zalismieri formiT xorcield-
eba. es iyo `progresis barbarosuli forma~.
aq wamoiWreba erTi sakiTxi, romelic jer kidev XIX saukunis
Sua xanebSi dasva cnobilma frangma istrokosma graf aleqsis

14
de tokvilma. safrangeTis revoluciis Sedegad wyvetas hqonda
adgili Tu uwyvetlobas. napoleonis reJimi Seesatyviseboda
tradicias Tu ara? sakiTxi aris rTuli da mravalwaxnagov-
ani da misi erTmniSvnelovnad gadawyveta sulac ar gaxlavT
advili saqme. napoleonis dros faqtobrivad moxda saxelmwi-
foebriobis Zveli formebis aRdgena, magram Tvisebrivad sul
sxva xarisxSi, romelsac safuZvlad edo revoluciis social-
uri monapovaris aRiareba. amitom napoleonis reJimis gaigive-
ba `Zvel reJimTan~, albaT, mainc did sifrTxiles moiTxovs
da sakamaTo SeiZleba iyos. gansxvaveba principulia da Tvise-
brivi, xarisxobrivi, xasiaTisaa.
principuli xasiaTi aqvs kidev erT sakiTxs, romlis gad-
awyvetasac didi mniSvneloba aqvs da romlis garSemo is-
torikosTn Soris seriozuli azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa arsebobs.
ra fasad iqna miRweuli es warmatebebi? erTni miesalmebian
napoleonis triumfalur gamarjvebebs, diTirembebs umRerian
da gundruks ukmeven mis samxedro warmatebebs. isini ZiriTa-
dad napoleonis mravalricxovani apologetebi arian. (adolf
tieri, alber soreli, alber vandali, eduard drio, frederik
masoni, artur levi, lui madleni, andre kastelo). meoreni
ki, piriqiT, Zalze skeptikurad arian ganwyobilebi da napo-
leons sastikad sayveduroeben am gauTavebeli omebis gamo. am
banakis erT-erT TvalsaCino warmomadgenelia cnobili frangi
istorikosi fransua fiure. Cven Zalian kargad gvesmis misi
gulistkivili. miuxedavad napoleonis triumfaluri warmate-
bebisa es gamarjvebebi safrangeTs sakmaod Zviri daujda. sa-
frangeTis genofondi ganaxevrda. magram napoleons brali da-
vdoT genocidSi, albaT, mainc did sifrTxiles moiTxovs da
gadaWarbebuli SeiZleba iyos. am gauTavebel omebSi, cxadia,
kargs verafers vxedavT, magram mas gaaCnia Tavisi rezoni, azri
da misi mizezi sakuTriv bonapartiseuli reJimis specifiur
xasiaTSi Zevs. saqme is gaxldaT, rom napoleonis reJimis le-

15
gitimuroba mWidrod ukavSirdeboda mis samxedro warmatebebs,
warumatebloba, damarcxeba, misi reJimis legitimurobasTan
asocirdeboda. marTlac, es ase moxda. 1815 wlis 18 ivniss va-
terlosTan damarcxebam wertili dausva napoleonis reJims.
misi politikuri kariera dasrulda. evropis monarqebi dam-
arcxebis SemTxvevaSic monarqebad rCebodnen, napoleoni ki
ara, gamarjveba iyo napoleonis legitimacia. maT Soris mTa-
vari gansxvaveba, swored amaSi mdgomareobda. am gauTavebel
omebis gasaRebi, swored, ai aq Zevs. mas axsna gaaCnia, magram
gamarTleba ara. yuradRebas mivapyrobT erT garemoebas, ro-
melic interess moklebuli ar unda iyos da mkveTrad ganasx-
vavebda napoleonis mmarTvelobas i. stalinis da a. hitleris
reJimisagan, bolSevizmis da nacizmisagan. aq, ra Tqma unda,
vgulisxmobT imas, rom napoleonis dros am uzarmazar msxve­
rpls adgili hqonda ganuwyveteli omebis Sedegad, romel-
sac araviTari gamarTleba ar gaaCnia, xolo i. stalinis da
a. hitleris dros es xdeboda mSvidobian periodSi, romlis
aucilebloba ar iyo. amas principuli mniSvneloba aqvs. maT
Soris gansxvaveba, swored, amaSi mdgomareobda. ser uinston
CerCilis TqmiT `me kategoriulad uarvyof raime Sedarebas
baton hitlers da napoleons Soris, me ar msurs Seuracxyofa
mivayeno micvalebuls~. (e. i. napoleons _ m. k.).

16
 ***
napoleonis moRvaweobis irgvliv arsebul azrTa sxvadasx-
vaobas safuZveli Caeyara XVIII-XIX saukunis mijnaze, rodesac,
praqtikulad Camoyalibda ZiriTadi istoriografiuli mimdin-
areobebi. ikveTeba sami mTavari mimarTuleba... klerikaluri
da roialisturi, bonapartistuli da demokratiuli isto-
riografia.
klerikaluri da roialistur wreebis damokidebuleba
napoleonis moRvaweobisadmi mkveTrad gamokveTilad nega-
tiuria. maTi logika iyo Zalzed martivi, miamituri da na-
poleons uaryofiTi epiTetebiT amkobdnen. `napoleoni aris
revoluciia Svili da jojoxeTis warmomdgeneli. mas ar Sei-
Zleba Seurigde, mas unda ebrZolo da aRadgino kanonieri xe-
lisufleba~. maTi SexedulebiT, napoleoni iyo `antiqriste~,
`korsikeli banditi~, `sisxliani teroristi~, `pativmoyvare
aramzada~. bunebrivia, rom napoleonis mier daarsebul poli-
tikur institutebs da gatarebul gardaqmnebs isini mtrulad
Sexvdnen da ar moswondaTY centralizacia da biurokratia. am
versias istoriul samecniero literaturaSi `Savi legenda~
uwodes. es sakiTxi sagangebod Seiswavla Tanamedrove frangma
istorikosma Jan tiularma. napoleonis politikis pozitiuri
aspeqtebi praqtikulad maT TvalTaxedvis arealSi ver xvdeba.
(8. 4-5. 9.10).
dazustebas saWiroebs mosazreba, TiTqos `napoleonis leg-
endis~ formireba daiwyo 1815 wlis Semdeg. sinamdvileSi es
moxda gacilebiT ufro adre, 1799 wlis 18 briumeris (9 no-
embris) gadatrialebis Semdeg. misi erT-erTi mTavari sulis

17
Camdgmeli Tavad napoleoni iyo (8, 5-6). `napoleonis legendis~
mTavari Semadgeneli komponentebia napoleonis da revoluci-
is gaigiveba. napoleons warmoaCens rogorc mSvidobismoyvare
mmarTvels, gamoCenili frangma istorikosma akad. alber van-
dalma ise Sors Setopa, rom amtkicebda _ `napoleoni elbaze
da oderze, rom ibrZoda maSinac safrangeTs icavda~. napo-
leoni cdilobda evropis qveynebSi gaevrcelebina 1789 wlis
ideebi. xazs usvamen, rom napoleonma SeZlo frangi eris gaer-
Tianeba. mas miiCneven evropis-integraciis ideis momxred. erTi
sityviT, napoleonis saqmianobaSi prioritetulia plusebi,
vardisferi dominirebebs. napoleonis gandideba amas logiku-
rad dagvirgvinebad gvevlineba (8 5-6 9).
`napoleonis legenda~ cariel niadagze ar aRmocenebula
da, ra Tqma unda, Seicavs WeSmaritebis racionalur marcvals.
napoleonis moRvaweobis dadebiTi Sefaseba savsebiT marTl-
zomieri unda iyos da misaRebi Cans. magram napoleonis usaSve-
lo gandideba, gaidialeba, gadaWarbebuli SeiZleba iyos. ro-
gorc damajereblad cxadyo gamoCenilma frangma istorikosma
alber sobulma. `napoleonis legenda~ savsebiT realur sa-
fuZvelze aRmocenda. is ar warmoadgens faqtebze TviTnebo-
bis, Zalmomreobis, Sedegs. mas safuZvlad edo napoleonis mier
revoluciis socialuri monapovaris aRiareba-, (11).
Tu klerikaluri da roialisturi wreebi marjvnidan akri-
tikebdnen napoleonis reJims, demokratiuli wreebi marcxni-
dan utevdnen mas. isini uaryofiTad ekidebodnen 1799 wlis
18 briumeris (9 noembris) saxelmwifo gadatrialebas. maT ver
apaties napoleons respublikis likvidacia. am mimarTulebis
TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebi iyvnen gamoCenili frangi is-
torikosebi Jiul miSle da edgar kine. (12, 13). napoleonis
reJimis kontrrevoluciur tendenciebze aqcentireba, albaT,
mainc did sifrTxiles moiTxovs da amuqebs saqmis realur vi-
Tarebas.

18


***
axla, rodesac Zalian mokled gadavavleT Tvali saqmis
realur viTarebas. ZiriTad istoriografiul mimarTulebebs
gavixsenoT napoleonisadmi calkeuli istorikosebis damok-
idebuleba. es albaT, interess moklebuli ar iqneboda da mas
wminda SemecnebiTi datvirTva gaaCnia.
XIX-XX saukuneebis frangul istoriografiaSi napoleonis
gandideba dominirebs, is Tavis apogeas aRwevs adolf tieris,
alber sorelis, alber vandalis, lui madlenis fundamental-
ur gamokvlevebSi. es Sromebi am dargis klasikaa. isini xotbas
asxamen da gundruks ukmeven napoleons. (14,15,16,17). gamoCeni-
li frangi istorikosi, sorbonis univeristetis profesori,
JorJ lefevri Tavis saintereso wignSi napoleonze ver faravs
misi moRvaweobiT gamowveul emociebs, aRtacebas da pirda-
pir wers, rom `napoleoni iyo saukunis adamiani~ (18). SeiZleba
ar daveTanxmoT XX saukunis cnobil frang istorikoss, tu-
luzis universitetis proferors, Jak godSos TiTqos lefe-
vris wigni `ar warmoadgens napoleonis apologias~, napoleoni
JorJ lefevris sayvareli gmiria. is napoleonze sakmaod maRa-
li azrisaa da mis mimarT komplimentebs ar iSurebs, pativs
miagebs. SeiZleba misi toni gacilebiT gawonasworebuli da
obieqturia, vidre adolf tieris, alber sorelis, alber van-
dalis an lui madlenis, magram napoleoni kults, manac miago
saTanado pativi da amis wayrueba, gverdis avla, mizanSewonili
ar iqneba. is ufro zomieri bonapartistia. ai amaSi ki SeiZle-
ba daveTanxmoT Jak godSos. albaT, es ufro zusti iqneboda.
napoleonis gandideba, cxadia, ar warmoadgens mxolod frangi

19
istorikosis domens. mas mravlad yavs Tayvanismcemlebi sa-
frangeTis farglebs gareTac. ai ras werda napoleonze cno-
bili ingliseli istorikosi, kembrijis universitetis profe-
sori, jon emeri aqtoni, is napoleons uwodebs `yvelaze did
genias, maT Soris, romelic ki gamoCenila dedamiwis zurgze~
napoleonis qeba marto istorikosebis saqmes ar warmoad-
gens maT mxari aubes sxva dargis warmomadgenlebmac. napoleo-
nis Tayvanismcemlebi sakmaod farTo speqtriT arian warmod-
genili. istorikosebs mxari dauWires gamoCenilma mwerlebma.
maTi mTavari tonis mimcemebi arian didi germaneli mwerali,
iohan volfgang goeTe da gamoCenili ingliseli poeti jorj
baironi. napoleonis qeba laitmotivad gasdevs mTels mis
Semoqmedebas da Tavis piks, mwvervals aRwevs mis leqsSi `oda
napoleonze~, sadac napoleonis moRvaweobisadmi simpaTia ukve
leqsis saTaurSia gamJRavnebuli. Tumca is ar erideba napo-
leonis mimarT kritikuli SeniSvnebis gamoTqmas. napoleonis
pirovnebiT aRfrTovanebuli goeTe dasZenda: `napoleonisaTvis
Zalaufleba igive iyo, rac didi xelovanisaTvis instrumenti~.
am frTosan gamonaTqvamSi kargadaa gamJRavnebuli napoleoni-
sadmi simpaTia. istorikosebs da sityvakazmuli literaturis
korifeebs mxari aubes filosofosebma. maTi mTavari tonis-
mimcemi didi germaneli filosofosi hegeli iyo. ai ras wer-
da aRtacebuli hegeli. `me vixile imperatori, es msoflios
suli, roca is qalaqSi Semovida, sakvirveli grZnoba geufleba
kacs, roca xedav aseT arsebas, erT wertilSi Tavmoyrils, cxe­
nze Semjdars da amave dros mTeli qveynierebis mbrZanebels~,
maT arc mxatvrebi CamorCnen. davidi, gro, Jeriko, Tavis fer-
werul namuSevrebSi xotbas aRavlenen napoleons. sawinaaRmde-
go poziciaze idga cnobili espaneli mxatvari franCesko goia.
is sastikad amxels napoleonis SeWras espaneTSi. aRsaniSnavia,
rom napoleonis Tayvanismcemelebi musikis dargSic gamoCdnen.
maTi erT-erTi TvalsaCino warmomadgenelia gamoCenili ger-

20
maneli kompozitori ludvig van beTxoveni. cnobilia, rom na-
poleonis pirveli warmatebebiT aRfrTovanebulma beTxovenma
mas Tavisi mecxre simfonia miuZRvna.
napoleonis Tayvanismcemlebi gvxvdeba eqimebs Soris. maT
erT-erT liderad Svedi dantisti sven forSevudi mogvevlina.
Tavad gansajeT maT rigebSi gamoCdnen biznesmenebi. napoleons
did pativs miagebda amerikeli miliardeli ben veideri.
napoleonis mexotbeTa ferxulSi aqtiurad aRmoCdnen Cab-
muli politikosebi XIX saukunis ingliseli politikosi lor-
di rozberi, romelmac istoriul mecnierebaSic mosinja Zale-
bi da dawera naSromi napoleonze, romelic wminda mecnierul
TvalsazrisiT, sakmaod sustia, dasZenda: `napoleonma us-
asrulobamde gadawia is, rac mis gamoCenamde adamianis Sesa-
Zleblobebis zRvarad iyo miCneuli~. ufro meti qeba gana ra
SeiZleba iyos? man napoleoni pirdapir caSi aiyvana. napoleons
did pativs miagebda kidev erTi cnobili ingliseli poltiko-
si ser uinston CerCili. is napoleonze sakmaod maRali azris
Cans. misi Rrma rwmeniT, napoleons SeeZlo, rogorc ngreva
ise Seneba. mis TvalSi napoleonis saxeli asocirdeboda Zveli
dromoWmulis ngrevasTan da axlis SenebasTan. amitom napo-
leonis Sedareba hitlerTan an stalinTan, albaT, mainc didi
sifrTxiles moiTxovs da sakamaTo SeiZleba iyos. napoleonis
Tayvanismemel politikosTa liderad ki, mexuTe respublik-
is prezidenti Sarl de goli mogvevlina. misi azriT, `napo-
leonma erTnairi genia Cado samxedro xelovnebaSi da mmarT-
velobaSi~ (8, 2). am SemTxvevaSi napoleonis gandidebaSi Tavis
piks, zenits aRwevs. de gols pirdapir caSi ayavs napoleoni.
es arcaa gasakviri, de golis saxiT saqme gvaqvs pirwavardnil
bonapartisTan.
napoleonis moRvaweobis dadebiTi Sefaseba savsebiT marTl-
zomieri unda iyos, ueWvelad, Seicavs WeSmaritebis raciona-
lur marcvals, da srulad misaRebi Cans, magram napoleonis

21
gaidialeba, usaSvelod gandideba, caSi ayvana, cxadia, ar Rirs,
zedmetia, gadaWarbebuli SeiZleba iyos. faqtobrivad, saqme
gvaqvs napoleonis panegerikTan. cxadia, sasurveli iqneboda
meti zomiereba, ramdenad SevZlebT amis gakeTebas es ukve sul
sxva da Cveni azriT., mTavari sakiTxia.
es erTi xedva iyo, romelic umTavresad napoleonis apol-
oget istorikosebTan asocirdeba. aris sxva Tvalsazrisic. ra
Tqma unda, am aRfrTovanebas yvela rodi izarebda. iyvnen is-
eTebi, romlebic napoleonis moRvaweobas mxolod uaryofiT
konteqtsSi moiazrebdnen da mis saxels augad ixseneben. maTi
erT-erTi TvalsaCino warmomadgenelia frangi istorikosi
pier lanfre. misi mravaltomiani naSromi warmoadgens napo-
leonze daweril paskvils. mas napoleonis politikis pozi-
tiuri aspeqtebis gagonebac ar surs da mis moRvaweobas uary-
ofiTad ekideba. p. lanfres azriT, napoleoni iyo tirani,
despoti, romelmac sisxliT morwya evropa (19). aseTi mkacr
ganaCeni gamoutana p. lafrem napoleons. misi azriT, napo-
leoni gmiridan antigmirad iqca. napoleonis moRvaweoba muq
ferebSi warmoaCina cnobilma germanelma istorikosma ernst
engelbergma, es imiT gamoixatebida, rom is aqcentirebas ax-
denda napoleonis reJimis kontrrevoluciur tendenciebze.
misi azriT `napoleoni iyo revoluciis arademokratiuli fr-
Tis warmomadgeneli~. sityvakazmul literaturaSi napoleo-
nis saxelis augad moxsenieba mwvervals aRwevs lev tolstois
romanSi `omi da mSvidoba~.
napoleonis dros gardaqmnebi ZiriTadad Tvisebriv, xar-
ixobriv xasiaTs atarebda da xorcieldeba Zalismieri formiT.
saqme gvaqvs `progresis barbarosul formasTan~. napoleonis
gardaqmnebis Suq-Crdilebi swored amaSi mdgomareobda. napo-
leons, vfiqrobT, kargad miesadageba didi germaneli filoso-
fosis imanuil kantis sityvebi, `did pativmoyvareobas ZvelT-
aganve bevri gonieri adamiani Wkuidan SeuSlia~. napoleonis

22
gmiruli epopeis tragikuli aRsasrulis gasaRebic iqneb,
swored, aq unda veZioT? warmatebiT Tavbrudaxveuli napo-
leoni xom ara kargavs realobis grZnobas? amitom napoleonis
usaSvelo gandideba, rac SeiniSneba apologetur literatur-
aSi, gadaWarbebuli unda iyos da, cxadia ar Rirs, zedmetia.
napoleonis reJimi cezaristul xasiaTs atarebda. man Seqm-
na avtoritaruli saxelmwifo, is iyo erTpirovnuli mmarTve-
li, misi mmarTveloba `progresuli cezarizmis~ nimuSad Sei-
Zleba miviCnioT. napoleonis saxiT saqme gvaqvs erTpirovnul
mmarTvelTan, kanonmdebelTan, reformatorTan.

23
 literatura:

1. А. Гуревич, История историка, М., 2004.

2. m. kalandaZe, istoriografiuli etiudebi, nawili pirveli,
Tb., 2011.
3. m. kalandaZe, istorikosebi napoleonze, kldekari, 3. 1998.
4. d. ciskariSvili, napoleoni, wigni meore. imperatori, Tb.,
1997.
5. m. kalandaZe, `grZeli ciklebi msoflio politikaSi~ (amer-
ikeli mecnieris j. modelskis Teoriis irgvliv), qarTuli
dimplomatia, weliwdeuli, 12. Tb., 2005.
6. Е. Тарле, Наполеон, М., 1957.
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8. Дж. Туган-Барановский, Формирование Бонапартического
режима во Франции в годы консульства (1799-1804), Автореферат
диссертации на соискание ученой степени доктора исторических
наук, М., 1990.
9. Дж. Туган-Барановский, У истоков Бонапартизма (Происхождение
режима Наполеона), М., 1986.
10. Дж. Туган-Барановский, Наполеон и власть, М., 1993.
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М., 1970.
12. Ж. Мишле, История XIX века, том 1. СПБ., 1882.
13. Э. Кине, Революция и критика её, М., 1906.
14. А. Тьер, История консульства и империи, т. 3. СПБ., 1846.
15. А. Сорель, Европа и Французская революция, том 1-8. СПБ., 1892-
1906.
16. А. Вандаль, Возвышение Бонапарта, том 1-2. СПБ., 1905. А.
Вандаль, Наполеон и Александр I. том 1-3. Р/д., 1995.
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24
 Tavi meore
napoleoni da safrangeTis didi revolucia

sakiTxi aris rTuli da saintereso. am rakursiT misi ga-

Suqebas didi mniSvneloba aqvs, aqtualuria da saSualebas
mogvcems kidev ufro kargad gavisigrZeganoT CvenTvis saint-
ereso sakiTxi. rogori SeiZleba yofiliyo napoleonis damok-
idebuleba safrangeTis didi revoluciisadmi? rogor ek-
ideboda igi revoluciis memkvidreobas da ramdenad hqonda
gacnobierebuli mas revoluciis socialuri monapovris mniS-
vneloba?
napoleoni ar iyo arc `aiaCoeli diokletiane~, rogorc
amas xazs usvamda XIX saukunis cnobili frangi istorikosi
ipolit teni da arc `evropuli Cingiz-xani~ ramac, i. stalin-
is ZalisxmeviT, farTod moikida fexi 30-40 wlebis sabWoTa
istoriografiaSi. amgvari xedva mniSvnelovanwilad aRaribebs
napoleonis moRvaweobis palitras da mis niWsa da talantze
srulyofil, amomwurav, warmodgenas rodi gviqmnis. napoleoni
ar iyo mxolod diqtatori erTpirovnuli mmarTveli. misi
moRvaweobis areali uaRresad farToa da ramdenime sferos
moicavs.
napoleoni iyo Tavisi drois didi mxedarTmTavari da
politikuri moRvawe. man rogorc mxedarTmTavarma axali si-
tyva Tqva samxedro xelovnebis istoriaSi, is iyo samxedro
saqmis novatori da reformatori. man SeimuSava omis warmoebis
sruliad axleburi taqtika da strategia, romelic safrange-
Tis didi revoluciis wiaRSi iSva (1. 119-160).

25
 napoleonis samxedro talanti ukve Tanamedroveebma dain-
axes da daafases. ai ras ambobda napoleonis marSali, Semdgom-
Si SvedeTis mefe Jan batists bernandoti, romelsac napolo-
nisadmi keTilganwyobileba Znelia davwamoT. `napoleonis iyo
yvela drois yvelaze ufro didi sardali. yvelaze ufro didi
adamiania, vinc ki cxovrobda dedamiwis zurgze. gacilebiT
didi, vidre hanibali, vidre cezari da TviT mose~ (2, 81). aq
raime komentaris gakeTeba Znelia. bernandotis Sefaseba napo-
leonis apoTeozad JRers. Tu bernandoti ase fiqrobda, advi-
li warmosadgenia misi Tayvanismcemelni ras ityodnen.
napoleoni iyo ara mxolod didi mxedarTmTavari, aramed
didi saxelmwifo moRvawe, romelsac Zalian kargad SeeZlo ara
marto ngreva, aramed Seneba. misi saxeli asocirdeba Zvelis
ngrevasTan da axlis SenebasTan. uwinaresad, saintereso iqne-
boda gamovarkvioT Tu rogori SeiZleba yofiliyo napoleonis
damokidebuleba safrangeTis didi revoluciisadmi. am kuTx-
iT sakiTxis gaSuqeba saintereso da aqtualurad migvaCnia. na-
poleonis damokidebuleba safrangeTis didi revoluciisadmi
sainteresoa da saSualedo gzis moZiebis erT-erT mcdelobad
gvevlineba. es imiT gamoixateba, rom is Seecada revoluci-
idan aeRo is rac mas esaxeboda, revoluciis dadebiT momen-
tebad, xolo uars ambobda imaze rac revoluciis uaryofiT
mxared warmoedgina. man dagmo revoluciisaTvis damaxasi-
aTebeli ukiduresi eqscesebi, eqstremizmi. amitom napoleo-
nis gaigiveba revoluciasTan, albaT, mainc did sifrTxiles
moiTxovs da sakamaTo SeiZleba iyos. magram SeinarCuna rev-
oluciis socialuri monapovari da cdilobda is gaevrcele-
bina evropis danarCen qveynebSi. faqtobrivad, es iyo zomieri
pozicia, romelsac safuZvlad edo kompromisi revoluciur
da aristokratiul tendenciebs Soris. aqedan iRebs saTaves
napoleonis reJimisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli elastikuroba, la-
virebis unari. is warmatebiT axerxebs manevrirebas aristokra-

26
tiul elementebsa da saSualo fenas Soris. am TvalsazrisiT,
friad niSandoblivi unda iyos, rom napoleonma umal Secvala
direqtoria axliT konsulobis reJimiT. amas didi mniSvnelo-
ba hqonda, es siaxle, wingadadgmuli nabiji iyo. Zveli gzas
uTmobs axals. es napoleonis rogorc politikosis warmateba
iyo. sainteresoa aRiniSnos, rom verc roalistebma, verc kon-
stituciuri monarqiis momxreebma, verc Jirondistebma. verc
iakobinebma, verc direqtoriam, verc babuvistebma, ver SeZles
SeeTavazebinaT safrangeTis sazogadoebisaTvis pozitiuri
politikuri, social-ekonimiuri, programa `napoleonma kar-
gad auRo alRo safrangeTis mosaxleobis mTavar miswrafebebs
da SeZlo maTTvis SeeTavazebina pozitivi. mniSvnelovanwilad,
amiT iyo gamowveuli, rom xalxis endo mas da gayva~ (3, 41).
napoleoni farTo sazogadoebis winaSe warsdga mTeli pro-
gramiT, romelic iTvaliswinebda kompromiss ara viwro par-
tiul niadagze, aramed ufro farTo erovnul safuZvelze.
napoleoni sazogadoebas Tavazobda saSualedo gzas. Tanxmo-
bis politikas erovnul niadagze. am politikis nayofia sta-
bilizacia, rac napoleonis reJimis erT-erT mTavar miRwevas
warmoadgens. napoleonma wertili dausva revoluciis Sedegad
gamowveul ngrevas, qaoss da SeZlo revoluciis dros orad
gaxleCili frangi eris gaerTianeba, miaRwia misTvis sasurvel
konsesuss. (1-341-346, 5-114-115). es iyo Seqmnili eqstremalu-
ri viTarebidan erT-erTi realisturi gamosavali, romelsac,
bunebrivia, gaaCnia Tavisi dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi.
amitom misi arc apologeturi Sefaseba da arc Seufasebloba
mizanSewonili ar iqneboda.
gamoCenilma frangma istorikosma JorJ lefevrma Tavis
saintereso wignSi napoleonze damajereblad cxadyo, rom na-
poleonma SeinarCuna revoluciis mTavari socialuri monapo-
vari. (6) napoleonis mTeli agraruli kanonmdebloba pro-
gresul, antisenioralur, xasiaTs atarebda. frangma glexma

27
SeinarCuna revoluciis dros miRebuli miwis nakveTi. mniS-
vnelovanwilad, swored, amiT, iyo ganpirobebuli, rom frangi
glexi napoleons did pativs miagebda da Zalian uyvarda. XX
saukunis meore gamoCenili frangi istorikosi tuluzis uni-
versitetis profesori, Jak godSo aRniSnavs, rom `miuxedavad
Zveli reJimisaken gadadgmuli nabijisa, napoleonis mmarTve-
loba warmoiSva revoluciis monapovaris safuZvelze~ (3.12).
diametralurad sapirispiro poziciaze dgas germaneli
marqsisti istorikosis akad. ernst engelbergi. is fiqrobs,
rom `napoleoni ganasaxierebda revoluciis arademokratiuli
frTis warmomadgenels~ napoleonis reJimis kontrrevoluci-
ur tendenciebze apelireba, albaT, amuqebs saqmis viTarebas
da mis adekvatur suraTs ver gvixatavs. safrangeTis didi rev-
oluciisadmi napoleonis uaryofiT damokidebulebaze aqcen-
tireba, rogorc amas akad. evgeni tarle Cadis, sakamaTo Sei-
Zleba iyos. (4). `napoleons kargad unda hqonoda gaTavisebuli
Tu ra didi mniSvneloba hqonda piradad misTvis da misi xeli-
suflebisaTvis revoluciis socialuri monapovris aRiarebas
da amas akeTebda Zalian xSirad da yovelvis akeTebda gul-
wrfelad~. (3. 38). napoleonis socialur politikas mkveTrad
gamokveTili progresuli elferi dakravs. mas, safuZvlad edo
Zvel privilegiebze da institutebze uaris Tqma. glexebisa da
saSualo fenis sakuTrebis dacva. napoleonis mmarTvelobis
periodSi safuZveli Caeyara Zlier saSualo fenas, romelmac
mniSvnelovanwilad, uzrunvelyo misi erTpirovnuli mmarTve-
lobis transformacia liberalizmisaken, demokratiisaken.
safrangeTis XIX-XX saukunis istoria erTpirovnuli
mmarTvelobidan demokratiisaken evoluciis procesia, ro-
melsac SeiZleba iTqvas, rom swored napoleonma misca biZgi.
es aris sakmaod rTuli da xangrZlivi procesi, romelic, ra
Tqma unda, umtkivneulo xasiaTs ar atarebda.

28
 v. leninis. i. stalinis da a. hitlerisagan gansxvavebiT na-
poleons xelewifeboda ara marto ngreva, aramed Seneba, misi
moRvaweobis istoriuli mniSvneloba, swored, amaSi mdgomare-
obda. napoleonma daiwyo axali safrangeTis Seneba. SemTxveviT
rodia, is didi msgavseba, romelic arsebobs napoleonis reJims
da Sarl de golis mmarTvelobas Soris. erTma Tanamedrovem
de golis mmarTvelobas `ganaTlebuli bonapartizmi~ uwoda.
Tu kargad CaukvirdebiT bevr msgavsebas davinaxavT 1958 wlis
de golis konstituciasa da 1799 wlis napoleonis konstitu-
cias Soris. (3. 2).
XIX saukunis cnobilma fragma istorikosma ipolit ten-
ma, romelsac safrangeTis didi revoluciis da napoleoni-
sadmi simpaTia Znelia davwamoT, Tavis solidur eqvstomian
gamokvelevaSi `Tanamedrove safrangeTis warmoSoba~ (7) aseTi
azri gaatara. Tanamedrove safrangeTis socialuri da politi-
kuri institutebi saTaves iRebs safrangeTis didi revolucii-
sa da napoleonis epoqidan. saintereso midgomaa. `Tanamedrove
safrangeTis Soreuli fesvebi, uwinaresad, safrangeTis rev-
oluciaSi da napoleonis mier ganxorcielebul gardaqmnebSi
unda veZioT. swored, maSin Caeyara saZirkveli Tanamedrove
tipis saxelmwifos~ (3, 3). XX saukunis ingliseli istorikosis
k. CerCis TqmiT, `napoleonma safuZveli Cauyara XIX saukunis
klasikuri saxelmwifo aparatis organizaciul da socialur
struqturas~. (3, 15). germaneli istorikosi hans Smiti aR-
niSnavs, rom `napoleoni iyo ara mxolod damangreveli suli,
aramed man gansazRvra is gza, romlis mixedviTac warimarTa
evropis ganviTareba., ara marto XIX saukuneSi, aramed, mniS-
vnelovanwilad XX saukuneSi. saZirkveli Caeyara safuZvlebs,
romelsac dRemde emyareba evropis ganviTareba~. (8.465). misi
Tanamemamulis, germaneli istorikosis, piter klaus hartman-
is TqmiT `napoleonma saZirkveli Cauyara safrangeTis sazoga-
doebis axal struqturas, romelmac iarseba ara marto mTeli

29
XIX saukunis ganmavlobaSi, aramed ZiriTadad StrixebSi miaRwia
dRemde. Zalaufleba da erTianoba erovnul niadagze _ wesri-
gis racionaluri dafuZnebiT~ (9. 23). e. berhard vaisis azriT,
swored, samoqalaqo kodeqsi moyavT imis dasamtkiceblad, rom
napoleoni ar yofila marto dampyrobeli, is iyo saxelmwifo
moRvawe, romlis saqmeebma, masze ufro met xans icocxla. (8.
422). Sarl de golis TqmiT `napoleonma erTnairi genia Cado
samxedro xelovnebaSi da mmarTvelobaSi~ (3.2).
sainteresoa aRiniSnos, rom TviTon napoleoni sakmaod
maRali azris iyo Tavis kanonSemoqmedebiT saqmianobaze da
mas mis mier mogebul brZolebze maRla Tu ara, mis gverdiT
ayenebda. albaT, es raRacas unda niSnavdes. `Cemi dideba imaSi
ki ar mdgomareobs, rom me movige ormoci didi brZola... is
rac icocxlebs marad, es aris Cemi samoqalaqo kodeqsi~ (10.
123). es gaxlavT `administraciuli bonapartizmi~, romelic
didi xnis ganmavlobaSi napoleonis triumfaluri warmatebebis
`samxedro bonapartizmis~ CrdilSi rCeboda da periferiul
Temas warmoadgenda. Tanamedroev avstralielma istorkosma,
samxreT uelsis universitetis profesorma, martin laionsma
damajereblad cxadyo, rom napoleonma iuridiulad gaaforma
da ganamtkica revoluciis socialuri monapovari. (11. 305).
pirvel rigSi es Seexeba revoluciis agrarul kanonmdeblo-
bas, romelic napoleonis dros ZalaSi darCa. ase SeinarCu-
na frangma glexma revoluciis dros miRebuli miwis nakveTi.
napoleonma saZirkveli Cauyara safrangeTis axal socialur
struqturas.
sakiTxi aris rTuli da mravlwaxnagovani da misi erTi
niSniT Sefseba sworxazovani Cans, prof. j, tugan-baranovskis
azriT, `napoleonis reJimi ar warmoadgens revoluciasTan ka-
vSiris gawyvetas, magram is ar warmoadgens mis gagrZelebas,
ganviTarebas, magram axali reJimi Tavisi arsiT ufro metad
iyo dakavSirebuli revuluciasTan, vidre Zvel reJimTan~ (3.

30
47). sxvaTa Soris, es kargad unda hqonoda gacnobierebuli
TviTon napoleonsac. vaterlosTan damarcxebis Semdeg mas
uTqvams `saxelmwifoebi me ki ara revolucias eomebian. isini
yovelTvis xedavdnen CemSi mis warmomadgenels, revoluciis
kacs~. (12. 524).
r. holtmanis TqmiT `napoleonma gadaarCina revolucia da
is daasrula~. (13. 76).

31
 literatura:

1. d. ciskariSvili, napoleoni, wignmi pirveli, generali bona-

parti, Tb., 1994.
2. А. Егоров, Маршалы Наполеона, Р/д., 1998.
3. Дж. Туган-Барановский, Формирование бонапартического режима
во Франции в годы консульства (1799-1804), _ Автореферат
диссертации на соискание ученой степени доктора исторических
наук, М., 1990.
4. Е. Тарле, Печать во Франции при Наполеоне I. соч. в 12 томах, т. 4.
М., 1958.
5. k. anTaZe, m. kalandaZe, safrangeTis istoria, kultura,
geografia, Tb., 2005.
6. G. Lefebver, Napoleon, P. 1935.
7. И. Тен, Происхождение общественного строя современной Франции,
том 1-6. СПБ., 1907-1913.
8. Х. Шмидт, Наполеон I (1799/1804-1815) _ wignSi `Французские
короли и императоры~, Р/д., 1997.
9. П. К. Хартман, Введение, «Французские короли и императоры», Р/д.,
1997.
10. История Франции, том 2. М., 1973.
11. В. Сироткин, Наполеон и Россия, М., 2000.
12. e. tarle, napoleoni, Tb., 1942.
13. Ив. Ментешашвили, Власть и герой. Наролеон Бонапарт. Тб., 2014.

