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 ALLEN
® Methods of Differentiation

METHODS OF DIFFERENTIATION
The process of calculating derivative is called differentiation.

1. DERIVATIVE OF f(x) FROM THE FIRST PRINCIPLE :

dy f(x + dx) - f(x) dy

Obtaining the derivative using the definition Lim = Lim = f '(x) = is called
dx ®0 dx dx ® 0 dx dx
calculating derivative using first principle or ab initio or delta method.

dy dy
Note : can also be represented as y1 or y' or Dy or ƒ '(x). represents instantaneous rate of
dx dx

®
change of y w.r.t. x.

Illustration 1 : Differentiate each of following functions by first principle :

(i) f(x) = tanx (ii) f(x) = esinx

tan(x + h) - tan x tan(x + h - x) [1 + tan x tan(x + h) ]

Solution : (i) f¢(x) = lim = lim
h ®0 h h ® 0 h

tanh
= lim . (1 + tan2x) = sec2x. Ans.
h ®0 h

e sin(x + h ) - e sin x sin x

[esin(x+ h)-sin x - 1] æ sin(x + h) - sin x ö
(ii) f¢(x) = lim = lim e ç ÷
h ®0 h h ®0 sin(x + h) - sin x è h ø

sin x sin(x + h) - sin x

= e lim = esinxcosx Ans.
h ®0 h
node06\B0BC-BD\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Enthuse\Maths\Module\2-MOD, AOD\Eng\02-MOD.p65

Do yourself -1 :
1. Differentiate each of following functions by first principle:

1
(a) f(x) = lnx (b) f(x) = (c) tan x
x

(d) cos(sinx) (e) cos–1x (f) sec–1x

E 3
JEE-Mathematics ALLEN
®

2. DERIVATIVE OF STANDARD FUNCTIONS :

f(x) f'(x) f(x) f'(x)
(i) xn nx n–1 (ii) ex ex
(iii) ax axlna, a > 0 (iv) lnx 1/x
(v) logax (1/x) logae, a > 0, a ¹ 1 (vi) sinx cosx
(vii) cosx – sinx (viii) tanx sec2x
(ix) secx secx tanx (x) cosecx – cosecx . cotx
(xi) cotx – cosec2x (xii) constant 0

1 -1
(xiii) sin–1 x , -1 < x < 1 (xiv) cos–1 x , -1 < x < 1
1- x 2 1 - x2

®
1 1
(xv) tan–1 x , xÎR (xvi) sec–1 x , | x | >1
1 + x2 | x | x2 -1

-1 -1
(xvii) cosec–1 x , | x | >1 (xviii) cot–1 x , xÎR
| x | x -1 2
1 + x2

3. FUNDAMENTAL THEOREMS :
If f and g are derivable functions of x, then,
d df dg d df
(a) (f ± g) = ± (b) (cf) = c , where c is any constant
dx dx dx dx dx
d dg df
(c) (fg) = f +g known as “PRODUCT RULE”
dx dx dx
æ df ö æ dg ö
gç ÷ -f ç ÷
(d) d æfö è dx ø è dx ø where g ¹ 0 known as “QUOTIENT RULE”
ç ÷ =
dx è g ø g2

dy dy du
(e) If y = f(u) & u = g (x) then = . known as “CHAIN RULE”
dx du dx
dy du
Note : In general if y = f(u) then = f '(u).
node06\B0BC-BD\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Enthuse\Maths\Module\2-MOD, AOD\Eng\02-MOD.p65

.
dx dx

dy
Illustration 2 : If y = ex tan x + xlogex, find .
dx
Solution : y = ex.tan x + x · logex
On differentiating we get,
dy 1
= ex · tan x + ex · sec2x + 1 · log x + x ·
dx x
dy
Hence, = ex(tanx + sec2 x) + (logx + 1) Ans.
dx
4 E
 ALLEN
® Methods of Differentiation

log x dy
Illustration 3 : If y = + ex sin2x + log5x, find .
x dx
Solution : On differentiating we get,
1
·x - log x . 1 x 1
dy d æ log x ö d x d x + e sin2x + 2ex
. cos2x +
= ç ÷ + (e sin 2x) + (log5 x) = x log e 5
dx dx è x ø dx dx x2

dy æ 1 - log x ö 1
Hence, =ç ÷ + ex
(sin2x + 2cos2x) + Ans.
dx è x 2 ø x log e 5

dy
Illustration 4 : If y = loge (tan -1 1 + x 2 ) , find .
dx
Solution : y = loge (tan -1 1 + x 2 )

®
On differentiating we get,
1 1 1
= . . .2x
tan -1 1 + x 2 1 + ( 1 + x 2 )2 2 1 + x 2
x x
=
= ( tan -1 {
1 + x2 ) 1 + ( 1 + x2 )
2
} 1 + x2 ( tan -1
1 + x2 ) ( 2 + x 2 ) 1 + x2 Ans.

Do yourself -2 :
dy
1. Find if -
dx
(a) y = (x + 1) (x + 2) (x + 3) (b) y = e5x tan(x2 + 2)
2
d æ 1 ö
2. ç x+ ÷ =
dx è xø

1 1 1
(A) 1 - (B) 1 + (C) 1 - (D) None of these
x2 x2 2x

x 2 x3 dy
3. If y = 1 + x + + + ... ¥, then =
2! 3! dx
node06\B0BC-BD\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Enthuse\Maths\Module\2-MOD, AOD\Eng\02-MOD.p65

(A) y (B) y – 1 (C) y + 1 (D) None of these

4. If ƒ(x) = xtan x, then ƒ'(1) =
–1

p 1 p 1 p
(A) 1 + (B) + (C) - (D) 2
4 2 4 2 4
5. If ƒ(x) = logx (logx), then ƒ'(x) at x = e is
1
(A) e (B) (C) 1 (D) None of these
e

E 5
JEE-Mathematics ALLEN
®

d x
6. ( e log sin 2x ) =
dx
(A) ex (log sin 2x + 2 cot 2x) (B) ex (log cos 2x + 2 cot 2x)
(C) ex (log cos 2x + cot 2x) (D) None of these
dy
7. If y = sin ( sin x + cos x ) , then =
dx

