LESSON 3

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY,
AND SOCIETY
Intellectual Revolutions that Defined
Society
LESSON OBJECTIVES:
❏ discuss how the ideas postulated by
Copernicus, Darwin, and Freud
contributed to the spark of scientific
revolution
❏ analyze how revolution is done in various
parts of the world like in Latin America,
East Asia, Middle East, and Africa
S C I E N T I F I C R E V O L U T I O N
H E L I O C E N T R I S M
E V O L U T I O N
P S Y C H O A N A L Y S I S
SCIENCE PHILOSOPHY
SCIENCE
● Science can be defined as a study and
understanding of natural phenomena.
● It is concerned with empirical data, meaning data
that can be observed, tested, and repeated.
● It is systematic in nature.
● Science bases its explanation on the results of
experiments, objective evidence, and observable
facts.
PHILOSOPHY
● It is broadly defined as an activity that uses reason to
explore issues in many areas.
● “Philosophy” comes from the Greek word “philosophia,”
which translates into “love of wisdom.”
● Philosophy is based on reason; its methods utilize
logical argumentation.
● Philosophy is mostly involved with thinking and
creating knowledge.
 SCIENTIFIC
REVOLUTION
Scientific Revolution is the name
given to a period of drastic change in
scientific thought that took place
during the 16th and 17th centuries. It
replaced the Greek view of nature that
had dominated science for almost
2,000 years.
Scientific revolution was the
period of enlightenment when the
developments in the fields of
mathematics, physics, astronomy,
biology, and chemistry
transformed the views of society
about nature.
Why is scientific
revolution very
significant?
 NICOLAUS
COPERNICUS
 GEOCENTRISM

CLAUDIUS PTOLEMY
NICOLAUS COPERNICUS
De revolutionibus
He is Copernicus’s
orbium
idea and model
considered as coelestium (On
of the universe Revolution of the
one of the was essentially Heavenly Spheres) in
Renaissance completed in 1543 - cited as the
start of the
men. 1510.
scientific revolution
HELIOCENTRISM

NICOLAUS COPERNICUS
NICOLAUS COPERNICUS
Copernicus His idea was
judged to be The Catholic
placed the Sun heretic and Church banned the
to be therefore it was Copernican model
centerpiece of unacceptable idea and was ignored
by Rome for the
the universe. to be taught to
rest of the 16th
Catholics. century.
CHARLES
DARWIN
CHARLES DARWIN
Darwin is a genius He would spend time
who came from a taking long walks He joined in a
line of to observe his five-year
intellectually surrounding while
gifted and collecting specimen voyage through
wealthy and he pored over the HMS Beagle
family (Johnson, books in his father’s on the Islands
library. of Galapagos.
2012).
CHARLES DARWIN
The Darwinian
revolution was He published
He is considered to be one a book, On
of the most
famous for controversial the Origin of
his theory of intellectual Species in
revolutions of
evolution. its time. 1589.
THEORY OF EVOLUTION

CHARLES DARWIN
NATURAL SELECTION

Natural selection is
the process through
which populations of
living organisms adapt
and change.
NATURAL SELECTION
SIGMUND
FREUD
SIGMUND FREUD

Sigmund Freud was able to change

people’s perception of psychology
with his revolutionary theory of
psychoanalysis.
PSYCHOANALYSIS
● Psychoanalysis is a scientific way
to study human mind and neurotic
illness.
● It is the study that explains human
behavior.
● Freud explained that there are
many conscious and unconscious
factors that can influence behavior
and emotions.
SIGMUND FREUD
SIGMUND FREUD
ID, EGO, SUPEREGO
● He also argued that
personality is a product of
three conflicting elements:
id, ego, and superego.
THE ID
● According to Freud, the id is the source of all psychic energy,
making it the primary component of personality.
● The id is the only component of personality that is present
from birth.
● This aspect of personality is entirely unconscious and
includes instinctive and primitive behaviors.
● The id is driven by the pleasure principle.
● If these needs are not satisfied immediately, the result is a
state anxiety or tension.
THE EGO
● The ego develops from the id and ensures that the
impulses of the id can be expressed in a manner
acceptable in the real world.
● The ego functions in the conscious and unconscious mind.
● The ego operates based on the reality principle.
● The id's impulses can be satisfied through a process of
delayed gratification—the ego will eventually allow the
behavior, but only in the appropriate time and place.
THE SUPEREGO
● The superego begins to emerge at around age five.
● The superego holds the internalized moral standards
and ideals that we acquire from our parents and
society (our sense of right and wrong).
● The superego provides guidelines for making
judgments.
● The superego tries to perfect and civilize our
behavior.
You will be given 30 seconds
to say anything about the
word/ phrase that will be
flashed….
Heliocentrism
Evolution
Psychoanalysis