32
 Tavi mesame
napoleonis mmarTveloba rogorc
`progresuli cezarizmis~ nimuSi.

istoriulsamecniero literaturaSi napoleonis gandide-

bam Taviseburi xasiaTi SeiZina da imiT gamoixateboda, rom um-
Tavresad, aqcenti keTdeboda napoleonis triumfalur samx-
edro warmatebebze, `samxedro bonapartoizmze~, xolo misi
kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianoba anu `adaministraciul bona-
partizmi~ SedarebiT ufro ukana planze aRmoCnda, yvelaze
ufro ukeTes SemTxvevaSi damxmare funqcia gaaCnda. da perife-
riul Temad gvevlineboda. amgvari midgoma napoleonis moR-
vaweobaze srulyofil, amomwurav, warmodgenas ver gviqmnis.
uaxlesi istoriografia cdilobs gadalaxos es calmxrioba,
es Seusabamoba da napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiT saqmianobas
sul ufro meti yuradReba eTmoba. aseTi gawonasworebuli,
dabalansebuli, midgoma gacilebiT ufro adekvaturia. (1) am
fonze erTgvar bednier gamonaklisad mexuTe respublikis pir-
veli prezidenti generali Sarl de goli gvevlineba. is pirwa-
vardnili bonapartisti gaxldaT. mas napoleonis moRvaweobis
es orive mxare misi triumfaluri samxedro warmatebebi, anu
`samxedro bonapartizmi~ da kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianoba anu
`administraciuli bonapartizmi~ Zalian kargad unda hqonoda
gacnobierebuli. Sarl de golis TqmiT, `napoleonma erTnai-
ri genia Cado samxedro xelovnebaSi da mmarTvelobaSi~ (2.2)
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aq napoleonis apologia Tavis piks, kul-
minacias, aRwevs. de golis am gamonaTqvamSi napoleonis gan-

33
dideba dasrulebul formas iZens. Sarl de golis mosazreba
ueWvelad Seicavs WeSmaritebis racionalur marcvals. xolo
napoleonis usaSvelod gandideba gadaWarbebuli SeiZleba iyo
da, cxadia, ar Rirs, zedmetia erTi sityviT, Tu mis msjelobas
napoleonisadmi miZRvnil diTirambebs CamovaSorebT, xelSi
realoba gvrCeba. mTavari, swored, ai es unda iyos.
ras warmoadgenda bonapartistuli reJimi XIX saukunis da-
sawyisSi, rogorc mmarTvelobis forma? am TvalsazrisiT yur-
adRebas ipyrobs napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianoba.
pirvel rigSi, ra Tqma unda, kodeqsi, romelsac istorikosebma
`napoleonis kodeqsi~ uwodes. is miiRes 1804 wlis 21 marts.
`napoleonis kodeqsis~ Seqmnis saqmeSi aqtiuri monawileoba
miiRo iuristma Jan etien portalisma.
roialisturi wreebis mier napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebi-
sadmi negatiuri damokidebuleba Zalze politizirebuli da
ideologizirebuli iyo da aranairi mecnieruli safuZveli ar
gaaCnia. `napoleonis kodeqsi~ axali drois pirmSoa. is prin-
cipulad upirispirdeba Zvel reJims da absolutur siste-
mas. mas mkveTrad gamokveTili progresuli elferi dakravs
da logikurad gamomdinareobs safrangeTis didi revoluciis
principidan.
gamoCenili frangi istorikosi, sorbonis universitetis
profesori, alfonis olari rogorc liberali xom ar amuqeb-
da. saqmis realur viTarebas rodesac napoleonis mmarTvelo-
bas aRiqvams rogorc Zveli reJimisaken dabrunebas? napoleons
miiCnevs revoluciis mesaflaved da safrangeTis did revo-
lucias asrulebs 1804 wels, rodesac napoleoni imperatorad
ekurTxa. (3). yuradRebas mivapyrobT or garemoebas, romelic
mecnieruli gansjis sagani SeiZleba gaxdes. napoleonis sa-
frangeTis revoluciis mesaflaved gamocxadeba, albaT. mainc
did sifrTxiles moiTxovs da sakamaTo SeiZleba iyos. napo-
leonma SeinarCuna revoluciis socialuri monapovari da amis

34
Seufasebloba, cxadia, gamarTlebuli ar iqneboda. es erTi,
meore. faqtobrivad, aq saqme gvaqvs revoluciis periodizaci-
asTan. safrangeTis didi revoluciis damTavrebas 1804 wels,
napoleonis koronaciiT, yavs Tavisi momxreebi, magram sakamaTo
SeiZleba iyos da Zalian bevri istorikosi, maT Soris Cvenc, rev-
oluciis damTavrebas 1804 wels dagvianebulad miiCnevs. (4. 5).
uwinaresad unda aRiniSnos, rom kodeqsi miznad isaxavda
kanonis uzenaesobas, amas didi mniSvneloba hqonda. uTanaswo-
roba da aristokratiuli privilegiebi warsuls Cabarda. kano-
nis winaSe yvela adamiani Tanasworia. meore mniSvnelovani idea,
romelic gatarebuli iyo kodeqsSi. es aris kerZo sakuTrebis
xelSeuxebloba, romelsac safuZvlad edo safrangeTis didi
revoluciis socialuri kanonmdeblobis aRiareba. frangma
glexma SeinarCuna revoluciis Sedegad mopovebuli miwa. na-
poleonis dros revoluciis agraruli kanonmdebloba ZalaSi
darCa. amitom iyo, rom frangi glexi pirdapir aRmerTebda na-
poleons. kodeqsi xels uwyobda kerZo sakuTrebiT Tavisufal
sargeblobas. ganamtkicebda da uzrunvelyofda Tavisufali
mewarmoebis ganviTarebas. kodeqsi gvevlineba revoluciis
Sedegad saSualo fenis mier mopovebuli warmatebis konsti-
tuciur garantiad. revoluciis Sedegad mopovebuli qone-
ba mis axal mflobels umtkicdeboda. amas didi mniSvneloba
hqonda. iqmneba myari safuZveli saSualo fenis ganviTarebi-
saTvis. kodeqsi qadagebda `1789 wlis principebs~ romlis mTa-
var qvakuTxeds warmoadgenda pirovnebis Tavisufleba. kode-
qsis kidev erTi plusi iyo, rjulSemwynareblobis politika,
sindisis Tavisufleba. amitom `napoleonisa kodeqsisadmi~
xisti damokidebuleba, rac igrZnoboda sabWoTa istoriogra-
fiaSi, tendenciuri iyo da miuRebeli. (6.282-284).

napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis gaidiale-

ba, rac Zalumad igrZnoba apologetur literaturaSi, cxa-

35
dia, ar Rirs, zedmetia. mas gaaCnia Tavisi susti mxareebi da
amis wayrueba gamarTebuli ar iqneboda. aq, pirvel yovli-
sa, xazi unda gausvaT principul dapirispirebas frang gan-
manaTlebelTan Sarl lui monteskiesTan. napoleoni rogorc
erTpirovnuli mmarTveli, cxadia, ar iziarebda monteskies
Sexedulebas xelisuflebis danawilebis Sesaxeb. sakanonmdeb-
lo, aRmsarebeli, sasamarTlo (7) farTo, SeuzRudavi Zalau-
fleba, warmoadgenda napoleonis mmarTvelobis deda-azrs.
napoleonis Rrma rwmeniT, swored, xelisufleba unda iyos
`eris warmomadgeneli~. es mniSvnelovani punqtia da napoleo-
nis politikuri doqtrinis kvintesencias warmoadgens mniS-
vnelovanwilad, swored, amiTaa gamowveuli rom napoleonis
kanonSemoqmedebiT saqmianobaSi aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba
dominirebs sakanonmdebloze. es ukanaskneli napoleonis erT-
pirovnuli mmarTvelobis pirobebSi sustia. arCevnebma da-
karga Tavisi mniSvneloba. amieridan Tanamdebobaze zemodan
mTavroba niSnavda _ marTalia, napoleonma gadauxvia revo-
luciiis princips, magram amas gaaCnia Tavisi plus-minusebi.
es ar moaswavebda sakadro politikaSi TviTnebobas, rac mi-
uRebeli iyo. napoleonis kursis warmateba mniSvnelovanwilad
gansazRvra misma sworma sakadro politikam. nikolo makiaveli
ambobda `mmarTvelis gonierebaze masTan daaxloebuli ada-
mianebis mixedviT msjeloben~. (8, 62). am TvalsazrisiT, napo-
leons marTlac Zneli iqneboda raime usayveduro. daniSvnebs,
umTavresad, safuZvlad edo ara piradi erTguleba, aramed ni-
Wiereba. taleiranis, fuSes, karnos, godenis dawinaureba amis
kargi magaliTia. es iyo kidev erTi principuli gansxvaveba,
romelic arsebobda napoleons, stalins, da hitlers Soris.
napoleoni idga seriozuli dilemis winaSe. Tavisufleba Tu
wesrigi? man swori nabiji gadadga da fsoni am ukanasknelze
gaakeTa. mkveTrad SeizRuda presis Tavisufleba. 160 gazeTi
daixura. aq napoleoni moqmedebda, rogorc nikolo makiavelis

36
namdvili mowafe `Tavisufleba kargia, magram wesrigi umjobe-
sia, romlis damyareba yvela xerxiTaa gamarTlebuli~. igive
iTqmis napoleonis mier le Sapelies kanonis SenarCunebaze.
maT antidemokratiulobaze apelireba, savsebiT swori unda
iyos magram. am SemTxvevaSi mTavari iyo ara demokratiuloba,
aramed wesrigi. yovelgvari opozicia izRudeboda, imperiis
xanaSi konservatiuli tendenciebi kidev ufro Zlierdeba. ad-
ministraciul centralizacias emateboda politikuri kon-
troli sazogadoebis cxovrebis TiTqmis yvela sferoSi. mkve-
Trad SeizRuda parizis TviTmmarTveloba. (9. 31-33).
miuxedavad napoleonis erTpirovnuli mmarTvelobis,
avtoritaruli reJimisa, rogorc wyaroebidan Cans, repre-
siebis masStabebi didi ar yofila. konstitucia irRveoda
xSirad. 1804 wlis 21 marts engeienis hercogis daxvreta amis
naTeli ilustracia unda iyos, magram `totalur terors adg-
ili ar hqonia. samarTlianoba moiTxovs aRiniSnos, rom ar iyo
arc masobrovi winaaRmdegoba. sikvdilis ganaCeni iSviaTad ga-
mohqondaT da mxolod konkretuli danaSaulis gamo. sakmaod
didi iyo moraluri zewola, xelisufleba sasamarTlos saqmi-
anobaSi ar ereoda~. (2. 37). ai kidev erTi didi gansxvaveba na-
poleonis, stalinis da hitleris reJimebs Soris.
yovelive zemoaRniSnulis Semdeg napoleonis Sedareba hit-
lerTan an stalinTan, albaT, mainc didi sifrTxiles moiTxovs.
(10. 11). `ra aris palmisa da hoferis dasja. ra aris damsje-
li eqspediciebi germaniis da espaneTis qalaqebis da soflebis
winaaRmdeg, imasTan SedarebiT, rac Cven droSi xdeboda hit-
leris mier okupirebul teritoriebze~ _ dasZenda cnobili
holandieli istorikosi, leidenis universitetis profesori,
piter heili. ser uinstoin CerCilis azriT, `nacistebis gamar-
jveba iqneboda yvela CvenTaganisaTvis gacilebiT ufro didi
katastrofa, vidre SeiZleba yofiliyo napoleonis gamarjve-
ba. napoleons SeeZlo ara marto ngreva, aramed Seneba. civ-

37
ilizaciis TvalsazrisiTac ar SeiZleba gavavloT paraleli
nacistebsa da napoleonis reJims Soris. Tavisuflebismoyvare
frangebi arasodes ar gaxdebodnen iseTi usazRvro barbaro-
sobis iaraRi, romelic axla moedineba Cvensken~. (10. 373) ig-
ive piter heili dasZens. `napoleonis dros franguli civi-
lizacia Tan axlda misi armiis dapyrobiT laSqrobebs, maSin
rodesac dapyrobebis xasiaTi, romelic movida Cveni Taobis
dros (igulisxmeba nacizmi _ m. k.) SeuTavsebelia saerTod ro-
melime civilizaciisaTvis~. gana igive ar SeiZleba gavimeoroT
bolSevizmis, stalinis Sesaxeb? albaT, gacilebiT, ufro up-
riani iqneboda napoleoni SevadaroT aleqsandre makedonels,
cezars, kromvels, vaSingtons.
sazogadoebis modernozaciis idea progresuli iyo da savse-
biT misaRebi Cans, misi ganxorcielebis Zalismieri forma azr-
Ta sxvadasxvaobas iwvevda. napoleonis mcdeloba Seeqmna axali
globaluri imperia warumatebeli aRmoCnda. miuxedavad napo-
leonis damarcxebisa unda iTqvas, rom mis mier ganxorciele-
buli gardaqmnebi sakmaod sicocxlisunariani aRmoCnda. axal
viTarebaSi kvlav ganagrZobda arsebobas, mxolod sxva formiT
xorcieldeboda. man liberaluri xasiaTi SeiZina da revoluci-
uri da evoluciuri gzebis sinTezad, Serwymad, gvevlineba. sam-
rewvelo revoluciam Seuqcevadi xasiaTi miiRo. yvela gzas Tavi-
sufal mewarmeobasTan mivyavarT. yalibdeba axali industriuli
sazogadoeba. es umtkivneulo procesi ar yofila da bunebir-
via, gaaCnda Tavisi LZlieri da susti mxareebi. pozitivi aSkarad
dominirebs negativze. wiTeli Warbobs Savs.

Tavis erT-erT mTavar amocanas napoleoni imaSi xedavda,

rom axali franguli kanonebi gaevrcelebina dapyrobil ev-
ropis qveynebSi. 1806 wels is SemoiRes italiaSi, 1807 wels
germaniaSi da holandiaSi, 1810 wels poloneTSi. 1813 wels
espaneTSi gaauqmes inkvizicia. yvelgan gauqmebuli iqna se-

38
nioraluri valdebulebebi `napoleoni wmendda evropis feo-
dalizmis avgeosis Tavlebs~. swored, amaSi mdgomareobda na-
poleonis omebis sociluri aspeqtebi, romelmac didad Seuwyo
xeli napoleonis triumfalur samxedro warmatebebs. aRsani-
Snavia, rom napoleonis omebis es mxare Zalian kargad hqonda
gacnobierebuli XIX saukunis meore naxevris qarTul sazoga-
doebas. mis mTavar tonismimcemad ki, ra Tqma unda, didi niko
nikolaZe gvelineboda. is sakmaod Caxedulebas amJRavnebda
safrangeTis axal istoriaSi, konkretulad, ki safrangeTis
didi reoluciis da napoleonis epoqaSi. es am Temaze misi ms-
jlobis mTavar Rirsebad migvaCnia. ai ras werda igi `mas Sem-
deg rac napoleonma mTeli germania gaanadgura (1806-1807 ww.).
man, aq, amasTan erTad, Zveli uwesobisa usamarTlobis nacvlad
safrangeTis axali kanonebi Seitana da germaneli xalxi ada-
mianur cxovrebas SeaCvia~ (12. 113-114, 13. 49-54). aq, cxadia,
igulisxmeba `napoleonis kodeqsi~. igive SeiZleba iTqvas XIX
saukunis sxva qarTvel samocianelebze. ai ras werda giorgi
wereTeli. `imis (e. i. napoleonis _ m. k.) droSaze dawerili iyo
mtarvalisagan gaTavisufleba mTavrobis Seviwroebisagan~ (14,
86) aqcenti keTdeba _ napoleonis omebis socialur aspeqteb-
ze. savsebiT marTlzomieri unda iyos, rom rogorc ki napo-
leonis omebis socialurma aspeqtebma SedarebiT ukana planze
gadaiwia, dapyrobil teritoriebze ganaxlebis danergva aRar
xdeboda da napoleonis omebma mkveTrad gamokveTili dapyro-
biTi xasiaTi miiRo, napoleonis dacema garduvali gaxda. sxva-
Ta Soris, aman yvelaze ufro reliefurad, swored, espaneTSi
da ruseTSi iCina Tavi. frangi istorikosis a. kalves TqmiT
`samoqalaqo suliskveTeba TandaTan ixevs ukan dapyrobis su-
liskveTebis winaSe, revoluciis jariskacs zurgs ukan, sul
ufro xSirad Cndeba kondotieri~ (15. 34. 16. 100).
arsebobs aseTi gamonaTqvami `kargi diqtatura aris is, ro-
melic demokratiiT mTavrdeba~. SeiZleba Tu ara maT ricxvs

39
mivakuTnoT napoleonis mmarTveloba? Cven sakmaod frTxi-
lad ufro im azrisaken vixrebiT, rom albaT, mainc ki. napo-
leonis diqtatura safrangeTSi demokratiiT dasrulda. sa-
frangeTis XIX-XX saukunis istoria amis saukeTeso nimuSia.
napoleonis reJimis dros Camoyalibebulma Zlierma saSualo
fenam mniSvnelovanwilad uzrunvelyo safrangeTis istori-
uli ganviTarebis transformacia, evolucia, erTpironuli
mmarTvlobidan liberalizmisaken, demokratiisaken. am Tval-
sazrisiT, sainteresoa safrangeTis istoria 1815-1870 wleb-
Si. Tanamedrove frangma istorikosma Jan tiularma, romel-
sac Tavgadaklul bonapartistTa rigebs ver mivakuTnebT, misi
damokidebuleba napoleonis reJimisadmi kritikulia, magram
misi gamocxadeba antibonapartistuli mimarTulebis warmo-
madgenlad, rogorc amas prof. albert manfredi akeTebs, al-
baT, mainc did sifrTxiles moiTxovs da sakamaTo SeiZleba
iyos, Zalian kargad SeniSna, rom `napoleonis mmarTveloba ar
warmoadgenda wminda samxedro diqtaturas. saxelmwifo xe-
lisuflebam SeinarCuna samoqalaqo xasiaTi. xSirad saxalxo
referendumebze gansaxilvelad gamohqondaT saxelmwifo gad-
awyvetilebebi, es imdroindeli evropis politikur praqtikaSi
uprecedento SemTxveva gaxldaT da ucxo iyo rogorc kon-
stituciuri monarqiisaTvis, ise liberaluri respublikisaT-
vis. amas didi mniSvneloba hqonda. es napoleonis reJims far-
To lavirebis perspeqtivas uqmnida, rasac is axorcielebda
kidec~. (17. 18).
napoleoni iyo erTpirovnuli mmarTveli. man saZirkveli
Cauyara avtoritarul reJims. amis Taobaze ori azri ar Sei-
Zleba arsebobdes. arsebiTi mniSvneloba gaaCnia imas avtori-
taruli reJimis ra formasTan gvaqvs saqme. sakiTxis am rakur-
siT ganxilva sainteresoa da aqtualurad migvaCnia.
cezaristuli reJimisadmi, erTpirovnuli mmarTvelobisad-
mi, CvenSi arsebuli mkveTrad gamokveTili negatiuri damok-

40
idebuleba, bunebrivia, cariel niadagze ar aRmocenebula,
SemTxveviTi ar iyo da viwro dogmaturad gagebuli marqsis-
tul-leninuri ideologiis xangrZlivi batonobis gamoZaxil-
ia. saqme gvaqvs erT Cveulebriv sabWoTa stereotipTan. aseTi
sworxazovani damokidebuleba dRes, cxadia, ukve moZvelebu-
lia, yavli gauvida, istoriografiis ganvlil etaps warmoad-
gens. Tema aris saintereso, rTuli da mravalwaxnagovani. misi
erTgvarovnad Sefaseba Zalze Zneli iqneboda. aq ubralod imis
Tqmas vapirebT, rom cezaristuli reJimi erTgvarovani ar gax-
lavT da misi sxvadasxva formebi arsebobs. amitom maTi erT si-
brtyeze moTavseba da ganxilva aRniSnuli sakiTxis adekvatur
suraTs ver gvixatavs.
XX saukunis politologiaSi gamoiTqva mosazreba TiTqos
napoleonis erTpirovnuli mmarTveloba warmoadgenda Tana-
medrove totaluri reJimebis winamorbeds. maT Soris garegnu-
li msgavseba namdvilad arsebobs da amas arc aravin uaryofs.
es mxolod aisbergis zeda xiluli nawilia. amave dros unda
aRiniSnos, rom maT Soris arsebobs principuli gansxvaveba, da
masze Tvalis daxuWva mizanSewonili ar iqneboda. aq, pirvel
yovlisa, bunebrivia, igulisxmeba nacizmi, faSizmi da bol-
Sevizmi. am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs totalitaruli reJime-
bis nairsaxeobasTan. rogorc ukve iTqva, napoleonis reJimi
im eqstremaluri situaciidan romelic Seiqmna safrangeTis
didi revoluciis Semdeg, erT-erTi gamosavali Canda, romel-
sac, bunebrivia, gaaCnda Tavisi plusebi da minusebi. amitom
misi apologeturi Sefaseba andac Seufasebloba, marTebuli
ar unda iyos. orive ukiduresoba miuRebelia. rac Seexeba na-
cizms, faSizms da bolSevizms, is sazogadoebis ganviTarebis
Cixuri gza iyo. maT Soris principuli gansxvaveba, swored,
amaSi unda mdgomareobdes. (19. 114-115. 20. 300-301).
cezaristuli mmarTvelobis romel nairsaxeobad SeiZleba
moviazroT bonapartiseuli reJimi? ai es saintereso Temaa. XX

41
saukunis italieli moazrovne antonio gramSi cezaristul re-
Jimebs pirobiT or jgufad yofs: progresuli da reaqciuli.
ra SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba iyos cezaristuli reJimi progresuli
da ra SemTxvevaSi reaqciuli? sakiTxi aris rTuli da mraval-
waxnagovani. mis gamorkvevas principuli mniSvneloba gaaCnia.
amis gakeTeba advili saqme ar iqneba. maT Soris zRvari Zal-
zed myifea da SeumCneveli, zedapirze ar Zevs. es unda ga-
vakeToT konkretuli istoriuli monacemebis safuZvelze.
sxva meTodi aq ubralod ar gamogvadgeba. antonio gramSis
Tanaxmad, progresuli cezarizmis dros xelisuflebis Care-
va progresul xasiaTs atarebs, xels uwyobs progresuli Za-
lebis warmatebas, garkveuli kompromisebisa da daTmobebis
xarjze, romelic Crdilavs mopovebuli warmatebis mniSvne-
lobas. sainteresoa, rom mas progresuli cezarizmis nimu-
Sad esaxeboda cezari da napoleoni. axla modiT SevxedoT
ra warmoedgina mas reaqciuli cezarizmis gansaxierebad.
misi SexedulebiT, reaqciuli cezarizmis dros saxelmwi-
fos Careva negatiur Sedegebs iwvevs da xels uwyobs rea-
qciuli Zalebis warmatebas. aRsaniSnavia, rom mas reaqciuli
cezarizmis warmomadgenlebad miaCnda napoleon mesame da
bismarki (21. t. 3. 185-186. 2. 48). antonio gramSis msjelobis
daskvniTma nawilma garkveuli ukmarobis grZnoba gagviCina
da, Cveni azriT, sakamaTo SeiZleba iyos. misi dazusteba ga-
moricxulad ar migvaCnia. aq, cxadia, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs
is garemoeba, rom aseTi mkacri ganaCeni napoleon mesamis
da bismarkis mimarT xistad gveCveneba da garkveuli koreq-
tivebis Setanas moiTxovs. am SemTxvevaSi, albaT, gacilebiT
ufro umjobesi iqneboda kandidatis SerCeva ara XIX, aramed
XX saukunis pirveli naxevaris istoriidan. iq xom mas metad
mdidari arCevani gaaCnda.
aRniSnul sakiTxze kidev ufro adekvaturi warmodgena,
rom SeviqmnaT aucileblad unda gaviTvaliswinoT kidev erTi

42
garemoeba. `napoleonis reJimisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tavise-
burebani ucxo ar iyo, Tavs iCens sxvadasxva qveynebSi da sx-
vadasxva epoqebSi, magram es ar gaxlavT mTavari da arsebiTi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom am reJimebis istoriuli mniSvneloba, konk-
retul istoriul viTarebaSi, erTgvarovani arasodes ar yo-
fila~. (2. 47).
miuxedavad napoleonis erTpirovnuli mmarTvelobisa
unda iTqvas rom is iyo Tvisebrivad, xarisxobrivad. winga-
dadgmuli nabiji Zveli reJimis Semdeg. is gacilebiT ufro
metad iyo dakavSirebuli revoluciasTan, vidre Zvel re-
JimTan. es misi plusi iyo. napoleonis dros faqtobrivad
moxda saxelmwifoebriobis Zveli formebis aRdgena, magram
Tvisebrivad sul sxva xarisxSi da amis wayrueba. gverdis
avla, aRniSnuli sakiTxis adekvatur suraTs rodi gvixat-
avs. mas safuZvlad edo revoluciis socialuri monapovaris
aRiareba. napoleonis erTpirovnul mmarTvelobas, mkveTrad
gamokveTili progresuli xasiaTi gaaCnda. es imiT gamoix-
ateboda, rom napoleonma ZalaSi datova iakobianTa antise-
nioraluri kanonmdebloba. `napoleoni wmendda evropis fe-
odalizmis avgeosis Tavlebs~.
miuxedavad napoleonis mier ganxorcielebuli progresuli
gardaqmnebisa, romelsac, bunebrivia, gaaCnda Tavisi dadebiTi
da uaryofiTi mxareebi, man katalizatoris roli Seasrula da
daaCqara modernizaciis procesi. samrewvelo gadatrialebis
tempebi. axali industriuli sazogadebis formireba. safran-
geTis da evropis qveynebis ganviTarebam Seuqcevadi xasiaTi
miiRo da gamoricxa Zveli reJimisaken dabruneba. yvela gzas
Tavisufali mewarmeobasTan mivyavarT. yvelaferi amas ki biZgi,
swored, rom napoleonis epoqam misca.
napoleonis erTpirovnuli mmarTveloba mkveTrad
gamokveTil progresul xasiaTs atarebda da Rirsebebi gac-
ilebiT ufro meti gaaCnda, vidre nakli. napoleonis reJimi

43
ebrZoda Zvels, yovelgvar dromoWmuls da gzas ukafavda
saxelmwifos axal struqturebs.
napoleonis reJimis sabWoTa marqsistul-leninuri Sefase-
ba, romlis mTavar tonis mimcemad proletariatis didi beladi
v. lenini mogvevlina da romelic ZiriTadad aqcents akeTebda
napoleonis reJimis kontrrevoluciur xasiaTze, dRes, cxa-
dia, ukve moZvelebulia, yavli gauvida, istoriografiuli
retros surneli dakravs (22). dRes aqcenti keTdeba bonapar-
tizmis ara sust mxareebze, aramed pozitiur tendenciebze.
es ufro realisturi midgoma unda Candes. bonapartistuli
programa orientirebuli iyo sazogadoebrivi wesrigis ide-
aze, zomier socialur gardaqmnebze, romelic gamsWvalulia
liberalizmis suliskveTebiT, samxedro didebaze. evropis
xalxebis gaerTianebaze, ra Tqma unda, safrangeTis hegemoni-
is qveS. Zveli sazogadoebis modernizaciis idea misaRebi iyo.
misi ganxorcilebis Zalismieri forma azrTa sxvadasxvaobas
iwvevda, SemTxveviTi ar iyo, rom napoleonis mcdeloba Seeqmna
axali globaluri imperia warumatebeli aRmoCnda.
rogorc erTsulovnad aRniSnaven frangi istorikosebi, maT
mTavar tonis mimcemad, cnobili frangi istorikosi, tuluzas
universitetis profesori, Jak godSo gvevlineba, napoleonis
saxiT saqme gvaqvs evropis erTianobis ideis momxresTan. mas
surda Seeqmna erTiani unificirebuli evropa, romelic fed-
eraciuli sistema iqneboda. mas safuZvlad daedeboda erTiani
unificirebuli kanonTa kodeqsi, sasamarTlo, fuladi siste-
ma. amis ganxorcieleba xdeboda Zalmomreobis saSualebiT,
romelic iwvevda sapasuxo reaqcias. gamoCenilma frangma is-
torikosma alber sorelma Tavis fundamentalur rvatomian
gamokvlevaSi `safrangeTis didi revolucia da evropa~. aseTia
saintereso azri gaatara. frangi revolucionerebis saSanao
politika mWidro kavSirSi iyo maT sagareo politikasTan. rev-
oluciis ideebis farTo propagandam rogorc safrangeTSi, ise

44
mis sazRvrebs gareT sasurveli nayofi gamoiRo. maT TavianTi
propagandis Sedegad TvalsaCino warmatebas miaRwies. es gaxl-
daT medlis erTi mxare, mas gaaCnia meore mxare, romelic saxel-
moxveWil frang istorikoss mxedvelobidan ar gamorCenia. neb-
siT Tu uneblieT amiT frangebma Tavisi dacemisaTvis niadagi
Seamzades. saqme is gaxlavT, rom maT mier xiStebiT Setanili
axali ideebi kargad gaiTavises da TviTon daiwyes brZola maTi
ganxorcielebisaTvis. frangebs da saerTo yvela dampyrobels
imave iaraRiT ekveTnen, romliTac adre frangebi imarjvebd-
nen. es iyo revoluciuri idea Tanasworobis, Tavisuflebis da
damoukideblobis. maT safrangeTis eqspansionistur miswrafe-
bebs erovnul-ganmanTavisuflebeli brZola daupirispires.
evropa erovnul-ganmanTavisuflebeli brZolebis alSi gaexvia,
(23). Tanamedrove frangi istorikosis Jan tiulari aRniSnavda
`1812 wels napoleonis ruseTSi laSqroba warmoadgenda ara
mxolod samxedro katastrofas. aramed es iyo napolonis ax-
ali politikuri sistemis katastrofis dasawyisi. napoleonis
winaaRmdeg dawyebuli erovnul-gamanTavisuflebeli moZraoba
kargad gamoiyenes evropis monarqebma da gaxda Zala, romelmac
mTavari roli Seasrula, imperiis da misi damaarseblis ganad-
gurebis saqmeSi~ (18). sinamdvileSi es federacia gacilebiT
ufro axlo iyo imperiasTan, romlis lideris rolSi, swored,
safrangeTi gvevlineboda, xolo erTaderTi realuri, mmarT-
veli ki TviTon napoleoni iyo.
miuxedavad napoleonis Canafiqris sruli fiaskosa, is ro-
gorc wyaroebidan Cans, imedianad iyo ganwyobili, `rogorc
ar unda iyos adre Tu gvian evropis gaerTianeba mainc moxde-
ba, biZgi ukve mocemulia~. es optimizmi sulac ar iyo safuZ-
vels moklebuli. mas mouxda sakmaod grZeli da ekliani gzis
gavla utopiidan realobamde. napoleonis omebma didi roli
Seasrules im progresuli Zalebis konsolidaciis saqmeSi, ro-
melsac wilad xvda ganesazRvra evropis momavali _ ai, es iyo,

45
swored, mTavari. napoleonis gmiruli epopeis istoriulad
progresuli mniSvneloba, swored, amaSi unda mdgomareobdes.
Tumca amis gamo napoleonis omebis xotba-dideba, rac SeimCne-
va apoligetur literaturaSi, gadaWarbebuli unda iyos.
maS ase, napoleonma saZirkveli Cauyara avtoritarul saxel-
mwifos, cezaristul reJims. is iyo erTpirovnuli mmarTve-
li, romelic flobda ganusazRvrel Zalauflebas. miuxedavad
amisa SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mis moRvaweobaSi Suqi gacilebiT
metia Crdilze, pozitivi dominirebs negativze wiTeli War-
bobs Savs. napoleonis mmarTveloba `progresuli cezarizmis~
nimuSad SeiZleba miviCnioT. is iyo `progresuli cezarizmis~
erT-erTi TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli. napoleonis saxiT saqme
gvaqvs erTpirovnuli mmarTvelTan, diqtatorTan, refor-
matorTan, kanonmdebelTan. swored, ai ase gvesaxeba Cven es
rTuli problema. es ar gaxlavT napoleonis mmarTvleobis
apologia, napoleonis gandideba, rogorc es erTi SexedviT
SeiZleba Candes. Cven vcadeT gavrkveuliyaviT misi mmarTve-
lobis avkargianobaSi da dagvefiqsirebina Cveni pozicia. Cven
Zalian frTxilad ufro im azrisken vixrebiT, rom dadebiTi
ufro metia, uaryofiTze. napoleonis apologia mizanSewoni-
li ar iqneboda, `Zalaufleba ryvnis absolutur Zalauflebas
ryvnis absoluturad~. es xom ar daemarTa napoleonsac? (19.
115. 20. 284-302. 24. 87-94. 25, 26, 114-118).

46
 literatura:

1. С. Боботов, Наполеон _ реформатор и законодатель, М., 1998.

2. Дж. Туган-Барановский, Формирование Бонапартического режима
во Франции в годы консульства (1799-1804), _ Автореферат дис-
сертации на соискание ученой степени доктора исторических наук.
М.,1990.
3. А. Олар, Политическая история Французской революции, М., 1938.
4. g. kiRuraZe, 9 Termidoris gadatrialebis Sesaxeb, Tbilisis
saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi, t. 107. 1964. g. kiRu-
raZe, axali istoria, nawili pirveli, Tb., 1970.
5. m. kalandaZe, axali istoriis zogierTi sakvanZo sakiTxis
periodizaciis Taobaze, gelaTis mecnierebaTa akademiis
Jurnali, 9-10. 2015.
6. З. Черниловский, Всеобщая история государства и права, М., 1983.
7. S. monteskie, kanonTa goni, Tb., 1994.
8. z. CamiakaZe, a. gvimraZe, nikolo makiaveli, Tb., 2005.
9. А. Ревякин, Наполеон и «Великая империя», в кн: Европейские
монархии в прошлом и настоящем, М., 2001.
10. Д. Сьюард, Наполеон и Гитлер, Смоленск, 1995.
11. Ив. Ментешашвили, Власть и рождение Революции, Тб., 2019.
12. n. nikolaZe, germaniis mdgomareoba, Txz. t. 2 Tb., 1962.
13. v. donaZe. safrangeTis axali istoriis aqtualuri prob-
lemebi da qarTuli publicistika. (XIX saukunis meore nax-
evari), Tb., 1978.
14. g. wereTeli, kikoloko, Cikoliko da kudabzika. (mgzavris
werilebidan), Tb., 1935.
15. A. Calvet, Napoleon, P. 1943.
16. История Франции, т. 2. М., 1973.
17. Дж. Туган-Барановский, Наполеон и власть. М., 1993.
18. J. tiulari, napoleoni, Tb., 2012.

47
19. k. anTaZe, m. kalandaZe, safrangeTis istoria, kultura,
geografia, Tb., 2005.
20. m. kalandaZe, napoleoni diqtatori da reformatori, qar-
Tuli diplomatia. weliwdeuli 15. Tb., 2011.
21. А. Грамши, Избранные произведения т. 3. М., 1958.
22. v. i. lenini, Txzulebebi, meoTxe gamocema, t. 25. gv. 305. v.
i. lenini, Txz. meoTxe gamocema, t. 24. gv. 495. i. stalini,
partiuli muSaobis naklovanebebsa da trockist da sxva
TvalmaqcTa likvidaciis RonisZiebebze,…Tb., 1937. gv.
14. fr. engelsi, antiduringi, Tb., 1933, gv. 214, k. marqsi,
Tvrameti briumeri lui bonapartisa, Tb., 1932. gv. 128.
23. А. Сорель, Европа и Французская революция, том 3. СПБ., 1893.
24. m. kalandaZe, napoleoni qarTul sityvakazmul litera-
turaSi, Tb., 2008.
25. m. kalandaZe, napoleonis epoqis qarTveli mkvlevari, Tb.,
2020.
26. m. kalandaZe, dimitri uznaZe safrangeTis did revoluci-
aze da napoleonze, Tb., 2016.

48
 kari meore

qarTuli istoriografia `administraciul

bonapartizmze~
 Tavi pirveli
saqarTveloSi napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi
saqmianobis Seswavlis sakvanZo momentebi

vfiqrobT, interess moklebuli ar iqneba mokled gadavav-

leT Tvali im ZiriTad momentebs, romelic saqarTveloSi na-
poleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis gaSuqebam ganvlo.
faqtobrivad, saqme gvaqvs aRniSnuli problemis periodizaci-
asTan. am kuTxiT sakiTxis ganxilva sainteresoa da aqtualu-
rad migvaCnia. es am Temis gaSuqebis, Seswavlis, pirveli mcde­
lobaa.
marTalia, qarTul enaze napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiT
saqmianobaze sagangebo, specialuri, mecnieruli gamokvle-
va, monografia an samecniero-popularuli narkvevebi dRem-
de ar gagvaCnia, magram es sulac ar niSnavs imas TiTqos am
Temaze qarTul enaze araferi iyos dawerili. sinamdvileSi
es ase araa. napoleonis cxovrebis da moRvaweobis Seswavlis
dros, bunebrovia, uyuradRebod ar toveben da Seexebian napo-
leonis kanonSemoqmedebiT saqmianobas. `napoleonis kodeqss~,
`administraciul bonapartizms~, am Temis popularizaciam,
umTavresad, asaxva pova napoleonisadmi miZRvnili saintere-
so gamokvlevebSi da saswavlo sacnobaro literaturaSi, sko-
lis da sauniversiteto saxelmZRvaneloebSi. ra Tqma unda, es
Zalian cotaa, magram sxva ufro xelSesaxebi masala ubralod
ar gagvaCnia. amitom imas unda davjerdeT, rac gvaqvs. am masa-
lis xelaRebiT ugulebelyofa, albaT, mainc didi sifrTxiles
moiTxovs da am sakiTxis Sesaxeb srulyofil, amomwurav, war-

50
modgenas ver gviqmnis. Cveni Rrma rwmeniT, iseT patara qveyanas
rogorc saqarTveloa imis fufuneba ar gaaCnia, rom am mwir in-
formacias, rac gvaqvs, gverdi auaros, wauyruos. (gasaTvalis-
winebelia, rom iseTi patara qveynisTvis rogorc saqarTveloa
amgvari informaciuli deficiti niSandoblivia).
napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis periodizacias
ver movwyvetT qarTuli napoleonianas ganviTarebas. is misi
organuli Semadgeneli nawilia. maT Soris genetikuri kavSiri
arsebobs. (1). qarTul napoleonianas da saqarTveloSi napoleo-
nis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis gaSuqebis periodizacias
Soris arsebuli minimaluri gansxvaveba, cxadia, SemTxveviTi
araa, cariel niadagze ar aRmocenebula da am konkretuli
sakiTxis specifiurobiT unda yofiliyo gamowveuli. savsebiT
marTlzomieria, rom es gansxvaveba yvelaze ufro reliefu-
rad mJRavndeba gasabWoebamde qarTul napoleonianaSi, rac im
periodis qarTul realobaSi napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiT
saqmianobaze arsebuli mwiri informaciiT SeiZleba iyos ga-
mowveuli.

***
vidre uSualod am Temaze visaubrebdiT manamde mizanSe-
wonili iqneboda mokled gadavavloT Tvali da gavixsenoT qa-
rTuli napoleonianas sakvanZo momentebi.
yvelaze ufro siantereso Cans saqarTveloSi napoleonis
cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis gaSuqebis periodizacia gasabWoe-
bamde qarTul realobaSi. es mniSvnelovanwilad, swored, imiT
aixsneba, rom is naklebad ganicdida politikuri kataklizme-
bis gavlenas. ra Tqma unda, SemTxveviTi ar iyo,. rom am mon-
akveTis periodizacia yvelaze ufro met azrTa sxvadasxvaobas
warmoSobs, da sxvadasxva versiebi arsebobs.

51
 saqarTveloSi napoleonis cxovrebis da moRvaweobis ga-
Suqebas Tavisi warsuli aqvs da sakmaod grZeli gza ganvlo da
Tavisi istoria gaaCnia. aRsaniSnavia, rom is aSkarad cildeba
wminda akademiur CarCoebs da mkveTrad gamokveTili politi-
kuri sarCuli gaaCnia.
Tavidanve unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTveloSi napoleonis
cpovrebis da moRvaweobis periodizacia pirobiT xasiaTs at-
arebs. sxvadasxva versiebi ikveTeba, SeiZleba iyos aRniSnuli
sakiTxis periodizaciis ramdenime versia modiT gavixsenoT isini:
pirveli versia. saqarTveloSi napoleonis cxovrebis da
moRvaweobis gaSuqeba pirobiT sam periodad SeiZleba daiyos:
1. napoleonis cxovrebis da moRvaweobis gaSuqeba gasabWoe-
bamde qarTul sinamdvileSi, (XIX saukunis dasawyisidan _ 1921
wlamde). Tavis mriv es periodi kidev SeiZleba daiyos sam qvepe-
riodad. faqtobrivad, saqme gvaqvs sakiTxis Sidaperiodizaci-
asTan. am monakveTis SigniT mniSvnelovbani mijna unda Candes
XIX saukunis Sua xanebi da 1918 weli, didi ivane javaxiSvilis
mier Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis gaxsna da saqarTve-
los damoukideblobis aRdgena.
2. napoleonis cxovrebis da moRvaweobis gaSuqeba sabWoTa
periodis qarTul istoriografiaSi (1921-1991 ww.).
3. napoleonis cxovrebis da moRvaweobis gaSuqeba
postsabWoTa periodis qarTul istoriografiaSi, XX saukunis
90-aini wlebis dasawyisidan dRemde.
meore versia: saqarTveloSi napoleonis cxovrebis da moR-
vaweobis gaSuqeba pirobiT oTx periodad SeiZleba daiyos. ori
varianti arsebobs.
a) 1. saqarTveloSi napoleonis cxovrebis da moRvaweobis
gaSuqeba XIX saukunis dasawyisidan 1918 wlamde. am monakveTis
SigniT mniSvnelovani texilia XIX saukunis Sua xanebi. faqtro-
brivad, saqme gvaqvs sakiTxis Sida periodizaciiasTan. es sain-
tereso unda iyos.