1 cos sin x + cos x cos sin x + cos x

(A) (B)
2 sin x + cos x sin x + cos x

1 cos sin x + cos x

(C) .(cos x - sin x) (D) None of these
2 sin x + cos x

®
8. If y = secx0, then dy/dx =
(A) secx tanx (B) secx°tanx°
p 180
(C) sec x ° tan x° (D) sec x ° tan x°
180 p
9. The derivative of ƒ(x) = |x2 – x| at x = 2 is
(A) –3 (B) 0 (C) 3 (D) Not defined

d éæ tan 2 2x - tan 2 x ö ù
10. êç ÷ cot 3x ú
dx ëè 1 - tan 2x tan x ø
2 2
û
(A) tan 2x tan x (B) tan 3x tan x (C) sec2x (D) secx tanx
1 1 1 dy
11. If y = + + , then is equal to-
1+ x b -a
+x g -a
1+ x a -b
+x g -b
1+ x a-g
+xb-g dx
(A) 0 (B) 1
(C) (a + b + g)xa + b + g –1 (D) abg
3p
12. If f(x) = |cosx|, then f' æç ö÷ is equal to -
è 4 ø
1 1
(A) – (B) (C) 1 (D) –1
2 2
node06\B0BC-BD\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Enthuse\Maths\Module\2-MOD, AOD\Eng\02-MOD.p65

d x
13. (e sin 3 x) equals-
dx
(A) ex sin( 3 x + p/3) (B) 2ex sin( 3 x + p/3)
1 1
(C) ex sin( 3 x + p/3) (D) ex sin( 3 x – p/3)
2 2
d
14. ( ln sin x ) is equal to -
dx
tan x cot x cot x co t x
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 x x 2x 2 x

6 E
 ALLEN
® Methods of Differentiation

Differentiate the given functions with respect to x :

x 1 3
15. y= 16. y = tan x - tan x + x 17. y = x sec 2 x - tan x
sin x + cos x 3

x x +1
18. y = a cos 19. y = tan 20. y = 1 + 2 tan x
3 2

x
21. y = cos 3 4x 22. y = tan 23. y = sin 1 + x 2
2

æ 1ö
24. y = cot 3 1 + x 2 25. y = (1 + sin 2 x) 4 26. y = 1 + tan ç x + ÷
è xø

1- x

®
27. y = cos 2 28. y = sin 2 (cos 3x) 29. y = x arcsin x
1+ x
arcsin x 1
30. y= 31. y = (arcsin x) 2 32. y =
arccos x arcsin x
x
33. y = x sin x arctan x 34. y = (arccos x + arcsin x) n 35. y = - arctan x
1 + x2
14
36. y = arctan x 2 37. y = arcsin x 2 + 2x
2
æ b + a cos x ö
38. y = arccos ç ÷ ; (a, b > 0, sinx > 0) 39. y = x 2 log3 x
è a + b cos x ø
lnx
40. y = lnx 41. y = x sin xlnx 42. y =
xn
1 - lnx
43. y= 44. y = ln(x 2 - 4x) 45. y = ln tan x
1 + lnx

x +3
48. y = ln sin
3
46. y = log 2 [log 3 (log 5 x)] 47. y = ln arctan 1 + x 2
4

x 3 + 2x cos x
node06\B0BC-BD\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Enthuse\Maths\Module\2-MOD, AOD\Eng\02-MOD.p65

49. y = x.10 x 50. y = 51. y =

ex ex
x 1 - 10 x
52. y=2 lnx 53. y = 54. y = 3sin x
1 + 10x
2 2 2
55. y = ae- b x 56. y = Ae - k x sin(wx + a)

æ 1 ö
57. Prove that the function y = ln ç ÷ satisfies the relationship xy' + 1 = e (where dash denotes
y
è 1 + x ø
derivative)

E 7
JEE-Mathematics ALLEN
®

4. LOGARITHMIC DIFFERENTIATION :
To find the derivative of a function :
(a) which is the product or quotient of a number of functions or
(b) of the form [f(x)] g (x) where f & g are both derivable functions.
It is convenient to take the logarithm of the function first & then differentiate.

dy
Illustration 5 : If y = (sin x)ln x, find
dx
Solution : ln y = ln x. ln (sin x)
On differentiating we get,

1 dy 1 ln(sin x)
= ln (sinx) + ln x. cos x Þ dy = (sinx)ln x éê ù
+ cot x l n x ú Ans.

®
y dx x sin x dx ë x û

æ æ y - x2 öö dy
Illustration 6 : If x = exp ç tan -1 ç 2 ÷ ÷ , then dx equals -
è è x øø
(A) x [1 + tan (log x) + sec2 x] (B) 2x [1 + tan (log x)] + sec2 x
(C) 2x [1 + tan (log x)] + sec x (D) 2x + x[1 + tan(logx)]2
Solution : Taking log on both sides, we get

æ y - x2 ö
log x = tan–1 ç 2 ÷Þ tan (log x) = (y – x2) / x2
è x ø
Þ y = x2 + x2 tan (log x)
On differentiating, we get
dy
\ = 2x + 2x tan (log x) + x sec2 (log x) Þ 2x [1 + tan (log x)] + x sec2 (log x)
dx
= 2x + x[1 + tan(logx)]2 Ans. (D)

x1/ 2 (1 - 2x)2 / 3 dy
Illustration 7 : If y = 4 / 5 find
(2 - 3x) (3 - 4x)
3/4
dx
node06\B0BC-BD\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Enthuse\Maths\Module\2-MOD, AOD\Eng\02-MOD.p65

1 2 3 4
Solution : ln y = ln x + ln (1 – 2x) – ln (2 – 3x) – ln (3 – 4x)
2 3 4 5
On differentiating we get,
1 dy 1 4 9 16
Þ = - + +
y dx 2x 3(1 - 2x) 4(2 - 3x) 5(3 - 4x)

dy æ 1 4 9 16 ö
= yç - + + ÷ Ans.
dx è 2x 3(1 - 2x) 4(2 - 3x) 5(3 - 4x) ø

8 E
 ALLEN
® Methods of Differentiation
Do yourself -3 :
dy dy 2 3 4
1. Find if y = xx 2. Find if y = e x .e x .e x .e x
dx dx
Ģ (101)
3. Let f(x) = (x – 1)100 (x – 2)2(99) (x – 3)3(98) ... (x – 100)100, then the value of is
ƒ (101)
x + e x +...¥ dy
4. If y = e x + e , then =
dx
y 1 y y
(A) (B) (C) (D)
1- y 1- y 1+ y y -1

