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Polysaccharides

Polymers of more than 10 ‫ وحدات‬10 ‫عبارة عن اكتر من‬


units of monosaccharides ‫ متوصلين ببعض‬monosaccharides
linked with glycosidic bonds glycosidic bonds ‫عن طريق‬

1 - homopolysaccharide 1 - heteropolysaccharide
‫يعني متجانس من نفس النوع‬ ‫ علي‬glucose ‫يعني خليط حبة‬
glucose ‫ او‬fractose ‫يعني كلهم‬ ribulose
Examples: Examples:
Glucosans : Starch, glycogen, cellulose GAGs ( Glucose/amino/glycans = muco/poly/saccharides)

Fructosans : insulin ‫ زي السائل‬lubricant ‫بيعمل‬


Galactosans : Agar ) synovial fluid ( ‫الزاللي‬

Glucosans Glycogen :
1 - starch storage nutrient in animals
storage nutrient in plants similar to amylopectin but more
formed of two glucosans amylose and amylopectin branched and has 8:12 glucose
‫ الفروع بتاعته صغيرة فا بيقدر يعمل‬glycogen ‫ال‬
amylose: amylopectin :
‫فروع اكتر و وزنه اتقل‬
inner part : 15-20% Outer part : 80 - 85%
Cellulose :
straight chain of 300 branched chain of 24 - 30 glucose
glucose units α - 1,4 and α - 1,6 glucosidic bond
component of plant cell well
α - 1,4 glucosidic bond 4 has a branch point non - digestible ‫ُم شبع‬
‫ هو اني قدرت‬branch ‫الفايدة من ال‬ composed of glucose units linked by
‫احط كمية كبيرة في حاجة صغيرة‬ β - 1,4 glycosidic bond
Metabolism
Reactions which occurs to food stuffs
1 - Anabolism ( synthetic) N.B
The synthesis of larger cpds from
‫االحماض الدهنيه بتتبني جوا الجسم كربونتين كربونتين‬
smaller precursors
Requires energy ATP ‫هياخد‬
H+, e- ‫هي تفاعالت اختزال تكسب‬ ‫بيشتغل تكسير لما يدخل‬
‫دورة كربس‬
2 - Catabolism ( degradtive Acetyl CoA
Oxidtave process
releases energy ( ATP ) ‫بيشتغل بناء في الحمض‬
complex molecules breakdown to simple ‫أميني‬
building blocks
glycolysis acetyl ‫المسار الي بيمشي فيه ال‬
H+, e- ‫تفاعالت أكسدة بتفقد‬ ‫ إلنتاج الطاقة‬coa

3 - Amphibolism ( anabolic, catabolic ) Acetyl CoA is oxidized in the citric


Ex : Citric acid cycle Acetyl CoA ‫بينتج و يكسر‬ acid cycle to (CO2 + H2O + Energy)
has more than one function
Dietary carbohydrates
Major: Lactose intolerance :
Starch, Sucrose, Lactose osmotic ‫ وترفع‬CO2 ‫ و تطلع‬fermentation ‫االمعاء تبدأ تعمل‬
Small amounts of: diarrhea ‫ و يعمل‬pressure
Free glucose and fructose absorption rate is maximum for galactose moderate
glycogen for glucose and minimum for fructose
cellulose ( indigestible dietary
Fates of absorbed glucose:
fiber that passes through
glucose -------> stored as glycogen
intestine into feces
glycolysis ------> Acetyl CoA ------> fatty acid -----> ‫بيعمل‬
‫الزم عشان الجسم يستفاد منهم يكونو‬
‫ تفاعل مع‬glycerol -------> ‫ يتخزن علي شكل‬triglycerol
monosaccharides
Digestion of dietary carbohydrates ‫اول مكان بيروح عليه الجلكوز هو الكبد عن طريق الوريد البابي الكبدي‬
1 - In the mouth : ‫ في الدم عشان الطاقة‬120-70 ‫الكبد بيسبب نسبة‬
Salivary a - amylase enzyme cleaves starch & glucose ‫ لو ال‬reabsorption ‫ و يحصله‬kidney ‫اادم بيعدي علي ال‬
glycogen )urine (glycosuria ‫ هينزل في ال‬180 ‫زاد عن‬
Cleaves randomly α 1-4 bonds between glucose
to produce α - dextrins ‫ و‬mitochondria ‫ و‬cytosol ‫ فيها‬cells ‫ااجسم عبارة عن مجموعة‬
2 - In the intestine
glycolysis ‫دول بيدو طاقة عن طريق عملية ال‬
a - Digestion by pancreatic enzymes :
Pancreatic a - amylase cleaves α 1-4 bonds
1- Carbohydrates catabolism:
between glucose to produce α-dextrins, maltose Glycolysis (Breakdown of glucose) :
& isomaltose a - Aerobic (presence of oxygen)
b - Digestion by intestinal enzymes : Glucose ---------> 2 pyruvate + 8ATP
Maltose -------> Maltase enzyme b - Anaerobic (absence of oxygen)
Sucrose -------> Sucrase enzyme Glucose ---------> 2 lactate + 2ATP
Lacrose -------> Lactase enzyme
2 - Krebs cycle Carbohydrates Anabolism
known as citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle 1 - Gluconeogenesis :
occurs in the mitochondria following aerobic glycolysis Biosynthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate
Pyruvate ------> Acetyl CoA ------> enter Krebs cycle -----> sources such as amino acids
CO2 + H2O + ATP occurs mainly in liver
mitochondria ‫لو ال‬ 2 - Glycogenesis :
pyruvate
‫ متوفرين يدي‬O2 ‫و ال‬ Biosynthesis of glycogen from glucose
‫ في كرات‬lactate ‫بيتحول ل‬ ‫ و لو واحد‬Acetyl occurs in liver and muscle
‫الدم الحمراء عشان معندهاش‬
lactate ‫ناقص يدي‬
mitochondria

mitochondria ‫عندها‬
muscle ‫ فا‬O2 ‫بس معندهاش‬
lactate ‫بيتحول ل‬

3 - Pentose phosphate pathway


production of genetic material ‫الغرض منه‬
alternative pathway for glycolysis
Glucose --------> Pentose+ NADPH ( reducing agent )+ CO2

4 - Glycogenolysis ‫بيحصل لما مستوي السكر يقل في الدم‬


Breakdown of glycogen into glucose
occurs in liver and muscle
glucagon ‫الهرمون المحفز للتكسير‬

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