52
 2. napoleonis cxovrebis da moRvaweobis gaSuqeba 1918-1921
wlebSi saqarTvelos demokratiul respubliakSi.
3. napoleonis cxovrebis da moRvaweobis gaSuqeba sabWoTa
periodis qarTul istoriografiaSi (1921-1991 ww.).
4. napoleonis cxovrebis da moRvaweobis gaSuqeba
postsabWoTa periodis qarTul istoriografiaSi. XX saukunis
90-iani wlebis dasawyisidan dRemde.
b) meore varianti mxolod pirvel monakveTs Seexeba. dan-
arCeni ucvleli rCeba. amitom mxolod pirvel periods Sevex-
ebiT. is SeiZleba daviwyoT ara XIX saukunis dasawyisidan, ar-
amed ufro gvian. saxeldobr XIX saukunis Sua xanebidan, is
mTavrdeba 1918 wels, xolo rac Seexeba wina monakveTs am ver-
siis mixedviT, is SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc saqarTveloSi
aRniSnuli problemis gaSuqebis mosamzadebeli etapi, winais-
toria, Sesavali, uvertiura.
mesame versia. saqarTveloSi napoleonis cxovrebis da moR-
vaweobis gaSuqeba pirobiT xuT periodad SeiZleba daiyos.
1. saqarTveloSi napoleonis cxovrebis da moRvaweobis ga-
Suqeba XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi.
2. saqarTveloSi napoleonis cxovrebis da moRvawoebis ga-
Suqeba XIX saukunis Sua xanebidan 1918 wlamde.
3. saqarTveloSi napoleonis cxovrebis da moRvawoebis ga-
Suqeba 1918-1921 wlebSi saqarTvelos demokratiul respub-
likaSi.
4. saqarTveloSi napoleonis cxovrebis da moRvaweobis gaSuqe-
ba sabWoTa periodis qarTul istoriografiaSi (1921-1991 ww.).
5. saqarTveloSi napoleonis cxovrebis da moRvaweobis ga-
Suqeba postsabWoTa periodis qarTul istoriografiaSi XX
saukunis 90-aini wlebis dasawyisidan dRemde.
samive versias gaaCnia arsebobis ufleba, romels airCevs
istorikosi es mis gemovnebazea damokidebuli, piradad Cven me-
tad frTxilad ufro im azrisaken vixrebiT, rom yvelaze ufro

53
misaRebi SeiZleba Candes pirveli versia. saqarTveloSi napo-
leonis cxovrebis da moRvaweobis gaSuqeba pirobiT sam peri-
odad SeiZleba daiyos. 1. saqarTveloSi napoleonis cxovre-
bis da moRvaweobis gaSuqeba gasabWoebamde qarTul realobaSi
(XIX saukunis dasawyisidan 1921 wlamde. 2. saqarTveloSi napo-
leonis cxovrebis da moRvaweobis gaSuqeba sabWoTa periodis
qarTul istoriografiaSi (1921-1991 ww.). 3. saqarTveloSi na-
poleonis cxovrebis da moRvaweobis gaSuqeba postsabWoTa pe-
riodis qarTul istoriografiaSi 90-iani wlebis dasawyisidan
dRemde., ori sxva versia aRniSnuli sakiTxis periodiozaciis
alternatiul variantad SeiZleba iqnas moazrebuli.

***
mosazreba TiTqosda am dargSi da konkretulad, am sakiTx-
Si saqarTvelos gasabWoebamde pozitiuri araferi gakeTebu-
la realobas ar Seesatyviseba, Rrmad tendenciuria da rac,
yvelaze mTavaria, antierovnulia antipatriotulia. aseTi iyo
politikuri neba. es iyo kidev erTi sabWoTa miTi.
albaT, ar SevcdebiT Tu vityviT, rom yvelaze ufro saint-
eresoa gasabWoebamde napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmiano-
bis periodizacia unda Candes. vfiqrobT, SemTxveviTi rodia,
rom yvelaze ufro rTuli, swored, am monakveTis periodebad
dayofaa. napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqminaobis period-
izacia, cxadia, pirobiTia.
pirvel yovlisa. bunebrivia, wamoiWreba sakiTxi ra SeiZleba
miviCnioT saqarTveloSi napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmi-
anobis Seswavlis, popularizaciis, aTvlis wertilad? sakiTxi
aris saintereso da aqtualuri. arsebobs sxvadasxva versiebi.
zog Zvel faqts emateba axali, romelsac adre saTanado yur-
adReba ar eqceoda da kadrSi ver xvdeboda. sabWoTa ideolo-
gias am kiTxvaze pasuxi gamzadebuli hqonda da saqarTveloSi

54
napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis aTvlis wertilad
1921 wels saqarTvelos gasabWoebas moiazrebda. aseTi iyo
politikuri neba. iyo sxva, Cveni azriT, amaze aranaklebi mniS-
vnelovani movlenebi, romelzec Tvalis daxuWva aRniSnuli
sakiTxis adekvatur suraTs ver gvixatavs. saqarTveloSi aR-
niSnuli problemis aTvlis wertilad, 1921 wels saqarTvelos
gasabWoebis aReba dagvianebulad migvaCnia. rogorc irkveva,
am dainteresebam Tavi iCina gacilebiT ufro adre. romelic,
umTavresad, totalitarul-bolSevikuri reJimis ZalisxmeviT,
CrdilSi aRmoCnda da miviwyebis sqelma mtverma dafara. Cven
vecadeT gagvesworebina es Seusabamoba da am masalisaTvis
mtve­ri gadagvewminda.
saqarTveloSi napoleonze pirveli saintereso informacia
gvxvdeba XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi. bunebrivia, wamoiWreba
sakiTxi ramdenad SeiZleba es masala miviCnioT saqarTveloSi
napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis gaSuqebis aTvlis
wertilad? didi albaTobiT mainc ara. isini exebian napoleo-
nis cxovrebas da moRvaweobas, magram napoleonis kanonSemoq-
medebiT saqmianobaze krints ar Zraven. am Temis gaSuqeba maT
mizans ar warmoadgenda. es ar aris sayveduri an SeniSvna. es
swori ar iqneba. Cven mxolod faqtis konstatacias vaxdenT.
amitom XIX saukunis pirveli naxevris moazreba aRniSnuli
problemis aTvlis wertilad, albaT, mainc did sifrTxiles
moiTxovs da naadrevad migvaCnia.

arsebobs sxva versiac. am problemis aTvlis wertilad

pirobiT XIX saukunis meore naxevari SeiZleba iqnas moazre-
buli, rodesac Cndeba pirveli sporaduli cnobebi saqarT-
veloSi napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiT saqmianobaze. es im pe-
riodis qarTuli realobis fonze wingadadgmuli nabiji iyo,
magram es mwiri informacia, cxadia, Zalian cotaa, sakmarisi
ar unda iyos. amitom XIX saukunis Sua xanebidan am TematikiT

55
dainteresebaze saubari mizanSewonili ar unda iyos. albaT,
yvelaze ufro upriani iqneboda Tu am monakveTs, XIX sauku-
nis Sua xanebidan 1918 wlamde saqarTveloSi napoleonis kanon-
SemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis gaSuqebis mosamzadebel periodad,
uvertiurad, Sesavalad, winaistoriad, moviazrebdiT da ara
calke periodad.
Cveni azriT, saqarTveloSi napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiT
saqmianobis gaSuqebis aTvlis wertilad 1918 weli SeiZleba mi-
viCnioT. es arcaa gasakviri da, pirvel yovlisa, or garemoebas-
Tan asocirdeba. didi ivane javaxiSvilis mier Tbilisis saxel-
mwifo universitetis gaxsna da saqarTvelos damoukideblobis
aRdgena. albaT, aris raRac simboluri imaSi, rom saqarTve-
loSi msoflio istoriis swavleba, Seswavla, popularizacia,
maT Soris, cxadia, am problemis gaSuqeba, pirvel nabijebs,
swored, am wlebSi dgams. yvela sikeTe sabWoTa xelisuflebas-
Tan rodi asocirdeba. ai es gaxlavT is minimaluri gansxvaveba,
romelic qarTuli napoleonianias da saqarTveloSi napoleo-
nis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis periodizacias Soris arse-
bobs. 1918 wlamde raime periodebad dayofaze saubari Zalian
Zneli iqneboda da uxerxulad migvaCnia.
saqarTveloSi napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis
periodizacia aSkarad cildeba wminda akademiur CarCoebs da
mkveTrad gamokveTili politikuri sarCuli gaaCnia. rogorc
ukve iTqva Cven migvaCnia, rom istoriuli monakveTi XIX sauku-
nis meore naxevridan 1918 wlamde yvelaze ukeTes SemTxvevaSi
SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc saqarTveloSi napoleonis kanon-
SemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis gaSuqebis mosamzadebeli periodi,
uvertura, Sesavali, winaistoria. sakuTriv saqarTveloSi na-
poleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis Seswavla, popular-
izacia pirobiT sam periodad SeiZleba daiyos, romelsac mkve-
Trad gamokveTili politikuri sarCuli uZevs safuZvlad, rac
kargi cxovrebiT ar unda yofiliyo ganpirobebuli:

56
 1. napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis Seswavla,
popularizacia, 1918-1921 wlebSi saqarTvelos damoukidebel
respublikaSi.
2. napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis Seswavla,
popularizacia, sabWoTa periodis qarTul istoriografiaSi,
1921-1991 wlebi.
3. napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis Seswavla,
popularizacia, postsabWoTa periodis qarTul istoriogra-
fiaSi _ 1991 wlidan dRemde.
napoleonis cxovrebis da moRvaweobis Sesaxeb pirveli
saintereso informacia jer kidev XIX saukunis pirvel nax-
evarSi Cndeba. swored, aqedan iwyeba qarTuli napoleoniana.
am dainteresebis kulminaciad nikoloz baraTaSvilis leq-
si `napoleoni~ da aleqsandre orbelianis patara, magram Si-
naarsiani werili `napalioni da maSindeli angliis mTavroba~
(3), migvaCnia. saintereso suraTi ikveTeba. es sakiTxi ai ase
gvesaxeba. maT, evropeli romantikosebis msgavsad, xiblavdaT
da itacebdaT napoleonis Tavbrudamxvevi kariera, misi tri-
umfaluri warmatebebi. napoleoni rogorc Zlieri pirovneba
maTi kumiri iyo, romelic saqarTvelosTvis savsebiT misaReb
politikur figurad esaxebodaT da did pativs miagebdnen mas.
napoleonis mexotbe evropel romantikosebs, maTi Tavkaci
iyo lordi jorj baironi, mxari qarTvelma romantikosebmac
aubes. (4. 5). napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis ga-
Suqeba, cxadia maT mizans ar warmoadgenda. ramdenad marTl-
zomieri iqneboda es masala saqarTveloSi napoleonis kanon-
SemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis gaSuqebis pirvel etapad aRviqvaT?
SeiZleba ori daSvebis gakeTeba. Tu mizanSewonilad vcnobT
mis calke periodad gamoyofas, maSin am monakveTis mTavar
damaxasiaTebel Taviseburebad napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebi-
Ti saqmianobisadmi indiferentuli damokidebuleba migvaCnia.
meore. piradad Cven XIX saukunis dasawyisidan am problemiT

57
dainteresebaze saubari naadrevad migvaCnia. konkretulad am
Temaze, faqtobrivad, aranairi informacia ar mogvepoveba.
rogorc ukve iTqva, am TematikiT ganxilva maTi mizani ar iyo.
arsebiTad icvleba viTareba XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi. es,
pirvel yoclisa, imiT gamoixateba, rom Cndeba pirveli, sporadu-
li, cnobebi napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiT saqmianobaze, romel-
ic, vfiqrobT, sakmaod gamWvirvalea. am kargi saqmis moTaveebad,
ra Tqma unda, qarTveli samocianelebi gvevlinebian.
maTi mTavari tonismimcemi, ra Tqma unda, didi niko ni-
kolaZe iyo. es arcaa gasakviri, radgan is Zalian kargad icnob-
da safrangeTis axal istorias, kerZod ki, safrangeTis didi
revoluciis da napoleonis epoqas. es, cxadia, Zalian kargia.
aRsaniSnavia, rom am viwro aspeqtSi es sakiTxi saTanadod ar
yofila gaSuqebuli. prof. varlam donaZe, romelic ganixilavs
safrangeTis did revoluciaze da napoleonze niko nikolaZis
Sexedulebebs, am konkretul sakiTxs ar Sexebia. niko nikola-
Zis damokidebuleba napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmiano-
bisadmi mas ar ganuxilavs, Tumca am Temaze mis wignSi saintere-
so informacias moviZiebT. es, Cveni azriT, am sakiTxis dasmis
tolfasad SeiZleba miviCnioT (6. 50-54). Cven vcadeT es xazi
kidev ufro gagvevrco _ metad gamWvirvale gagvexada. napo-
leonis kanonSemoqmedebiT saqmianobaze miniSneba amogvekiTxa.
napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobisaTvis yur-
adRebis mipyroba sainteresoa da napoleonisadmi niko ni-
kolaZis damokidebulebis kidev erT plusad gvevlineba, rom-
lis gverdis avla, wayrueba, napoleonisadmi niko nikolaZis
damokidebulebaze srulyofil, amomwurav, warmodgenas ver
Segviqmnis. niko nikolaZes kargad unda hqonoda gacnobiere-
buli napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis istoriuli
mniSvneloba. misi progresuli xasiaTi. is napoleonis kanon-
SemoqmedebiTi saqmianobaze dadebiTi azris unda Candes. es am
Temaze misi msjelobis mTavar Rirsebad migvaCnia. am Tvalsaz-

58
risiT, yuradRebas ipyrobs misi werili `germaniis mdgomareo-
ba~ CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxze miniSneba, vfiqrobT, sakmaod
gamWvirvale unda iyos. ai ras werda niko nikolaZe `mas Semdeg
rac napoleonma mTeli germania gaanadgura (1806-1807 ww.) man
aq, amasTan erTad Zveli uwesobis da usamarTlobis nacvlad,
safrangeTis axali kanonebi Seitana da germaneli xalxi ada-
mianur cxovrebas SeaCvia~ (7. 113-114. 6. 50). yuradRebas ipy-
robs erTi garemoeba, romelic pirdapir zedapirze Zevs da
misi SemCneva sulac ar warmoadgens Znel saqmes. bunebrivia,
gagviCndeba kiTxva ramdenad marTlzomieri iqneboda napoleo-
nis mier germaniis dapyrobis ormag TariRze apelireba? xom ar
varTulebT amiT saqmes? didi germaneli poetis hainrix haines
TqmiT, romelic napoleonis didi Tayvanismcemeli iyo, `napo-
leonma prusias suli Seubera da prusiam arseboba Sewyvita~.
es moxda 1806 wels. cnobilma germanelma samxedro istorikos-
ma karl klauzevicma Tavis wigns, romelic exeba napoleonis
mier germaniis dapyrobas uwoda `1806 weli~. xom ar gvaqvs aq
saqme lafsus kalamTan? me mgoni ki. faqtobrivi gadacdomebi
niko nikolaZisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ar iyo. amitom am erTi
faqtis gamo misi mkacrad gansja, cxadia, ar Rirs, zedmetia,
magram misi uyuradRebod datoveba mizanSewonilad ar vcaniT.
am SemTxvevaSi. Cven mxolod faqtis konstatacias vaxdenT.
axla moviyvanT meore amonarids, romelic genetikur kav-
SirSia pirvelTan da mis gagrZelebad gvevlineba. ai ras wer-
da niko nikolaZe `mamapapuri uwesoba RvTis dawesebuli da
aucilebeli bedi rodi yofila. sxvanairi ufro samarTliani
da rigiani wesic SesaZlebeli yofila~ (7. 114. 6. 50-51). aq didi
albaTobiT, safrangeTis axali kanonmdebloba `napoleonis ko-
deqsi~ SeiZleba igulisxmebodes. sainteresoa mesame amonari-
di. amjerad niko nikolaZe am Temas Seexeba Tavis publikaciaSi
`SarSan da SarSan win~. ai ras vkiTxulobT aq. `Zveli wesis da
marTvis magierad, axali samoqalaqo wyobileba da samoqalaqo

59
samarTali daayena~ (8. 11. 6. 49). aq kvlav napoleonis kanonSem-
oqmedebiT saqmianobaze keTdeboda aqcenti. amgvari varaudi,
vfiqrobT, safuZvels moklebuli ar SeiZleba iyos da imiTaa
gamyarebuli, rom im epoqaSi sxva msgavsi araferi xdeboda.
analogi ar arsebobda.
niko nikolaZes kargad hqonda gacnobierebuli kidev
erTi saintereso niuansi. napoleoni ar iyo marto dampy-
robeli. mas mxedvelobidan ar gamohparvia, rom dapyrobil
teritoriaze ganaxlebis danergva mainc xdeboda (9. 10, 15).
erT-erTi aseTi siaxle napoleonis kanonmdebloba SeiZleba
yofiliyo.
am Temaze niko nikolaZis Sexedulebebi sainteresoa da em-
piriuli, faqtobrivi masalis codnis da napoleonis kanonSem-
oqmedebiTi saqmianobis dadebiTi Sefasebis Serwymis, Sexame-
bis, mcdelobad gvevlineba. es am Temaze misi msjelobis kidev
erTi plusia.
albaT, ar SevcdebiT Tu vityviT, rom niko nikolaZe na-
poleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis Sefasebas progre-
sul-liberaluri poziciebidan cdilobda. amis gamorkvevas
didi mniSvneloba aqvs da xelSi Cagvidebs misi msoflmxedv-
elobis gasaRebs. mniSvnelovanwilad, swored, amiT aixsneba,
rom is napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiT saqmianobas dadebiT-
ad afasebda. saqme gvaqvs sakiTxisadmi mecnierul midgomas-
Tan, romelic, ueWvelad, Seicavs WeSmaritebis racionaluri
marcvals, romelic gansazRvravs mis faseulobas.
niko nikolaZis damokidebuleba napoleonis kanonSemoq-
medebiT saqmianobisadmi apologeturad xom ar SeiZleba miv-
iCnioT? albaT, mainc ara. Tumca samwuxarod unda iTqvas, rom
Cvens xelT arsebuli mwiri informaciis gamo, Zneli saTqme-
lia konkretulad ra esaxeboda niko nikolaZes napoleonis
kanonebmdeblobis sust mxared. aq raime varaudis gamoTqma,
albaT, Zalze Zneli iqneboda.

60
 aqve unda SevexoT, Cveni azriT, erT saintereso Temas,
romelsac didi mniSvneloba aqvs da aRniSnul sakiTxze kidev
ufro srulyofil warmodgenas Camogviyalibebs. arsebobs didi
albaToba, rom niko nikolaZe napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiT
saqmianobaze imaze gacilebiT ufro ukeTesad unda yofiliyo
informirebuli, vidre es aq moyvanili amonaridebidan SeiZle-
ba Candes. am SemTxvevaSi misi codnis fragmentebTan SeiZleba
gvqondes saqme. ra Tqma unda, kategoriulad arafers vamt-
kicebT. es mxolod Cveni frTxili varaudia.
amrigad, niko nikolaZis sasaxelod unda iTqvas, rom misTvis
Cveuli ostatobiT gadmogvca napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi
saqmianobis istoriulad progresuli mniSvneloba. misi es msj-
eloba samecniero publicistikis saukeTeso nimuSia. es im peri-
odis qarTuli realobis fonze, udavod, wingadadgmuli nabiji
iyo da mniSvnelovnad gvexmareba SevavsoT is vakuumi, romelic
am sakiTxze saqarTveloSi arsebobda. niko nikolaZis msjelo-
bas SemecnebiTi daniSnuleba gaaCnia da Tavisi wvlili Seitana
am sakiTxis popularizaciis saqmeSi. am Temaze misi msjelobis
mniSvneloba, vfiqrobT, swored, amaSi unda mdgomareobdes.
aRniSnuli problemis gacnobierebis pirdapir Tu ara ara-
pirdapir mcdelobad SeiZleba miviCnioT qarTveli samocian-
elebis kidev erTi TvalsaCino warmomadgenelis giorgi wer-
eTlis mosazrebebi, Tumca unda iTqvas, rom niko nikolaZisgan
gansxvavebiT, aq am Temaze miniSneba gacilebiT ufro sustad,
mkrTalad ikveTeba da Znelad ikiTxeba. niko nikolaZis pozicia
am SemTxvevaSi ufro gamWvirvalea. rogor SeiZleba movekidoT
am masalas? or midgomasTan SeiZleba gvqondes saqme. SesaZloa,
es informacia Rirebuli ar iyos da bevrs arafers iZleva da
Cven vaWarbebT mis mniSvnelobas. sasurveli SesaZleblad gve-
saxeba. es gaxlavT erTi xedva. aris meore Tvalsazrisi. es mwi-
ri informacia, cxadia, Zalian cotaa, sakmarisi ar unda Candes,
magram nu viqnebiT pesimistebi. Cven vcadeT am mwir informa-

61
ciaSi aRniSnuli problemisadmi damokidebuleba amogvekiTxa.
iseT patara qveyanas, rogoric saqarTveloa am Zunwi infor-
maciis gverdis avlis, wayruebis, fufuneba ar gaaCnia. yvela
aseT informacias did Tu pataras TvalisCiniviT unda mof-
rTxileba. Cven piradad es meore midgoma ufro perspeqtiulad
warmogvidgenia. mas rogorc samuSao hipoTezas gaaCnia arse-
bobis ufleba. am TvalsazrisiT, yuradRebas ipyrobs giorgi
wereTlis mxatvruli nawarmoebi da publicisturi werilebi,
sadac is amJRavnebs safrangeTis axal istoriaSi, konkretu-
lad ki safrangeTis didi revoluciis da napoleonis epoqaSi
Caxedulebas. es, cxadia, Zalian kargia. CvenTvis saintereso
sakiTxze miniSneba SeiZleba amovikiTxoT giorgi wereTelis mx-
atvrul nawarmoebSi `kikoliko, Cikoliko da kudabzika (mgza-
vris werilebidan)~. am saintereso masalas pirvelad yuradRe-
ba miaqcia da samecniero mimoqcevaSi Semoitana prof. varlam
donaZem, magram am kuTxiT sakiTxi mas ar ganuxilavs (6. 50-51).
Cven vcadeT es sakiTxi, swored, am rakursiT warmogveCina. sam-
wuxarod unda iTqvas, rom ufro vrceli masala, romelic sa-
Sualebas mogvcemda am sakiTxze msjeloba farTod gagveSala,
ar gagvaCnia. amitom im Zunw informacias unda davjerdeT rac
gagvaCnia. kategoriulad arafers ar vamtkicebT da am Temaze
Cveni msjeloba hipoTezebis, varaudebis, sferos ar cildeba.
hipoTezebisadmi skeptikuri damokidebuleba mizanSewonilad
ar migvaCnia. `mecniereba hipoTezebis sasaflaoa~ Jiul vernis
erT-erTi gmiris, frangi geografis Jan paganelis TqmiT `hi-
poTezebs mivyavarT mecnierebamde~.
giorgi wereTeli werda `nu daiviwyebT, rom napoleoni sa-
frangeTis saxeliT Seesia evropas, imis droSaze dawerili iyo
mtarvalisagan gaTavisufleba. is Tavdapirvelad xalxs aTavi-
suflebda mTavrobis Seviwroebisagan. nu daiviwyebT, rom eg
mere moxda (e. i. cvlilebebi omis xasiaTSi _ m. k.) rodesac na-
poleoni imperatori gaxda. aman jer safrangeTSi moaxrCo Ta-

62
visufleba da mere mTels evropaSi da ai maSin kidec advilad
moaxrCes, rogorc napoleoni, ise misi mxedroba. nu daiviw-
yebT, rom eg jarebi maSin Seiqmna saSiSi, rodesac Tavis dro-
Saze daaweres `sicocxle da Tavisufleba~, roca isini TavianT
Tavs amxnevebdnen an unda movkvdeT an mteri unda gavagdo-
To~ (11. 84-85). aq yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT erT garemoebaze,
romelic sainteresoa da aqtualurad migvaCnia. giorgi wer-
eTels napoleoni revoluciis mesaflaved xom ar esaxeboda?
kategoriulad arafers vamtkicebT, magram, yovel SemTxvevaSi,
aseTi STabeWdileba mainc gveqmneba. napoleonis gamocxadeba
revoluciis mesaflaved, albaT, mainc did sifrTxiles moiTx-
ovs da gadaWarbebuli SeiZleba iyos. amgvari damokidebuleba,
ra Tqma unda, SemTxveviTi ar yofila da misi mizezi, pirvel
yovlisa, mis msoflmxedvelobaSi unda veZioT. mas mkverad
gamokveTili memarcxene elferi dakravs da mesame dasTan misi
siaxloviT SeiZleba yofiliyo gamowveuli.
mas kargad unda hqonoda gacnobierebuli, is genetikuri
kavSiri, romelic arsebobda safrangeTis didi revoluciis
da napoleonis omebs Soris. arc is gamoparvia mxedvelobidan,
rodesac napoleonma am gzas gadauxvia. rogorc is aRniSnavs
es moxda napoleonis imperatorad kurTxevis Semdeg. frangi
istorikosis a. kalves TqmiT `samoqalaqo xelisufleba sul
ufro ukan ixevs dapyrobis suliskveTebasTan. revoluciis ja-
riskacis zurgs ukan sul ufro xSirad moCans kondotieri~.
(12. 34. 13. 100). `nu daiviwyebT, rom napoleoni safrangeTis
saxeliT Seesia evropas, imis droSaze dawerili iyo mtarvalis-
agan gaTavisufleba. is Tavdapirvelad xalxebs aTavisuflebda
mTavrobis Seviwrovebisagan~. im siaxleebs da novaciebs Soris,
romelzec aqcents akeTebda giorgi wereTeli SeiZleba napo-
leonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianoba igulisxmebodes? kate-
goriulad, ra Tqma unda, arafers vamtkicebT. es mxolod Cveni
frTxili varaudia.

63
 am TvalsazrisiT yuradRebas ipyrobs gazeT `kvalSi~, rom-
lis redaqtori brZandeboda giorgi wereTeli da misi ideuri
gavlena gamoricxulad ar migvaCnia, gamoqveynebuli statia. ai
ras vkiTxulobT aq. `napoleoni yvelgan dapyrobiT omebs ewe-
oda, magram sadac mivida yvelgan dalewa feodaluri urTier-
Tobebi, batonymoba da axali urTierTobebi daamyara. safran-
geTis ganmaTavisuflebeli ideebi yvelgan mihqonda. man (e. i.
napoleonma _ m. k.) gamoafxizla damorCilebuli xalxebi da na-
poleonis gamoWedili iaraRi ixmares napoleonis winaaRmdeg~
(14. 6. 50). uwinaresad unda aRiniSnos, rom giorgi wereTels
kargad hqonda gacnobierebuli napoleonis omebis ormagi mis-
ia dapyrobiTi da socialuri. dapyrobil teritoriebze ga-
naxlebis danergva mainc xdeboda. `napoleoni wmendda evropis
feodalizmis avgeosis Tvalebs~ mas arc is gamohparvia mxedv-
elobidan, rom frangebis mier xiStebiT Setanili axali ideebi
sxva xalxebmac Seisisxlxorces da axla frangebis winaaRmdeg
moimarjves. gamovTqvamT metad frTxil varauds, rom im si-
axleebs Soris, romelzec giorgi wereTeli amaxvilebda yur-
adRebas SeiZleba napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobac
moiazreboda? axali urTierTobebi daamyara. Tumca sasurveli
iyo amaze miniSneba ufro gamWvirvale yofiliyo.
`feodalur urTierTobebze~ da batonymobaze apelireba
TvalSi mogvxvda da realobas ar Seesatyviseba. amgvari mid-
goma, ra Tqma unda, SemTxveviTi ar yofila, cariel niadagze
ar aRmocenebula da, Cveni azriT, qarTuli realobis gamoZax-
ili SeiZleba yofiliyo. (saqarTveloSi batonymoba gauqmebu-
li iqna XIX saukunis Sua xanebSi, konkretulad ki 1864 wels.
safrangeTSi es moxda gacilebiT ufro adre, jer kidev XIV
saukunis dasawyisSi) (15).
da bolos unda davZinoT, rom am Temaze giorgi wereTeli
gacilebiT ufro ukeTesad SeiZleba yofiliyo informirebu-
li, vidre es Cvens xelT arsebuli mwiri informaciidan unda

64
Candes. advili SesaZlebelia, rom es am Temaze misi codnis
mxolod fragmentebi SeiZleba yofiliyo.
aqve unda davZinoT, rom am kuTxiT es Tema Cven specialu-
rad ar Segiswavlia da im masalas davjerdiT, romelic aqamde
cnobili iyo, Tumca mas sxva kuTxiT SevexeT. am mimarTulebiT
kvlevis gagrZeleba gamoricxulad ar migvaCnia. SeiZleba aR-
moCndes rame saintereso masala, romelic axla Tvals efereba
da ar Cans.
es, sporaduli cnobebi cxadia, Zalian cotaa, sakmarisi ar
unda Candes, magram albaT, interess moklebuli ar unda iyos
da XIX saukunis pirveli naxevaris qarTul napoleonianasTan
SedarebiT wingadadgmul nabijs warmoadgens. misi mniSvnelo-
ba, vfiqrobT, swored, amaSi unda mdgomareobdes.
ramdenad marTlzomieri iqneboda es sporaduli cnobebi
aRviqvaT saqarTveloSi napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmia-
nobis aTvlis wertilad?
XIX saukunis Sua xanebis miCneva saqarTveloSi napoleonis
kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis aTvlis wertilad naadrevad
migvaCnia. napoleonis kanonSemoqmdebiTo saqmianobis popular-
izacia, umTavresad mainc, individualur, epizodiur xasiaTs
atarebda. es sporaduli cnobebi, ra Tqma unda. Zalian cotaa
da sakmarisi ar unda iyos. yvelaze ukeTes SemTxvevaSi al-
baT, upriani iqneboda es istoriuli monakveTi XIX saukunis
Sua xanebidan 1918 wlamde saqarTveloSi am problemiT dainte­
resebis mosamzadebel etapad, winareistoriad, uvertiurad,
Sesavalad SeiZleba aRviqvaT. es ufro adekvaturad migvaCnia.
1918 wlamde saqarTveloSi napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi
saqmianobis popularizaciis mTavar damaxasiaTebel Tavisebu-
rebas is warmoadgens, rom am sakiTxis gaSuqeba, umTavresad
mainc, fragmentul, epizodur, xasiaTs atarebda da misi calke
periodad an Tundac qveperiodad gamoyofa, albaT, mainc Zal-
ze Znelia da mizanSewonili ar iqneboda. 1918 wlamde napoleo-

65
nis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis periodizaciaze saubrisa-
gan piradad Cven mainc Tavs SevikavebdiT.
saqarTveloSi napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmiano-
bis gaSuqebis aTvlis wertilad 1918 weli gvevlineba. ra Tqma
unda, es ar yofila SemTxveviTi da mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli
didi ivane javaxiSvilis mier Tbilisis saxelmwifo universi-
tetis gaxsnasTan da saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenas-
Tan. gadaWarbebuli ar iqneba Tu vityviT, rom am orma mov-
lenam Tavisi dadebiTi roli Seasrula rogorc saerTod am
dargis ganviTarebis, ise konkretulad am sakiTxis gaSuqebaze.
Cveni azriT, es wlebi saqarTveloSi aRniSnuli sakiTxis Ses-
wavlis popularizaciis, pirvel periodad SeiZleba miviCnioT.
1918-1921 wlebSi saqarTvelos demokratiulma respublikam
Tavisi wvlili Seitana da SeZlebisdagvarad Seecada win wae-
wia zogadad am dargis, konkretulad ki, aRniSnuli problemis
swavleba, Seswavla, popularizacia. ra Tqma unda, es ar iyo
patara saqme da am monakveTis eliminireba, amoReba, saerTod
am dargis da konkretulad am Temis warsulidan, rogorc es
sabWoTa wlebSi xdeboda, mizanSewonilad ar migvaCnia. sabWoTa
midgomis mixedviT, es dargi da maT Soris, cxadia, aRniSnu-
li sakiTxi, uwarsulod gamoiyureboda. amgvari midgoma, am
sakiTxis periodizaciis adekvatur suraTs ver gvixatavs.
mcda­ria da amave dros antierovnulia, arapatriotulia.

saqarTvelos gasabWoebamde 1921 wels, napoleonis kan-

onSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis Seswavlis kulminaciad, pikad,
1918-1921 wlebSi saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikaSi
ganxorcielebuli pirveli RonisZiebebi gvesaxeba. saqarTve-
loSi aRniSnuli problemiT dainteresebam samecniero-popu-
laruli xasiaTi SeiZina da, umTavresad, asaxva hpova am wlebSi
gamosuli axali istoriis pirvel erovnul saskolo saxelmZ-
RvaneloebSi. es imdroindeli qarTuli realobis fonze se-

66
riozul wingadadgmul nabijs warmoadgenda da im periodis
qarTuli istoriografiis warmateba iyo. faqtobrivad, saqme
gvaqvs qarTul sinamdvileSi napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi
saqmianobis gaSuqebis pirvel Tu ara erT-erT pirvel mcde-
lobasTan. sakiTxisadmi midgoma aris mecnieruli, upirate-
sad, aqcenti keTdeba Tavisufal azrovnebaze, istoriuli
movlenebisadmi mravalvariantul midgomaze, pluralizmze,
progresul-liberalur Rirebulebebze, romelsac, bunebriv-
ia, gaaCnia Tavisi plusebi da minusebi. es saxelmZRvaneloebi
im periodis qarTuli istoriografiis mniSvnelovan SenaZenad
migvaCnia. arsebobs didi albaToba, rom es maTi Canafiqris mx-
olod erTi nawili iqneboda, romelze muSaobis dawyeba maT
moaswres. dasawyisi urigo ar yofila. risi gakeTebac moas-
wres gaakeTes. es, cxadia, Zalian kargia. logikuri iqneboda
vifiqroT, rom amas moyveboda gagrZeleba da dawyebul saqmes
bolomde miiyvandnen, magram, umTavresad, politikuri katak-
lizmebis gamo, es ase ar moxda. saqarTvelos gasabWoebis Sem-
deg am problemis gaSuqebam sul sxva xasiaTi SeiZina, romelic
Tavdapirveli gzis gagrZelebad, wingadadgmul nabijad Znelia
miviCnioT. ai aseTi iyo sinamdvile, romelic, umTavresad, to-
talitarul-bolSevikuri reJimis ZalisxmeviT, qarTuli sazo-
gadoebis Tvalsawiers miRma rCeboda. aseTi iyo politikuri
neba. Cven vcadeT gagvesworebina es Seusabamoba da aRniSnu-
li sakiTxis ganxilva normalur mecnierul kalapotSi dagve-
brunebina. mas safuZvlad am monakveTis reanimacia daudeT. mi-
zanSewonilad migvaCnia am monakveTze vimsjeloT ara mxolod
imis mixedviT risi gakeTebac moaswres. es cxadia, Zalian kargi
iyo, aramed gaviTvaliswinoT isic, risi gakeTebac maT ganz-
raxuli hqondaT, magram, ver moaswres. Cveni azriT, es gac-
ilebiT ufro swori iqneboda.
maS ase, saqarTveloSi napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi
saqmianobis swavlebam, Seswavlam, popularizaciam, Seuqcevadi

67
xasiaTi SeiZina, ara saqarTvelos gasabWoebis Semdeg, rogorc
amas aqamde gvimtkicebdnen, aramed gacilebiT ufro adre, jer
kidev 1918-1921 wlebSi saqarTvelos demokratiul respub-
likaSi.
saqarTvelos gasabWoebis Semdeg iwyeba saqarTveloSi aR-
niSnuli sakiTxis gaSuqebis meore periodi. napoleonis kanon-
SemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis Seswavla, popularizacia sabWoTa
periodis qarTul istoriografiaSi (1921-1991). is pirobiT
sam qveperiodad SeiZleba daiyos. faqtobrivad, saqme gvaqvs
sakiTxis SidaperiodizaciasTan. maT Soris mniSvnelovani mi-
jna unda Candes 30-iani wlebis Sua xanebi. aqedan moyolebu-
li iwyeba `stalinuri xana~, romelic dasrulda 50-ian wlebis
dasawyisSi, stalinis gardacvalebiT. amis Semdeg aris mesame
qveperiodi, romelsac ori etapi gaaCnia `daTbobis xana~ da
`uZraobis periodi~. faqtobrivad, es am monakveTis Sida peri-
odizaciaa.
sabWoTa periodis qarTul istoriografiaSi napoleonis
kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis gaSuqebam mecnieruli xasiaTi
SeinarCuna. es, cxadia, Zalian kargia. empiriis, faqtologi-
is doneze progresi, winsvla, aSkaraa da amis ugulebelyofa,
daunaxaoba, mizanSewonili ar iqneboda. es misi kidev erTi
dadebiTi mxarea. magram, mTelma am procesma calmxrivi xasiaTi
SeiZina da erTi viwrodogmaturad gagebuli marqsistul-len-
inuri ideologiis yalibSi aRmoCnda moqceuli. es iyo Cixuri
gza. istorias ar xelewifeba ukanaskneli WeSmariteba. es is-
toriuli mecnierebis sikvdilis tolfasi iqneboda. sabWoTa
istoriografiis krizisis gasaRebic, swored aq Zevs. bolos
da bolos man letaluri anu sasikvdilo xasiaTi SeiZina. mniS-
vnelovanwilad, swored, amiT aixsneba, rom umTavresad aqcen-
ti keTdeba napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis sust
mxareebze. prioritetuli gaxda ara napoleonis kanonSemoq-
medebiTi saqmianobisadmi dadebiTi momentebi, aramed uaryof-