dy
5. If y = (xx)x, then =
dx

®
(A) (xx)x (1 + 2 logx) (B) (xx )x (1 + logx)
(C) x(xx)x (1 + 2 logx) (D) x(xx)x (1+logx)
dy
6. If y = xsinx, then =
dx
æ x cos x.log x + sin x ö sin x y[x cos x.log x + cos x]
(A) ç ÷ .x (B)
è x ø x
(C) y[x sinx . logx + cosx] (D) None of these
d
7. {(sinx)x} =
dx
é x cos x + sin x log sin x ù x é x cos x + sin x log sin x ù
(A) ê úû (B) (sin x) ê úû
ë sin x ë sin x

x é x sin x + sin x log sin x ù

(C) (sin x) ê úû (D) None of these
ë sin x

d
8. {(sinx)logx} =
dx
log x é 1 ù log x é 1 ù
(A) (sin x) ê log sin x + cot x ú (B) (sin x) ê log sin x + cot x log x ú
ëx û ëx û
node06\B0BC-BD\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Enthuse\Maths\Module\2-MOD, AOD\Eng\02-MOD.p65

log x é 1 ù
(C) (sin x) ê log sin x + log x ú (D) None of these
ëx û
Differentiate the given functions with respect to x :
11. y = (lnx)x
x
9. y = xx 10. y = (sin x)cos x
(x + 1)3 4 x - 2
14. y = x sin x 1 - e
x
12. y = x lnx
13. y =
5
(x - 3) 2

1
15. y = xx 16. y = 2x x
17. y = (x 2 + 1)sin x
3 x(x + 1)
2

18. y=
(x 2 - 1) 2
E 9
JEE-Mathematics ALLEN
®

5. PARAMETRIC DIFFERENTIATION :
dy dy / dq ƒ '( q)
If y = f(q) & x = g(q) where q is a parameter, then = =
dx dx / dq g'(q)

dy p
Illustration 8 : If y = a cos t and x = a(t – sint) find the value of at t =
dx 2

dy - a sin t dy
= Þ = -1
Solution : dx a(1 - cos t) dx t=
p Ans.
2

1+ t 3 2
Illustration 9 : Prove that the function represented parametrically by the equations. x = 3
;y = 2 +
t 2t t
dy

®
satisfies the relationship : x(y’)3 = 1 + y’ (where y’ = )
dx
1+ t 1 1
Solution : Here x = = 3+ 2
t3 t t
Differentiating w.r. to t

dx 3 2
=- 4 - 3
dt t t

3 2
y= +
2t 2 t
Differentiating w.r. to t

dy 3 2
=- 3 - 2
dt t t

dy dy / dt
= = t = y'
dx dx / dt

1+ t 1+ y'
3 Þ x =
3
Since x = 3 or x(y') = 1 + y'
t (y ')
Ans.
node06\B0BC-BD\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Enthuse\Maths\Module\2-MOD, AOD\Eng\02-MOD.p65

6. DERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION W.R.T. ANOTHER FUNCTION :

dy dy / dx f '(x)
Let y= f (x) ; z = g (x) then = =
dz dz / dx g'(x)

Illustration 10 : Differentiate loge (tan x) with respect to sin–1(ex).

d
(log e tan x)
d(loge tan x) dx cot x.sec2 x e - x 1 - e 2x
= = =
Solution : d(sin -1 (e x )) d e x .1 / 1 - e 2x sin x cos x Ans.
sin -1 (e x )
dx

10 E
 ALLEN
® Methods of Differentiation

Do yourself-4 :
dy p
1. Find at t = if y = cos4t & x = sin4t .
dx 4
2. Find the slope of the tangent at a point P(t) on the curve x = at2 , y=2at.
3. Differentiate xlnx with respect to lnx.

æ tö dy
4. If x = a ç cos t + log tan ÷ , y = a sin t , then =
è 2ø dx
(A) tan t (B) –tan t (C) cot t (D) –cot t

1 - t2 2t dy
5. If x = 2 and y = 2 , then =
1+ t 1+ t dx

-y y -x x

®
(A) (B) (C) (D)
x x y y

1 4 2 dy
6. If y = u , u = x 3 + 5 , then =
4 3 dx

1 2( 3 2 ( 3
x 2x + 15 ) x 2x + 5 )
3 3
(A) (B)
27 27

2 2( 3
x 2x + 15 )
3
(C) (D) None of these
27
dy
7. If x = sin–1 (3t – 4t3) and y = cos -1 (1 - t 2 ) , then is equal to
dx

1 2 3 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 5 2 3
dy
8. If x = a(t – sint), y = a(1 + cost), then equals-
dx
t t t t
(A) –tan (B) cot (C) –cot (D) tan
2 2 2 2
7. DIFFERENTIATION OF IMPLICIT FUNCTIONS : f(x, y) = 0
node06\B0BC-BD\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Enthuse\Maths\Module\2-MOD, AOD\Eng\02-MOD.p65

(a) To find dy /dx of implicit functions, we differentiate each term w.r.t. x regarding y as a
function of x & then collect terms with dy/dx together on one side.
¶f
dy ¶f
(b) Also = - ¶x , where = partial derivative of f(x, y) w.r.t. x taking y as a constant and
dx ¶f ¶x
¶y
¶f
= partial derivative of f(x, y) w.r.t. y taking x as a constant.
¶y
(c) In the case of implicit functions, generally, both x & y are present in answers of dy/dx.
E 11
JEE-Mathematics ALLEN
®

dy
Illustration 11 : If xy + yx = 2, then find .
dx
Solution : Let u = xy and v = yx
du dv
u+v=2 Þ + =0
dx dx
Now u = xy and v = yx
Þ ln u = y lnx and ln v = x ln y
1 du y dy 1 dv x dy
Þ = + lnx and = ln y +
u dx x dx v dx y dx
du æy dy ö dv æ x dy ö
Þ = xy ç + lnx ÷ and = yx ç l n y +
dx èx dx ø dx è y dx ÷ø

æ x y yö

®
æ x dy ö ç y l ny + x . ÷
y æ
y dy ö x lny +
dy è xø
Þ x ç +lnx ÷ + y ç ÷ =0 Þ =- Ans.
èx dx ø è y dx ø dx æ y x xö
ç x lnx + y . y ÷
è ø
Aliter :
f(x, y) = x y + y x - 2 = 0
dy -¶f / ¶x yx y-1 + y x lny
= =
dx ¶f / ¶y x y lnx + xy x-1

sin x dy (1 + y ) cos x + y sin x

Illustration 12 : If y = , prove that = .
cos x dx 1 + 2y + cos x - sin x
1+
sin x
1+
1 + cos x.....

sin x (1 + y) sin x
Solution : Given function is y = =
cos x 1 + y + cos x
1+
1+ y
or y + y2 + y cos x = (1 + y) sin x ......(i)
Differentiate both sides with respect to x,
dy dy dy dy
+ 2y + cos x - y sin x = (1 + y) cosx + sin x
node06\B0BC-BD\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Enthuse\Maths\Module\2-MOD, AOD\Eng\02-MOD.p65

dx dx dx dx
dy
(1 + 2y + cosx – sinx) = (1 + y) cosx + ysinx
dx

dy (1 + y ) cos x + y sin x
or = Ans.
dx 1 + 2y + cos x - sin x
Aliter :
From (i) f(x,y) = (1 + y)sinx – y – y2 – ycosx = 0
dy ¶f / ¶x (1 + y) cos x + y sin x (1 + y) cos x + y sin x
=- =- =
dx ¶f / ¶y sin x - 1 - 2y - cos x 1 + 2y + cos x - sin x
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 ALLEN
® Methods of Differentiation
Do yourself -5 :
dy
1. Find , if x + y = sin(x – y)
dx
2. If x2 + xey + y = 0, find y', also find the value of y' at point (0,0).
dy
3. If x 1 + y + y 1 + x = 0 , then =
dx
(A) 1 + x (B) (1 + x)–2 (C) –(1 + x)–1 (D) –(1 + x)–2
dy
4. If siny = xsin(a + y), then =
dx
sin 2 ( a + y ) sin 2 ( a + y ) sin 2 ( a + y ) sin 2 ( a + y )
(A) (B) (C) (D)
sin ( a + 2y ) cos ( a + 2y ) sin a cos a

®
dy
5. If 2x + 2y = 2x+y, then is equal to -
dx
2x + 2y 2x + 2y æ 2y -1 ö 2x + y - 2x
(A) x y (B) (C) 2x–y ç x ÷ (D)
2 -2 1 + 2x + y è 1- 2 ø 2y
x dy
6. If sin(xy) + = x2 – y, then =
y dx
y éë 2xy - y 2 cos ( xy ) - 1ùû éë 2xy - y 2 cos ( xy ) - 1ùû
(A) (B)
xy 2 cos ( xy ) + y 2 - x xy 2 cos ( xy ) + y 2 - x

y éë 2xy - y 2 cos ( xy ) - 1ùû

(C) - (D) None of these
xy 2 cos ( xy ) + y 2 - x

dy
7. If sin2x + 2cosy + xy = 0, then =
dx

y + 2sin x y + sin 2x y + 2sin x

(A) (B) (C) (D) None of these
2sin y + x 2sin y - x sin y + x

dy
8. If y = log x + log x + log x + ...¥ , then =
dx
node06\B0BC-BD\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Enthuse\Maths\Module\2-MOD, AOD\Eng\02-MOD.p65

x x 1 1
(A) (B) (C) x ( 2y - 1) (D) x (1 - 2y )
2y - 1 2y + 1

9. If y = sin x + sin x + sin x + ...¥ , then

dy dy
(A) ( 2y - 1) - sin x = 0 (B) ( 2y - 1) cos x + =0
dx dx

dy dy
(C) ( 2y - 1) cos x - =0 (D) ( 2y - 1) - cos x = 0
dx dx
E 13
JEE-Mathematics ALLEN
®

dy
10. If y = x + x + x + ... to ¥ then =
dx

x 2 -1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2y - 1 2y - 1 2y - 1 2y - 1

dy
11. If y = (sinx)tanx, then is equal to
dx
(A) (sinx)tanx(1 + sec2xlogsinx) (B) tanx(sinx)tanx – 1cosx
(C) (sinx)tanxsec2xlogsinx (D) tanx(sinx)tanx – 1

æ 1 - ( ƒ ( x ) )3 ö
12. Let ƒ(x) = cos2xcos4xcos6xcos8xcos10x and M = lim ç ÷ , where M is finite,
x ®0 ç 5 tan 2 x ÷

®
è ø
then the value of ( M - 2 + 1)

1
13. If ƒ ( x ) = x + 1
, then value of ƒ(2011).ƒ'(2011) is
2x +
1
2x +
2x + ...¥

dy
14. If x3 – y3 + 3xy2 – 3x2y + 1 = 0, then at (0, 1) equals-
dx
(A) 1 (B) –1 (C) 2 (D) 0

( ) dy
yx
ex .a y
15. If y = ln x find .
dx

8. DIFFERENTIATION BY TRIGONOMETRIC TRANSFORMATION :

Some Standard Substitutions :
Expression Substitution

x = asinq or acosq
node06\B0BC-BD\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Enthuse\Maths\Module\2-MOD, AOD\Eng\02-MOD.p65

a2 - x2

a2 + x 2 x = tanq or acotq

x2 - a2 x = asecq or acosecq

a+x a-x
or x = acosq or acos2q
a-x a+x

2ax - x 2 x = a(1 – cosq)

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æ 2x ö
Illustration 13: If f(x) = sin–1 ç ÷ then find
è 1 + x2 ø

(i) f'(2) (ii) f' æç 1 ö÷ (iii) f'(1)

è2ø

p p
Solution : x = tanq, where - <q< Þ y = sin–1(sin2q)
2 2

ì p
ï p - 2q 2
< 2q < p
ï ì p - 2 tan -1 x x >1
ï -p p ï
y = í2 q £ 2q £ Þ f(x) = í 2 tan x -1
-1 £ x £ 1
ï 2 2 ï-(p + 2 tan -1 x) x < -1

®
ï p î
ï-(p + 2q) -p < 2q < - 2
î

ì 2
ï- 1 + x 2 x >1
ï
ï 2
Þ f'(x) = í -1 < x < 1
ï 1+ x
2

ï -2
ïî 1 + x 2 x < -1

2 æ1ö 8
(i) f'(2) = - (ii) f' ç ÷ = (iii) f'(1+) = – 1 and f'(1–) = +1 Þ f'(1) does not exist Ans.
5 è2ø 5

d ìï 2 æ -1 1 + x ö üï
Illustration 14 : ísin çç cot ÷÷ ý =
dx îï è 1 - x ø þï

1 1
(A) - (B) 0 (C) (D) –1
2 2

æ 1+ x ö æ pù
Solution : Let y = sin2 ç cot -1 ÷÷ . Put x = cos 2q q Î ç 0, ú
node06\B0BC-BD\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Enthuse\Maths\Module\2-MOD, AOD\Eng\02-MOD.p65