68
iTi konteqsti. ai aseTi iyo realoba. misi arc Selamazeba da
arc gamuqeba mizanSewonili ar iqneboda. `wyals bavSvi ar unda
gadavayoloT~.
1991 wlis dekemberSi daiSala sabWoTa kavSiri. amas didi
mniSvneloba hqonda. faqtobrivad, aqedan iwyeba saqarTvelo-
Si napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis gaSuqebis mesame
periodi, romelic dResac grZeldeba. is pirobiT or qvepe-
riodad SeiZleba daiyos. faqtobrivad, saqme gvaqvs sakiTx-
is Sida periodizaciasTan. am periodis SigniT mniSvnelovan
niSansvetad SeiZleba miviCnioT 2006 wlis reforma, romel-
mac Rrma kvali datova, Cveni azriT, umTavresad mainc uary-
ofiTi, mecnierebis da ganaTlebis sistemaSi. am konkretul
SemTxvevaSi sainteresoa aRiniSnos, rom es dayofa ufro metad
Seesatyviseba skolaSi istoriis swavlebas, vidre am sakiTxis
mecnierul gaSuqebas, popularizacias. man, skolaSi istoriis
swavleba gvaqvs mxedvelobaSi, mkveTri, regresi ganicada. (16,
17, 18, 47-48).
postsabWoTa periodis qarTuli istoriografia cdilobs
swor gzaze dabrunebas, swori aqcentebis dasmas, swori arCev-
anis gakeTebas. es, cxadia, Zalian kargia. es advili saqme ar
gaxlavT da mtkivneuli procesi iqneba. prioritetulia napo-
leonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis dadebiTi Sefaseba. es
swori unda iyos da sabWoTa realobs Semdeg wingadadgmul
nabijs warmoadgens. es Sromebi aRniSnuli problemis normal-
ur mecnierul kalapotSi dabrunebis gzaze gadadgmul pirvel
mokrZalebul nabijad gvevlineba. misi mniSvneloba, vfiqrobT,
swored, amaSi unda mdgomareobdes.
aqve unda SevexoT kidev erT sakiTxs, romelic mWidro ka-
vSirSia saqarTveloSi napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmia-
nobis gaSuqebis periodizaciasTan da romlis gverdis avla mi-
zanSewonili ar iqneboda, am sakiTxze srulyofil, amomwurav,
warmodgenas ver Camogviyalibebs. amas aqvs mniSvneloba. saqme

69
exeba aRniSnuli sakiTxis periodizaciis gansxvavebuli vari-
ants. SeiZleba iyos sxva periodizacia. am kuTxiT sakiTxis ga-
Suqeba albaT, interess moklebuli ar iqneba. amitom mizanSe-
wonilad vcaniT sakiTxis am kuTxiT gaSuqeba da vcadeT Cveni
pozicia dagvefiqsirebina. ra periodebi SeiZleba iyos es?
SeiZleba saqarTveloSi napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi
saqmianobiT daintereseba or periodad daiyos, romelsac
mkveTrad gamokveTili politikuri sarCuli gaaCnia: napo-
leonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis gaSuqeba gasabWoebam-
de qarTul sinamdvileSi da gasabWoebis Semdgom qarTul is-
toriografiaSi. amgvar periodizacias gaaCnia Tavisi rezoni,
azri. 1921 weli saqarTvelos gasabWoeba marTlac iyo mniS-
vnelovani niSansveti zogadad am dargis da konkretulad am
sakiTxis gaSuqebis dros. am sakiTxis ganxilva gasabWoebamde
sul sxva iyo da gasabWoebis Semdeg kidev sul sxva da amaze,
Tvalis daxuWva, aRniSnul sakiTxze srulyofil, amomwurav,
warmodgenas ver Camogviyalibebs. am or epoqas Soris princi-
puli gansxvaveba arsebobs, rac, uwinaresad, RirebulebebSi ga-
moixateba. saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikaSi, upirate-
sad, aqcenti keTdeboda Tavisufal azrovnebaze, istoriuli
movlenebisadmi mravalvariantul midgomaze, pluralizmze,
progresul-liberalur Rirebulebebze. saqme gvaqvs sakiTx-
isadmi mecnierul midgomasTan, romelsac, bunebrivia, gaaCnia
Tavisi Zlieri da susti mxareebi.
sruliad gansxvavebul viTarebas vxedavT saqarTvelos
gasabWoebis Semdeg. aqcenti keTdeba sul sxva principepze.
prioritetuli xdeba istoriuli movlenebisadmi monisturi
midgoma. romelmac Caanacvla pluralizmi, istoriuli mov-
lenebisadmi mravalvariantuli midgoma. formaciuli princi-
pi, klasobrivi brZolis faqtori, istoriuli movlenebisad-
mi klasobrivi midgoma. saqme gvaqvs istoriuli movlenebis
marqsistul-leninuri poziciebidan SefasebasTan, romelmac

70
Caanacvla Tavisufali azrovneba, progresul-liberalu-
ri Rirebulebebi. erT SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs sakiTxisadmi
mecnierul midgomasTan, romelsac, bunebrivia, gaaCnia Tavisi
plusebi da minusebi. meore SemTxvevaSi mdgomareoba sruli-
ad gansxvavebulia. saqme is gaxlavT, rom sabWoTa midgoma iyo
Zalze politizirebuli da ideologizirebuli da marqsis-
tul-leninuri interpretacia warmoadgenda ukanasknel WeS-
maritebas. moxda Tavisufali azrovnebis Canacvleba erTi vi-
wrodogmaturad gagebuli marqsistul-leninuri ideologiis
monopoliiT, diqtatiT. es ukve sxva midgoma iyo.
pirvel yovlisa mizanSewonilad migvaCnia gamovarkvioT
erTi sakiTxi. ra SeiZleba aviRoT gasabWoebamde qarTul is-
toriografiaSi napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis
gaSuqebis aTvlis wertilad? amas aqvs mniSvneloba. gasabWoe-
bamde qarTul realobaSi. saidan SeiZleba daviwyoT saqarT-
veloSi napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis gaSuqeba?
is mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi
saqmianobis periodizaciasTan da misi gamoZaxilia. es gaxlavT
erTi sakiTxis sxvadasxva rakursi.
es saSualebas mogvcems gamovarkvioT ramdenad marTl-
zomieri iqneboda napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis
gasabWoebamde periodze saubari?
saidan iwyeba am problemis gaSuqeba gasabWoebamde qarTul
realobaSi? XIX saukunis dasawyisi, rodesac Cndeba pirveli
informacia napoleonis cxovrebasa da moRvaweobaze? Tu am-
ave saukunis meore naxevari, rodesac gvxvdeba pirveli spo-
raduli cnobebi, saqarTveloSi napoleonis kanonSemoqmedeb-
iTi saqmianobaze? vfiqrobT, arc erTi da arc meore. saqme
is gaxlavT, rom is mwiri informacia, romelic am sakiTxze
mogvepoveba 1918 wlamde, cxadia, Zalian cotaa, sakmarisi ar
unda iyos. arsebobs mesame versia. es gaxlavT Tbilisis saxel-
mwifo universitetis gaxsna. saqarTvelos damoukideblobis

71
aRdgena. piradad Cven 1918 wlamde varCevdiT raime period-
izaciisagan mainc Tavi Segvekavebina. Cven migvaCnia, rom 1918
wlamde napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis period-
izaciaze aqcentireba, albaT, mainc did sifrTxiles moiTxovs
da naadrevi SeiZleba iyos. realurad gasabWoebamde periodi
metad xanmokle aRmoCnda da sul raRac sam welsac ar moicavs.
1918 wlis 26 maisidan 1921 wlis 25 Tebervlamde. ai, swored, es
gaxlavT saqarTveloSi napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmia-
nobis gaSuqeba gasabWoebamde qarTul istoriografiaSi. ram-
denad marTlzomieri iqneboda es arasruli sami weli aRviqvaT
rogorc napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis gaSuqeba
gasabWoebamde qarTul istoriografiaSi? es gaxlavT savsebiT
konkretuli periodi. napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmi-
anobis gaSuqeba 1918-1921 wlebSi saqarTvelos demokratiul
respublikaSi. vfiqrobT, es ufro swori iqneboda. napoleonis
kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis gaSuqeba gasabWoebamde qarTul
realobaSi XIX saukunis dasawyisidan an misi Sua xanebidan, 1921
wlamde. Zalian zogadia da xmamaRali naTqvami iqneboda, xolo
aRniSnuli problemis gaSuqeba 1918-1921 wlebSi saqarTvelos
demokratiul respublikaSi SedarebiT ufro konkretulia da
gacilebiT ufro misaRebi unda Candes.
da bolos unda SevexoT kidev erT, Cveni azriT, principul
sakiTxs, romlis gverdis avla, wayrueba, mizanSewonilad, ar
migvaCnia. saqme exeba gasabWoebis Semdgomi periodis calke ga-
moyofas 1921 wlidan dRemde da mis ganxilvas ara or, aramed
erT periodad. ramdenad marTlzomieri iqneboda sabWoTa da
postsabWoTa periodis erTad moazreba? ai, es gaxlavT swored
mTavari. saqarTveloSi napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmia-
nobis gaSuqeba gasabWoebis Semdgom qarTul istoriografiaSi
1921 wlidan dRemde? ramdenad gamarTlebuli Cans es nabiji?
am or periods Soris xom seriozuli gansxvaveba arsebobs, ro-
melic principul, konceptualur, xasiaTs atarebs da amaze

72
Tvalis daxuWva, am sakiTxze srulyofil, amomwurav, warmod-
genas ramdenad Camogviyalibebda? amgvari nabiji xelovnuri
xom ar iqneboda? amitom piradad Cven amgvari gaerTianebisagan
mainc Tavs SevikavebdiT. da Tu mainc aseTi aucilebelia misi
erT periodad moazreba, Tumca amis aucileblobas maincda-
mainc ver vxedavT, maSin is or qveperiodad SeiZleba daiyos.
saqme gvaqvs sakiTxis Sida periodizaciasTan. napoleonis kan-
onSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis gaSuqeba sabWoTa periodis qar-
Tul istoriografiaSi (1921-1991) da napoleonis kanonSemoq-
medebiTi saqmianobis ganxilva postsabWoTa periodis qarTul
istoriografiaSi (1991 wlidan dRemde). sinamdvileSi saqme
gvaqvs ara or qveperiodTan, aramed or periodTan, es aqtual-
uri Tema swored ase gvesaxeba.
maS ase, amgvarad dayofa saqarTvelos gasabWoebamde da
gasabWoebis Semdeg, cxadia, dRes ukve moZvelebulia da ar See-
sabameba Tanamedrove realiebs.
SeiZleba iyos napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis
periodizaciis kidev sxva variantebi, romelic emTxveva, faq-
tobrivad imeorebs, qarTuli napoleonianas periodizacias.
amjerad SevjerdebiT or SesaZlo variantze. saqme gvaqvs xuT
periodad dayofasTan:
1. napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis gaSuqeba XIX
saukunis pirveli naxevris qarTul realobaSi.
2. napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis gaSuqeba XIX
saukunis Sua xanebidan 1918 wlamde.
3. napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis gaSuqeba
1918-1921 wlebSi saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikaSi.
4. napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis gaSuqeba
sabWoTa periodis qarTul istoriografiaSi 1921-1991 wlebi.
5. napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis gaSuqeba
postsabWoTa periodis qarTul istoriografiaSi 1991 wlidan
dRemde.

73
 ramdenad marTlzomieri iqneboda qarTuli napoleonianas
da napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis periodizaciis
damTxvevis mcdeloba?
qarTul napoleonianas da napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebi-
Ti saqmianobis gaSuqebas Soris arsebobs gansxvaveba, romelic
specifiuri xasiaTisaa da erTmaneTs ar emTxveva. erT SemTx-
vevaSi saqme gvaqvs napoleonis cxovrebis da moRvaweobis aR-
werasTan, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi ki konkretul sakiTxTan,
napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis gaSuqebasTan.
pirveli siuJeti gacilebiT ufro saintereso da mimzidve-
li Cans, ufro metad gitacebs, vidre meore. pirvel sakiTxze
gacilebiT ufro meti iwereba, vidre meoreze. mniSvnelovan-
wilad, swored, amiT unda iyos gamowveuli, rom qarTuli napo-
leonianas ZiriTadi etapebi da napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi
saqmianobis gaSuqeba erTmaneTs ar emTxveva da gansxvavebulia.
amitom masze rogorc napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmi-
anobis gaSuqebis or periodze apelireba albaT, mainc didi
sifrTxiles moiTxovs da mizanSewonili ar iqneba. am Temaze
Cvens xelT arsebuli Zunwi informaciis gamo 1918 wlamde napo-
leonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis periodebad dayofaze
saubari albaT gadaWarbebuli SeiZleba iyos da uxerxulad
migvaCnia. amitom, Cveni azriT, napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi
saqmianobis, qarTuli napoleonianas msgavsad, xuT periodad
dayofa, miuRebelia da aRniSnuli sakiTxis adekvatur suraTs
ver gvixatavs.
SesaZloa, SedarebiT ufro realisturi Candes saqarT-
veloSi napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis gaSuqeba
davyoT ara xuT, aramed oTx periodad, romlis aTvlis wer-
tilad SeiZleba miviCnioT ara XIX saukunis dasawyisi, rogorc
es pirvel SemTxvevaSi iyo, aramed XIX saukunis Sua xanebSi,
rodesac gaCnda pirveli sporaduli cnobebi napoleonis kan-
onSemoqmedebiT saqmianobaze. XIX saukunis dasawyisis qarTu-

74
li realobis Semdeg, rodesac napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi
saqmianobis gaSuqeba, kadrs miRma rCeboda da maT mizans ar
warmoadgenda es, ueWvelad, wingadadgmuli nabiji iyo, magram
es mwiri informacia, cxadia, Zalian cotaa, sakmarisi ar unda
iyos da masze rogorc napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmia-
nobis gaSuqebis pirvel periodze saubari gadaWarbebuli iqne-
boda da naadrevad migvaCnia. napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi
saqmianobis popularizacia individualur, epizodur xasiaTs
iZens. rogorc ukve iTqva, yvelaze ufro ukeTes SemTxvevaSi,
albaT, upriani iqneboda Tu am monakveTs saqarTveloSi napo-
leonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis gaSuqebis mosamzadeb-
el etapad, uvertiurad, Sesavalad, winaistoriad, moviazreb-
diT da ara calke pirvel periodad.

***
amrigad, yovelive zemoTqmuls im daskvnamde mivyavarT,
rom mizanSewonilad migvaCnia saqarTveloSi napoleonis kan-
onSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis gaSuqeba pirobiT sam periodad
SeiZleba daiyos, romelic aSkarad cildeba wminda akademiur
CarCoebs da mkveTrad gamokveTili politikuri sarCuli uZevs
safuZvlad, rac kargi cxovrebiT, ar iyo ganpirobebuli.
yvelaze ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, istoriuli monakveTi, XIX
saukunis Sua xanebidan 1918 wlamde, rodesac Cndeba pirveli
sporaduli cnobebi napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiT saqmiano-
baze, mizanSewonilad migvaCnia pirobiT moviazroT rogorc
aRniSnuli problemis gaSuqebis mosamzadebeli periodi, uver-
tura, Sesavali, winaistoria. piradad Cven es sakiTxi, swored,
ase gvesaxeba.
saqarTveloSi napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis
gaSuqeba pirobiT sam periodad SeiZleba davyoT, romelic

75
vfiqrobT, sakmaod gamWvirvalea da, umTavresad, politikur
kataklizmebTan asocirdeba.
1. napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis Seswavla,
popularizacia, 1918-1921 wlebSi saqarTvelos demokratiuli
respublikaSi.
2. napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis Seswavla,
popularizacia, sabWoTa periodis qarTul istoriografiaSi
1921-1991 wlebi.
3. napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis Seswavla
postsabWoTa periodis qarTul istoriografiaSi 1991 wlidan
dRemde.
TiToeuli es periodi Tavis mxriv kidev iyofa qveperiode-
bad. faqtobrivad, saqme gvaqvs sakiTxis SidaperiodizaciasTan.
am kuTxiT sakiTxis gaSuqeba, albaT, interess moklebuli ar
iyo.
am problemis ganxilvas, swored, napoleonis kanonSemoq-
medebiTi saqmianobas, sam periodad dayofa daudeviT safuZ-
vlad.

76
 literatura:

1. T. anTaZe, m. kalandaZe, saqarTveloSi safrangeTis didi

revoluciis da napoleonis epoqis sakvanZo momentebi,
saistorio Ziebani, XII, Tb. 2015,
2. n. baraTaSvili, poemebi, leqsebi, Tb., 1968.
3. al. orbeliani, napalioni da maSindeli angliis mTavroba,
sityva mamulis trapesze, Tb., 1999.
4. m. kalandaZe. napoleoni qarTul sityvakamzul litera-
turaSi., Tb. 2008.
5. r. CxeiZe, Cemi wili vaterloo, Tb., 2016.
6. v. donaZe, safrangeTis axali istoriis aqtualuri prob-
lemebi da qarTuli publicistika. (XIX saukunis meore nax-
evari), Tb., 1978.
7. n. nikolaZe, germaniis mdgomareoba., Txz, t. 2. Tb., 1962.
8. n. nikolaZe, SarSan da SarSanwin, t. 3. Tb., 1962.
9. Н. Николадзе, На праздники gaz `Новое обозрение~, 1889. #2046.
10. g. kiRuraZe, safrangeTis didi burJuaziuli revoluciis
istoriidan Tb., 1963.
11. g. wereTeli, kikoliko, Cikoliko da budabzika (mgzavris
werilebi), Tb., 1935.
12. A. Galvet, Napoleon, Paris, 1943.
13. История Франции, т. 2. М., 1972.
14. kvali, 1900, #2.
15. М. Блок, Характерные черты французской аграрной истории, М.,
1957.
16. g. yoranaSvili, ra mizniT iswavleba istoria skolaSi, lit-
eraturuli saqarTvelos, 14 noemberi, 2014.
17. g. yoranaSvili, ra mizniT daiwera es istoriis saxelmZR-
vanelo, istoriuli vertikalebi, 23. 2016.
18. m. kalandaZe. istoriorafiuli etiudebi, nawili meore,
Tb., 2019.

77
 Tavi meore

napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis Seswavla

1918-1921 wlebSi saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikaSi

sakiTxi aris saintereso da am rakursiT misi gaSuqeba aqtu-

alurad migvaCnia. es amis gakeTebis pirveli mcdelobaa. es ar-
caa gasakviri. didi xnis ganmavlobaSi es iyo tabudadebuli
Tema. aseTi iyo politikuri neba.
es monakveTi, am dargis istoriis, konkretulad ki aRniSnu-
li sakiTxis gaSuqebis, erT-erTi saintereso periodia, romel-
ic totalitarul-bolSevikuri reJimis ZalixsmeviT, didi xnis
ganmavlobaSi, eliminirebuli, amoRebuli, aRmoCnda am dargis
istoriidan da farTo sazogadoebis Tvalsawiers miRma rCebo-
da. aseTi iyo politikuri neba. amgvari midgoma Zalze politi-
zirebuli da ideologizirebuli iyo da yovelgvar mecnierul
safuZvels moklebulia. amave dros is antierovnuli, anti-
patrotuli, iyo. es imiT gamoixateboda, rom misi mTavari
amosavali wertili gaxldaT 1918-1921 wlebSi saqarTvelos
suverenul respublikaSi gamosuli msoflio istoriis pirve-
li erovnuli saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebis sruli ugulebe-
lyofa, ignorireba. iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneboda TiTqos am
sferoSi da konkretulad aRniSnul problemaze saqarTvelos
gasabWoebamde pozitiuri araferi iyo gakeTebuli. es gaxlavT
kidev erTi bolSevikuri miTi. sinamdvile sul sxvagvarad iyo.
Cven vcadeT gagvesworebina es Seusabamoba. mis mTavar
postulatad 1918-1921 wlebSi saqarTvelos demokratiul res-

78
publikaSi gamosuli axali istoriis pirveli erovnuli sasko-
lo saxelmZRvaneloebis reanimacia gvevlineba. es saxelmZR-
vaneloebi aRniSnuli dargis istoriis saintereso wyaroa,
romelic saSualebas gvaZlevs mecnierulad, argumentire-
bulad, gavabaTiloT mTeli rigi marqsistuli kliSeebi da
stereotipebi, romelmac myarad daimkvidra adgili qarTuli
sazogadoebis cnobierebaSi. miTebs realoba amsxvrevs.
am saxelmZRvaneloebis Seufasebloba mizanSewonili ar
iqneboda. maT saSualeba misces saqarTvelos demokratiuli
respublikis mesveurebs Tavidan aecilebinaT am dargSi mosa-
lodneli kolafsi, romlis didi albaToba arsebobda. SeiZle-
ba iTqvas, rom saxelmZRavenloebma Tavisi misia met-naklebad,
SeZlebisdagvarad, warmatebiT Seasrules. maTi mniSvneloba,
vfiqrobT, swored amaSi unda mdgomareobdes.

***
saqarTveloSi napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobiT
dainteresebis pirvelma seriozulma simptomebma, niSnebma Tavi
iCina ara sabWoTa periodis qarTuli istoriografiaSi, ro-
gorc amas didi xnis ganmavlobaSi gvimtkicebdnen, aramed gac-
ilebiT ufro adre, jer kidev 1918-1921 wlebSi saqarTvelos
suverenul respublikaSi. es kidev erTi sabWoTa miTia, romel-
ic realur faqtebTan Sexebis SemTxvevaSi martivad baTildeba.
am TvalsazrisiT, yuradRebas ipyrobs 1918-1921 wlebSi
saqarTvelos suverenuli respublikaSi ganxorcielebuli pir-
veli RonisZiebebi. daiwyo muSaoba `axali istoriis~ pirveli
erovnul saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebze. ra Tqma unda, es ar
iyo patara saqme da aq nihilisturi damokidebuleba sruliad
uadgilo iqneboda.

79
 Cveni azriT, es monakveTi saqarTveloSi aRniSnuli sakiTx-
is Seswavlis, ufro zustad rom vTqvaT, popularizaciis, pir-
vel periodad SeiZleba miviCnioT. saqarTveloSi napoleonis
kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobiT dainteresebis aTvlis wer-
tilad SeiZleba aRebuli iqnas ara XIX saukunis dasawyisi an
Sua xanebi, an 1921 weli, aramed swored, 1918 weli. es arcaa
gasakviri da, pirvel yovlisa, or garemoebasTan asocirdeba.
didi ivane javaxiSvilis mier Tbilisis saxelmwifo universi-
tetis gaxsnasTan da saqarTvelos suverenitetis aRdgenasTan.
ai aseTi gaxldaT sinamdvile, romelic mosvenebas ukargavda
bolSevikebs da ekaliviT erWobodaT TvalSi. umTavresad, to-
talitarul-bolSevikuri reJimis ZalisxmeviT, es monakveTi
kadris miRma aRmoCnda, gaqra, gauCinarda, TiTqosda arc ki
arsebula realurad. es periodi eliminirebuli, amoRebuli,
iqna saerTod am dargis da konkretulad am Temis gaSuqebis
warsulidan da qarTuli sazogadoebis cnobierebaSi mrude
sarkeSi aisaxa. faqtebis sawinaaRmdegod gvimtkicebdnen, rom
am dargSi saqarTvelos gasabWoebamde pozitiuri araferi
xdeboda. damoukidebeli saqarTvelos warmatebebis diskret-
izaciis fonze xdeboda sabWoTa realobis gandideba. rogorc
ukve iTqva, amgvari midgoma Zalze politizirebuli da ide-
ologizirebuli iyo da araviTari mecnieruli safuZveli ar
gaaCnda. is iyo antierovnuli da antipatriotuli. Cven vcadeT
gagvesworebina es Seusabamoba da aRniSnuli sakiTxis ganxilva
wminda mecnierul, akademiur kalapotSi dagvebrunebina. sul
sxva aqcentebi davsviT. sul sxva faseulobebi davsaxeT ufro
Rirebulad. 1918-1921 wlebSi saqarTvelos demokratiul res-
publikaSi gamosuli axali istoriis pirveli erovnuli sasko-
lo saxelmZRvaneloebis reanimacia amis logikur dagvirgvine-
bad gvevlineba. am dargis, konkretulad aRniSnuli sakiTxis
evoluciis, sul sxva da SeiZleba gacilebiT realisturi su-
raTi davdeT.

80
 napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis gaSuqebam 1918-
1921 wlebSi demokratiul saqarTveloSi respublikaSi samecnie-
ro-popularuli xasiaTi SeiZina da, upiratesad, asaxva pova ax-
ali istoriis pirvel erovnul saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebSi. im
eqstremalur viTarebaSi, drois mcire monakveTSi, praqtikulad
caitnotSi, ubralod, metis gakeTeba ver moaswres. risi gakeTe-
bac moaswres gaakeTes. saqarTvelos istoriis `patara oqros
xana~ metad xanmokle aRmoCnda. mniSvnelovanwilad, swored,
amiT aixsneba, rom Cveni wyaroTmcodneobiTi baza Zalian mwiria
da, umTavresad, swored, am saxelmZRvaneloebiT Semoifargle-
ba. es Zunwi informacia, ra Tqma unda, Zalian cotaa. sxva ufro
xelSesaxebi masala, samwuxarod. unda iTqvas, rom ar gagvaCnia.
rac gvaqvs imas unda davjerdeT da amis gverdis avlis fufu-
neba iseT patara qveyanas rogoric saqarTveloa ubralod ar
gaaCnia. yvela informacias, bralians da ubralos TvalisCini-
viT unda gavufrTxildeT.
Tu aqamde napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobiT
dainteresebis areali Jurnal-gazeTebis, Jurnalistikis,
publicistikis, farglebs ar cildeboda. axla man samecnie-
ro-popularuli xasiaTis SeiZina da gadainacvla axali isto-
riis pirvel erovnul saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebSi. es im pe-
riodis qarTuli realobis fonze wingadadagmuli nabiji iyo
da amaze, Tvalis daxuWva, rogorc es xdeboda sabWoTa period-
Si, mizanSewonili ar iqneboda.
1918-1921 wlebSi saqarTvelos suverenul respublikaSi
gamosuli axali istoriis pirvel erovnul saskolo saxelmZ-
RvaneloebSi, bunebrivia, napoleonis cxovrebasa da moRvaweo-
bas saTanado adgili aqvs daTmobili da SeZlebisdagvaradaa
gaSuqebuli, es asec unda iyos. es gaxlavT am saxelmZRvaneloe-
bis erT-erTi saintereso monakveTi. faqtobrivad, saqme gvaqvs
mcire moculobis saintereso istoriuli narkvevis Seqmnis
mcdelobasTan, romelic, Cveni azriT, warmatebulad SeiZleba

81
miviCnioT. mas Rirsebebi gacilebiT ufro meti gaaCnia, vidre
nakli. mas wminda SemecnebiTi datvirTva aqvs da napoleonis
cxovrebis da moRvaweobis popularizacias isaxavda miznad.
rogorc Cven gvgonia, saxelmZRvaneloebis avtorebi napoleo-
nis cxovrebis da moRvaweobis Sefasebas progresul-liberal-
uri poziciebidan cdilobdnen. mniSvnelovanwilad, swored,
amiT aixsneba, rom isini napoleonisadmi simpatiebiT unda
iyvnen ganwyobilni da mis mimarT komplimentebs ar iSureben,
qaTinaurebiT amkoben. napoleonze msjelobis dros maTi zea-
weuli toni amis logikur dagvirgvinebad gvevlineba. isini
qarTuli napoleonianas bonapartistul mimarTulebas unda
mivakuTnoT. (1).
napoleonisadmi saxelmZRvaneloebis avtorebis keTilgan-
wyobili damokidebileba Tavisebur xasiaTs atarebs da, um-
Tavresad, imiT gamoixateba, rom napoleonis triumfaluri
samxedro warmatebebiT gamowveuli emociebi dominirebs mis
kanonSemoqmedebiT saqmianobaze. „administraciul bonapar-
tze“. is pirvelis CrdilSi aRmoCnda da meorexarisxovani,
damxmare funqcia daekisra. amgvari midgoma, cxadia, SemTxvevi-
Ti araa da evropuli, pirvel rigSi ki, ra Tqma unda, rusuli
istoriografiis gavlenis gamoZaxilia da savsebiT Seesatyvise-
boda am periodis istoriul mecnierebis mkacri moTxovnebs.
dRevandeli gadasaxedidan am saxelZRvaneloebis mkacrad
gansja mizanSewonili ar iqneboda. es maT mniSvnelobaze adek-
vatur warmodgenas ver Segviqmnis. amitom amgvari damok-
idebuleba Zalze xistad migvaCnia da miuRebelia.
ra Tqma unda, mTavari iyo napoleonis triumfaluri samxe-
dro warmatebebi da es advili gasagebia. amave dros unda iTqvas,
rom kadrs miRma arc napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianoba
rCeboda. es, cxadia, Zalian kargia. swored, es mcire informacia
gvevlineba Cveni gansjis sagnad, Cvens mTavar wyarod. ai aseTia
realoba. misi arc Selamazeba da arc gamuqeba, cxadia, ar ivargebs.

82
 saxelmZRvaneloebSi ganixilaven napoleonis moRvaweobas
da bunebrivia, Seexeba mis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobas.
es, cxadia, Zalian kargia da napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi
saqmianoba uyuradRebod ar rCeba. saxelmZRvaneloebSi masze
mcire informacias wavawydebiT. es napoleonze maTi msjelo-
bis erT-erTi plusia.
am msjelobisadmi nihilisturi damokidebuleba swori ar
unda iyos da sabWoTa midgomis wisqvilze asxams wyals. pirvel
yovlisa, mizanSewinilad migvaCnia swori kriteriumis SerCeva.
amas aqvs mniSvneloba. da am sakiTxze adekvaturi warmodge-
na Camogviyalibebda. daviwyoT imiT, rom aq mkacri mecnieru-
li kriteriumi sazomad ar gamodgeba. saxelmZRvaneloebis
avtorebis winaSe gacilebiT ufro mokrZalebuli amocana
idga da wminda SemecnebiTi datvirTva gaaCnda. is am sakiTx-
is popularizacias iTvaliswinebda. es xom skolis saxelmZR-
vaneloebia. es mwiri informacia qarTul sazogadoebas, pir-
vel rigSi ki, moswavle axalgazrdobas, kargad daakvalianebda
da napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiT saqmianobaze zogad war-
modgenas Seuqmnida. am kulturtregerul misias maT SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom urigod rodi gaarTves Tavi, rac maT warmatebad
migvaCnia. mTeli am msjelobis mniSvneloba, vfiqrobT, swored,
amaSi unda mdgomareobdes. amitom es saxelmZRvaneloebi XX
saukunis dasawyisis qarTuli istoriografiis mniSvnelovan
SenaZenad migvaCnia.
es Zunwi masala sainteresoa, SemecnebiTi datvirTva gaaCnia
da qarTul realobaSi napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmia-
nobis gacnoebierebis pirvel Tu ara erT-erT pirvel mcde-
lobad gvevlineba. is Zalian kargad Tavsdeba am problemis
popularizaciis CarCebSi.
aq yuradReba unda mivaqcioT erT garemoebas, romelic
sainteresoa da dagvexmareba am Temas kidev ufro meti naTe-
li movfinoT. safiqrelia, rom am sakiTxSi isini imaze gac-

83
ilebiT ufro kargad unda yofiliyvnen Caxedulebi, vidre es
am saxelmZRvaneloebis aRniSnuli monakveTidan SeiZleba Can-
des. es masala, SesaZloa, am Temaze maTi codnis mxolod frag-
mentebi iyos.

***
axla SeudgeT konkretulad saxelmZRvaneloebis ganxilvas.
mas ori mxare gaaCnia: garegani ganxilva da Sinagani ganxilva.
pirveli zogad mimoxilvas isaxavs miznad. meore ki ufro konk-
retul xasiaTs atarebs da miznad isaxavs gamoarkvios saxelmZ-
Rvaneloebis Zlieri da susti mxareebi da SeZlebisadagvarad
Seecados axsnas misi gamomwvevi mizezebi.
ra Tqma unda, saxelmZRvaneloebi ar warmoadgens faqtebis
mSral Txrobas. is araa faqtebis ubralo grova. maSin is sain-
tereso ar iqneboda. maT msjelobas gaaCnia SefasebiTi dat-
virTva, rac mas istoriografiul muxts sZens. es sainteresoa
da saSualebas gvaZlevs vcadoT gamovarkvioTY Tu rogori
SeiZleba yofiliyo maTi damokidebuleba napoleonis kanon-
SemoqmedebiTi saqmianobisadmi. saxelmZRvaneloebs gaaCnia ori
mxare. faqtologiuri, rogor icnoben isini sakiTxis empiri-
ul, faqtobriv mxares, da rogor afaseben napoleonis kanon-
SemoqmedebiT saqmianobas. faqti da misi interprireba. orive
aspeqti, vfiqrobT, saintereso unda iyos.
Cveni azriT, napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis
gaSuqebis dadebiT momentebad SeiZleba miviCnioT.
1. daviwyoT imiT, rom isini sakmaod Caxedulebas amJRavne-
ben napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobaSi. es, cxadia,
Zalian kargia, aseTi informirebuloba, ra Tqma unda, SemTx-
veviTi rodia. cariel niadagze ar aRmocenebula da empiri-
uli, faqtobrivi, masalis codnis logikuri Sedegia. amas
didi mniSvneloba aqvs da am Temaze maT msjelobas mtkice sa-

84
Zirkvels uqmnis. faqtebis codnis gareSe istorikosi nabijs
ver gadadgams win. faqtobrivi masalis floba am Temaze maTi
msjelobis erT-erT mTavar Rirsebad migvaCnia. mniSvnelovan-
wilad amiT iyo ganpirobebuli, rom isini swored, gadmocemd-
nen napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiT saqmianobas.
2. napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis dadebiTi
Sefaseba, vfiqrobT, SemTxveviTi ar yofila, cariel niadag-
ze ar aRmocenebula da misi mizezebi pirvel yovlisa, maT
msoflmxedvelobaSi unda veZioT. mniSvnelovanwilad es imiT
aixsneba, rom napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis Se-
fasebas isini progresuli-liberaluri poziciidan cdilobd-
nen. am SemTxvevaSi kvalSi miyvebodnen evropul, pirvel rigSi
ki, ra Tqma unda, rusul istoriografias. es iyo sakiTxisad-
mi mecnieruli midgoma, romelsac bunebrivia, gaaCnda Tavisi
plusebi da minusebi.
3. sakiTxisadmi dabalansebuli midgoma am Temaze maTi msj-
elobis kidev erTi plusia. aq, ra Tqma unda, vgulisxmobT imas
rom saxelmZRvaneloSi ar SeiniSneba napoleonis kanonSemoq-
medebiTi saqmianobis xotba-dideba, rac laitmotovad gasdevs
apologetur literaturas da arc negatiuri Sefaseba, rac
damaxasiaTebeli iyo konservatiuli wreebisaTvis. isini xazs
usvamen `napoleonis kodeqsis~ rogorc dadebiT mxareebs ise
sust wertilebs. es iyo mecnieruli midgoma, romelic, upi-
ratesad, progresul-liberalur Rirebulebebzea gaTvlili.
4. maT, vfiqrobT, kargad unda hqonodaT gacnobierebuli,
rom napoleoni SeZlebisdagvarad cdilobda daecva safran-
geTis didi revoluciis socialuri monapovari. es saxelmZ-
Rvaneloebis am monakveTis kidev erTi dadebiTi mxare unda
iyos.
5. napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis gaSuqeba,
vfiqrobT. savsebiT Seesatyviseboda XX saukunis dasawyisis
istoriuli mecnierebis saerTo moTxovnebs da imJamindeli qa-

85
rTuli istoriografis fonze, rodesac am sakiTxze qarTul
enaze, faqtobrivad, araferi iyo dawerili windagadadmul
nabijs warmoadgenda da jer kidev didi niko nikolaZis mier
dawyebuli saqmis logikur gagrZelebad gvevlineba, rac im pe-
riodis qarTuli istoriografiis warmateba iyo.
6. da bolos unda davZinoT, rom napoleonis kanonSemoq-
medebiTi saqmianobis gaSuqebis am mokrZlebul mcdelobas
pozitiuri muxti gaaCnia da qarTul realobaSi am sakiTxis
popularizacis pirvel Tu ara erT-erT pirvel mcdelobad
gvevlineba. misi mniSvneloba, vfiqrobT, swored amaSi unda
mdgomareobdes. aq yovelgvari skefsisi uadgiloa da sabWoTa
koncefciis reanimacia iqneboda, rac, sruliad miuRebelia.
erTi ukiduresobidan meoreSi ar unda aRmovCndeT, aq, cxa-
dia, vgulisxmobT imas, rom saxelmZRvaneloebis am monakveTis
apologeturi Sefaseba gadaWarbebuli unda iyos da mizanSe-
wonili ar iqneboda. es napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmia-
nobis popularizaciis saqmeSi maT mier Setanil wvlilze adek-
vatur warmodgenas ver Segviqmnis.

***
axla modiT konkretulad vnaxoT rogoraa es Tema ganxi-
luli 1918-1921 wlebSi saqarTvelos suverenul respublikaSi
gamosul axal istoriis pirvel erovnul saskolo saxelmZR-
vaneloebSi.
saxelmZRvaneloebSi, ra Tqma unda, didi yuradReba eqceva
napoleonis triumfalur warmatebebs, pirvel rigSi `samxedro
bonapartizms~, magram amave dros gverds ar uvlian da Zalian
mokled ganixilaven napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiT saqmianobas
`administraciul bonapartizms~. es cxadia, Zalian kargia, am
Temis win wamoweva napoleonis cxovrebis da moRvaweobis ga-
Suqebis kidev erTi plusia (1. 114-118).