ç 1 - x è 2û
è ø

æ 1 + cos 2q ö
\ y = sin2 cot–1 çç ÷÷ = sin2 cot–1 (cot q)
è 1 - cos 2 q ø

1 - cos 2q 1 - x 1 x
\ y = sin2 q = = = -
2 2 2 2

dy 1
\ =- . Ans (A)
dx 2

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–1 1 + x2 -1 –1
1 + 1 + x2
Illustration 15 : Obtain differential coefficient of tan with respect to cos
x 2 1 + x2

1 + x2 -1 1 + 1 + x2
Solution : Assume u = tan–1 , v = cos–1
x 2 1 + x2

æ p pö
The function needs simplification before differentiation Let x = tanq; q Î ç - , ÷
è 2 2ø

æ sec q - 1 ö æ 1 - cos q ö æ qö q
\ u = tan–1 ç ÷ = tan–1 ç ÷ = tan–1 ç tan ÷ =
è tan q ø è sin q ø è 2ø 2

®
ì q æ pö
ï , q Î ç 0, ÷
1 + sec q 1 + cos q æ qö ï 2 è 2ø
v = cos–1 = cos–1 = cos–1 ç cos ÷ = í
2sec q 2 è 2ø ï- q , q Î æç - p , 0 ö÷
ïî 2 è 2 ø

Þ u = v or –v

du ì 1, x > 0
Þ =í Ans.
dv î-1, x < 0

Do yourself : 6
1. If y = cos–1(4x3 – 3x), then find :

æ 3ö æ 3ö
(a) ƒ ' ç - , (b) ƒ ' (0), (c) ƒ ' ç
ç 2 ÷÷ ç 2 ÷÷
è ø è ø

d æ -1 cos x ö
2. ç tan ÷ , x Î ( 0, p ) is equal to
dx è 1 + sin x ø
node06\B0BC-BD\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Enthuse\Maths\Module\2-MOD, AOD\Eng\02-MOD.p65

1 1
(A) - (B) (C) –1 (D) 1
2 2
æ 1ö dy
3. If y = sin -1 ( x 1 - x + x 1 - x 2 ) , x Î ç 0, ÷ then =
è 2ø dx
-2x 1 -1 1
(A) + (B) -
1- x 2
2 x-x 2
1- x 2
2 x - x2
1 1
(C) + (D) None of these
1- x 2
2 x - x2

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æ x ö
d ç -1 1 + cos 2 ÷ æp ö
4. ç tan ÷ , x Î ç , p ÷ is equal to
dx ç x ÷ è2 ø
ç 1 - cos ÷
è 2 ø

1 1 1 1
(A) - (B) (C) - (D)
4 2 2 4

-1 4x 2 + 3x dy
5. If y = tan + tan -1 , then =
1 + 5x 2
3 - 2x dx
1 2 5 2
(A) + (B) +
1 + 25x 1 + x 2
2
1 + 25x 1 + x 2
2

®
5 1
(C) (D)
1 + 25x 2 1 + 25x 2

æ x1/3 + a1/3 ö
-1 dy
6. If y = tan ç 1/3 1/3 ÷ , then =
è 1- x a ø dx

1 1 1 a
(A) (B) (C) - (D) -
2
3x 1 + x
3 ( 2
3 ) 2
3x 1 - x
3 ( 2
3 ) 2
3x 1 + x
3 ( 2
3 ) 2
(
3x 1 + x 3
3
2
)
-1
æ a- xö dy
7. If y = tan ç ÷ , then =
è 1 + ax ø dx

1 1 1
(A) (B) ( (C) - ( (D) None of these
2 (1 + x ) x 1+ x) x 2 1+ x) x

-1 æ x + 1 ö -1 æ x - 1 ö dy
8. If y = sec ç ÷ + sin ç ÷ , then =
è x -1 ø è x +1 ø dx
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3

-1 é sin x + cos x ù æ pö dy
9. If y = tan ê ú , x Î ç 0, ÷ then is
ë cos- sin x û è 4ø dx
node06\B0BC-BD\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Enthuse\Maths\Module\2-MOD, AOD\Eng\02-MOD.p65

1 p
(A) (B) (C) 0 (D) 1
2 4
dy
10. If y = tan–1 (cot x) + cot–1 (tan x), then is equal to -
dx
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) –1 (D) –2
æ 1 ö
11. The differential coefficient of sec–1 ç 2 ÷ w.r.t. 1 - x 2 , where x Î (0,1) is -
è 2x - 1 ø
(A) 1/x2 (B) 2/x3 (C) x/2 (D) 2/x
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d æ 1+ x ö
12. cot -1 ç ÷ is equal to, if x > –1
dx è 1- x ø
1 1 1 -1
(A) (B) (C) - (D)
1 + x2 1- x2 1 + x2 1- x2
d æ -1 æ 1 - cos q ö ö
13. ç tan ç ÷ ÷ equals, if –p < q < p -
dq è è sin q ø ø
(A) 1/2 (B) 1 (C) secq (D) cosecq
arcsin x
14. Prove that the function y = satisfies the relationship (1 – x2)y' – xy = 1(where dash
1- x 2
denotes derivative).

9. DERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION AND ITS INVERSE FUNCTION :

®
If g is inverse of f, then
(a) g{f(x)} = x (b) f{g(x)} = x
g'{f(x)}f'(x)=1 f '{g(x)}g'(x) = 1

1
Illustration 16 : If g is inverse of f and f'(x) = , then g'(x) equals :-
1 + xn
(A) 1 + xn (B) 1 + [f(x)]n (C) 1 + [g(x)]n (D) none of these
Solution : Since g is the inverse of f. Therefore
f(g(x)) = x for all x
d
Þ f(g(x)) = 1 for all x
dx
1
Þ f'(g(x)) g'(x) = 1 Þ g'(x) = = 1 + (g(x))n Ans. (C)
f '(g(x))

Do yourself -7 :
1. If g is inverse of ƒ and ƒ (x) = 2x + sinx; then g¢(x) equals :
3 1 1
(A) - x 2 + (B) 2 + sin–1x (C) 2 + cos g(x) (D)
1 - x2 2 + cos(g(x))
2. Let g(x) = f–1(x) where f(x) = x3 + 3x, then find f–1(4) or g(4).
3. Let g(x)= f–1(x) where f(x) = x + ex then find f–1(1).
node06\B0BC-BD\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Enthuse\Maths\Module\2-MOD, AOD\Eng\02-MOD.p65