86
 daviwyoT imiT, rac mTavaria. isini swored gadmogvcemen
napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobas. es, cxadia, Zalian
kargia da didi mniSvneloba aqvs. isini sakmao Caxedulebas
iCenen napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiT saqmianobaSi da cdilo-
ben gaerkvnen mis avkargianobaSi. es am Temaze maTi msjelobis
kidev erTi dadebiTi mxarea.
es Tema sainteresod aris ganxiluli dimitri uznaZis da
ivane gvelesianis `axali istoriis~ pirvel erovnul saskolo
saxelmZRvaneloSi. aq, bunebrivia, yuradReba aqvs daTmobili
napoleonis cxovrebis da moRvaweobis ganxilvas, mis trium-
falur warmatebebs, magram arc napoleonis kanonSemoqmedeb-
iTi saqmianobas uvlian dumiliT gverds da mokled Cerdebian
am Temaze. isini mcire informacias awvdian mkiTxvels, pirvel
rigSi ki, ra Tqma unda, moswavle axalgazrdobas napoleonis
kanonSemoqmedebiT saqmianobaze. es, cxadia Zalian kargia.
maT kargad unda hqonodaT gacnobierebuli `napoleo-
nis kodeqsis~ istoriuli mniSvneloba, mis progresuli xas-
iaTi. ai, ras werdnen isini. `napoleonis kodeqsSi~ samoqalaqo
ufleba or safuZvelze iyo aSenebuli _ kanonis winaSe mo-
qalaqeTa Tanasworobaze da individualizmze~ (2. 120-121).
napoleonma scada SeenarCunebina safrangeTis didi revolu-
ciis socialuri monapovari. amaze miniSneba, vfiqrobT, sakma-
od gamWvirvalea da kargad ikiTxeba, `amas Tan mohyva sisxlis
samarTlis kodeqsi da Semdeg sisxlis samarTlis, samoqalaqo
da komerciuli samarTlis warmoebis kodeqsi~. am kapitaluri
iuridiuli naSromiT samoqalaqo wyobilebaSi sabolood da-
kanonda yvelaferi, rac revoluciiT iyo mopovebuli~. (2. 121).
aq yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT or garemoebaze. pirveli, esaa am
sakiTxSi maTi informirebuloba, Caxeduleba, meore, xazgas-
mulia napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis genetiku-
ri kavSiri revoluciasTan. napoleoni Seecada SeenarCunebina
revoluciis socialuri monapovari. vinaidan saqme gvaqvs sko-

87
lis saxelmZRvanelosTan, napoleonis mier miRebul sxvadasxva
kodeqsebze apelireba, cxadia, Zalian kargia, magram sasurveli
xom ar iqneboda maTi TariRebis miTiTeba? yovel SemTxveva-
Si `napoleonis kodeqsis~ mainc? amas SemecnebiTi datvirTva
hqonda. 1804 wlis 21 marts miiRes `samoqalaqo kodeqsi~ ro-
melsac istorkosebma `napoleonis kodeqsi~ uwodes, 1808 wlis
1 ianvars miiRes `komerciuli kodeqsi~, xolo 1811 wlis 1 ian-
vars: `sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi~ (3. 490-491).
`napoleonis kodeqsis~ dadebiTi Sefaseba savsebiT marTl-
zomieri unda iyos da misaRebi Cans. amave dros maT SeumCnev-
eli ar darCeniaT is siaxleebi, romelic napoleonma danerga
ganaTlebis sferoSi. xazs usvamen mis istoriulad progresul
xasiaTs, (2.221). `napoleonma saZirkveli Cauyara saxalxo ga-
naTlebis im organizacias, romelic dRemde arsebobs sruli-
ad ucvlelad. marTalia, mis dros dabali safexuris skolebi
ar arsebobda, magram, umaRles da saSualo ganaTlebis dargSi
dRemde arsebiTi cvlileba ar momxdara~ (4. 128).
napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis dadebiT momen-
tebTan erTad aRniSnaven mis susts mxareebs. savsebiT veTanx-
mebiT d. uznaZes da iv. gvelesians, rodesac xazs usvamen, imas,
rom sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba ufro susti iyo. `1799 wels
sakanonmdeblo ufleba aRmasrulebel uflebas daumorCiles~
(2. 118).
maT am saqmeSi arc napoleonis rolis xazgasma aviwydebaT.
`marTalia, mis SedgenaSi umTavresi roli specialits ekuTno-
da, magram mTavari sakiTxebis gadawyvetaSi. pirveli konsulic
xSirad iRebda monawileobas da amitom misi Rvawlis am mxriv
daufasebelia~. (2. 121). unda aRiniSnos, rom isini ar azviade-
ben am saqmeSi napoleonis rols, rac igrZnoba apologetur
literaturaSi, es am Temaze maTi msjelobis kidev erT Rirse-
bad migvaCnia.

88
 zogierTi sakiTxis Semdgomi srulyofa, daxvewa, Cveni
azriT, gamoricxuli ar SeiZleba iqnas, uwinaresad, aseTad
migvaCnia napoleonis mmarTvelobis samxedro xasiaTze ape-
lireba. ai ras werdnen isini. `general bonapartes ideals is
Seadgenda, rom samoqalaqo organizacia srulad samxedro or-
ganizaciisTvis daemsgavsebina. moxeleebi misTvis oficrebi
iyvnen. qveSevrdomebi ki samoqalaqo wyobis jariskacebi~. (2.
121).
napoleonis samxedro diqtaturaze apelireba, albaT,
mainc did sifrTxiles moiTxovs da sakamaTo SeiZleba iyo.
Tanamedrove frangi istorikosi Jan tiulari, romelic napo-
leobis TayvanismcemelTa rigebs Zalian Zneli iqneboda miva-
kuTnoT, aRniSnavs, rom `napoleonis reJimi ar warmoadgenda
samxedro diqtaturas. saxelmwifo xelisuflebam SeinarCuna
samoqalaqo xasiaTi, xSirad saxalxo referendumze gansaxil-
velad gamohqondaT saxelmwifo gadawyvetilebebi. es imdroin-
deli evropis politikur praqtikaSi uprecedento SemTxveva
gaxldaT da ucxo iyo, rogorc konstituciuri monarqiis, ise
liberaluri respublikisTvis. amas didi mniSvneloba hqonda.
es napoleonis reJims farTo lavirebis politikis saSualebas
uqmnida, rasac is axorcielebda kidec~. (5. 6). siesis TqmiT:
`es iyo samxedro xelisuflebidan yvelaze ufro samoqalaqo~.
sxva saxelmZRvaneloebSi aRniSnuli sakiTxis ganxilvam
garkveuli ukmarisobis grZnoba gagviCina, magram misi gaSuqebis
mcdeloba dadebiTad migvaCnia. am sakiTxisadmi gverdis avla
gamarTlebuli ar iqneboda.
napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis gacnobierebis
kidev erT mcdelobasTan gvaqvs saqme. cnobili qarTvel is-
torikosis, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi msoflios is-
toriis pirveli leqtoris, simon avalianis `axali istoriis~
pirvel erovnul saskolo saxelmZRvaneloSi, dazustebas saW-
iroebs prof. aleqsandre namoraZis mosazreba TiTqosda `ax-

89
laddaarsebul universitetSi gr. naTaZem pirvelad waikiTxa
msoflios istoriis kursi da saTanado gza da mimarTuleba
misca momaval leqtorTa muSaobas~ (7. 366). msoflio istoriis
kursis pirveli leqtori Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi
`araCveulebrivad ganaTlebuli pirovneba, cnobili qarTveli
istorikosi, ekonomisti, socialogi, batoni simon avaliani
iyo~. (8. 363. 9. 9).
is, rogorc am dargis specialisti, aqtiurad aRmoCnda Cab-
muli `axali istoriis~ pirveli erovnuli saskolo saxelmZR-
vanelos Seqmnis procesSi. man dawera `axali istoriis~ pirve-
li erovnuli saskolo saxelmZRvanelo, romelic im periodis
qarTuli istoriografiis fonze wingadaddgmul nabijs war-
moadgenda da XX saukunis dasawyisis qarTuli istoriografi-
is warmateba iyo. es axali istoriis swavlebis da Seswavlis,
popularizaciis saqmeSi mis mTavar damsaxurebad gvevlineba.
marTalia, mas sagangebo gamokvelevebi am dargSi ar dauweria,
magram erTi kargi saqmis gakeTeba mainc moaswro. es gaxlavT
misi CarTuloba „axali istoriis“ pirveli erovnuli sasko-
lo saxelmZRvanelos Seqmnis saqmeSi, rac, etyoba, uneblieT
gamorCa mxedvelobidan istorikos lali fircxalavas, Tavisi
saintereso statiaSi „evropis da amerikis qveynebis axali da
uaxlesi istoriis kaTedris istoria~. rac, am sferoSi simon
avalianis mier Setanil wvlilze srulyofil, amomwurav, war-
moadgenas ver gviqmnis. (9. 9). Cven vcadeT gagvesworebina es
Seusabamoba da aRgvedgina realoba. (10. 11).
simon avaliani `axali istoriis~ pirvel erovnul saskolo
saxelmZRvaneloSi, bunebrivia, ganixilavs napoleonis cxovre-
bas da moRvaweobas da mokled mis kanonSemoqmedebiT saqmia-
nobazec Cerdeba, (12. 184-186). ra Tqma unda, saxelZRvaneloSi
didi yuradReba aqvs daTmobili napoleonis politikas, mis
triumfalur warmatebebs. es asec unda iyos, magram uyuradRe-
bod arc misi kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianoba rCeba da Zalian

90
mokled ganixilavs mas. ai, ras werda igi. `napoleonma Seadgi-
na komisia daxelovnebuli iuristebisagan, komisiam daamuSava
samoqalaqo kodeqsi an krebuli kanonebisa, romelsac ewodeba
`napoleonis kodeqsis~ saxeli, kodeqsi aRiarebda, rom moqa-
laqeni Tanasworni arian kanonis winaSe, moqalaqes sruli Ta-
visufleba aqvs qonebis gankargvisa. kodeqsi imdenad martivi
Sinaarsis iyo, rom bevri saxelmwifosaTvis sanimuSod gadaiq-
ca. samoqalaqo kodeqsis SemuSavebis Semdeg damuSavebuli iyo
kidev kodeqsi sisxlis samarTlisa da sasamarTlo warmoebisa~.
(12. 185-186). yuradRebas ipyrobs misi informirebuloba, rac
empiriuli, faqtobrivi, masalis codnis logikuri Sedegia.
es am Temaze misi msjelobis plusia. napoleonis kanonSemoq-
medebisadmi misi damokidebuleba dadebiTia. mas kargad unda
hqonoda gacnobierebuli `napoleonis kodeqsis~ istoriulad
progresuli mniSvneloba. vinaidan saqme exeba skolis saxelmZ-
Ravnelos sasurveli iqneboda miTiTebuli yofiliyo `napo-
leonis kodeqsis~ miRebis TariRi, es moxda 1804 wlis 21 marts.
amas SemecnebiTi mniSvneloba hqonda.
simon avaliani rogorc liberali xom ar amuqebda saqmis
realur viTarebas? napoleonis dros absolutizmis aRdgenaze
saubari. albaT, mainc sifrTxiles moiTxovda da damajerebeli
ar unda iyos. (12.186).
napoleonis dros marTlac moxda Zveli reJimisken Se-
mobruneba, magram es ganxorcielda sul sxva xarisxSi da es
aucileblad gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnas. is cdilobs xazi
gausvas napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis Zlier da
sust mxareebs. es, cxadia, Zalian kargia. amiT mas surs Tavidan
aicilos rogorc napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis
apologeturi Sefaseba, ise negatiuri damokidebuleba. saqme
gvaqvs aRniSnuli problemis gaSuqebis dabalansebuli mid-
gomis mcdelobasTan, rac am Temaze misi msjelobis kidev erTi
dadebiTi momentia. exeba ra napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebis

91
sust mxares is ratomRac krints ar Zravs mTavarze da ar-
sebiTze. aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba dominirebs sakanonmde-
bloze. es ukanaskneli Zalian sustia. napoleonisTvis, rogorc
erTpirovnuli mmarTvelisaTvis xelisuflebis danawilebis
idea ucxo iyo. aRmasrulebeli, sakanonmdeblo, sasamarTlo.
axali istoriis pirveli erovnuli saskolo saxelmZR-
vanelos Seqmnis procesSi aqtiurad iyo Cabmuli cnobili is-
torikosi, SemdgomSi Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis pro-
fesori aleqsandre wereTeli. es arcaa gasakviri. is imxanad
quTaisSi skolaSi aswavlida istorias. mis kalams ekuTvnis
`axali istoriis~ pirveli erovnuli saskolo saxelmZRvanelo,
sadac napoleonis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis ganxilvas, ra
Tqma unda, saTanado yuradReba eTmoba. is arc napoleonis kan-
onSemoqmedebas uvlis gverds da oriode sityviT masze Cerde-
ba. es, cxadia, Zalian kargia `1804 wels Sedgenili iqna kanon-
Ta axali krebuli, romelsac napoleonis kodeqsi (krebuli)
daerqva. axali krebulis Sinaarsis umTavresi safuZveli iyo
yvela moqalaqe kanonis winaSe Tanasworia. garda amisa napo-
leonma Sewyvita revoluciis dros safrangeTidan ltolvil
pirTa devna da neba misca maT samSobloSi dabrunebuliynen,
Tumca CamorTmeuli qoneba maT ukan aRar daubruna~. (13. 279).
empiruli, faqtobrivi, masalis codna da napoleonis kanon-
SemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis dadebiTi Sefaseba am Temaze misi
msjelobis mTavar Rirsebad migvaCnia.
daviwyoT imiT, rom aq `napoleonis kodeqsis~ miRebis Tari-
Ri miTiTebulia. mas kargad unda hqonoda gacnobierebuli
`napoleonis kodeqsis~ istoriuli mniSvneloba. misi progre-
suli xasiaTi. Zveli reJimis Semdeg es namdvilad wingadadgmu-
li nabiji iyo. xazgasmulia kanonis winaSe Tanasworoba. misi
dadebiTad Sefaseba savsebiT marTlzomieri unda iyos da am
Temaze misi msjelobis pozitiur mxared gvelineba. es martivi,
primitiuli msjeloba Seicavs miniSnebas napoleonis mier rev-

92
oluciis socialuri monapovaris SenarCunebaze. es, cxadia,
Zalian kargia da am Temaze misi msjelobis kidev erTi pliu-
sia. aqve davZenT, rom imis Tqma TiTqos `CamorTmeuli qoneba
maT ukan aRar daubrunes~. (13. 79). albaT, mainc did sifrTx-
iles moiTxovs da sakamaTo SeiZleba iyos. cxadia, emigrantebi
unda igulisxmebodnen. aq, bunebrivia, gveqmneba STabeWdileba,
rom amgvari midgoma apologeturi xom araa? amitom sasurveli
iqneboda napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis sust mxa-
reebze miniSneba kidev ufro gamWvirvale yofiliyo.
CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxze aris saubari istorikos
Teimuraz WumburiZis `axali istoriis~ pirvel erovnul sasko-
lo saxemZRvaneloSi. aq, bunebrivia, saTanado yuradReba aqvs
daTmobili napoleonis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis ganxilvas.
mis triumfalur warmatebebs. amave dros unda iTqvas, rom
uyuradRebod arc napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmiano-
ba rCeba da lakonurad ganixilavs `napoleons kodeqs~. `1804
wels napoleonis samoqalaqo kodeqsi anu kanonTa krebuli
gamoqveynda, romelmac napoleonis kodeqsis saxelwodeba
miiRo. mas safuZvlad kanonis winaSe yvela moqalaqis Tanas-
woroba daedva~. (14. 162). swori SeniSvnaa. miTiTebulia napo-
leonis kodeqsis~ TariRi. `napoleon I-ma yovelgvari zomebi
miiRo Tavisi uzenaesi Zalauflebis gasaZlierebad. man gaauqma
an sagrZnoblad daasusta is sakanonmdeblo dawesebulebani,
romelsac misi ganusazRvreli Zalaufleba odnavaT SeeZlo
SeezRuda. amasTan erTad napoleonma Zveli monarqiis bevri
dawesebuleba aRadgina, aRadgina savsebiTT biurokratiuli
centralizacia~. (14. 162). konsulobis periodSi 1804 wels
rodesac SemuSavebuli iqna kodeqsi, napoleoni jer isev pir-
veli konsuli iyo. amitom napoleon pirvelis saxeliT misi
moxsenieba, albaT, mainc did sifrTxiles moiTxovs da uxerxu-
lad migvaCnia. is imperatorad ekurTxa mogvianebiT 1804 wlis
dekemberSi. ai amis Semdeg napoleon pirvelad misi moxsenie-

93
ba savsebiT marTlzomieri iqneboda. manamde ki jobia, albaT,
mainc Tavi SevikaoT amis gakeTebisgan. es sakiTxi Cven, swored,
ai ase gvesmis. napoleoni iyo cezaristuli reJimis tipiu-
ri warmomadgeneli. misi mmarTveloba avtoritarul xasiaTs
atarebda. is flobda farTo SeuzRudvel Zalauflebas. ama-
Si saxelmZRvanelos avtori b-n-i Teimuraz WumburiZe camde
marTalia. sakanonmdeblo Zalauflebis dasustebaze miniSneba
sakmaod gamWvirvalea da savsebiT misaRebi unda Candes. etyo-
ba, es mas napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis aqilevsis
quslad esaxeboda. mas kargad unda hqonoda gacnobirebuli
`napoleonis kodeqsis~ progresuli istoriuli mniSvneloba
da mas dadebiTad afasebda. cdilobda gaecnobierebina misi
Rirseba-naklovanebebi. tolobis niSnis dasma Zveli reJimis
dawesebulebebs da napoleonis epoqis politikur institutebs
Soris. miuxedavad maT Soris arsebuli garegnuli msgavsebisa,
amis uaryofa, ar SeiZleba, gansxvaveba principulia, Tvisebriv,
xarisxobriv, xasiaTs atarebs da amaze Tvalis daxuWva mizanSe-
wonili ar iqneboda. Zveli reJimis dros arsebuli privile-
giebi, Caanacvla kanonis uzenaesobam, adamianis da moqalaqis
uflebebma. es Tvisebrivi siaxle, wingadadgmuli nabiji iyo,
rasac, sxvaTa Soris, arc saxelmZRvanelos avtori ar ugule-
belyofs da amaSi is savsebiT marTalia.
gamoCenili frangi istorikosis akad. ernest lavisis ax-
ali istoriis saskolo saxelmZRvanelos qarTulad Targmna,
ra Tqma unda, savsebiT gamarTlebuli Canda da am, sferoSi
arsebuli vakuumis Sevsebas kidev erT mcdelobas warmoadgens.
misi mniSvneloba, swored, amaSi unda mdgomareobdes. rogorc
aris gaSuqebuli e. lavisis axali istoriis saskolo saxelmZ-
RvaneloSi napoleonis kanonSemoqmdebioTi saqmianoba? Cvens
xelT arsebuli mwiri informaciis gamo mTavara amocanad faq-
tis konstantacia migvaCnia. es, vfiqrobT, saintereso iqneboda
da savsebiT sakmarisia rom am Temaze warmodgena Camogviyal-

94
ibdes. is napoleonis moRvaweobis gaSuqebasTan asocirdeba,
misi gamoZaxilia. aq napoleonis mmarTvelobaze msjeloba Ta-
visebur xasiaTs atarebs da es, uwinaresad imiT gamoixateba,
rom aqcenti keTdeba napoleonis politikis evropul konteqs-
tze, napoleonis omebze. prioritetulia napoleonis sagareo
politikis ganxilva. rac Seexeba saSinao politikas misi ga-
Suqeba avtoris mizani, etyoba, ar iyo, ase aRmoCnda napoleo-
nis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianoba kadrs miRma. (15. gv. 26-32).
ai, aseTia realoba.
1918-1921 wlebSi saqarTvelos suverenulma respublikam
Tavisi mokrZalebuli wvlili Seitana napoleonis kanonSemo-
qmedebiTi saqmianobis swavlebis, Seswavlis, popularizaciis
saqmeSi. arsebobs didi albaToba, rom es maTi Canafiqris mxo­
lod erTi nawili iyo, romelzec muSaobis dawyeba maT moaswres.
logikuri iqneboda vifiqroT, rom mas eqneboda gagrZeleba,
romelic mis meore nawilad moiazreboda. is, pirvel yovlisa,
iTvaliswinebda axali tipis sauniversiteto saxelmZRvanelos
Seqmnas, romelic im kargi tradiciis logikuri gagrZeleba
iqneboda, romelsac saZirkveli Caeyara axali istoriis pirvel
erovnul saskolo saxelmZRvaneloSi. amas moyveboda sakvlevi
da popularuli literatura, rac maTi Canafiqris mesame nawi-
li gaxlavT. ai, ase gvesaxeba maTi gegma. Cveni azriT, gacilebiT
marTlzomieri unda iyos Tu am periodze vimsjelebT ara imis
mixedviT, risi gakeTebac moaswres. es Zalian cotaa, aramed
maTi Canafiqris mixedviT. es gacilebiT ufro seriozulad ga-
moiyureboda. es ufro adekvaturi unda iyos. gansakuTrebiT
mtkivneulad migvaCnia is garemoeba, rom umTavresad, poli-
tikuri kataklizmebis gamo, am saqmes gagrZeleba ar moyolia.
dawyebuli saqmis bolomde miyvana ver moxerxda. pirveli nabi-
jebi, sworad gadadges, kargad gaTvales. dasawyisi namdvilad
ar iyo urigo. drois am mcire monakveTSi, faqtobrivad, cait-
notSi, metis gakeTeba, ubralod veRar moaswres. saqarTvelos

95
istoriis `patara oqros xana~ metad xanmokle aRmoCnda. rac
SeZles gaakeTes. es maTi warmateba iyo da amis, daunaxaoba,
cxadia, ar ivargebs. erTi ukiduresobidan meoreSi ar unda
aRmovCdeT. am saxelmZRaveneloebisadmi xisti damokidebule-
ba, rac prioritetuli iyo sabWoTa wlebSi, apoligeturi
midgomiT ar SeiZleba CavanacvloT. es ukve sul sxva ukidir-
esoba iqneboda. orive ukiduresoba miuRebelia. WeSmariteba,
rogorc wesi, sadRac SuaSi Zevs. Cven vcadeT, gamogvenaxa sa-
Sualedo gza, romelic saSualebas mogvcems mkafiod gamovkve-
ToT rogorc Suqi, ise Crdili da SevecadoT avxsnaT misi ga-
momwvevi mizezebi. ra Tqma unda, amis gakeTeba advili saqme
ar iqneboda, magram realurad sxva gamosavali ar arsebobs.
sakiTxisadmi midgoma iyo mecnieruli da. upiratesad, aqcenti
keTdeba Tavisufal azrovnebaze, istoriuli movlenebisadmi
mravalvariantul midgomaze pluralizmze progresul-lib-
eralur Sexedulebebze, romelsac, bunebrivia, gaaCnia Tavisi
plusebi da minusebi. mniSvnelovanwilad swored amiT aixsneba
napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis dadebiTi Sefaseba.
isini cdiloben Tavidan aicilon rogorc apologeturi mid-
goma, romelic laitmotivad gasdevs apologetur literatu-
ras, ise Seufasebloba, romelmac farTod moikida fexi Sem-
dgomi periodis sabWoTa istoriografiaSi. amgvari midgoma,
cxadia, SemTxvevTi ar iyo da evropuli, pirvel rigSi ki, ra
Tqma unda, rusuli istoriografiis gavlenis gamoZaxilia.
am Temaze saubari aq SeiZleba dagvemTavrebina, rom ara
erTi garemoeba. es am saxelmZRvaneloebis erTi mxarea, ro-
melsac gaaCnia SemecnebiTi datvirTva. mas aqvs meore mxare.
mizanSewonilad migvaCnia yuradReba mivapyroT, erT, Cveni az-
riT, saintereso sakiTxs. am kuTxiT es Tema gaSuqebuli ar yo-
fila. es saxelmZRvaneloebi dRes, cxadia, ukve moZvelebulia,
yavli gauvida da istoriografiuli retros surneli dakravs,
magram aris erTi sakiTxi, romelsac Tavisi mniSvneloba dRe-

96
sac ar daukargavs, aq, ra Tqma unda, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs is
garemoeba, rom es saxelmZRvaneloebi warmoadgens am dargis
ganviTarebis da konkretulad aRniSnuli problemis Seswavlis,
saintereso sabuTs, wyaros. am kuTxiT sakiTxis ganxilvam al-
baT, interess moklebuli ar iqneba da aqtualurad migvaCnia.
es saSualebas mogcems SevavsoT qarTul istoriografiaSi ar-
sebuli kidev erTi sufTa furceli. gavabaTiloT mTeli rigi
sabWoTa miTebi, romelic sabWoTa ideologiis ZalisxmeviT,
mtkiced inergeboda farTo sazogadoebis cnobierebaSi.

***
Tu ganvazogadebT am viTarebas, vfiqrobT, saintereso su-
raTis ikveTeba. aRniSnuli sakiTxis gaSuqebas mkveTrad gad-
mokveTili polemisturi muxti gaaCnia da, uwinaresad, iTvlis-
winebs sabWoTa midgomis gadaxedvas, mis argumentirebulad,
mecnierulad, gabaTilebas. sabWoTa koncefcia iyo Zalze
politizirebuli da ideologizirebuli da winamorbedebis
wvlilis sruli ignorireba, ugulebelyofa edo safuZvlad.
gvimtkicebdnen, rom am dargSi saqarTvelos gasabWoebamde
pozituri araferi xdeboda. sinamdileSi sul sxvagvarad iyo.
aseTi midgoma mecnierulad mcdari da antierovnuli iyo. es
imiT gamoixateboda, rom 1918-1921 wlebSi saqarTvelos suv-
erenuli respublikis mier am dargis ganviTarebaSi Setanili
wvlili eliminirebuli, amoRebuli aRmoCnda am dargis ganvi-
Tarebis istoriidan, xolo im wlebSi gamosuli `axali isto-
riis~ pirvel erovnulo saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebi ki mivi-
wyebis sqel nislSi gaexvia. TiTqos arc ki arsebobda. gaqra,
gauCinarda. Cven vcadeT aRgvedgina realuri suraTi. romel-
ic, umTavresad, totalitarul-bolSevikuri reJimis Zalisx-
meviT, didi xsnis ganmavlobaSi, farTo sazogadoebis Tval-
Taxedvis arealSi ver xvdeboda. sul sxva aqcenatebi davsviT.

97
vcadeT am sakiTxis ganxilva akademiur CarCoebSi dagvebrune-
bina. am sakiTxSi Cvens mTavar wyarod ki 1918-1921 wlebSi su-
verenul saqarTvelos resublikaSi gamosuli axali istoriis
pirveli eronuli saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebi gvevlineba. (aq
cxadia, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs rogorc zogadad axali istoriis.
ise konkretulad napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis
gaSuqeba). (1. 16. 17. 18. 19, 20, 21).
gasabWoebamde qarTul realobaSi napoleonis cxovrebi-
sa da moRvaweobis gaSuqebis apogead, kulminaciad, 1918-1921
wlebis saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika migvaCnia. napo-
leonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobiT daintereseba am prob-
lemis erTi nawilia. didi ivane javaxiSvilis mier 1918 wlis 26
ianvars Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis gaxsna, romelic
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenis uverturad gaisma da
1918 wlis 26 maiss saqarTvelos damoukidebloebis gamocxa-
deba, am dargis istoriaSi etapobriv movlenad migvaCnia, am
problemisadmi damokidebuleba amis eqod gvevlineba.
1. uwinaresad unda aRiniSnos, rom am sakiTxSi araviTar
regress, stagnacias rogorc es erTi SexedviT, sabWoTa gad-
mosaxedidan SeiZleba Candes, sinamdvileSi adgili ar hqonia.
amgvari skefsisi. cxadia, cariel niadagze ar aRmocenebula,
SemTxveviTi ar yofila da Zalze politizirebuli da ideol-
ogizirebuli iyo. misi mTavari debuleba gaxldaT napoleo-
nis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis Seswavlis saqmeSi 1918-1921
wlebSi saqarTvelos suverenuli respublikis wvlilisadmi ni-
hilisturi damokidebuleba, TiTqosda am sakiTxze am epoqis
saqarTveloSi am TvalsazrisiT araferi gakeTebula. 1918-1921
wlebSi saqarTvelos suverenul respublikaSi gamosuli `ax-
ali istoriis~ pirveli erovnuli saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebi
miviwyebis sqel nislSi gaexvia. es iyo morigi sabWoTa miTi.
araviTar wyvetas, stagnacias, am wlebSi adgili ar hqonia,
napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis Seswavlam asaxva

98
pova `axali istoriis~ pirvel erovnul saskolo saxelmZR-
vaneloebSi. ai aseTia realoba. miTebs realoba amsxvrevs.
a) 1918-1921 wlebSi saqarTvelos suverenuli respublikaSi
qarTul realobaSi pirvelad iqmneba precedenti msoflios
istoriis, maT Soris, cxadia, axali istoriis, qarTul enaze
swavlebis. ra Tqma unda, es ar iyo patara saqme. b) rogorc
irkveva, am sferoSi sabWoTa periodis qarTul istoriogra-
fias Tavis saqmianoba nulidan ki ar daiwyo, aramed garkveu-
li tradicia, daxvda. ai, ase gvesaxeba realoba.
2. uwinaresad, Cven vcadeT gagvesworebina aRniSnuli
sakiTxiT dainteresebis saerTo suraTi da dagvezustebina
sakiTxis periodizacia, romelic qarTuli sazogadoebis cno-
bierebaSi, umTavresad totalitarul-bolSevikuri reJimis
ZalisxmeviT, gamrudebuli iqna. es, pirvel yovlisa, imiT ga-
moixata, rom am sakiTxis Seswavlis saqmeSi 1918-1921 wlebSi
saqarTvelos suverenuli respublikis mokrZalebuli wvlili
eliminirebuli, amoRebuli iqna saerTod, am dargis da konk-
retulad aRniSnuli sakiTxis Seswavlis, istoriidan da mi-
viwyebis sqel nislSi gaexvia. Cven vcadeT gagvesworebina es
Seusabamoba da aRgvedgina realoba, rogorc es sinamdvileSi
iyo. am monakveTma daibruna Tavisi kuTvnili adgili saerTod
qarTul istoriografiaSi, konkretulad ki qarTul napoleo-
nianas ganviTarebaSi, mis mTavar Tezad 1918-1921 wlebSi saqa-
rTvelos suverenul respublikaSi gamosuli `axali istoriis~
pirveli erovnuli saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebis reanimacia
gvevlineba, sadac napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianoba
uyuradRebod ar rCeba da saTanado adgili aqvs daTmobili.
swored es mwiri informacia gvevlineba Cveni gansjis sagnad.
am SemTxvevaSi is Cveni mTavari wyaroa.
3. rogorc irkveva, napoleonis cxovrebiTa da moRvaweobiT,
misi kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobiT, dainteresebis pirvelma
seriozulma, simptomebma Tavi iCina ara sabWoTa periodis qa-

99
rTul napoleonianaSi, rogorc amas didi xnis ganmavlobaSi
gvimtkicebdnen, aramed gacilebiT ufro adre, jer kidev 1918-
1921 wlebSi gamocemul `axali istoriis~ pirvel erovnul
saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebSi, sadac, bunebrivia, napoleonis
cxovrebis da moRvaweobis Seswavlas, mis kanonSemoqmedebiTi
saqmianobas, `napoleonis kodeqss~ saTanadi yuradReba da adg-
ili aqvs daTmobili. es cxadia, Zalian kargia da am Temaze
maTi msjelobis erT-erT mTavar plusad gvevlineba. saqarT-
veloSi napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis Seswavlam,
samecniero-popularuli xasiaTi SeiZina da umTavresad, asaxva
pova, `axali istoriis~ pirvel erovnul saskolo saxelmZR-
vaneloebSi. ai es iyo realoba, romelsac sabWoTa propaganda
yvelanairad cdilobda, daemala farTo sazogadoebisaTvis,
magram amaod daSvra. metis gakeTeba am eqstremalur viTare-
baSi, drois mcire monakveTSi, faqtobrivad, caitnotSi, maT
ubralod, veRar moaswres. ras izam, saqarTvelos istoriis
`patara oqros xana~ sakmaod xanmokle aRmoCnda. mniSvnelovan-
wilad, swored amiT aixsneba, rom am monakveTma qarTul isto-
riografiaSi sakmaod susti, mkrTali. kvali datova, vidre es
realobaSi SeiZleba yofiliyo. saqme gvaqvs am siaxleebis, no-
vaciebis, wanamZRvrebTan, konturebTan, simptomebTan, pirvel
niSnebTan, rac vfiqrobT, sakmaod gamWvirvale unda iyos. es
imdroindeli qarTuli realobis fonze wingadadgmuli nabi-
ji iyo da amaze Tvalis daxuWva mizanSewonili ar iqneboda.
savsebiT kanonzomierad migvaCnia, rom saqarTveloSi msofli-
os istoriis, maT Soris, cxadia, am problemis popularizacia,
Seswavlis, akvani dairwa didi ivane javaxiSvilis mier daarse-
bul Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi da saqarTvelos suv-
erenul respublikaSi. yvela sikeTe sabWoTa realobasTan rodi
asocirdeba. rogorc Cans, saqarTveloSi axali istoriis, maT
Soris, cxadia, am problemis swavlebam, Seswavlam, popular-
izaciam Seuqcevadi xasiaTi SeiZina, ara 1921 wels, saqarTve-

100
los gasabWoebis Semdeg, rogorc es adre egonaT, aramed gac-
ilebiT ufro adre 1918-1921 wlebSi saqarTvelos suverenul
respublikaSi, am TvalsazrisiT yuradRebas ipyrobs am wlebSi
ganxorcielebuli pirveli RonisZiebebi. daiwyo muSaoba, `ax-
ali istoriis~ pirvel erovnul saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebze.
ra Tqma unda, es ar iyo patara saqme da imdroindeli qarTuli
realobis fonze wingadadgmul nabijs warmoadgenda.
4. vfiqrobT, arsebobs safuZveli vamtkicoT, rom qar-
Tuli napoleonianas, napoleonis cxovrebis da moRvaweobis,
misi kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis `napoleonis kodeqsis~
gaSuqebis dros swori kursi unda hqonoda dasaxuli, swori
gziT midioda, mecnierul aqcentebs svamda da, upiratesad,
progresul-liberalur Rirebulebebze gaxldaT orientire-
buli, romelsac, bunebrivia, gaaCnia Tavisi Zlieri da susti
mxareebi. 1918-1921 wlebSi saqarTvelos suverenul respub-
likaSi gamosuli `axali istoriis~ pirveli erovnuli saskolo
saxelmZRvaneloebi, vfiqrobT, amis naTeli ilustracia unda
iyos. pirveli nabiji sworad gaTvales. dasawyisi urigo ara
iyo. risi gakeTebac moswres gaakeTes. es, cxadia, Zalian kar-
gia. es im periodis qarTuli istoriografiis warmatebaa da
amaze Tvalis daxuWva, rogorc es xdeboda sabWoTa wlebSi,
sruliad uadgiloa da aranairi safuZveli ar gaaCnia. arse-
bobs didi albaToba, rom Tu ara politikuri kataklizmebi,
es gza gagrZeldeboda, magram movlenebi sul sxva scenaris
mixedviT ganviTarda. saqarTvelos gasabWoebis Semdeg qarTu-
li napoleoniana iZulebuli Seiqmna arCeuli gzidan gadaexvia
da sul sxva mimarTulebiT wasuliyo. napoleonis kanonSemo-
qmedebiTi saqmianobisadmi `napoleonis kodeqsisadmi~ dadebi-
Ti damokidebuleba uaryofiTma midgomam Caanacvla. amgvari
damokidebuleba Tavdapirveli gzis gagrZelebad, wingadadg-
mul nabijad, Znelia miviCnioT.

101
 5. qarTuli napoleonianas evolucia, maT Soris cxadia na-
poleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis gaSuqeba, vfiqrobT,
sulac ar atarebda iseT erTgvarovan, sworxazovan, xasiaTs,
rogorc es sabWoTa gadasaxedidan moCans. man saintereso
feriscvaleba ganicada, romelic ufro spiraliseburad, zig-
zagiseburad gvesaxeba. pirvelad man qarTul publicistikaSi,
JurnalistikaSi pova gamoZaxili, xolo 1918-1921 wlebSi man
samecniero-popularuli xasiaTi SeiZina da, umTavresad, asax-
va pova `axali istoriis~ pirvel erovnul saskolo saxelmZ-
RvaneloebSi. metis gakeTeba drois im mcire monakveTSi maT
ubralod ver moaswres, rac SeZles is gaakeTes. saqarTvelos
istoriis `patara oqros xana~ metad xanmokle aRmoCnda. napo-
leonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis, dadebiTi Sefaseba am
Temaze maTi msjelobis mTavar Rirsebad migvaCnia. saqme gvaqvs
sakiTxisadmi mecnierul midgomasTan.
mkveTrad Seicvala viTareba saqarTvelo gasabWoebis Sem-
deg. napoleonis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis gaSuqebam, misi
kanonSemoqmedebiTma saqmianobam `napoleonis kodeqsi~ Seswav-
lam, mecnieruli elferi SeinarCuna, magram calmxrivi xasiaTi
miiRo da erTi viwrodogmaturad, gagebuli marqsistul-len-
inuri ideologiis CarCoebSi aRmoCnda moqceuli. napoleo-
nis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis dadebiTi Sefaseba xistma
midgomam Caanacvla. prioritetuli gaxda sakiTxisadmi klaso-
brivi midgoma. mis klasobriv SezRudulobaze apelireba. es
akninebs napoleonis kodeqsis istoriul mniSvnelobas. rac,
aRniSnul sakiTxze srulyofil, amomwurav warmodgenas ver
gviqmnis.
postsabWoTa periodis qarTuli napoleoniana napoleonis
kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis, `napoleonis kodeqsis~, Ses-
wavlis optimalur xanad SeiZleba moviazroT. is cdilobs ga-
Tavisufldes viwrodogmaturiad gagebuli marqsistul-lenin-
uri ideologiis gavlenisagan. swor gzas daubrundes, swori

102
aqcentebi dasvas, swori arCevani gaakeTos, prioritetuli
kvlav napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis dadebiTi
Sefaseba xdeba.
6. am periodis Sefasebis swori kriteriumi ase gvesax-
eba. Cveni azriT, aRniSnuli sakiTxis Sefasebis dros. gac-
ilebiT ufro marTlzomieri iqneboda vixelmZRvaneloT ara
imis mixedvoT. risi gakeTebac maT moaswres. es, cxadia, Zalian
kargia, magram sakmaod cotaa da am sferoSi maT mier Setanil
wvlilze srulyofil, amomwurav warmodgenas ver gviyalibebs,
aramed maTi Canafiqris mixedviT, romelic gacilebiT ufro
solidur STabeWdilebas tovebs da ar iTvaliwinebda mxolod
axali istoriis pirveli erovnuli saskolo saxelmZRvaneloe-
bis daweras. arsebobs didi albaToba, rom amas eqneboda gagr-
Zeleba, romelic miznad isaxavda sauniversiteto saxelmZR-
vanelos Seqmnas, romelic im kargi tradiciis gagrZeleba
iqneboda, romelsac saTave daudo axali istoriis pirvelma
erovnulma skolis saxelmZRvaneloebma. es maTi Canafiqris
meore safexuri iqneboda. mesame safexuri ki, albaT, iTvalis-
winebda axali istoriis sakvanZo sakiTxebis mecnieruli kvle­
vis da popularizaciis farTod gaSlas. ai, ase gvesaxeba, am
dargSi maTi gegma. vfiqrobT. es gacilebiT ufro adekvaturi
iqneboda. ra uyoT, rom maT ver moaswres Tavisi ganzraxvis
bolomdee miyvana da, umTavresad, politikuri kataklizmebis
gamo, misi Sua gzaze mitoveba mouxdaT. es xom maTi brali ar
iyo. saqarTvelos istoriis `patara oqros xana~ metad xanmok-
le gamodga. (vfiqrobT, igive SeiZleba iTqvas am wlebSi Zveli
msoflio istoriis da Sua saukuneebis istoriis gaSuqebaze).
maS ase, Tavdapirvelad qarTuli istoriografia, napo-
leonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis Sefasebisas swori
mecnieruli gziT midioda, swori veqtori unda hqonoda dasax-
uli. prioritetuli iyo Tavisufali azrovneba, istoriuli
movlenebisadmi mravalvariantuli midgoma, pluralizmi, pro-

103
gresul-liberaluri Rirebulebebi. napoleonis kanonSemoq-
medebiTi saqmianobis pozitiurad Sefaseba. es iyo sakiTxisad-
mi mecnieruli midgoma: romelsac bunebrivia gaaCnia Tavisi
plusebi da minusebi. mkveTrad Seicvala viTareba saqarTvelos
gasabWoebis Semdeg, saqme gvaqvs sakiTxisadmi viwrodogmaturad
gagebul marqsistul-leninuri midgomasTan. apelireben napo-
leonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis burJuaziul-klaso-
briv SezRudulobaze. es iyo sakiTxisadmi klasobrivi midgoma.
napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis dadebiTi Sefaseba
uaryofiTma midgomam Caanacvla. postsabWoTa periodis qar-
Tuli istoriografia cdilobs swor gzas daubrundes, swori
arCvevani gaakeTos, swori aqcentebi dasvas. orientirebuli
arian napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis dadebiT as-
peqtebze. es gaxlavT swori midgomis reanimacia da misi gan-
viTarebis mcdeloba. es Sromebi aRniSnuli sakiTxis gaSuqebis
mecnierul kalapotSi dabrunebis gzaze gadadgmul pirvel
mokrZalebul nabijad SeiZleba moviazroT. maTi mniSvneloba
vfiqrobT, swored, amaSi unda mdgomareobdes.

104
 literatura:

1. m. kalandaZe, dimitri uznaZe safrangeTis did revoluci-

aze da napoleonze, Tb., 2016.
2. d. uznaZe, iv. gvelesiani, axali istoria (XVIII-XIX saukune),
Tb., 1919.
3. История XIX века, под ред. Е. Лависca и А. Рамбо, том 1. М., 1938.
4. e. tarle, napoleoni, Tb., 1942.
5. J, tiulari, napoleoni, Tb., 2012.
6. Ж. Тюлар, Наполеон, М., 1996.
7. al. namoraZe, profesori grigol-iasonis-Ze naTaZe, Tbili-
sis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi, t. 77. Tb., 1959.
8. g. kiRuraZe, axali istoria, nawili pirveli, Tb., 1970.
9. l. fircxalava, evropis da amerikis qveynebis axali da uax-
lesi istoriis kaTedris istoria, krebuli miZRvnili givi
kiRuraZis xsovnisadmi, Tb., 1998.
10. T. anTaZe, m. kalandaZe, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universi-
tetis axali da uaxlesi istoriis kaTedris istoria, Tb.,
2014.
11. m. kalandaZe, simon avaliani da dasavleT evropis axali
istoriis sakiTxebi, goris saxelmwifo saswavlo universi-
teti. humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti. istoriis da
arqeologiis centri, SromaTa krebuli, 10. Tb., 2016.
12. s. avaliani, axali istoria (XIX -XX saukuneebi) Tb., 1920.
13. al. wereTeli, msoflios istoria, nawili 3. axali sauku-
neebi, Tb., 1920.
14. T. WumburiZe, axali istoria, quTaisi, 1920.
15. e. lavisi, axali istoria, quTaisi, 1918.
16. m. kalandaZe, safrangeTis didi revoluciis agraruli
kanonmdeblobis Seswavla saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2006.
17. m. kalandaZe, msoflios istoriis periodizacia qarTul
istoriografiaSi, Tb., 2007.

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18. m. kalandaZem, qarTuli medievistikis saTaveebTan, Tb.,
2009.
19. m. kalandaZe, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis axali istori-
is Seswavla saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2015.
20. m. kalandaZe, saqarTveloSi msoflio istoriis Seswavlis
evolucia, macne, istoriis seria, #1-2. 2016.
21. m. kalandaZe, suverenul saqarTvelos respublikaSi 1918-
1921 wlebSi gamosuli msoflio istoriis pirveli erovnu-
li saskolo saxelmZRavaneloebi, analebi, 13, Tb., 2017.

106
 Tavi mesame

napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis Seswavla

sabWoTa periodis qarTul istoriografiaSi

es aris saqarTveloSi napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi

saqmianobis Seswavlis meore periodi. napoleonis kanonSemoq­
medebiTi saqmianobis Seswavla sabWoTa periodis qarTul
istoriografiaSi (1921-1991). am kuTxiT sakiTxis ganxilva
sainteresoa da aqtualurad migvaCnia. rogorc prof. bo-
ris porSnevi ityoda, es gaxlavT kidev erTi `qalwulebrivi
Tema~. rogor SeiZleba SevafasoT is? am sakiTxis apologe-
turi Sefaseba rac Zalumad SeiniSneboda sabWoTa periodis
istoriografiaSi. dRes, cxadia, ukve moZvelebulia, yavli
gauvida, istoriografiuli retros surneli dakravs. erTi
ukiduresobidan meoreSi ar unda aRmovCndeT. es aRniSnul
sakiTxze srulyofil, amomwurav, warmodgenas ver Segviqmnis.
misi metismetad muq ferebSi warmoCena gadaWarbebuli unda
iyos. orive ukiduresoba miuRebeli Cans. `wyals bavSvi ar
unda gadavayoloT~. WeSmariteba, rogorc wesi, sadRac SuaSi
Zevs. Cven SevecadeT mogveZebna es saSualedo gza, romelic sa-
Sualebas mogvcems, gamoikveTos rogorc Suqi, ise Crdili da
avsxnaT maTi gamomwvevi mizezebi. ai ase gvesaxeba sakiTxisadmi
mecnieruli midgoma. (1).
sabWoTa periodis qarTul istoriografiaSi empiri-
is, faqtologiis, doneze, progresi aSkaraa da amis ugule-
belyofa swori ar iqneboda. es sabWoTa periodis qarTuli

107
istoriografiis plusia. sakiTxisadmi midgomam mecnieruli
elfe­ri SeinarCuna, magram calmxrivi xasiaTi SeiZina da erTi
viwrodogmaturad gagebuli marqsistuli-leninuri ideolo-
gis CarCoebSi aRmoCnda moqceuli. aq aisaxa savsebiT realuri
viTareba. sabWoTa kavSirSi adgili aqvs istoriuli mecnier-
ebis stalinizacias, unifikacias, rac imiT gamoixata, rom
sakiTxisadmi marqsistil-leninuri midgoma gamocxadda WeS-
maritebis ukanasknel instanciad. sabWoTa periodis qarTuli
istoriografiis Teoriuli, meTodologiuri TvalsazrisiT,
gauferuleba. amis logikuri dagvirgvineba iyo. gansxvavebu-
li azrisadmi rbilad, rom vTqvaT, gulgrili damokidebuleba,
sabWoTa istoriografiis erT-erT mTavar naklad gvevlineba.
damyarda erTi marqsistul-leninuri ideologiis diqtati,
monopolia. istoriul mecnierebas ar xelewifeba erTi WeS-
mariteba. es istoriuli mecnierebi sikvdilis tolfasi iqnebo-
da. am gzas CixSi mivyavarT. sabWoTa istoriografiis krizisis
gasaRebi, swored, aq Zevs. bolos da bolos man letaluri anu
sasikvdilo xasiaTi miiRo. (1)
is mkveTri metamorfozi, romelsac adgili aqvs saerTod
am dargSi da konkretulad am sakiTxSi, XX saukunis dasawyisSi,
aSkarad cildeba, wminda akademiur CarCoebs da, upiratesad,
politikuri kataklizmebTan ufro metad asocirdeba, vidre
im siaxleebTan da novaciebTan, rasac adgili hqonda am sfero-
Si. ra Tqma unda, es kargi cxovrebiT ar iyo gamowveuli.

***
saqarTvelos gasabWoebamde aqcenti keTdeboda napoleonis
kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis pozitiur aspeqtebze da mas
dadebiTad afasebdnen. saqme gvaqvs sakiTxisadmi mecnierul
midgomasTan, romelic, umTavresad, progresul-liberal-
ur Rirebulebebzea orientirebuli, romelsac, bunebrivia,

108
gaaCnia Tavisi Zlieri da susti mxareebi. arsebiTad Seicva-
la viTareba saqarTvelos gasabWoebis Semdeg. es, upiratesad,
imiT gamoixata, rom sul sxva aqcentebs svamdnen. yuradRe-
bas amaxvilebdnen `napoleonis kodeqsis~ burJuaziul-klaso-
briv SezRudulobaze, rac nebsiT Tu uneblieT akninebs misi
istoriul mniSvnelobas. saqme gvaqvs sakiTxisadmi wminda
klasobriv damokidebulebasTan, rac damaxasiaTebeli gax-
ldaT sabWoTa istoriografiisaTvis. es, cxadia, amuqebs
saqmis realur viTarebas da napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi
saqmianobaze srulyofil, amomwurav warmodgenas ver gviqm-
nis. mniSvnelovanwilad, swored, amiT aixsneba, rom Crdili
dominirebs Suqze. napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmiano-
bisadmi dadebiTi damokidebuleba sabWoTa periodis qarTul
istoriografiaSi uaryofiTma midgomam Caanacvla, rac, win-
gadadgmul nabijad, Tavdapirveli gzis gagrZelebad, Znelia
miviCnioT.
sabWoTa periodis qarTul istoriografias specialu-
ri naSromi napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobiaze ar
dauweria. am Temam, umTavresad, asaxva hpova napoleonisad-
mi miZRvnil solidur gamokvlevebSi da saswavlo-sacnobaro
literaturaSi, skolis da sauniversiteto saxelmZRvaneloeb-
Si. bunebriovia, mokled ganixilavdnen napoleonis kanonSemo-
qmedebiTi saqmianobas. amas gverdis avla. wayrueba, swori ar
iqneba da aRniSnul sakiTxze srulyofil, amomwurav, warmod-
genas ver Camogviyalibebs.
sabWoTa periodis qarTul istoriografiaSi napoleonze
TiTqmis araferi dawerila. amitom, ZiriTadad, Targmnil
literatiraze gvixdeba apelireba, romelic nawilobriv gvex-
mereba am xarvezis SevsebaSi. is, ra Tqma unda, qarTuli napo-
lionianas Semadgenel nawilad gvevlineba. amitom Targmnili
literaturisadmi gulgrili damokidebuleba, albaT, mainc
didi sifrTiles moiTxovs da gamarTlebulad ar gvesaxeba.

109
 daviwyoT saswavlo literaturiT. sabWoTa periodis qa-
rTul skolaSi napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobiT
dainteresebam saintereso feriscvaleba ganicada da sakmaod
rTuli gza ganvlo. romelic pirobiT ramdenime monakveTad
SeiZleba daiyos. faqtobrivad, saqme gvaqvs sakiTxis Sidaperi-
odizaciasTan. am kuTxiT sakiTxis gaSuqeba, albaT., interess
moklebuli ar iqneba da es sakiTxi literaturaSi, am rakur-
siT, dRemde ar yofila ganxiluli.
Tavdapirvelad sabWoTa skolaSi adgili hqonda eqsperi-
ments, romlis gamoZaxili qarTul sinamdvileSic gvxvdeba.
skolaSi istoriis nacvlad aswavlidnen sazogadoebaTmcod-
neobas, romelic warmoadgenda istoriis, filosofiisa da
politekonomiis najvars. istorias gadiodnen Zalian mcire
doziT. amgvari midgomis pirobebSi napoleonis kanonSemoq-
medebiTi saqmianobis xarisxian swavlebaze fiqric ki zedme-
ti iyo. am eqsperimentma ar gaamarTla. (2.3) faqtobrivad. es
monakveTi am sakiTxis gaSuqebis pirvel qveperiodad SeiZleba
iqnas moazrebuli. misTvis damaxasiaTebelia am Temisadmi in-
diferentuli midgoma.
30-iani wlebis Sua xanebidan iwyeba am problemiT daint-
eresebis meore qveperiodi e. w. `stalinuri xana~. pirvel
yovlisa unda iTqvas, rom aRsdga istoriis swavleba skola-
Si. es swori nabiji iyo, magram, moxda istoriuli mecnierebis
stalinizacia, unificireba. yvelaferi centridan imarTeboda.
axali istoriis erovnuli saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebis Seqm-
nis idea warsuls Cabarda da tkbil mogonebad iqca. SeiZle-
ba iTqvas, rom es kargi wamowyeba stalinma daasamara. axla
ukve yvelafers centri wyvetda. saxelmwifo aqtiurad ereva
mecnierebaSi da cdilobs ZaliT moaxvios Tavs saxelmwifosaT-
vis sasurveli ideologia. Tavisufali azrovneba, istoriuli
movlenebisadmi mravalvariantuli midgoma, pluralizmi, pro-
gresul-liberaluri Rirebulebebi, ukan darCa. misi adgili

110
daikava istoriisadmi monisturma midgomam, formaciulma prin-
cipma, klasobrivma brZolam, sakiTxisadmi klasobrivma midgo-
mam. ai aseTi iyo mkacri realoba. yovelive aman, cxadia, asaxva
pova napoleonis imijze. stalinis ZalisxmeviT, sabWoTa isto-
riografia napoleons aRiqvamda uaRresad tendenciurad, ro-
gorc `evropel Cingiz-xans~, da napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiT
saqmianobas, rbilad, rom vTqvaT, Zalian almacerad uyurebda,
skeptikurad ekideboda. mxolod uaryofiT konteqstSi aRiq-
vamda. amitom, msjeloba TiTqosda sabWoTa xelisufleba ar
ereoda mecnierebis saqmianobaSi, Zalian, primitiulad, miam-
iturad, gaismis da ZirSive mcdaria. faqtobrivad, stalinma
saTave daudo napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobisadmi
uaryofiT midgomas. erTi sityviT, napoleonisadmi kanonSem-
oqmedebiTi saqmianobisadmi indeferentuli damokidebuleba
Caanacvla negatiurma midgomam, arsebiTad saqme gvaqvs cudsa
da uaress Soris arCevanTan.
stalinma gardacvalebis Semdeg iwyeba napoleonis kanon-
SemoqmedebiTi saqmianobiT dainteresebis mesame qveperiodi.
`daTmobis xana~, romlisaTvisac damaxasiaTebeli iyo `ideu-
ri dabneuloeba~. napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis
ganxilvas gacilebiT ufro meti yuradReba eTmoba, es cxadia,
Zalian kargia. magram cdiloben misi mniSvnelobis daknine-
bas, xazs usvamdnen mis burJuaziul-klasobriv SezRudulo-
bas. es iyo sakiTxisadmi viwro klasobrivi midgoma, romelic
napoleonis saqmianobaze am dargSi srulyofil, amomwurav,
warmodgenas ver gviqmnis. gansakuTrebiT ar moswonT kerZo
sakuTrebis dacva. napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmiano-
bis Rirsebebi naklad iqna warmoCenili. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
sabWoTa istoriografiam yvelaferi Tavdayira daayena. misi
mTavari naklia am sakiTxSi, vfiqrobT swored amaSi unda md-
gomareobdes. `dro iyo koWli da Rirseba naklad iyo gadaq-
ceuli~.

111
 sityvaZunwi, rom ar aRmovCndeT moviyvanT konkretul mag-
aliTebs. ai ras vkiTxulobTYY 1970 wels. a. efimovis mier ga-
mocemul `axali istoriis~ saskolo saxelmZRvaneloSi. `1804
wels damTavrda `samoqalaqo kodeqsis~ Sedgena. `samoqalaqo
kodeqi~ iyo kanonTa sistemuri krebuli, romlis umTavres
amocanas, Seadgenda burJuaziisaTvis sakuTrebiT sargeblo-
bis uzrunvelyofa. `napoleonis kodeqsis~ cnobili 544 muxl-
Si naTqvamia `sakuTreba nivTebis sargeblobasa da gamoyenebis
yvelaze SeuzRudavi uflebaa~. sxva muxli amkvidrebda burua-
ziuli ojaxis safuZvlebs. kodeqsma revolouciis dros miRe-
buli sakuTreba daumkvidra mis axal mflobels da gamoacxada
sayovelTao Tanasworoba kanonis winaSe, magram jer kidev 1802
wels napoleonma aRadgina safrangeTis koloniebSi iakobinTa
mier gauqmebuli monoba.
napoleonma daadastura damfuZnebeli krebis kanoni mu-
SaTa winaaRmdeg. muSaTa kavSiria winandeburad ikrZaleboda.
gaficvebis gamo sastiki sasjeli dawesda (4. 126-127). rogorc
xedavT, umTavresad, aqcenti keTdeba napoleonis kanonSemoq-
medebiTi saqmianobis sust mxareebze. dadebiTi momentebi ki
ganixileba Zalze sustad, mkrTalad.
`yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo `samoqalaqo kodeqsi~, ro-
melsac `napoleoniseuli~ uwodes, misi mTavari amocana iyo
ganemtkicebina kerZo sakuTreba. umciresi xelyofisaTvis Se-
moRebuli iyo sasjelis usastikesi zomebi...
damfuZnebeli krebis kanoni, romelic krZalavda muSaTa
kavSirebs da gaficvebs kvlav ZalaSi darCa. aseve SenarCunebu-
li iyo muSaTa uuflebo mdgomareoba. sasamarTlo uyoymanod
ujerebda mepatronis Cvenebas muSebis sawinaaRmdegod, muSe-
bisaTvis jer adre SemoiRes gansakuTrebuli wignakebi, rom-
lebic Seicavdnen Canawerebs muSis yofa-qcevis da daTxovnis
mizezebis Sesaxeb~ (5.100).

112
 napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis demokratiuli
potencialis sruli ugulebelyofa, ignorireba, sabWoTa mid-
gomis damaxasiaTebeli Strixi iyo. prioritetulia mis burJua-
ziul klasobriv SezRudulobaze apelireba. aqcenti keTdeba
ara pozitivze, rogorc es iyo 1918-1921 wlebSi saqarTve-
los suverenul respublikaSi gamosul axali istoriis pirvel
erovnul saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebSi, aramed negativze. saqme
gvaqvs sakiTxisadmi viwro klasobriv midgomasTan, romelmac
farTod moikida fexi sabWoTa istiografiaSi, sadac mTavari
iyo aqcentireba napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis
burJuaziul klasobriv SezRudulobaze. (6.282-284) saxelm-
wifo aqtiurad ereva mecnierebis saqmianobaSi, cdilobs ZaliT
moaxvios Tavs mecniers saxelmwifosaTvis sasurveli ideolo-
gia, rasac sabolood savalalo Sedegebamde mivyevarT. ai esaa
realoba da amis arc Selamazeba da arc gamuqeba saWiro araa.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, sabWoTa periodis qarTuli isto-
riografias napoleonis cxovrebasa da moRvaweobaze, faqto-
brivad, araferi dauweria. aq, cxadia, vgulisxmobT, rogorc
am sakiTxis mecnierul kvlevas, ise popularizacias. am fonze
erTgvar bednieri gamonaklisad SeiZleba miviCnioT profe-
sori grigol naTaZis Sromebi, romelic exeboda napoleonis
moRvaweobis sakvanZo sakiTxebs. aseTi pasiuroba, ra Tqma unda,
SemTxveviTi ar yofila da mas gaaCnia Tavisi obieqturi da su-
bieqturi mizezebi. mniSvnelovanwilad am xarvezs, vfiqrobT,
avsebs akad. evgeni tarles saintereso wigni napoleonze,
romelic qarTuli napoleonianas organul Semadgenel naw-
ilad gvevlineba. sxva seriozuli gamokvlevebi qarTvel is-
torikosebs napoleonis cxovrebis da moRvaweobis Sesaxeb
sabWoTa periodSi ar dauweriaT. es arcaa gasakviri. akad. ev-
geni tarles Semdeg amis gakeTeba, ra Tqma unda, advili saqme
ar iqneboda. amas gaaCnda Tavisi rezoni, azri. tarles wignis
Targmna, gamarTlebuli Canda da mniSvnelovanwilad avsebs im

113
sicarieles, romelic am sakiTxze qarTul istoriografiaSi
arsebobda. es iyo swori nabiji. amitom Targmnili litera-
turisadmi gulgrili damokidebuleba gamarTlebuli ar unda
Candes. ra Tqma unda, es kargi cxovrebiT ar iyo gamowveu-
li. SeiZleba raodenobrivad es Zalian cotaa, magram albaT,
dameTanxmebiT, rom xarisxobrivad, Tvisobrivad, es ase araa.
mTavari, swored, es unda iyos.
umTavresad, i. stalinis ZalisxmeviT, 30-40-ian wlebis
sabWoTa istoriografiaSi, farTod moikida fexi mosazrebam,
romelic napoleons uyurebda, rogor `evropel Cingiz-xans~.
saxelmoxveWili istorikosi iZulebuli iyo angariSi gaewia ar-
sebuli politikuri koniunqturisaTvis. mniSvnelovanwilad,
albaT, amiT aixsneba napoleonis reJimis kontrrevoliur ten-
denciebze aqcentireba. napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiT saqmia-
nobisadmi xisti damokidebuleba. amitom mosazreba TiTqosda
sabWoTa periodSi xelisufleba mecnierebis saqmianobaSi ar
ereoda sinamdviles ar Seefereba da elementaruli tyuilia.
mTels mis msjelobas laitmotivad gasdevs napoleonis kanon-
SemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis burJuaziul-klasobrivi SezRudu-
lobaze apelireba. misis demokratiuli potenciali gaSuqebu-
lia gacilebiT ufro sustad, mkrTalad. Crdili dominirebs
Suqze (7. 173-175). marqsistuli stereotipebis da Stampebis
gamo misi mkacrad gansja mizanSewonili ar unda Candes, advi-
li gziT siaruli iqneboda da hiperkritikulad migvaCnia, `es
iyo Cveni ubedureba da ara danaSauli~. vfiqrobT, es ufro
adekvaturi iqneboda.
napoleonis cxovrebis da moRvaweobis Seswavlis saqmeSi
Tavisi wvlili Seitana cnobilma qarTvelma istrikosma prof.
grigol naTaZem. man yuraRReba miapyro napoleonis moRvaweobis
calkeul sakvanZo sakiTxebs da maT Sesaxeb dawera saintereso
samecniero-popularuli naSromebi `napoleonis memuarebi da
anderZi~ (8), `napoleon I-is dawinaurebis mizezebi~ (9) es Sromebi

114
napoleonis moRvaweobis calkeul sakvanZo sakiTxebs Seexeba da
amitom mis mizans ar warmoadgens napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebi-
Ti saqmianobis ganxilva. aq, vfiqrobT, yvelaferi gamWvirvalea.
sul sxva misi wigni `kapirtalizmis istoriidan, safrange-
Tis didi revolucia~ (10). SesaZloa, es mis mier Cafiqrebuli
`axali istoriis~ saxelmZRvanelos erTi fragmenti iyo. sinam-
dvileSi is gacilebiT ufro did periods moicavs, vidre es sa-
Tauridan Cans. aq ganixileba safrangeTis istoriis erTi didi
monakveTi, maT Soris, cxadia, `napoleonis epoqa~. amgvari,
nabiji, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom SemTxveviT ar gaxlavT da didi
albaTobiT am dargSi mSobliur enaze arsebuli literatur-
is deficitiT SeiZleba yofiliyo ganpirobebuli. is SeZlebi-
sadagvarad cdilobs Seavsos is vakuumi, romelic am sferoSi
qarTuli istoriografiaSi arsebobda. safiqreli iyo, rom, aq
is Seexeboda napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobas, ma-
gram sinamdvile sul sxvaa. is, bunebrivia, did yuradRebas uT-
mobs napoleonis cxovrebis da moRvaweobis ganxilvas, magram
napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianoba kadrSi ver xvdeba,
rac am Temaze misi msjelobis aqilevsis quslad migvaCnia da
napoleonis cxovrebaze da moRvaweobaze srulyofil, amom-
wurav, warmodgenas ver gviqmnis, napoleonis portreti calmx-
rivia, araa dasrulebuli. (10. 103-109.11).
mweralma rostom CxeiZem yuradReba miaqcia cnobili mecn-
ieris profesor akaki gawerelias ubis wignakSi gakeTebil erT
sagulisxmo Canawers, romelic CvenTvis saintereso Temas Se-
exeba da mas sul sxva rakursiT warmogviCens. rogorc Cans,
prof. akaki gawerelias yuradReba miupyria `napoleonis ko-
deqsis~ stilisTvis, literaturuli RirsebisTvis da masze
sakmaod maRali azri gamouTqvams. gansakuTrebiT mtkivneulad
migvaCnia is garemoeba, rom saxelovan mecniers es Canafiqri
ganuxorcielebeli darCa da mxolod mis ubis wignakSi Caweri-
li frazaa. (12. 183-186).

115
 napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis gaSuqebis mesa-
me qveperiodi pirobiT or etapad iyofa da upiratesad poli-
tikur kataklizmebTan asocirdeba. `daTbobis xana~ Caanacvla
`uZraobis periodma~. Tavi iCina napoleonis moRvaweobasadmi
gansxvavebulma midgomam, romelic pirvel yovlisa, prof. al-
bert manfredis da prof. juCi tugan-baranivskis SromebTa-
naa dakavSirebuli. (13.14). aseTi Semobruneba cxadia, cariel
niadagze ar aRmocenebula da `uZraobis epoqis~ gamoZaxilia.
napoleons ukev aRar uyureben rogorc `evropel Cingiz-xans~.
am novaciebis kvali qarTul istoriografiaSic gvxvdeba.
am TvalsazrisiT, yuradRebas ipyrobs soxumeli istoriko-
sis konstantine (kote) boWoriSvilis disertacia `safrange-
Tis armia rogorc sazogadoebriv-politikuri Zala konsulo-
bisa da imperiis dros~ (1799-1815), (15). es iyo saqarTveloSi
safrangeTis axal istoriaSi daculi erT-erTi saintereso
disertacia. aRsaniSnavia, rom is exeba ara `samxedro bonapar-
tizms~, rogorc es xdeboda tradiciulad, aramed Sexebis wer-
tilebi gaaCnia `administraciuli bonapartizmTan~ saxeldobr
ki, napoleonis samxedro kanonmdeblobasTan. vfiqrobT, sain-
tereso rakursia, es siaxle iyo. am kuTxiT es sakiTxi sabWo-
Ta istoriografiaSi damuSavebuli ar yofila da TviT fran-
gul istoriografiaSi SedarebiT naklebad iyo Seswavlili. es
gamokvleva sabWoTa periodis qarTuli istoriofrafiis mniS-
vnelovan SenaZeni iyo da qarTuli napoleonianas warmatebad
migvaCnia. mas am problemiT dainteresebuli verc erTi mkvle-
vari gulgrili ver auvlis gverds. is swavlobs friad aqtual-
ur da saintereso Temas napoleonis samxedro kanonmdeblobas.
rogor Cven migvaCnia, sakiTxis aseTi dasma ufro metad `ad-
ministraciuli bonapartizmTan~ unda asicirdebodes, vidre
`samxedro bonapartizmTan~, sadRac `samxedro bonapartizmis~
da `adamianistraciuli bonapartizmis~ zRvarzea. SeiZleba ase
ufro swori iqneboda.

116
 dRevandeli gadasaxedidan, marqsistuli stereotipebis
da Stampebis gamo misi mkacrad gansja mizanSewonili ar unda
iyos, advili gziT siaruli iqneboda da hiperkritikulad
migvaCnia. Tu am marqsistul garesamoss CamovaSorebT. xelSi
SegvrCeba soliduri mecnieruli gamokvleva, romelic, ueWve-
lad, Rirebulia. specialistebis (juCi tugan-baranovski, vla-
dlen sirotkini, efim Cerniaki) maRali Sefaseba, vfiqrobT,
amis naTeli ilustracia unda iyos. naSromSi Tavmoyrili
mdidari mecnieruli informacia, uxvi faqtobrivi masala,
sainteresoa, Rirebulia, sabWoTa kavSiris wignTsacavebSi da
arqivebSi mravali wlis dauRalavi Sromis nayofia. rogorc
specialistebi aRiareben, xSir SemTxvevaSi siaxles warmoad-
gens. es, cxadia, kote boWoriSvilis gamokvlevis plusia, em-
piriis, faqtologiis, doneze progresi aSkaraa da amis dau-
naxaoba, cxadia, ar ivargebs. es misi naSromis udavo Rirsebaa.
is napoleons, cxadia, ukve aRar uyurebs rogorc `evropel
Cingiz-xans~. es ukve wingadadgmuli nabiji iyo. ganzogadebis,
interpretaciis TvalsazrisiT, is, ra Tqma unda, ver acda Te-
oriul, meTodologiur gauferulebas, `es iyo Cveni ubedure-
ba da ara danaSauli~. vfiqrobT, es yvelaze ufro adekvaturi
iqneboda. oponentebi naSromis dadebiT mxareebTan erTad miu-
TiTeben im sakiTxebze, romelic mecnieruli paeqrobis sagani
SeiZleba gaxdes. uwinaresad, maT aseTad esaxebaT napoleonis
armiaSi materialuri waxalisebis faqtoris mniSvnelobis gad-
aWarbeba. (16). sasurveli iyo misi monografiis saxiT gamo-
qveyneba, ratom ar gaakeTa es Zneli saTqmelia.
maS ase, kote boWoriSvilis solidurma gamokvlevam `sa-
frangeTis armia rogorc sazogadoebriv-politikuri Zala
konsulobis da imperiis dros (1799-1815)~. Tavisi wvlili Seit-
ana da SeZlebisdagvarad Seecada win waewia napoleonis samx-
edro kanonmdeblobis Seswavla. misi mniSvneloba, vfiqrobT,
swored, amaSi unda mdgomareobdes. (17. 18).

117
 da bolos ar SeiZleba ar SevexoT erT saintereso sakiTxs,
romelic am problemis Seswavlis mcdelobasTan ufro metad
asocirdeba vidre sakuTriv SeswavlasTan da romlis gverdis
avla saqarTveloSi napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmiano-
bis gaSuqebis sakiTxze srulyofil, amomwurav warmodgenas
ver Segviqmnis.
aq, ra Tqma unda, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs prof. givi kiRu-
raZis Canafiqri, romlis ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi saqarT-
veloSi napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis Seswavla,
popularizacia, kidev erT seriozul nabijs gadadgamda win. ai
raSi iyo saqme. mas ganzraxuli hqonda daewera axali istori-
is saxelmZRvanelo, romelic dayofili iqneboda sam nawilad.
1970 wels gamovida am saxelmZRvanelos pirveli wigni, romel-
ic sul mTlianad Teoriul, istoriografiul xasiaTs, atareb-
da da momdevno ori wignis Tavisebur Sesavalad gvevlineba.
(19). meore wigni ganxiluli iqneboda dasavleT evropis axali
istoria 1640-1789 wlebSi. mesame wigni amis logikuri gagr-
Zeleba iqneboda da ganixileboda dasavleT evropis axali is-
toria 1789-1870 wlebSi, (20. 12. 21. 167. 22). aq, cxadia, sau-
bari iqneboda safrangeTis did revoluciaze da napoleonis
epoqaze. Tu es Canafiqri ganxorcieldeboda nawilobriv mainc
Seivseboda is vakuumi, romelic am sferoSi qarTul isto-
riografiaSi arsebobda da daiwereboda axali istoriis nor-
maluri, kvalificirebuli saxelmZRvanelo. romelic pasuxob-
da sabWoTa periodis qarTuli istoriografiis moTxovnebs.
es kidev erTi wingadadgmuli nabiji iqneboda. iq, bunebrivia
mokled, lakonurad iqneboda ganxiluli napoleonis kanonSem-
oqmedebiTi saqmianoba.
unda iTqvas, rom muSaobis procesSi Tavdapirvelma Cana­
fiqrma garkveuli saxecvlileba ganicada, etyoba, is imdenad
gaitaca am problemaze muSaobam rom ganizraxa samecniero-pop-
ularuli narkvevebi daewera dasavleT evropis da amerik-

118
is qveynebis axali istoriis sakvanZo problemebze. inglisis
revoluciaze, CrdiloeT amerikis koloniebis omze damou-
kideblobisaTvis, samrewvelo gadatrialebaze, safrangeTis
did revoluciaze, napoleonze, 1848 wlis revoluciebze ev-
ropaSi. es, cxadia, Zalian kargia. gansakuTrebiT mtkivneulad
migvaCnia is garemoeba, rom man am kargi Canafiqris bolomde
miyvana ver moaswro. is, 1978 wlis 5 agvistos uecrad, gulis
SeteviT gardaicvala.
pirveli nabiji am ganzraxvis ganxorcielebis gzaze gadaid-
ga. or nawilad gamovida misi samecniero-popularuli mono-
grafia inglisis revoluciaze. (23). am serialis gagrZeleba,
maT Soris, cxadia, safrangeTis did revoluciaze da napoleo-
nis epoqaze samecniero-popularuli monografiis dawera man
ubralod veRar moaswro. napoleonis cxovrebis moRvaweeobis
ganxilvis dros, bunebrivia, uyuradRebod ar darCeboda mis
kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis ganxilva `napoleonis kodeq-
si~. es qarTuli istoriografiaSi dRemde arsebuli vakuumis
Sevsebis kidev erTi mcdeloba iqneboda, magram es xelsayreli
Sansi rogorc ukve iTqva xelidan iqna gaSvebuli.
gansakuTrebiT mtkivneulad migvaCnia is garemoeba, rom
ver moxerxda qarTul enaze cnobili istorikosis prof. al-
berts manfredis saintereso wignis `napoleon bonaparti~
Targmna. es qarTuli napoleonianas mniSvnelovani SenaZeni
iqneboda, romelic mniSvnelovanwilad ganapirobebda imas,
rom Segvevso is vakuumi, romelic qarTul istoriografiaSi
napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis Seswavlis saqme-
Si arsebobs. prof. albert manfredis es saintereso wigni
Targmnilia mraval enaze, maT Soris yofili sabWoTa respub-
likis enebze, magram qarTul enaze samwuxarod unda iTqvas,
rom ar gagvaCnia. es qarTuli napoleonianas seriozul minu-
sad migvaCnia (24. 84). sasurveli iqneboda albert manfredis
saintereso wignSi erTi Tavi specialurad daTmobda napo-

119
leonis kanonSemoqmedebiT saqmianobas. es vfiqrobT kidev
ufro gamWvirvale iqneboda.
dasasruls unda aRvniSnoT, napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebi-
Ti saqmianobis gaSuqebis sakiTxSi sabWoTa periodis qarTveli
samarTalmcodneebis pasiuroba, inertuloba. faqtobrivad. am
wlebSi aRniSnul sakiTxze araferi dawerila. am wlebSi aR-
niSnul sakiTxze ar dawerila arc raime seriozuli samecnie-
ro narkvevi, monografia da arc saintereso samecniero-pop-
ularuli xasiaTis narkvevebi an Tundac narkvevi. am saqmeSi
qarTveli samarTalmcodneobis wvlili Zalzed mokrZalebu-
lad gamoiyureba. am Temis gaSuqebisadmi qarTveli samarTalm-
codneebis gulgrili damokidebuleba sabWoTa periodis qar-
Tuli napoleonianas aqilevsis quslad migvaCnia.

***
amrigad, sabWoTa periodis qarTul istoriografiaSi napo-
leonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobisadmi mecnieruli mid-
goma kvlav ZalaSia, magram calmxrivi xasiaTi miiRo da erTi
viwrodogmaturad gagebuli marqsistul-leninuri ideologi-
is yalibSi aRmoCnda moqceuli. aq aisaxa savsebiT realuri vi-
Tareba. moxda istoriuli mecnierebis stalinizacia, unifi-
cireba. sabWoTa kavSirSi myardeba erTi marqsistul-leninuri
ideologiis monopolia, diqtati. mniSvnelovanwilad, aman ga-
napiroba sabWoTa periodis qarTuli istoriografiis Teori-
uli, meTodologiuri TvalsazrisiT, gauferuleba. empiriis,
faqtologiis doneze winsvla. progresi aSkaraa da amis uary-
ofa swori ar iqneboda. sabWoTa epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
konunqturuli gadaxrebis miuxedavad am Sromebs dResac ar
daukargavs mniSvneloba, aq gamovlenili mdidari mecnieruli
informacia, mravalferovani wyaroebis, uxvi faqtobrivi ma-
sala, dResac Rirebulia da misi gamoyeneba mizanSewonilad

120
migvaCnia. misi marqsistuli interpretaciia, romelic ZaliT
iyo Tavs moxveuli. cxadia, moZvelebulia, yavli gauvida, is-
toriografiis ganvlil etaps warmoadgens. istorias ar xe-
lewifeba erTi WeSmariteba. es istoriuli mecnierebis sik-
vdilis tolfasi iqneboda. am gzas CixSi mivyavarT. sabWoTa
istoriografiis krizisis gasaRebi, swored, aq Zevs. bolos da
bolos man letaluri anu sasikvdilo xasiaTi SeiZina.
Tavisufali azrovneba, istoriuli movlenisadmi mraval-
variantuli midgoma. pluralizmi, progresul-liberaluri
Sexedulebebi, ukan darCa, warsuls Cabarda. mis adgils ika-
vebs istoriisadmi monisturi midgoma, formaciuli principi,
klasobrivi brZolis faqtori, klasobrivi midgoma, mniSvnelo-
vanwilad amiT aixsneba, rom napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebis ga-
Suqebis dros adgili aqvs aqcentebis gadatanas pozitividan,
negativze, sust mxareebze. xazs usvamen napoleonis kanonSem-
oqmedebiTi saqmianobis burJuaziul klasobriv SezRudule-
bas. aseTi uaryofiTi damokidebuleba, cxadia, SemTxveviTi
araa, cariel niadagze ar aRmocenebula da sakiTxisadmi viwro
klasobrivi midgomis logikur Sedegs warmoadgens. mniSvnelo-
vanwilad, vfiqrobT, swored, amiT aixseneba, rom sabWoTa
periodis qarTul istoriografiaSi napoleonis kanonSemoq-
medebiTi saqmianobis gaSuqebis dros Crdili mainc dominirebs
Suqze. napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis dadebiTi
Sefaseba, rac dominanti iyo 1918-1921 wlebSi saqarTvelos
suverenul respublikaSi gamosul `axal istoriis~ pirvel
erovnul saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebSi da, rac, maT, udavo,
Rirsebad migvaCnia. sabWoTa periodis qarTulma istoriogra-
fiam aRniSnuli problemisadmi negatiuri midgomiT Caanacvla.
es Tavdapirveli gzis gagrZeleba, win gadadgmuli nabiji, ar
iyo. es ukve sul sxva gzaa. saqme gvaqvs swori gzidan gadaxvev-
asTan. ai, ase gvesaxeba am problemis Cveneuli xedva. (25, 26, 27,
28, 29, 30, 31).