4.
æ πö
Let f(x) = x sinx " x Î ç 0, ÷ and g be the inverse of f in
æ πö
ç 0, ÷ , then ( ) æπö
3 π + 6 g ' ç ÷ is
è 12 ø
è 2ø è 2ø
equal to
(A) 6 (B) 12 (C) 4 (D) 3
3 5 –1
5. If ƒ(x) = x + 3x + 5x and g = ƒ , then find g'(9) and g"(9)
4
6. Let g(x) is the inverse function of a differentiable function ƒ(x) and G(x) = - 2 . If
g (x)
1
ƒ(5) = 3 and ƒ '(5) = , then G'(3) is equal to
125
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10. HIGHER ORDER DERIVATIVES :
Let a function y = ƒ (x) be defined on an interval (a, b). If ƒ (x) is differentiable function, then its
derivative ƒ '(x) [or (dy/dx) or y'] is called the first derivative of y w.r.t. x. If ƒ '(x) is again differentiable
function on (a, b), then its derivative ƒ "(x) [or d2y/dx2 or y"] is called second derivative of y w.r.t. x.
d 3y d æ d 2 y ö
Similarly, the 3 order derivative of y w.r.to x, if it exists, is defined by dx3 = dx ç dx 2 ÷ and denoted
rd
è ø
by ƒ '''(x) or y''' and so on.
dy dy / dq d 2 y d æ dy ö dx
Note : If x = f(q) and y = g(q) where 'q' is a parameter then = & 2 = ç ÷
dx dx / dq dx dq è dx ø dq

d n y d æ d n -1y ö dx
In general n = ç n -1 ÷
dx dq è dx ø dq .

®
11. ANALYSIS AND GRAPHS OF SOME INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS :
é 2 tan -1 x | x |£ 1
-1 æ 2x ö ê -1
(a) y = f(x) = sin ç 2 ÷
= ê p - 2 tan x x > 1
è1+ x ø ê -1
ë -(p + 2 tan x) x < -1 y
Important points : p/2

é p pù
(i) Domain is x Î R & range is ê - , ú
ë 2 2û D
(ii) f is continuous for all x but not differentiable
at x=1,–1 x
–1 1
2
é for | x | < 1
ê1 + x
2
D
dy ê
(iii) = ê non existent for | x | = 1
dx ê
-p/2
ê -2
ëê for | x | > 1
1 + x2
(iv) Increasing in [–1, 1] & Decreasing in (–¥, –1], [1, ¥)
-1 æ 1 - x ö
2
é2 tan -1 x if x³0
(b) Consider y = f(x) = cos ç 2 ÷
= ê
è 1+ x ø
-1
ë -2 tan x if x<0
Important points :
f(x)
node06\B0BC-BD\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Enthuse\Maths\Module\2-MOD, AOD\Eng\02-MOD.p65

(i) Domain is x Î R & range is [0, p)

(ii) Continuous for all x but not differentiable
at x = 0
p/2
2
é for x>0
ê1 + x
2

x
dy ê –1 0 1
(iii) = ê non existent for x =0
dx ê
ê 2
ëê - for x<0
1 + x2
(iv) Increasing in [0, ¥) & Decreasing in (–¥, 0]
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é2 tan -1 x | x |< 1
2x ê
(c) y = f(x) = tan -1 = ê p + 2 tan -1 x x < -1
1 - x2 ê -(p - 2 tan -1 x)
ë x >1

Important points :
f(x)

æ p pö p/2
(i) Domain is R – {1, – 1} & range is ç - 2 , 2 ÷
è ø

2
é | x | ¹1 x
dy ê1 + x 2 -1 0 1
(ii) =
dx ê
êë non existent | x | = 1
–p/2

®
(iii) It is bounded for all x

é -1 1
ê -(p + 3sin x) if -1 £ x < -
2
ê
1 1
(d) y = f(x) = sin (3x - 4x ) = ê3sin -1 x
-1 3
if - £x£
ê 2 2
ê
ê p - 3sin -1 x 1
if < x £1
êë 2
p y
Important points : 2

é p pù
(i) Domain is x Î [ -1, 1] & range is ê- 2 , 2 ú D
ë û

(ii) Continuous everywhere in its domain I

3 -1
-
2 2 x
1 1 –1 0 +1 3 1
(iii) Not derivable at x = - , , 1, –1
2 2 2 2
I
D
é 3 1 1
ê if x Î (- , )
dy ê 1 - x 2 2 2 -p
(iv) = 2
dx ê 3 1 1
ê- if x Î (-1, - ) È ( ,1)
êë 1 - x 2 2 2
node06\B0BC-BD\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Enthuse\Maths\Module\2-MOD, AOD\Eng\02-MOD.p65

é 1 1ù é 1 ù é1 ù
(v) Increasing in ê - , ú and Decreasing in êë -1, - 2 úû , êë 2 ,1úû
ë 2 2û

é -1 1
ê3 cos x - 2p if -1 £ x < -
2
ê
1 1
(e) y = f(x) = cos-1 (4x - 3x) = ê2 p - 3 cos -1 x
3
if - £x£
ê 2 2
ê
ê3 cos -1 x 1
if < x £1
êë 2

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Important points :
y

(i) Domain is x Î [-1, 1] & range is [0, p] p

(ii) Continuous everywhere in its domain I

D D

1 1 p/2
(iii) Not derivable at x = - , , 1, –1
2 2
I
é 3 æ 1 1ö x
ê if x Î ç- , ÷ –1 3 1 3 1
–1
O
dy ê 1 - x 2 è 2 2ø –
2 2
(iv) = 2 2
dx ê 3 æ 1ö æ1 ö
ê- if x Î ç -1, - ÷ È ç ,1 ÷
êë 1 - x 2 è 2ø è2 ø

®
é 1 1ù
(v) Increasing in ê - , ú &
ë 2 2û

é 1 ù é1 ù
Decreasing in ê -1, - ú , ê ,1ú
ë 2û ë2 û

GENERAL NOTE :

Concavity is decided by the sign of 2nd derivative as :

d2y d2y
³ 0 Þ Concave upwards ; £ 0 Þ Concave downwards
dx 2 dx 2

Illustration 17: Find the interval for which f(x) = x3 + x + 1 is

(i) concave upwards (ii) concave downwards.

Solution : f(x) = x3 + x + 1

f'(x) = 3x2 + 1
node06\B0BC-BD\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Enthuse\Maths\Module\2-MOD, AOD\Eng\02-MOD.p65

f''(x) = 6x

(i) f''(x) = 6x ³ 0 Þ Concave upwards

Þ x Î [0, ¥)

(ii) f''(x) = 6x £ 0 Þ Concave downwards

Þ x Î (–¥, 0] Ans.

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d 2y
Illustration 18 : If x = a (t + sin t) and y = a(1 – cos t), find .
dx 2
Solution : Here x = a (t + sin t) and y = a (1–cos t)
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. t, we get :

dx dy
= a(1 + cos t) and = a (sin t)
dt dt

t t
2 sin .cos
dy
=
a sin t
= 2 2 = tan æ t ö
\ ç ÷
(
dx a 1 + cos t ) t è2ø
2 cos 2
2

®
Again differentiating both sides, we get,

ætö
sec 2 ç ÷
d 2y 2 æ t ö 1 dt 1 1 1 è2ø
2 = sec ç ÷× × = sec 2 ( t / 2 ) × = ×
dx è 2 ø 2 dx 2 (
a 1 + cos t ) 2a æ 2 t ö
2 ç cos ÷
è 2ø

d2y 1 ætö
Hence, = × sec 4 ç ÷ Ans.
dx 2
4a è2ø
Illustration 19 : y = f(x) and x = g(y) are inverse functions of each other then express g'(y) and g''(y) in
terms of derivative of f(x).

dy dx
Solution : = f '(x) and = g '(y)
dx dy

1
Þ g'(y) = ...........(i)
f '(x)
Again differentiating w.r.t. to y

d æ 1 ö d æ 1 ö dx f ''(x) æ 1 ö
g''(y) = ç ÷ = ç ÷ . =- .
(f '(x)) 2 çè f '(x) ÷ø
node06\B0BC-BD\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Enthuse\Maths\Module\2-MOD, AOD\Eng\02-MOD.p65

dy è f '(x) ø dx è f '(x) ø dy

f ''(x)
Þ g''(y) = - ...........(ii)
(f '(x)) 3

d2y
d2x 2
Which can also be remembered as 2
= – dx 3 Ans.
dy æ dy ö
ç dx ÷
è ø

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Do yourself : 8
2
1. If y = xex then find y''.

2. Find y" at x = p/4, if y = x tan x.

3. Prove that the function y= ex sin x satisfies the relationship y'' – 2y' + 2y = 0.

d 3y
4. If y = at2 + 2bt + c and t = ax2 + 2bx + c, then equals
dx 3
(A) 24 a2 (at + b) (B) 24 a (ax + b)2 (C) 24 a (at + b)2 (D) 24 a2 (ax + b)
12. DIFFERENTIATION OF DETERMINANTS :

f(x) g(x) h(x)

®
If F(x) = l(x) m(x) n(x) , where f, g, h. l, m, n, u, v, w are differentiable functions of x then
u(x) v(x) w(x)

f '(x) g '(x) h '(x) f(x) g(x) h(x) f(x) g(x) h(x)

F '(x) = l(x) m(x) n(x) + l '(x) m '(x) n '(x) + l(x) m(x) n(x)
u(x) v(x) w(x) u(x) v(x) w(x) u '(x) v '(x) w '(x)

Note : Sometimes it is batter to expand the determinant first & then differentiate.

x x 2 x3
Illustration 20 : If f(x) = 1 2x 3x 2 , find f'(x).
0 2 6x

x x 2 x3
Solution : Here, f(x) = 1 2x 3x 2
0 2 6x
On differentiating, we get,
d d 2 d ( 3)
(x) (x ) x x x2 x3
dx dx dx x x2 x3
Þ f'(x) = 1 2x 3x 2 +
d
(1) d ( 2x ) d ( 2)
3x + 1 2x 3x 2
dx dx dx
0 2 6x d
(0 ) d ( 2) d
node06\B0BC-BD\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Enthuse\Maths\Module\2-MOD, AOD\Eng\02-MOD.p65

0 2 6x ( 6x )
dx dx dx
1 2x 3x 2 x x 2 x3 x x2 x3
or f'(x) = 1 2x 3x 2 + 0 2 6x + 1 2x 3x 2
0 2 6x 0 2 6x 0 0 6
As we know if any two rows or columns are equal, then value of determinant is zero.
x x 2 x3
= 0 + 0 + 1 2x 3x 2 \ f'(x) = 6 (2x2 – x2)
0 0 6
Therefore, f'(x) = 6x2 Ans.
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Do yourself : 9
ex x2
1. If ƒ(x) = , then find ƒ '(1).
lnx sin x

2x x2 x3
2. If ƒ(x) = x + 2x
2
1 3x + 1 , then find ƒ ' (1).
2x 1 - 3x 2 5x
3. If ƒn(x), gn(x), hn(x), n = 1, 2, 3 are polynomials in x such that ƒn(a) = gn(a) = hn(a), n = 1, 2,3
ƒ1 (x) ƒ 2 (x) ƒ 3 (x)
and F(x) = g1 (x) g 2 (x) g3 (x) . Then F'(a) is equal to
h 1 (x) h 2 (x) h 3 (x)

®
(A) 0 (B) ƒ1(a)g2(a)h3(a) (C) 1 (D) None of these

x3 sin x cos x
d3
4. Let ƒ(x) = 6 -1 0 , where p is a constant. Then {ƒ ( x )} at x = 0 is
dx 3
p p2 p3
(A) p (B) p + p2 (C) p + p3 (D) Independent of p

x3 x 2 3x 2
ƒ(x) = 1 -6 4 d3 ƒ ( x )
5. ,where p is a constant, then is
p p2 p3 dx 3

(A) Proportional to x2 (B) Proportional to x (C) Proportional to x3 (D) A constant

y y1 y2
6. If y = sinpx and yn is the nth derivative of y, then y 3 y4 y 5 is equal to
y6 y7 y8
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) –1 (D) None of these
13. ˆ
L ' HOPITAL ' S RULE :

0 ¥
(a) This rule is applicable for the indeterminate forms of the type , . If the function f(x) and
0 ¥
node06\B0BC-BD\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Enthuse\Maths\Module\2-MOD, AOD\Eng\02-MOD.p65

g(x) are differentiable in certain neighbourhood of the point 'a', except, may be, at the point 'a'
itself and g'(x) ¹ 0, and if
lim f(x) = lim g(x) = 0 or lim f(x) = lim g(x) = ¥ ,
x®a x®a x®a x ®a

f(x) f '(x)
then lim = lim
x®a g(x) x ®a g'(x)
f '(x)
provided the limit lim exists (L' Hôpital's rule). The point 'a' may be either finite or improper
x®a g'(x)
(+ ¥ or –¥).