121
 literatura:

1. m. kalandaZe, sabWoTa periodis qarTuli istoriografi-

is SefasebisaTvis, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbili-
sis saxelmwifo universiteti. humanitarul mecnierebaTa
fakulteti. msoflios istoriis instituti. axali da uax-
lesi istoriis kaTedra. VII konferencia, Tb., 2015.
2. n. mamukelaSvili, axali istoriis swavleba sabWoTa saSua-
lo skolaSi krebuli miZRvnili varlam donaZis xsovnisad-
mi, Tb., 1996.
3. n. mamukelaSvili, sazogadoebaTmecnierebis swavleba qar-
Tul, sabWoTa skolaSi, aleqsandre namoraZis saxelobis
krebuli, Tb., 1993.
4. a. efimovi, axali istoria, VIII klasis saxelmZRvanelo; Tb.,
1970.
5. axali istoria, 1640-1870. IX klasis saxelmZRvanelo akade-
mikos a. naroCnickis redaqciiT, Tb., 1988.
6. З. Черниловский, Всеобщая история государства и права, М., 1983.
7. v. tarle, napoleoni, Tb., 1942.
8. gr. naTaZe, napoleonis memuarebi da anderZi, universiteti
moambe, t. 5. 1925.
9. gr. naTaZe, napoleonis I-is dawianaurebis mizezebi, univer-
sitetis moambe, 8. 1927.
10. gr. naTaZe, kapitalizmis istoriidan. Tema 2. safrangeTis
didi revolucia, Tb., 1933.
11. m. kalandaZe, dasavleT evropis Sua saukuneebis da axali.
istoriis Seswavla saqarTveloSi XX saukunis pirvel nax-
evarSi, Tb., 1999.
12. r. CxeiZe, Cemi wili vaterloo, Tb., 2015.
13. А. Манфред, Наполеон Бонапарт, М., 1973.
14. Дж. Туган-Барановский, Наполеон и республиканцы, М., 1980.

122
15. К. Бочоришвили, Французская армия как общественно-
политическая сила во время консульства и империи (1799-1815 гг),
Автореферат диссертации на соискание ученной стeпeни кандидата
историчечких наук, Тб., 1982.
16. saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis centraluri arqivi, fondi
471, anabeWdi 51. saqme 7484.
17. m. kalandaZe, soxumeli istorikosi konstantine (kote)
boWoriSvilis, soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Srome-
bi, t., XVII. Tb., 2018-2019.
18. m. kalandaZe, napoleonis epoqis qarTveli mkvlevari, Tb.,
2020.
19. g. kiRuraZe, axali istoria, nawili 1. Tb., 1970.
20. k. anTaZe, givi kiRuraZe cxovreba da moRvaweoba, Tb.,1983.
21. m. kalandaZe, profesori givi kiRuraZe, Tbilisis saxelm-
wifo universitetis Sromebi, t. 359, Tb., 2005.
22. M. Kalandadze: Ein georgischer Erforscher der Neuen Geschichte West
europas, Georgica, 30. 2007.
23. g. kiRuraZe, XVII saukunis inglisis burJuaziuli revolu-
cia, nawili pirveli (1603-1642), Tb., 1979. nawili meore,
(1642-1688), Tb., 1983.
24. m. kalandaZe, qarTuli napoleoniana, mieZRvna aleqsandre
orbelianis xsovnas, meore samecniero konferencia, Tb.,
1998.
25. m. kalandaZe, safrangeTis didi revoluciis agraruli
kanonmdeblobis Seswavla saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2006.
26. m. kalandaZe, msoflios istoriis periodizacia qarTul
istoriografiaSi, Tb., 2007.
27. m. kalandaZe, qarTuli medievistikis saTaveebTan, Tb., 2009.
28. m. kalandaZe, amerikis SeerTebuili Statebis axali isto-
riis Seswavla saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2015.
29. m. kalandaZe, dimitri uznaZe safrangeTis did revoluci-
aze da napoleonze, Tb., 2016.

123
30. m. kalandaZe, saqarTveloSi msoflio istoriis Seswavlis
evolucia, macne, istoriis seria, #1-2. 2016.
31. m. kalandaZe, suverenul saqarTvelos respublikaSi 1918-
1921 wlebSi gamosuli msoflios istoriis pirveli erovnu-
li saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebi, analebi, 13, Tb., 2017.

124
 Tavi meoTxe

napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis Seswavla,

postsabWoTa periodis qarTul istoriografiaSi

qarTul napoleonianas laitmotivad gasdevs politikuri

kataklizmebi, rac, ra Tqma unda, kargi cxovrebiT ar iyo ga-
mowveuli. politikuri kataklizmebisadmi erTmniSvnelovnad
dadebiTi an uaryofiTi damokidebuleba, sworxazovani iqnebo-
da da aRniSnul sakiTxze adekvaturi warmodgena ver Camogvi-
yalibda. erT SemTxvevaSi mas pozitiuri datvirTva SeiZle-
ba gaaCndes. aseTad migvaCnia didi ivane javaxiSvilis mier
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis gaxsna da saqarTvelos
damoukidebloebis aRdgena. meore SemTxvevaSi is negatiur xa-
siaTs SeiZleba atarebdes. aseTi iyo saqarTvelos gasabWoeba
1921 wels. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlas, cxadia, pozitiuri muxti
gaaCnda.
savsebiT kanonzomieri unda iyos, rom napoleonis kanon-
SemoqmedebiTi saqmianobiT dainteresebis axali periodi isev
politikur qartexilebs ukavSirdeba da sabWoTa kavSiris
daSlasTan asocirdeba. is iwyeba 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi,
rodesac daiSala sabWoTa kavSiri da dResac grZeldeba. erTi
marqsistul-leninuri ideologiis monopoliis xana dasrul-
da. qarTulma napoleonianam daibruna suverenoba. amas didi
mniSvneloba hqonda. axla is aRar iyo sxvaze damokidebuli.
is ar Seadgenda mefis ruseTis an sabWoTa istoriografiis
nawils. mas SeeZlo sakuTari arCevani gaekeTebina. sabWoTa is-

125
toriografiis Semdeg es, usaTuod, seriozuli wingadadgmuli
nabiji iyo da amis uaryofa swori ar iqneba. gaCnda Tavisufali
arCevanis saSualeba. qarTuli napoleoniana Seecada es xel-
sayreli momenti xelidan ar gaeSva da SeZlebisdagvarad ga-
moeyenebina. Tavisufali azrovnebis reanimacia, postsabWoTa
periodis qarTuli istoriografiis mTavari Tvisebaa.
pirvel yovlisa unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTuli napoleo-
niana cdilobs Tavi daaRwios sabWoTa stereotipebs da Stam-
pebs, ZaliT Tavsmoxveul viwrodogmaturad gagebul marqsis-
tul-leninuri ideologiis diqtats da daZlios napoleonis
kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobisadmi uaryofiTi midgoma, rode-
sac aqcenti keTdeboda, napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmi-
anobis burJuaziul klasobriv SezRudulobaze. sakiTxisadmi
aseTi viwro klasobrivi midgma, romelic damaxasiaTebeli iyo
sabWoTa istoriografiisaTvis. dRes, cxadia, ukve moZvelebu-
lia, yavli gauvida da istoriografiis ganvlili etapia.
postsabWoTa wlebi napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi
saqmianobis gaSuqebis optimalur xanad migvaCnia. qarTuli
napoleoniana cdilobs swor gzas daubrundes da ganaviTa-
ros is kargi tradiciebi, romelic mas gaaCnda aRniSnuli
sakiTxis Seswavlis, popularizaciis, saqmeSi da umTavresad
asaxva hpova saqarTvelos suverenuli respublikaSi 1918-
1921 wlebSi gamocemul `axali istoriis~ pirvel erovnul
saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebSi. metis gakeTeba ubralod veR-
ar moaswres. ris gakeTebac moaswres gaakeTes. es monakveTis
genetikurad imdenad Tavis winamorbedTan ki araa dakavSire-
buli, ramdenadac gasabWoebamde qarTuli istoriografiis
tradiciebis aRdgenis da misi gagrZelebis mcdelobad Sei-
Zleba iqnas aRqmuli.

126
 ***
napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis marqsis-
tul-leninuri midgomis daZlevis gzaze gadadgmul pirvel
nabijad axali istoriis saskolo saxelmZRvanelo migvaCnia.(1)
aq prioritetulad, ra Tqma unda, kvlav napoleonis samxedro
warmatebebi rCeba, magram arc napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi
saqmianobaa uyuradReboT datovebuli da Zalian lakonurad,
magram Sinaarsianadaa ganxiluli. es, cxadia, Zalian kargia. da
am Temaze maTi msjelobis dadebiT mxares warmoadgens. (1).
saxelmZRvanelos avtorebs Zalian kargad unda hqondeT
gacnobierebuli napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis
istoriuli mniSvneloba. xazs usvamen mis progresul xasiaTs.
aqcenti keTdeba ara mis uaryofiT mxareebze, mis burJuazi-
ul-klasobriv SezRudulobaze, aramed mis dadebiT mxareeb-
ze. faqtobrivad, saqme gvaqvs napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi
saqmianobis mecnieruli Sefasebis reanimaciis mcdelobasTan.
`napoleoni kodeqsis~ dadebiTi Sefaseba savsebiT marTlzom-
ieri unda iyos da misaRebi Cans. xazs usvamen rom napoleonma
SeZlos SeenarCunebina revoluciis socialuri monapovari.
`napoleonis aqtiuri monawileobiT Seiqmna samoqalaqo,
sisxlis samarTlis da komerciuli (vaWrobis) kodeqsi. es
krebulebi sakuTrebis uflebis uzrunvelyofas da Tavisu-
fali mewarmeobis ganviTarebas emsaxureba. revoluciis dros
SeZenili qoneba mis axla mflobels umtkicdeboda. `napoleo-
nis kodeqsi~ sasamarTlos winaSe moqalaqeTa Tanasworobas
akanonebda~ (1.97). napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis
burJuaziul-klasobriv SezRudulobaze apelireba warsuls

127
Cabarda. istoriuli retros surneli dakravs. sabWoTa peri-
odis qarTuli istoriografiis Semdeg es, udavod, wingadadg-
muli nabiji iyo da postsabWiTa periodis qarTuli napoleo-
nianas dadebiTi mxarea. isini zustad gadmogvcemen napoleonis
kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis ZiriTad momentebs.
yuradRebas mivapyrobT or garemoebas, radgan saqme exe-
ba skolis saxelmZRvanelos, sasurveli xom ara iqneboda mi-
TiTebuli yofiliyo `napoleonis kodeqsis~ miRebis TariRi?
1804 wlis 21 marti vfiqrobT, sasurveli iyo Zalian mokled,
sul oriode sityviT aRniSnuliyo `napoleonis kodeqsis~ susti
mxareebi. aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba dominirebs sakanonmde-
bloze. es ukanaskneli sustia. napoleoni iyo erTpirovnuli
mmarTvelia, romelic xelisuflebis ganawilebis momxre ar iyo.
gadauWarbeblad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom prof. dimitri cis-
kariSvilis wigni napoleonze qarTuli napoleonianas istori-
aSi etapobrivi mniSvnelobis movlena iyo. es gaxlavT samecnie-
ro-popularuli xasiaTis istoriuli naSromi, romelic ori
mecnierebis istoriisa da literatoris mijnazea. is cdilobs
erTmaneTs Seuxamos istorikosis da literatoris Tvisebebi
da amas, Cveni azriT, sakmaod kargad axerxebs. Txrobis sasiam-
ovno manera napoleonze misi wignis erT-erT mTavar Rirsebad
migvaCnia. savsebiT marTlzomieri unda iyos, rom postsabWo-
Ta periodis qarTuli napoleonianas loderis rolSi, swored,
prof. dimitri ciskariSvili mogvevlina. prof. dimitri cis-
kariSvilis wignSi, bunebrivia, vrcladaa ganxiluli napo-
leonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianoba. prioritetulad, ra
Tqma unda, napoleonis triumfaluri samxedro warmatebebi
gvevlineba, romelic adrec bevrs Wrida Tvals da dResac. ma-
gram es sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom napoleonis moRvaweobis
meore, SeiZleba aranakleb mniSvnelovani, mxare, misi kanon-
SemoqmedebiTi saqmianoba, uyuradRebod rCeboda da TiTqos
masze araferi araa naTqvami. es ase araa. napoleonis kanon-

128
SemoqmedebiT saqmianobas prof. dimitri ciskariSvilis wignSi
napoleonze sakmaod didi adgili aqvs daTmobili da saTanado
yuradReba eqceva. es, cxadia, Zalian kargia da misi saintereso
wignis kidev erTi Rirsebaa. is am Temas sakmaod vrclad ga-
nixilavs. savsebiT veTanxmebiT prof. dimitri ciskariSvilis
rodesac is kodeqss napoleonis `pirmSos~ uwodebs. (2. 438).
savsebiT marTlzomieri iyo, rom istorikosebma mas `napoleo-
nis kodeqsi~ Searqves.
uwinaresad unda aRiniSnos, rom dimitri ciskariSvilis
wigni `napoleonze~ im karg tradiciis logikur gagrZelebad
gvevlineba, romelsac saZirkveli Caeyara `axali istoriis~
saskolo saxelmZRvaneloSi. is warmoadgens kidev erT seri-
ozul wingadadgmul nabijs napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi
saqmianobis marqsizmisagan gaTavisuflebis gzaze. es, cxadia,
Zalian kargia. is aqcents akeTebs ara napoleonis kanonSemo-
qmedebiTi saqmianobis burJuaziul-klasobriv SezRuduloba-
ze, rogor es xdeboda sabWoTa periodSi, aramed yuradRebas
amaxvilebs mis dadebiT mxareebze. es iyo swori midgoma, rac
am Temaze misi msjelobis kidev erTi plusia. maS ase, mTavaria
ara negativi, aramed pozitivi.
daviwyoT imiT, rom mas Zalian kargad, aqvs gacnobierebuli
napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis istoriuli mniSvn-
eloba, misi progresuli xasiaTi. napoleonis kanonSemoqmedeb-
iTi saqmianobis dadebiTi Sefaseba savsebiT marTlzomieri
unda iyos da sabWoTa istoriografiis Semdeg wingadadgmul
nabijs warmoadges. xazs usvams, rom napoleonis kanonSemoq-
medebiTi saqmianoba miznad isaxavda revoluciis socialuri
monapovris SenarCunebas da es mas, savsebiT samarTlianad es-
axeba `napoleonis kodeqsis~ dadebiT mxared.
savsebiT veTanxmebiT prof. dimitri ciskariSvils, rom
napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis kulminaciad kon-
sulobis xana gvevlineba. es imiTaa gamowveuli, rom konsulo-

129
bis periodi napoleonis moRvaweobis SedarebiT mSvidobiani
wlebi aRmoCnda. `vin icis iqneba es iyo misi saocari cxovrebis
saukeTeso wlebi. iqneb axla idga misi varskvlavis Jami? axla
da ara mere, rvaasxuTis dekemberSi, roca ruseTis da avstri-
is imperatorebi ukanmouxedavad garbodnen brZolis velidan,
xolo arnaxuli gamarjvebiT aRtacebuli marSlebi misken, am
gamarjvebis Semoqmedisaken, misalocad miaWenebdnen cxenebs.
axla da ara rvaaseqvsis oqtomberSi, rodesac man ienasTan,
sul raRac erT dReSi, sul ramdenime saaTSi prusielTa mTeli
armia gaanadgura da evropis mbrZanebeli Seiqmna!? vin icis~.
(2. 441). albaT, maSinac da axlac. Tu konsulobis xana misi
kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis pikia, mwvervalia, austerlici
da iena misi rogorc mxedarTmTavaris warmatebebis zenitia,
apogeaa.
napoleonis kanonSemoqmebiTi saqmianobis ganxilvis dros
prof. dimitri ciskariSvilma moimarjva retrospeqtuli
meTodi. es swori nabiji iyo. napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi
saqmianoba kargad, rom gaviTavisoT, mas retrospeqtivaSi unda
SevxedoT. ra iyo gakeTebuli manamde da risi gakeTeba SeZlo
napoleonma. ai, aseTi saintereso suraTi ikveTeba: `erTiani
samoqalaqo kodeqsis Seqmnamde, safrangeTSi ramdenime saxis
samarTali moqmedebda, Tu safrangeTSi samxreT provinciebSi
upiratesad, romauli kanonebi iyo gabatonebuli, CrdiloeTSi
Zvelgermanul normanul adaT-wesebze agebuli samarTali iyo
ZalaSi. safrangeTis Suagul regionebSi ki am ori samarTlis
najvari iyo adgilobriv wes-CveulebebTan. Sedegad iuridiul
urTierTobaTa raRac rTuli da daxlarTuli kvanZi gamodi-
oda. kanonTa aseTi aRreva, cxadia, qveynis erTobas naklebad
uwyobda xels. bonapartis mier Cafiqrebuli erTian, Zlier da
centralizebul saxelmwifos aseTi rame araferSi gamodgebo-
da. mis qveyanas erTmmarTveli unda hyoloda da kanonTa erT
krebuli unda hqonoda. es Znelad gasakeTebeli saqme iyo, ma-

130
gram Zalian saSuri~ (2. 437). man damajereblad cxadyo, rom
`Zveli reJimis~ Semdeg es wingadadgmuli nabiji iyo.
`kodeqss ori ZiriTadi dasayrdeni hqonda. ori safuZve-
li. erTi kanonis uzenaesoba, meore sakuTrebis primati. ko-
deqsis aseTi wyoba savsebiT Seesatyviseboda napoleonis mier
miwodebul axal lozungebs: `sakuTreba, Tavisufleba, Tanas-
woroba~. kodeqsis mixedviT, kanonisadmi yvela Tanaswori iyo.
kanoni yvelasTvis erTi unda yofiliyo. mas erTnairad unda
damorCileboda didic da patarac, mdidaric da Raribic. sa-
kuTreba cxaddeboda umTavres Rirebulebad, is xelSeuxebeli
iyo da mas kanoni icavda” (2. 439).
rogorc Cans, sindisis Tavisufleba `napoleonis kode-
qsis~ kidev erT dadebiT mxared esaxeboda. xazs usvams, rom
napoleoni rjulTSemwynareoblobis politikas axorcieleb-
da: `qveynis yoveli mcxovrebis ufleba Tavisi survilisamebrs
`airCios~ Tu romeli religiis mimdevari iqneba igi. da rogor
aRasrulebda RvTismsaxurebas, amave dros daculi iyo aTeist-
Ta uflebebic, kodeqsSi pirvelad iyo xazgasmuli ebraelTa
Tanasworoba saxelmwifos sxva mcxovreblebTan~ (2. 439).
prof. dimitri ciskariSvilis sasaxelod unda iTqvas, rom
is cdilobs Tavidan aicilos rogorc napoleonis kanoneSemo-
qmedebiTi saqmianobis xotba, qeba-dideba, rac laitmotivad
gasdevs apologetur literaturas, ise Seufasebloba, rac
prioritetuli gaxda sabWoTa istoriografiaSi. WeSmariteba,
rogorc wesi, SuaSi Zevs. misi es midgoma am saSualedo xaz-
is gamoZebnis mcdelobad SeiZleba iqnas aRqmuli. sakiTxisad-
mi ufro gawonasworebuli, dabalansebuli, damokidebuleba
amis logikuri Sedegia. saqme gvaqvs sakiTxisadmi mecnierul
midgomasTan. is cdilobs gamoarkvios napoleonis kanonSemo-
qmedebiTi saqmianobis Zlieri da susti mxareebi da axsnas misi
gamomwvevi mizezebi, rac am Temaze misi msjelobis kidev erT
dadebiT mxared gvevlineba. `kodeqsi, cxadia, unaklo ar yo-

131
fila. mis bevr muxls zedmeti gamartiveba etyoba. zogs ki
aSkarad naCqarevad SemuSavebis beWedi esva. am kodeqsis mixed-
viT, qali mamakacTan SedarebiT, ufro daCagruli moCanda.
samoqalaqo uflebebi qmars, mamas da Zmas meti hqonda, vidre
sawinaaRmdego sqesi warmomadgenelebs, magram miuxedavad ase-
Ti da kidev sxva xarvezebisa, samoqalaqo kodeqsi samarTli-
anad iTvleboda istoriul dokumentad da udides wingadadg-
mul nabijs warmoadgens dromoWmuli, feodaluri sistemis
ngrevis da mis nacvlad, axali sazogadoebrivi formaciis Cam-
oyalibebis saqmeSi“ (2. 440).
genderuli Tanasworoba napoleonis dros darRveuli
iyo. es namdvilad aris misi kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmiano-
bis naklovani mxare da amaSi prof. dimitri ciskariSvili
savsebiT marTalia, magram mxolod genderuli Tanasworobis
darRvevaze apelireba napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmi-
anobis naklulovan mxareebze, srulyofil. amomwurav, war-
modgenas ver gviqmnis. mTavari es ar iyo. mTavari sul sxva
ramea. saqme is gaxlavT, rom napoleonis dros, aRmasrule-
beli xelisufleba dominirebs sakanonmdebloze. es ukanask-
neli metad sustia. am Temaze is ratomRac dums. krints
ar Zravs, faqtobrivad, es sakiTxi kadrs miRma aRmoCnda,
rac am Temaze misi msjelobis aqilevsis quslad migvaCnia.
napoleoni iyo farTo SeuzRudveli mmarTvelobis momxre.
is iyo avtoritaruli mmarTveli, man safuZveli Cauyara
cezaristul reJims. napoleoni `progresuls cezarizmis~
erT-erTi TvalsaCino warmomadgenlad SeiZleba miviCnioT.
misTvis Zalauflebis ganawilebis principi sruliad ucxo
iyo. ai ra aris mTavari da arsebiTi.
TvalSi mogvxda terminebi `feodaluri sistema~ da `ax-
ali sazogadoebrivi formaciis Camoyalibeba~. es kategoriebi,
dRes, cxadia, ukve moZvelebulia, yavli gauvida, etyoba, Zveli
inerciiT, is uneblieT gaipara. es gasworebadia.

132
 amrigad, prof. dimitri ciskariSvilma Tavisi wvlili
Seitana da SeZlebisdagvarad Seecada win waewia saqarTvelo-
Si napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis Seswavla, pop-
ularizacia, rac napoleonze misi samecniero-popularuli
monografiis erT-erT mTavar Rirsebad migvaCnia. am Temaze
msjeloba sainteresoa da qarTuli napoleonianas mniSvnelo-
van SenaZenad gvevlineba. sakiTxisadmi damokidebuleba pro-
fesiulia, mecnierulia, romelsac, Cveni azriT, plusebi gac-
ilebiT ufro bevri gaaCnia, vidre minusebi. (4)
napoleonis epoqas nayofierad swavlobs prof. ivane men-
TeSaSvili. man am sakiTxs sami wigni miuZRvna. `Zalaufleba da
gmiri. napoleon bonaparti~, (5) `Zalaufleba da revoluciiT
Sobilni~, romlis yuradRebis centrSi dgas msoflio istori-
is sami gamoCenili pirovneba: oliver kromveli, napoleoni da
stalini. wignis garekanzec, swored, isini arian gamoxatuli.
(6) samecniero-popularuli xasiaTis istoriuli narkvevi `na-
poleoni”, romelsac wminda SemecnebiTi datvirTva gaaCnia (7)
es sami wigni Tanamedrove qarTuli napoleonianas mniSvnelo-
vani SenaZenia, romelsac am problemiT dainteresebuli verc
erTi mkvlevari gulgrilad ver auvlis gverds.
amjerad am Sromebis ganxilva ar warmoadgens Cvens uSua-
lo mizans. Cven yuradRebas mivapyrobT erT konkretul Te-
mas. rogor aris am wignebSi gaSuqebuli napoleonis kanonSem-
oqmedebiTi saqmianoba? aRniSnuli sakiTxi, swored, am kuTxiT
gvainteresebs.
manamde vidre konkretulad visaubrebdeT am Temaze unda
SevexoT erT sakiTxs, romelic advilad TvalSi sacemia da
pirdapir zedapirze Zevs. es gaxlavT gamoyenebuli litera-
tura. is sakmaod solidur STabeWdilebas axdens. ucxo enis,
saxeldobr inglisuris, kargi codna misi rogorc istoriko-
sis mTavari Rirsebaa. amitom ucxour literaturaze apeli-
reba, cxadia, SemTxveviTi araa da amis logikur Sedegia. am

133
SromebSi moxmobili mravalricxovani inglisuri literatura
am saintereso wignebis erT-erT Rirsebad migvaCnia. es, cxadia,
Zalian kargia, magram erTi ukiduresobidan meoreSi xom ar
aRmovCndiT. saqme is gaxlavT, rom am CamonaTvalSi uaxlesi pe-
riodis rusuli da qarTuli literatura TiTqmis ar figuri-
rebs. amitom nebsiT Tu uneblieT iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba
TiTqos bolo wlebSi rusul da qarTul enebze am Temaze daw-
erili araferi iyos. sinamdvileSi es ase araa. mis wignSi `gmiri
da Zalaufleba. napoleon bonaparti“ amaod dauwyebT Zebnas
prof. juCi tugan-baranovskis saintereso wigns `napoleoni
da Zalaufleba~ (8) sakvirvelia, rom es garemoeba ratomRac
gaeparaT mxedvelobidan am wignze recenziis avtorebs roman
blizniakovs da dimitri maliSevs, romelTa paToss naSromis
dadebiTad Sefasebis saqmeSi savsebiT viziarebT (9).
qarTul enaze napoleonze arsebuli literaturisadmi
gulgrili damokidebulebis kulminaciad prof. dimitri cis-
kariSvilis wignis ugulebelyofa migvaCnia. gamoyenebul lit-
eraturis CamonaTvalSi ubralod mas ver vxedavT. Cveni azriT,
prof. dimitri ciskariSvilis wignis gamoyeneba, miTiTeba,
aucilebeli iyo (7: 207). inglisis revoluciaze literatur-
is CamonaTvalSi ver vxedavT prof. givi kiRuraZis wigns `XVII
saukunis inglisis burJuaziuli revolucia~. sasurveli iqne-
boda am wigniT sargebloba. (6, 96-99). `Sinaur mRvdels Sendoba
ar aqvs~.
prioritetulad gvevlineba ori Tema. napoleonis trium-
faluri samxedro warmatebebi da Zalaufleba: pirveli wigni
`Zalaufleba da gmiri. napoleon bonaparti~, rogorc Cven
gvgonia, cildeba istoriuli mecnierebis viwro CarCoebs da
ori mecnierebis istoriis da politologiis mijnazea. Cveni
azriT, es ufro swori unda iyos. orive am Temas Tan axlavs
garkveuli romantikuli Sarmi, romelic magnitiviT izidav-
da istorikosebs da politologebs, rogorc winaT, ise dRes.

134
frang istorikoss ipolit tens mohyavs napoleonis erTi aseTi
gamonaTqvami `Zalaufleba Cemi sayvarelia~. vaimarel brZens
iohan volfgang goeTes, romelic did pativs miagebda napo-
leons uTqvams `Zalaufleba misTvis (e. i. napoleonisTvis m.k.)
igive iyo, rac didi xelovanisTvis musikaluri instrumenti“
(2. 311). aqve unda gamovTqvaT erTi mosazreba Tu napoleoni
vinmes SeiZleba SevadaroT es pirvel rigSi aris aleqsandre
makedoneli, gaius iulius keisari, oliver kromveli, jorj
vaSingtoni.
napoleonis Zalauflebaze apelireba mWidro kavSirSia mis
kanonSemoqmedebiT saqmianobasTan. SeiZleba gveCveneba, magram,
gvgonia, rom am kuTxiT sakiTxi SedarebiT mkrTalad, sustad
unda iyos gaSuqebuli.
napoleonis cxovrebas da moRvaweobas Seexeba kidev erTi
saintereso wigni qeTevan torotaZis `imperatori napoleoni~,
romelic gamovida 2013 wels. napoleonis biografebs Soris
mamakacebi dominireben da am wreSi qalbatonis gamoCena, ueWve-
lad, misasalmebeli faqtori unda iyos da, cxadia, Zalian kar-
gicaa (erT-erTi qali romelic maxsendeba es aris gertruda
kirhaizeni). qarTul istoriografiaSi gadaidga kidev erTi
nabiji napoleonis cxovrebis da moRvaweobis popularizaci-
is gzaze. naSromi, cxadia, samecniero-popularul xasiaTs at-
arebs, SemcnebiTi datvirTva gaaCnia. am kultur tregerul mi-
sias avtorma SeiZleba iTqvas, rom urigod rodi gaarTva Tavi.
mTavari, swored, ai es iyo. am wignis mniSvneloba, vfiqrobT,
swored, amaSi unda mdgomareobdes.
sainteresoa wignis Janris dadgena. sityvakazmuli liter-
aturis nimuSTan gvaqvs saqme Tu istoriul naSromTan, rom
ara erTi garemoeba Cven mas ufro metad sityvakazmuli lit-
eraturis nimuSad aRviqvamdiT, magram mas erTvis gamoyenebu-
li literaturis sia. es ki imaze migvaniSnebs, rom wigni ar
ganekuTvneba sityvakazmuli literaturis Janrs. albaT, gac-

135
ilebiT ufro upriani iqneboda Tu mas samecniero-popularu-
li xasiaTis istoriul narkvevad aRviqvamT, romelsac, ra Tqma
unda, gaaCnia Sexebis wertilebi sityvakazmul literatur-
asTan. SeiZleba is am ori Janris mijnazea.
aqve unda davZinoT, rom Cvens msjelobas am sakiTxze
vagebT wignis gegmaze, Sinaarsze. romelmac, pirdapir getyviT
da garkveul ukmarobis grZnoba dagvitova da Sesityvebis sur-
vili gagviCina. samwuxarod, wignis eleqtronuli versia xelmi-
sawvdomi ar gaxlavT da rogorc gviTxres fasiania. 
man gadaSala qarTuli napoleonianas kidev erTi saintere-
so furceli. aq kargadaa gamJRavnebuli napoleonisadmi avto-
ris keTilganwyobili damokidebuleba. vfiqrobT, ar Sevcdeb-
iT Tu mas qarTuli napoleonianas bonapartistuli frTis
kidev erT warmomadgenlad moviazrebT.

axla modiT mokled gadavavloT Tvali wignis arqiteqton-

ikas, struqturas, Sinaarss. es saintereso iqneba. is ai ase ga-
moiyureba:
1. Sesavali
2. xmals yovelTvis amarcxebs goneba
3. mZuls _ umaduri omi _ bilwi mankiereba.
4. piramidebis simaRleebidan ormoci saukune gadmogyurebT.
5. 1812 wlis omi ruseTSi.
6. elbidan dabruneba, arwivis afrena
7. wminda elene _ patara kunZuli.
8. me oligarqiulma inglisma momkla.
9. napoleonis dabruneba parizSi.
10. napoleon meore _ arwivis marTve.
11. napoleonis poloneli sayvareli.
12. napoleoni vaJi grafi valevski.
13. evropis liga
14. literatura

136
 ra SeiZleba iTqva am gegmaze? daviwyoT imiT, rom es gegma
pirobiT sam nawilad SeiZleba daiyos, Tumca aseTi danawile-
ba gegmaSi ar gvxvdeba, magram sasurveli iqneboda. pirveli
nawili Seexeba napoleonis cxovrebis da moRvaweobas. is cxra
Tavisagan Sedgeba. meore nawili sami Tavisagan Sedgeba da ge-
netikur gagrZelebad gvevlineba, rogorc pirdapiri ise ga-
dataniTi mniSvnelobiT da Seexeba mis Svilebs. fransua Jozef,
Sarl napoleons da graf aleqsandre valevskis, romlis dedac
iyo mari valevskaia. (mas kidev calke Tavi aqvs daTmobili). am
sakiTxs sul sami Tavi aqvs daTmobili. da bolos saubaria ev-
ropis ligaze, romelic am gegmis mesame nawilad SeiZleba iqnas
aRqmuli. yvelaze saintereso, Cveni azriT, swored, es monakve-
Ti SeiZleba Candes. wigns darTuli aqvs literaturis sia.
misasalmeblad migvaCnia, rom aq saubaria napoleonis vaJze,
raixStatis hercog fransua Jozefe Sarl-napoleonze (1811-
1832). romelsac bonapartistul wreebSi rogorc napoleon
meores ise moixsenieben. Tumca mas arasodes umefia. viqtor
hiugos TqmiT, `inglisma daiWira arwivi. avstriam ki marTve~.
wignSi vipoviT informacias napoleonis da mari valevskais va-
Jze aleqsandre valevskize, romelic napoleon mesamis (1851-
1870) dros safrangeTis sagareo saqmeTa ministri gaxda. yiri-
mis omi 1853-1856 wlebSi mis politikuri karieris mwvervali
iyo. orive am monakveTs wminda SemecnebiTi datvirTva gaaCnia
da orive maTganze qarTul enaze TiTqmis araferia dawerili.
es qarTuli istoriografiaSi am vakuumis Sevsebis mcdelobaa,
rac am wignis plusad gvevlineba.
zogierTi sakiTxis Semdgomi srulyofa, daxvewa, Cveni az-
riT, gamoricxuli ar unda iqnas, aseTad migvaCnia:
1. Cven am SemTxvevaSi ufro prioritetulad faqts kon-
stantacia gvesaxeba. vfiqrobT, es saintereso unda iyos. napo-
leonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobisadmi misi damokidebule-
ba indeferentulad migvaCnia. amgvari midgoma, vfiqrobT,

137
SemTxveviTi araa da mniSvnelovanwilad swored, imiT aixsneba,
rom am kuTxiT sakiTxis gaSuqeba etyoba misi mizani ar iyo.
mas iseve rogorc bevrs mowonda da itacebda napoleonis Tav-
brudamxvevi kariera, misi triumfaluri warmatebebi. `samxe-
dro binapartizmi~. es advili gasagebia da mas gaaCnia Tavisi
romantikuli Sarmi. amgvar midgomas aqvs Tavisi rezoni, azri
da Zalian bevrs xiblavda winaTac da axla, rogorc Cans, Cveni
avtori erT-erTi maTgania. am kuTxiT sakiTxis ganxilva sasur-
veli iqneboda da Sinaarsobrivad kidev ufro gaamdidrebda
mis naSroms.
2. 1798-1799 wlebSi egviptis eqspediciidan pirdapir 1812
wels ruseTSi SeWraze gadasvla. ra Tqma unda, Zalian gagvik-
virda da aranairi gamWvirvaleoba ar axasiaTebs. amitom amg-
vari gadawyvetileba misi gegmis aqilevsis quslad migvaCnia.
is napoleonis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis Sesaxeb srulyofil,
amomwurav, warmodgenas ver gviqmnis. bunebrivia, wamoiWreba
sakiTxi sad gaqra napoleonis moRvaweobis saukeTeso periodi
1799 wlidan 1812 wlamde? araferi ar Tqva am wlebze niSnavs,
rom araferi Tqva saerTod napoleonze. erTi sityviT, kiTx-
vebi Zalian bevria, magram maTze damajerebeli pasuxi ar Cans
da bundovania. bunebrivia, wamoiWreba ori sakiTxi rogor aris
es Temebi gaSuqebuli wignSi? rogor SeiZleba yofiliyo am
problemisadmi avtoris midgoma? orive sakiTxi saintereso da
aqtualuria. rogor iyo gaSuqebuli napoleonis biografiis
iseTi sakvanZo sakiTxebi, rogoricaa 1799 wlis 18 briumeris
(9 noemberi) gadatrialeba, italiaSi meore laSqroba, maren-
gos brZola, konsulobis xana, napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi
saqmianoba, `napoleonis kodeqsi~, 1804 wlis 2 dekembers napo-
leonis imperatorad kurTxeva parizis RvTismSoblis taZarSi,
romelic ukvdavyo Jak lui davidma, didebis zenitSi, mwver-
valze. austerlicidan tilzitamde. austerlici, iena, auer-
Stati, fridlandi, tilziti. Tavadi a. kurakini parizidan

138
imperator aleqsandre pirvels atyobinebda `pirineidan oder-
amde, zundidan mesinis srutemde yvelaferi safrangeTia~ (10.
152). imperiis krizisis pirveli simptomebi. erfurti, espane-
Ti. avstriis damarcxeba da vagrami. mari-luizaze qorwineba,
romelsac napoleoni mogvianebiT adarebda `yvavilebiT mofe-
nil ormoze fexis dabijebas”. (11. 240). es istoriuli faqte-
bi napoleonis biografiis saetapo mniSvnelobis movlenebia,
romelic globalur xasiaTs atarebda, mis moRvaweobaSi cen-
traluri adgili uWiravs da wignis SinaarsSi, Cveni azriT sa-
Tanadod unda yofiliyo asaxuli. magram es ase ar xdeba. rac misi
gegmis mTavar minusad migvaCnia. albaT, interess moklebulia ar
iqneboda Tu rogor SeiZleba yofiliyo am movlenebisadmi wignis
avtoris damokidebuleba? es saintereso sakiTxi, faqtobrivad,
Riad rCeba. raoden ucnauric ar unda iyos napoleonis aRzeve-
bidan pirdapir gadavdivarT `dasasrulis dasawyisze~. rogorc
moswrebulad Tqva taleiranma. riT vavsebT am vakuums. Zneli
saTqmelia? wignis gegmis mixedviT am sakiTxavze pasuxi bundo-
vani rCeba, amitom CvenTvis gaugebaria. aseTi gadawyvetileba.
yvelaferi es am wignis kuTvnilebas biografiul Janrisadmi, Cve-
ni azriT, kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebs, es ar gaxlavT napoleonis
biografia, wignis mTavari nakli, vfiqrobT, swored amaSi unda
mdgomareobdes.
3. vfiqrobT, dazustebas saWiroebs wignis saTauri `imper-
atori napoleoni”. is imperatori, rogorc viciT, 1804 wlis
2 dekembers gaxda, manamde is ar yofila imperatori. amitom
es swori iqneboda 1804 wlis Semdeg. magram manamde ra vqnaT
rogor moviqceT? is xom araa imperatori?
Cven ufro misaRebad gvesaxeba prof. dimitri ciskariSvi-
lis midgoma. pirvel wigns man uwoda `generali bonaparti~,
xolo meores `imperatori~. vfiqrobT, es ufro adekvaturia.
umjobesi xom ar iqneboda gacilebiT ufro ubralo saTauri
SegverCia `napoleoni”?.

139
 4. mokled damowmebuli literaturis Sesaxeb. is sakmaod
solidur STabeWdilebas tovebs, Tumca zogierTi naSromis
gamoyeneba, rogorc Cven gvgonia, sasurveli iqneboda. yur-
adReba mivapyroT ramdenime garemoebas: a) damowmebul liter-
aturaSi miTiTebuli araa prof. dimitri ciskariSvilis wigni
`napoleonze”, romelic postsabWoTa periodis qarTuli isto-
riografiis mniSvnelovan SenaZenad migvaCnia. misi gverdis avla
mizanSewonili ar unda iyos. am naSromis gamoyeneba sasurveli
iqneboda. amiT wigni bevrs moigebda. b) dasaxelebul liter-
aturaSi miTiTebuli araa gamoCenili frangi istorikosebis:
adolf tieris, alber sorelis, alber vandalis, alber sobu-
lis, pier lanfres, Sromebi. es wignebi Targmnilia rusulad
da Zalze advili xelmisawvdomia. faqtobrivad, es gaxlavT
dargis klasika da amis gverdis avla uxerxulad migvaCnia.
g) viqtor hiugos TqmiT `inglisma xelSi Caigdo arwivi, xolo
avstriam ki marTve~. napoleonis vaJze, raixStatis hercogze,
Sarl napoleonze (1811-1832) saubris dros is ZiriTadad ey-
rdnoba frangi istorikosis andre kastelos wigns. es, cxadia,
Zalian kargia, magram cotaa. gamoyenebuli literaturis area-
lis gafarToeba gamoricxuli ar unda iyos. sasurveli xom ar
iqneboda edmon lepeleties wignis `napoleonis vaJi” gamoyene-
ba? napoleonis vaJi iyo sakmaod tragikuli pirovneba, romel-
ic daiRupa Zalian axalgazrda 21 wlis asakSi. es moxda saidum-
loebiT mocul viTarebaSi 1832 wlis 22 ivliss dilis 5 saaTsa
da rva wuTze. ra gaxda misi sikvdilis mizezi avadmyofoba Tu
sawamlavi dRemde gamoucnob gamocanad rCeba (12. 312).
amgvarad, q-n qeTevan torotaZis mcdeloba Tavisi wvlili
Seitanos napoleonis cxovrebis da moRvaweobis popularizaciis
saqmeSi, ra Tqma unda, misasalmebelia. mas xiblavda da itacebda
napoleonis boboqari epopea, misi Tavbrudamxvevi warmatebebi. ro-
melsac gaaCnia romantikuli Sarmi, napoleonisadmi misi keTilgan-
wyobili damokidebuleba mniSvnelovanwilad, swored, amiT unda

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yofiliyo ganpirobebuli. es, cxadia, Zalian kargia, is savsebiT
samarTlianad miekuTvneba qarTuli napoleonianas bonapatis-
tul mimarTulebas. wignis gegmam garkveuli ukmarisobis grZnoba
dagvitova da mis aqilevsis quslad migvaCnia, (13) napoleonis kan-
onSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis gaSuqeba, misi mizani ar yofila*.

amiT, faqtobrivad, davasruleT napoleonis cxovrebis da

moRvaweobisadmi miZRvnili wignebis mokle mimoxilva. axla
modiT Tvali gadavavloT `axali istoriis“ sauniversiteto
saxelmZRvaneloebs, sadac napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi
saqmianobis gaSuqebas, bunebrivia, saTanado yuradReba aqvs
daTmobili.
prof. vaJa TvalavaZe Tavis sauniversiteto saxelmZRvane-
loSi, `axali istoria~, bunebrivia, exeba napoleonis cxovre-
bas da moRvaweobas da mokled Cerdeba napoleonis kanonSemo-
qmedebiT saqmianobaze.
saxelmZRvaneloSi, ra Tqma unda, yuradReba eTmoba na-
poleonis triumfalur warmatebebs, samxedro gamarjvebebs,
magram arc napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianoba rCeba
uyuradRebod da mokled Cerdeba masze. es, cxadia, Zalian kar-
gia da im vakuumis Sevsebis kidev erT mcdelobad gvevlineba,
romelic am sakiTxSi qarTul istoriografiaSi arsebobs. man
Tavisi wvlili Seitana aRniSnuli sakiTxis popularizaciis
saqmeSi. `burJuaziuli urTierTobis ganmtkicebisaTvis didi
mniSvneloba hqonda `napoleonis kodeqsebs~. 1804 wels ga-
mosces `samoqalaqo kodeqsi~, 1807 wels _ `komerciuli kodeq-
si~, 1812 wels _ `sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi~.
`sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi~ dasaSvebad miiCnevda patimre-
bis wamebas, dadaRvas, rac revoluciis dros akrZaluli iyo.

* Cven movaleobad migvaCnia madloba movaxsenoT magistrant giga

Caligavas, romelmac mogvawoda naSromis sarCevis da gamoyenebuli
literaturis eleqtronuli versia.
141
 `samoqalaqo kodeqsi~ aregulirebda ojaxur urTierTobas,
akanonebda colis morCilebas qmrisadmi. mamis ganusazRvrel
uflebas Svilze~ (14. 186).
sasurveli iqneboda aRniSnuliyo rom sakanonmdeblo xeli-
sufleba iyo gacilebiT ufro susti. aRmasrulebeli xelisu-
fleba ufro prioritetulia sakanonmdebloze. es napoleonis
kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis sust mxareebze kidev ufro
srulyofil, amomwurav, warmodgenas Segviqmnis. napolonisaT-
vis miuRebeli iyo xelisuflebis ganawilebis idea.
napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobas Zalian mok-
led, sul oriode sityviT, Seexo istorikosi daviT lomsaZe
Tavis saxelmZRvaneloSi `evropis da amerikis qveynebis axali
istoria~. aq, cxadia, prioritetulad napoleonis Tvalismom-
Wreleli warmatebebi, triumfaluri gamarjvebebi gvevline-
ba, magram amave dros unda aRiniSnos, rom is arc napoleo-
nis kanonSemoqmedebas uvlis gverds da mokled exeba CvenTvis
saintereso sakiTxs. es, cxadia, Zalian kargia. amiT man Tavisi
wvlili Seitana napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis
popularozaciis saqmeSi. am sakiTxSi misi mTavari damsaxureba,
vfiqrobT, swored, amaSi unda mdgomareobdes.
`1804 wlis 21 marts miiRes `samoqalaqo kodeqsi~, romelic
burJuaziuli kerZo sakuTrebis da kapitalisturi urTierTo-
bis ganmtkicebas iTvaliswinebda. kodeqsi ganamtkicebda kerZo
mewarmeobis Tavisuflebis princips da afarToebda memkvidre-
obiT miRebuli qonebis Tavisufalad gamoyenebis uflebas.
didi mniSvneloba eZleoda burJuaziuli ojaxis wesebs. colis
qoneba ganixileboda, rogorc qmris sruli sakuTreba. cols
da Svilebs ar hqondaT qonebrivi uflebebi, ukanono Svilebs
araviTari ufleba ar hqondaT~ (15.92) savsebiT veTanxmebiT
avtors, rom genderuli Tanasworobis principi darRveuli
iyo da es napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis minu-
sad esaxeboda. marto genderul uTanasworobaze aqcentireba,

142
sakmarisi ar unda Candes da napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi
saqmianobis sust mxareebze srulyofil, amomwurav warmodge-
nas ver gviqmnis. saqme is gaxlavT, rom arsebiTi da mTavari,
faqtobrivad, kadrs miRma aRmoCnda. aq, ra Tqma unda, mxedve-
lobaSi gvaqvs is garemoeba, rom aRmsrulebeli xelisufleba
gacilebiT ufro prioritetuli iyo, vidre sakanonmdeblo. es
ukanaskneli gacilebiT ufro sustia, amaze is, ise rogorc
sxva avtorebi, ratomRac krints ar Zravs.
is cdilobs gaerkves napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmi-
anobis avkargianobaSi. es, cxadia, Zalian kargia da am Temaze
misi msjelobis plusia, magram, etyoba, Zveli inercia jer
kidev Zlieria da viwro dogmaturad gagebuli marqsistu-
li-leninuri ideologia bolomde rodia daZleuli. swored,
amiT aixsneba, rom jer kidev Zveli inerciiT negativi ufro
prioritetulad rCeba, vidre pozitivi. aseTi xedva, cxadia,
moZvelebulia, yavli gauvida, istoriografiuli retros sur-
neli dakravs.
napoleonis triumfaluri samxedro warmatebebis gverdiT
saubaria mis kanonSemoqmedebiT saqmianobaze am striqonebis
avtoris SromebSi. is didi yuradRebas uTmobs napoleons ro-
gorc kanonmdebels, reformators. xazs usvams napoleonis
kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis Zlier da sust mxareebs da Se-
Zlebisdagvarad cdilobs axsnas misi gamomwvevi mizezebi. na-
poleonis mmarTvelobas is `progresuli cezarizmis~ nimuSad
miiCnevs. napoleonis saxiT saqme gvaqvs erTpirovnul mmarTve-
lobasTan, kanonmdebelTan, reformatorTan. (16, 17, 18, 19, 20).
postsabWoTa periodis qarTveli samarTalmcodneebi, ro-
gorc Cans, jer kidev Zveli inerciiT, napoleonis kanonSem-
oqmedebiTi saqmianobisadmi isev gulgril damokidebulebas
amJRavneben. es, umTavresad, imiT gamoixateba, rom aRniSnul
sakiTxze qarTul enaze specialuri, sagangebo, gamokvleva an
samecniero-popularuli narkvevi, dRemde ar gagvaCnia. es qa-

143
rTuli napoleonianas minusia. sasurveli iqneboda es xarvezi,
rac SeiZleba swrafad gamoswordes. umTavresad, swored ami-
Taa gamowveuli, rom am Temaze miniSneba mxolod saswavlo-sac-
nobaro literaturaSi, saxelmwifos da samarTlis istoriis
zogad kursebSi, SeiZleba moviZioT. am TvalsazrisiT, yur-
adRebas ipyrobs prof. mariam cacanaSvilis saxelmZRvanelo
`saxelmwifos da samarTlis zogadi istoria~, konkretulad ki
misi pirveli nawilia. avtori, bunebrivi, mokled Cerdeba am
sakiTxze. uwinaresad unda aRiniSnos, rom is Zalian mokled,
lakonurad da, albaT, rac mTavaria, swored, gadmogcems am
sakiTxs. xazs usvams napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmiano-
bis istoriulad progresul mniSvnelobas. mcire Sesavalis
Semdeg, is saubrobs 1799 wlis 18 briumeris saxelmwifo ga-
datralebaze. ganixilavs 1799 wlis konstitucias. konsulTa
kolegiis arCevnebs. 1802 wlis aqts `senatus konsulta~. xazs
usvams, rom sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba SedarebiT ufro sus-
tia, vidre aRmasrulebeli. prioritetuli iyo aRmasrulebeli
xelisufleba. yvelaferi es, cxadia, Zalian kargia da am Temaze
misi msjelobis plusia. napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiT saqmia-
nobis dadebiTi Sefaseba savsebiT misaRebi iyo. ai, aseTi sain-
tereso suraTis ikveTeba. saxelmZRvaneloSi didi yuradReba
aqvs daTmobili napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiT saqmianobis wina
istorias. es, cxadia, Zalian kargia da rogorc ukve aRvniSneT,
am Temaze misi msjelobis dadebiT mxared gvevlineba. sasurve-
li iqneboda cota meti Tqmuliyo konkretulad, `napoleonis
kodeqsze~. SeiZleba gveCveneba, magram gvgonia, rom am kuTxiT
es sakiTxi gaSuqebulia SedarebiT sustad, mkrTalad. (21. 175-
178).

144
 ***
viwrodogmaturad gagebulma marqistul-leninuri ide-
ologiis xangrZlivma, samocdaaTwlianma, monopoliam,
postsabWoTa periodis qarTul istoriografias metad arasax-
arbielo memkvidreoba dautova. is cdilobs gacdes erTi vi-
wrodogmaturad interprirebuli marqsistul-leninuri mso-
flmxedvelobis Teoriul, meTodologiur, CarCoebs, swor
gzas daubrundes, swori arCevani gaakeTos, swori aqcentebi
dasvas. es, cxadia, Zalian kargia da misi plusia. qarTuli
napoleoniana, vfiqrobT, kargad Tavsdeba am konteqstSi. am-
jerad mxolod mis erT aspeqtze SevCerdebiT. esaa napoleonis
kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianoba, `napoleonis kodeqsi~.
postsabWoTa periodis qarTul napoleonianas napoleonis
kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis Sesaxeb specialuri gamokvleve-
bi ar dauweria, magram napoleonis cxovrebis da moRvaweobis
gaSuqebis dros gverds ar uvlis napoleonis kanonSemoqmedeb-
iT saqmianobas, `napoleonis kodeqss~ da SeZlebisdagvarad ga-
nixilavs mas. ai, swored, es mwiri masala gaxldaT Cveni gansjis
sagani.
daviwyoT imiT, rom es Sromebi, upiratesad, orientirebu-
lia ara raodenobaze, aramed xarisxze, rac maT mTavar Rirse-
bad migvaCnia. umTavresad, aqcenti keTdeba ara napoleonis
kanonSemoqmedebiT saqmianobis burJuaziul-klasobriv Sez-
Rudulobaze, rogorc es miRebuli iyo sabWoTa istoriogra-
fiaSi, aramed mis pozitiur mxareze, progresul-istoriul
mniSvnelobaze. pozitivi dominirebs negativze. es misi mTa-
vari plusia. napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobisadmi

145
negatiuri damokidebuleba, romelic laitmotivad gasdevda
sabWoTa istoriografias, Caanacvla, dadebiTma Sefasebam. es
wingadadgmuli nabiji iyo. maT, kargad unda hqonodaT gac-
nobierebuli napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis, `na-
poleonis kodeqsis~ istoriuli mniSvneloba. misi dadebiTi
mxareebi, istoriulad progresuli xasiaTi. apelireben ara
mis sust mxareebze, aramed kanonis uzenesobaze, kanonis winaSe
yvela Tanasworia. adamianis da moqalaqis uflebebze. kerZo
sakuTrebis xelSeuxeblobaze, sindisis Tavisuflebaze. xazs
usvamen, rom napoleonma SeinarCuna safrangeTis revoluciis
socialuri monapovari. ZalaSi datova revoluciis agraru-
li kanonmdebloba. revoluciis dros miRebuli miwis nakveTi
SeinarCuna frangma glexma. Zveli reJimis Semdeg es iyo gran-
diozuli mniSvnelobis Tvisebrivi, xarisxobrivi, wingadadgmu-
li nabiji da amaze Tvalis daxuWva, cxadia, swori ar iqneboda.
sakiTxisadmi dabalansebuli, gawonasworebuli, midgomis
mcdeloba am Sromebis kidev erTi plusia. isini cdiloben
Tavidan aicilon orive ukiduresoba. napoleonis kanonSemoq-
medebiTi saqmianobis qeba-dideba, rac Zalumad igrZnoba apol-
ogetur literaturaSi da misi mniSvnelobis Seufasebloba,
burJuaziul-klasobriv SezRudulobaze apelireba, rac niSan-
doblivi gaxldaT sabWoTa istoriografiisaTvis. WeSmarite-
ba, rogorc wesi, SuaSi Zevs. es Sromebi aRniSnuli problemis
gaSuqebis normalur mecnierul kalapotSi dabrunebis gzaze
gadadgmul pirvel mokrZalebul nabijad SeiZleba miviCnioT.
zogierTi sakiTxis Semdgomi srulyofa, daxvewa, Cveni az-
riT, gamoricxuli ar unda iyos. uwinaresad, aseTad migvaCnia
napoleonis dros aRmasrulebel da sakanonmdeblo xeli-
suflebas Soris urTierTobis sakiTxi. is gacilebiT ufro
mkrTalad, sustadaa, gaSuqebuli. napoleonma rogorc erT-
pirovnulma mmarTvelma es sakiTxi Taviseburad gadawyvita.
es imiT gamoixateboda, rom aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba

146
ufro prioritetuli iyo, vidre sakanonmdeblo. es ukanaskne-
li ufro sustia. aq aisaxeba savsebiT realuri viTareba. na-
poleonis xelisuflebis danawilebis ideis winaaRmdegi iyo.
am kuTxiT sakiTxis gaSuqebam garkveuli ukmarisobis grZnoba
dagvitova da aRniSnul sakiTxze maTi msjelobis aqilevsis
quslad migvaCnia.

147
 literatura:

1. k. anTaZe, n. mamukelaSvili. axali istoria, VIII klasis

saxelmZRvanelo, mesame gamocema, Tb., 2005.
2. d. ciskariSvili, napoleoni, wigni pirveli, generali bona-
parti, Tb., 1994.
3. С. Боботов, Наполеон _ законодатель и реформатор, М., 1998.
4. m. kalandaZe, wigni napoleonis Sesaxeb, Jur. kldekari,
#2, 2000 k. anTaZe, m. kalandaZe, qarTulad sainteresod
gaz. Tbilisi, 2 maisi, 1995. m. kalandaZe, axali wigni na-
poleonze, literaturuli saqarTvelo, 16-23 Tebervali,
1996 k. anTaZe, m. kalandaZe, am wigns didi xania eloda
mkiTxveli, saliteraturo gazeTi, #17 oqtomberi, 1998.
m. kalandaZe, qarTuli istoriografiis mniSvnelovani Sen-
aZeni. dimitri ciskariSvilis wigni `imperatori~. gaz. ax-
ali saqarTvelo, 10-16 ivnisi, 1999.
5. И. Ментешашвили, Власть и герой. Наполеон Бонапарт, Тб., 2014.
6. И. Ментешашвили, Власть и рожденные революцией, Тб., 2019.
7. iv. menTeSaSvili, napoleoni, Tb., 2016.
8. Дж. Туган-Барановский, Наполеон и Власть, М., 1993.
9. Р. Близнияков, Д. Малышев, Формула власти и анатомия героизма
Наполеон Бонапарта: взгляд современного историка, qarTuli
diplomatia, weliwdeuli 17 Tb., 2015.
10. d. ciskariSvili, napoleoni, wigni meore, imperatori, Tb.,
1997.
11. М. Пономарев, Несостоявшийся русский брак Наполеона Бонапарта,
Новая и новейшая история №3. 1993.
12. Э. Лепеллетье, Сын Наполеона, Р./д. 1999.
13. q. torotaZe, imperatori napoleoni, Tb., 2013.
14. v. TvalavaZe, axali istoria, 1640-1815. Tb., 1999.
15. d. lomsaZe, evropis da amerikis qveynebis axali istoria,
nawili I. Tb., 1998.

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16. k. anTaZe, m. kalandaZe, safrangeTis istoria. kultura,
geografia, Tb., 2005.
17. m. kalandaZe, napoleoni qarTul sityvakazmul litera-
turaSi, Tb., 2008.
18. m. kalandaZe, dimitri uznaZe safrangeTis did revoluci-
aze da napoleonze. Tb., 2016.
19. m. kalandaZe, napoleoni diqtatori d reformatori, qar-
Tuli diplomatia, weliwdeuli 15. Tb., 2011.
20. m. kalandaZe, napoleonis epoqis qarTveli mkvlevari, Tb.,
2020.
21. m. cacanaSvili, saxelwifos da samarTalis zogadi isto-
ria, nawili pirveli, Tb., 1995.

149
 daskvna

aRniSnuli problemis Seswavla aqtualurad migvaCnia da

mTel rig saintereso daskvnebamde mivyavarT. pirvel yovli-
sa Cven vcadeT am Temis ganxilva akademiur CarCoebSi dagve-
brunebina. naSroms gaaCnia mkveTrad gamokveTili polemisturi
muxti, romelic mizans isaxavs mecnierulad, argumentirebu-
lad, ugulebelvyoT mTeli rigi sabWoTa legendebi da miTebi,
romelmac, totalitarul bolSevikuri reJimis ZalisxmeviT,
farTod moikida fexi qarTul sazogadoebis cnobierebaSi.
aRniSnuli sakiTxisadmi vgulisxmobT rogorc mTlianad
saqarTveloSi axali istoriis, ise konkretulad, napoleonis
kanonSemoqmedebiT saqmianobis, Seswavlas, sabWoTa midgoma
Zalzed politizirebuli da ideologizirebuli iyo. aseTi
gaxldaT politikuri neba. isini gvimtkicebdnen, rom saqarT-
velos gasabWoebamde TiTqos am sferoSi, rogorc farTo, ise
viwro konteqstiT, dadebiTi araferi gakeTebula. sinamdvile-
Si ase ar iyo. es gaxlavT kidev erTi sabWoTa miTi. amgvari
midgoma uaRresad tendenciuri iyo, yovelgvar mecnierul
safuZvels moklebulia da, rac mTavaria antierovnuli, ara-
patriotulia. is 1918-1921 wlebSi saqarTvelos suverenuli
respublikis warmatebebisadmi uaryofiTi ganwyobilebiTaa ga-
jerebuli. mTel maT koncefcias saqarTvelos demokratiuli
respublikisadmi siZulvili asazrdoebda. misi mTavari Tezaa
winamorbedebis wvlilisadmi negatiuri damokidebuleba. Cven
vcadeT gagvesworebina es Seusabamoba. sul sxva aqcentebi
davsviT da sul sxva, gacilebiT ufro realisturi, suraTi

150
davdeT. faqtobrivad, es gaxlavT saqarTveloSi aRniSnuli
sakiTxis (is exeba rogorc mTlianad dargs, ise konkretulad
am Temas) sabWoTa koncefciis reviziis mcdeloba. miTebs re-
aloba amsxvrevs. yvela sikeTe sabWoTa xelisuflebasTan rodi
asocirdeba.
savsebiT kanonzomierad migvaCnia, rom saqarTveloSi msof-
lio istoriis, am SemTxvevaSi ki konkretulad napoleonis
kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis Seswavla Tavis pirvel mokrZa-
lebul nabijebs dgams didi ivane javaxiSvilis mier gaxsnil
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi da saqarTvelos suv-
erenul respublikaSi. unda iTqvas, rom es am dargis ganvi-
Tarebis saqmeSi, istoriaSi, etapobrivi movlena iyo da amis
gverdis avla, wayrueba, rogorc es xdeboda sabWoTa wlebSi,
mizanSewonili ar iqneboda. bolSevikebs ekaliviT esobodaT
TvalSi suverenuli saqarTvelos warmatebebi da yovelnai-
rad cdilobdnen mis damcirebas, dakninebas, surdaT rogorme
waeSalaT misi kvali qarTuli sazogadoebis cnobierebidan,
magram amaod daSvren. „samarTalma puri Wama“. „dro yvelaze
namusiani kritikosia“.
faqtobrivad, es monakveTi eliminirebuli, amoRebuli, iqna
am dargis da konkretulad am Temis, Seswavlis, istoriidan.
TiTqosda is arc ki arsebobda. gaqra gauCinarda. miviwyebis
nislSi gaexvia. sabWoTa periodSi am sakiTxis gaSuqeba tabu-
dadebuli Tema iyo. Cven vcadeT gagvesworebina es Seusabamoba
da davazusteT am Temis gaSuqebis saerTo suraTi da peri-
odizacia, romelic, ZiriTadad, totalitarul-bolSevikuri
reJimis ZalisxmeviT, gamrudebuli iqna. gansxvavebuli mid-
gomis mTavar amosaval postulatad am dargSi da aRniSnul
sakiTxSi 1918-1921 wlebSi saqarTvelos suverenul respub-
likis wvlili reanimacia davsaxeT. 1918-1921 wlebSi saqarT-
velos demokratiulma respublikam Tavisi wvlilis Seitana da
SeZlebisdagvarad Seecda win waewia saqarTveloSi axali isto-

151
riis, saxeldobr ki, napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmiano-
bis, swavleba, Seswavla, popularizacia. ra Tqma unda, es ar
iyo patara saqme da amaze Tvalis daxuWva, rogorc es xdeboda
sabWoTa wlebSi, mizanSewonilad ar migvaCnia. saqarTveloSi
aRniSnuli problemis swavleba, popularizacia Seuqcevad xa-
siaTs iZens, ara 1921 wels saqarTvelos gasabWoebis Semdeg,
rogorc es aqamde egonaT, aramed gacilebiT ufro adre, jer
kidev 1918-1921 wlebSi saqarTvelos demokratiul respub-
likaSi. am TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa im wlebSi ganxorciele-
buli pirveli RonisZiebebi. daiwyo muSaoba `axali istoriis~
pirvel erovnul saskolo saxelmZRavenleobze. rac im perio-
dis qarTuli istoriografiis warmatebad migvaCnia, drois im
mcire monakveTSi, ris gakeTebac moaswres, gaakeTes, es cxadia,
Zalian kargia.
irkveva, rom sabWoTa periodis qarTul istoriografias
am sferoSi Tavisi saqmianoba nulidan, cariel niadagze, ki ar
dauwyia, rogorc amas didi xnis ganmavlobaSi gvimtkicebdnen,
aramed kargad momzadebuli niadagi daxvda da amis gverdis
avla, wayrueba, aRniSnul sakiTxze adekvatur warmodgenas ver
Segviqmnis. am wlebSi araviTar Cavardnas, regress, stagnacias
rogorc amas xazs usvamdnen sabWoTa xanaSi, adgili ar hqo-
nia. piriqiT, es dargi viTardeba, win midis, progresirebs. ai
es gaxlavT sinamdvile, romelsac sabWoTa ideologia wlebis
manZilze dumiliT uvlida gverds. am TvalsazrisiT, yuradRe-
bas ipyrobs 1918-1921 wlebSi suverenul saqarTvelos respub-
likaSi gamosuli „axali istoriis“ pirveli erovnuli sasko-
lo saxelmZRvaneloebi, romelic sabWoTa periodSi miviwyebis
sqel nislSi gaexva da TiTqmis aRaravis axsovda. rogorc ukve
iTqva am kuTxiT sakiTxis gaSuqeba did xnis ganmavlobaSi tabu-
dadebuli Tema iyo. Cven vcadeT gagvesworebina es Seusabamoba
da am saxelmZRvaneloebs daubruneT arsebobis ufleba, rome-

152
lic maT sabWoTa xanaSi, faqtobrivad, CamorTmeuli hqondaT.
ar SevcdebiT Tu vityviT, rom yvelaze sainteresod aRniSnu-
li sakiTxis pirveli periodi migvaCnia. napoleonis kanonSemo-
qmedebiTi saqmianobis gaSuqeba 1918-1921 wlebSi saqarTvelos
demokratiul respublikaSi.
gasabWoebamde qarTuli istoriografiis mTavar Rirse-
bad sakiTxisadmi mecnieruli midgoma migvaCnia. qarTuli is-
toriografia swori gziT midioda, swor arCevans akeTebda,
swor aqcentebs svamda. upiratesad, orientirebuli iyo Ta-
visufal azrovnebaze, istoriuli movlenisadmi mravalvari-
antul midgomaze, pluralizmze, progresul-liberalur Ri-
rebulebebze, romelsac, bunebrivia, gaaCnia Tavisi Zlieri da
susti mxareebi. amitom erTi ukiduresobidan meoreSi ar unda
aRmovCndeT da am saxelmZRvaneloebis apologeturi Sefase-
ba mizanSewonili ar iqneboda. orive ukiduresoba, rogorc am
saxelmZRvaneloebis Seufasebloba, ise apologeturi midgo-
ma, miuRebelia. WeSmariteba, rogorc wesi, sadRac SuaSi Zevs.
unda vecadoT gamovnaxoT es saSualedo xazi, oqros Suaguli,
romelic saSualebas mogvcems mkafiod gamovkveToT rogorc
Suqi, ise Crdili da SeZlebisdagvarad SevecadoT avxsnaT
mis gamomwvevi mizezebi. amis gakeTeba, ra Tqma unda, advili
saqme ar iqneba, magram sxva gza ar arsebobs. sxva SemTxvevaSi
am saxelmZRvaneloebis mniSvnelobaze adekvaturi warmodgenis
Seqmna gagviWirdeba. winamdebare naSromSi amis erT-erT pir-
vel mokrZalebul mcdelobas warmoadgens.
vfiqrobT, arsebobs safuZveli vamtkicoT, rom saqarTve-
loSi aRniSnuli sakiTxiT seriozuli mecnieruli dainterese-
bis pirvelma precedentma Tavi iCina, ara sabWoTa periodis
qarTul istoriografiaSi, rogorc amas didi xnis ganmavloba-
Si gvimtkicebdnen, aramed gacilebiT ufro adre. jer kidev
1918-1921 wlebSi suverenul saqarTvelos respublikaSi. am
wlebSi gamosuli axali istoriis pirveli erovnuli saskolo

153
saxelmZRvaneloebi, vfiqrobT, amis naTeli ilustracia unda
iyos. aRniSnuli sakiTxis gaSuqebam samecniero-popularuli xa-
siaTi SeiZina da, umTavresad, asaxva pova 1918-1921 wlebSi saqa-
rTvelos demokratiul respublikaSi gamosul axali istoriis
pirvel erovnul saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebSi. es saxelmZR-
vaneloebi savsebiT Seesatyviseboda XX saukunis dasawyisi isto-
riuli mecnierebis ganviTarebis saerTo moTxovnebs da Zalian
kargad Tavsdeba pozitivisturi istoriografiis CarCoebSi. qa-
rTuli istoriografia cdilobs fexi auwyos, ar CamorCes, XX
saukunis dasawyisis evropul, pirvel rigSi ki, ra Tqma unda,
rusul istoriografiaSi mimdinare siaxleebs da novaciebs. es,
cxadia, Zalian kargia. es imJamindeli qarTuli realobis fonze,
udavod, wingadadgmul nabiji iyo da im periodis qarTuli is-
toriografiis kidev erT dadebiT mxared gvevlineba.
da bolos davZenT, rom saqarTveloSi napoleonis kanonSem-
oqmedebiTi saqmianobiT dainteresebam, saintereso evolucia
ganicada da, vfiqrobT, sulac ar atarebda iseT sworxazo-
van, erTgvarovan xasiaTs, rogorc es sabWoTa ideologias es-
axeboda. sakiTxi aris rTuli da mravalwaxnagovani. is ufro
spiraliseburad, zigzagiseburad warmogvidgenia. rogorc
aRvniSneT Tavdapirvelad, napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi
saqmianobis gaSuqebis dros qarTuli istoriografia aqcents
akeTebda Tavisufal azrovnebaze, istoriuli movlenebisadmi
mravalvariantul midgomaze, pluralizmze, progresul-lib-
eralur Rirebulebebze. prioritetuli iyo sakiTxisadmi
mecnieruli midgoma, romelsac, bunebrivia, gaaCnia Tavisi
plusebi da minusebi. amgvari damokidebuleba Tavis kulmina-
cias, piks, aRwevs 1918-1921 wlebSi saqarTvelos suverenul re-
spublikaSi gamosul „axal istoriis“ pirvel erovnul saskolo
saxelmZRvaneloebSi, napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmiano-
bisadmi dadebiTi damokidebuleba am saxelmZRvaneloebis erT-
erT mTavar Rirsebad migvaCnia.

154
 arsebobs didi albaToba, rom es maTi Canafiqris mxolod
erTi nawili iyo. romlis ganxorcielebac maT daiwyes. rac
moaswres gaakeTes. es, cxadia. Zalian kargia. es im perio-
dis qarTuli istoriografiis plusia. logikuri iqneba vi-
fiqroT, rom amas moyveboda gagrZeleba, magram, umTavresad.
politikuri kataklizmebis gamo, es ase ar moxda da es kargia
wamowyeba bolomde, ver iqna miyvanili. mniSvnelovanwilad,
swored amiT aixsneba rom am monakveTma am dargis istoriaSi
gacilebiT ufro susti, mkrTali, kvali datova, vidre es xe-
lewifeboda. ai aseTi gaxlavT realoba. umTavresad, cnobili
mizezebis gamo, saqme gvaqvs mxolod am novaciebis, siaxleebis,
wanamZRvrebTan, konturebTan, simptomebTan, pirvel niSnebTan,
magram misi kvali, vfiqrobT. sakmaod gamWvirvalea. mTavari,
swored es unda iyos.
Cveni azriT, gacilebiT ufro upriani iqneboda Tu am mon-
akveTis Sesaxeb vimsjelebT ara imis mixedviT, risi gakeTebac,
umTavresad, politikuri kataklizmebis gamo, ver moaswres,
aramed imis mixedviT risi gakeTeba maT Cafiqrebuli hqondaT.
Cveni Rrma rwmeniT, rom ara saqarTvelos gasabWoeba daiw-
ereboda axali istoriis kvalificirebuli saskolo da sau-
niveristeto saxelmZRvaneloebi da daiwyeboda muSaoba axali
istoriis sakvanZo sakiTxis popularizaciaze da mecnieruli
kvlevaze. ai ase gvesaxeba maTi Canafiqri. amis SesaZlebloba da
potenciali namdvilad arsebobda.
mkveTr metamorfozs aqvs adgili saqarTvelos gasabWoebis
Semdeg, romelic, rogor avRniSneT, Tavdapirveli gzis gagr-
Zlebad, wingadadmul nabijad, Znelia miviCnioT. prioritetu-
li xdeba sakiTxisadmi monisturi midgoma, formaciuli prin-
cipi, klasobrivi brZolis faqtori, klasobrivi xedva. aqcenti
keTdeba napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis burJua-
ziul-klasobriv SezRudulobaze. aRniSnuli sakiTxisadmi
dadebiTi midgoma Caanacvla ufro xistma damokidebulebam.

155
postsabWoTa periodis qarTul istoriografias viwrodogmat-
urad gagebuli marqsistul-leninuri ideologiis saxiT metad
arasaxarbielo memkvidreoba xvda wilad. am memkvidreobis da-
Zleva mis mTavar amocanas warmoadgens. postsabWoTa perio-
dis qarTuli istoriografia cdilobs swor gzaze dabrundes,
swori arCevani gaakeTos, swori aqcentebi dasvas. es, cxadia,
Zalian kargia. magram es sulac araa iseTi advili saqme, ro-
gorc es erTi SexedviT SeiZleba Candes da umtkivneulo pro-
cesi ar iqneba. aqcenti keTdeba napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi
saqmianobis dadebiT Sefasebaze. es sabWoTa periodis qarTuli
istoriografiis Semdeg wingadadgmuli nabiji iyo. es Srome-
bi, aRniSnuli problemis Seswavlis normalur mecnierul ka-
lapotSi dabrunebis gzaze gadadgmul pirvel mokrZalebul
nabijad gvevlineba. misi mniSvneloba, vfiqrobT, swored, amaSi
unda mdgomareobdes.
saqarTveloSi napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis
Seswavlas ori aspeqti gaaCnia. mas pirobiT programa-maqsimu-
mi da programa-minimumi SeiZleba uwodoT. pirveli iTvalis-
winebs napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis mecnierul
Seswavlas, kvlevas. meore miznad isaxavs am Temis popular-
izacias. qarTuli napoleonianas mTavar amocanad unda davsax-
oT iTargmnos „napoleonis kodeqsi“. amas aqvs mniSvneloba.
mecnierebis xelSi aRmoCndeba uaRresad saintereso pirvelw-
yaro, romelic stimuls miscems napoleonis kanonSemoqmedeb-
iTi saqmianobis mecnierul kvlevas da popularizacias. ra
Tqma unda, es ar iqneboda advili saqme, magram amis gakeTeba
aucilebelia. qarTul enaze napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi
saqmianobaze dawerili mecnieruli gamokvleva, monografia,
samecniero-popularuli narkvevi, dRemde ar gagvaCnia, rac
qarTuli napoleonianas minusad migvaCnia. amas aqvs Tavisi
mizezi, gansakuTrebiT mtkivneulad migvaCnia is inertuloba,
pasiuroba, romelsac am mimarTulebiT qarTveli samarTalm-

156
codneebi iCendnen. qarTuli napolonionas mTeli Zalisxme-
va, vfiqrobT, swored, am mimarTulebiT unda warimarTos. am
vakuums, vfiqrobT, nawilobriv avsebs safrangeTis impera-
torisadmi miZRvnili Sromebi da saswavlo-sacnobaro liter-
atura, skolis da sauniversiteto saxelmZRvaneloebi, sadac
am Temis gaSuqebas, bunebrivia, garkveuli adgili aqvs daTmo-
bili. es, cxadia, Zalian kargia. Tu ara es literatura maSin
aRniSnul sakiTxze qarTul enaze TiTqmis araferi ar gveqne-
boda. amitom am masalis Seufasebloba mizanSewonilad ar
migvaCnia. SesaZloa, es Zalian cotaa, namcecebs warmoadgens,
magram, vfiqrobT, sainteresoa da amis gverdis avla gamarTle-
buli ar unda Candes. am masaliT, Cveni Rrma rwmeniT, evropis
nebismieri patara qveyanas SeuZlia rom iamayos.
Tu 1918 weli didi ivane javaxiSvilis mier Tbilisis saxel-
mwifo universitetis gaxsna da saqarTvelos suverenitetis
aRdgena am dargis mecnieruli gzaze dadgomis mcdelobasTan
asocirdeboda, 1921 weli, piriqiT, swori gzidan gadaxvevasTa-
naa dakavSirebuli. ai aseTi iyo realoba, romelsac sabWoTa
xelisufleba saguldagulod, magram amaod, umalavda qarTul
sazogadoebas. maTi es mcdeloba sruli kraxiT damTavrda. am
dargis sabWoTa koncefcia dRes ukve gakotrebulia. am konk-
retuli sakiTxisadmi damokidebuleba, amisi gamoZaxili unda
iyos. ai es gaxlavT realoba da misi arc Selamazeba da arc
gamuqeba mizanSewonili ar iqneba.

157
 sarCevi

Sesavali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

kari pirveli
napoleoni erTpirovnuli mmarTveli,
kanonmdebeli, reformatori . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Tavi pirveli
diskusia napoleonis irgvliv. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Tavi meore
napoleoni da safrangeTis didi revolucia. . . . . . . . . . 25

Tavi mesame
napoleonis mmarTveloba rogorc
`progresuli cezarizmis~ nimuSi.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

kari meore
qarTuli istoriografia `administraciul
bonapartizmze~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Tavi pirveli
saqarTveloSi napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi
saqmianobis Seswavlis sakvanZo momentebi. . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Tavi meore
napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis Seswavla
1918-1921 wlebSi saqarTvelos demokratiul
respublikaSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

Tavi mesame
napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis Seswavla
sabWoTa periodis qarTul istoriografiaSi. . . . . . . . . . . 107

Tavi meoTxe
napoleonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis Seswavla,
postsabWoTa periodis qarTul istoriografiaSi . . . . . 125

daskvna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Tbilisi, p. CanCibaZis quCa 6
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