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0 ¥
(b) Indeterminate forms of the type 0. ¥ or ¥ – ¥ are reduced to forms of the type or by
0 ¥
algebraic transformations.
(c) Indeterminate forms of the type 1¥, ¥0 or 00 are reduced to forms of the type 0 × ¥ by taking
logarithms or by the transformation [f(x)]f(x) = ef(x).lnf(x).

sin x
Illustration 21 : Evaluate lim
x ®0
x

loge x
sin x lim
Solution : lim x = lim e sin x loge x
=e x®0 cosecx

x ®0 x ®0

1/ x
= e xlim
® 0 - cosecx cot x (applying L'Hôpital's rule)

®
2
sin 2 x æ sin x ö æ x ö
lim - lim - ç ÷ ×ç ÷ ( )2 ×( 0 )
= e x® 0 x cos x
=e x® 0 è x ø è cos x ø
= e- 1 = e0 = 1 Ans.
Illustration 22 : Solve lim+ logsin x sin 2x.
x ®0

Solution : Here lim+ logsin x sin 2x

x ®0

logsin 2x æ -¥ ö
= xlim ç form ÷
®0+ logsin x è -¥ ø
1
× 2 cos 2x
= lim+ sin 2x {applying L'Hôpital's rule}
x®0 1
× cos x
sin x

æ ( 2x ) ö
ç ( ) ÷ cos 2x cos 2x
= lim+ è
sin 2x ø
= lim+ =1 Ans.
x®0 æ x ö x ® 0 cos x
ç ÷ cos x
è sin x ø
1/ n
æ en ö
Illustration 23 : Evaluate lim ç ÷ .
n ®¥ è p ø

1/ n
æ en ö
Solution : Here, A = lim ç ÷ (¥0 form)
node06\B0BC-BD\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Enthuse\Maths\Module\2-MOD, AOD\Eng\02-MOD.p65

n ®¥ è p ø

1 æ en ö n log e - log p æ ¥ ö
\ lim
log A= n ®¥ log ç ÷ = lim ç form ÷
n èp ø n ®¥ n è¥ ø
log e - 0
= lim {applying L'Hôpital's rule}
n ®¥ 1
1/ n
æ en ö
logA = 1 Þ A = e or lim ç ÷ 1
=e Ans.
n ®¥ è p ø

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JEE-Mathematics ALLEN
®

Do yourself : 10

tan x - x ex - x - 1
1. ˆ
Using L' Hopital ' s rule find (a) lim (b) lim
x ®0 x3 x ®0 x2

sin x - tan x 1 ln(1 + x)

2. ˆ
Using L' Hopital ' s rule verify that : (a) lim 3 =- (b) lim =1
x ®0 x 2 x ®0 x

f (4) - f (x 2 )
3. If f is differentiable in (0, 6) & f '(4) = 5, then Limit =
x ®2 2- x

(A) 5 (B) 5/4 (C) 10 (D) 20

®
(x + h)ƒ(x) - 2hƒ(h)
4. Let ƒ(x) be differentiable at x = h, then Lim is equal to -
x ®h x-h

(A) ƒ(h) + 2hƒ'(h) (B) 2ƒ(h) + hƒ'(h) (C) hƒ(h) + 2ƒ'(h) (D) hƒ(h) – 2ƒ'(h)
5. Evaluate the following limits using L'Hospital's Rule or otherwise :

x 6000 - (sin x)6000

Lim
x ®0 x 2 .(sin x) 6000

1 - cos x.cos 2x.cos3x.....cos nx

6. If Lim has the value equal to 253, find the value of n (where n Î N).
x ®0 x2

7. Given a real valued function f(x) as follows :

x 2 + 2 cos x - 2 1 sin x - l n(e x cos x)

f(x) = for x < 0 ; f(0) = & f(x) = for x > 0. Test the
x4 12 6x 2
continuity and differentiability of f(x) at x = 0.

Miscellaneous Illustrations :
Illustration 24 : Find second order derivative of y = sinx with respect to z = ex.
node06\B0BC-BD\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Enthuse\Maths\Module\2-MOD, AOD\Eng\02-MOD.p65

dy dy / dx cos x
Solution : = = x
dz dz / dx e

d 2 y d æ cos x ö dx -e x sin x - cos xe x 1

Þ = . = . x
dz 2 dx çè e x ÷ø dz ex
2
( ) e

d2y
=-
( sin x + cos x )
Þ 2 Ans.
dz e 2x

26 E
 ALLEN
® Methods of Differentiation

æ x + y ö ƒ(x) + ƒ(y)
Illustration 25 : Let a function ƒ satisfies ƒ ç ÷= " x, y Î R and ƒ '(0) = a, ƒ (0) = b, then
è 2 ø 2
find ƒ (x) hence find ƒ ''(x).
æ x + y ö ƒ(x) + ƒ(y)
Solution : ƒç ÷=
è 2 ø 2
Diff. w.r.t. 'x'
æx+yö 1 1 æ dy ö
ƒ 'ç ÷ . = ƒ '(x) çQ x & y are independent to each other, \ = 0 ÷
è 2 ø 2 2 è dx ø
æx+yö
ƒ 'ç ÷ = ƒ '(x)
è 2 ø
æxö
Let x = 0 & y = x ƒ ' ç ÷ = ƒ '(0) = a
è2ø

®
Þ ƒ '(x) = a
On integrating, we get ƒ (x) = ax + b (Q ƒ (0) = b)
Þ ƒ ''(x) = 0
1 x 1 x 1 x 1
sec 2 + 4 sec 2 2 + 6 sec 2 3 + .....¥ = cosec x - 2
2
Illustration 26: Prove that
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 x
x x x
Solution : Let cos .cos 2 .cos 3 .......¥
2 2 2
x x x x
= lim cos .cos 2 .cos 3 .......cos n
n ®¥ 2 2 2 2
sin x sin x x x x sin x
Þ lim = Þ cos .cos 2 cos 3 ... ¥ =
n ®¥ n x x 2 2 2 x
2 sin n
2
æ xö æ x ö æ xö
Þ ln ç cos ÷ + ln ç cos 2 ÷ + ln ç cos 3 ÷ + ....¥ = ln sin x - lnx
è 2ø è 2 ø è 2 ø
Diff. w.r.t. x
æ1 x 1 x ö 1
- ç tan + 2 tan 2 + ......¥ ÷ = cot x -
è2 2 2 2 ø x
Diff. w.r.t. x again
1 x 1 x 1 x 1
2
sec 2 + 4 sec 2 2 + 6 sec 2 3 + ......¥ = cosec 2 x - 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 x
node06\B0BC-BD\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Enthuse\Maths\Module\2-MOD, AOD\Eng\02-MOD.p65

Hence proved

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