Human Machine

Interaction/ Human
Computer Interaction
UNIT-2
INDUSTRY 4.0
Introduction
Human Machine Interaction
Why HMI/HCI
Problematic Designs

People on both the side

of door pushing or pulling
at the same time.

How fast am I really going??

Solution:
Part of the door is see-
through
Problematic Designs
Normans Fundamental principles of
HMI

 Visibility - Can I see it?

 Affordance – How di I use it?
 Mapping – Where am I and Where can I go?
 Feedback – What is it doing now?
 Constraints- Why can’t I do it?
 Consistency – I think I have seen it before!
 Mental/Conceptual models – I think I know how it operates!
 Visibility

 Can see the state of a device and possible

actions
 Systems are more usable when they clearly
indicate
 their status
 the possible actions that can be performed
 the consequences of those actions
 Affordance

 Shows functionality by leaving visual clue.

 How something looks indicates how it’s can
be used
 Qualities if Affordance:
 Affordance exists relative to the action
capabilities if a particular actor/user.
 The existence of an affordance is
independent of the actors ability to perceive
it.
 An affordance does not change as the need
and goal of the actor changes.
 Eg. Safety handles inside train compartments
 Signifier

 A physical form of showing the functionality

to the user such as sound, a printed word, an
image, etc.

 Signifiers removes the ambiguity incase

Affordance is not clear enough to tell the
functionality to the user.

 Eg: A sound instruction in lift to close the

door, voice instructions to wait for card to be
removed or insert in ATM machines.
 Mapping

 Presents relationship between two objects.

 Mapping between actions to

consequences for user actions.

 Eg. Pointer movements mapping with

mouse movement.

 Mapping can be a good mapping or a

bad mapping.

 Bad mapping- When consequence for any

action is delayed or ambiguous.
 Feedback

 It is the principle of making it clear to the user what action has been taken and what has been
accomplished.

 The key is to design the experience to never leave the user guessing about what action they have taken and
the consequence of doing so.

 It helps in predicting the functionality as well.

 Sending information back to the user about what has been done

 Needs to be immediate and synchronized with user action

 Eg. – Mouse Click sound

 Constraints
 Restricting the possible
actions (the kind of
interaction) that can
be performed (can
take the place)

 Helps prevent user from

selecting incorrect
options
 Consistency

 Design interfaces to have similar operations and use similar elements for similar tasks

 For example: Always use ctrl key plus first initial of the command for an operation –
Ctrl+C, Ctrl+S, Ctrl+V ...

 Main benefit is consistent interfaces are easier to learn and use

 Mental Model

 Representations of systems derived from experience

 People understand and interact with systems based on mental representations developed
from experience
 They compare the outcomes of their mental models with the real-world systems:
 When the outcomes correspond, a mental model is accurate
 When the outcomes do not correspond, the mental model is inaccurate or incomplete
 A mental model allows the user to simulate the operation of the device
 A good mental model allows the user to predict the effects of their actions
 Common interaction styles

 command line interface

 menus
 natural language
 question/answer and query dialogue
 form-fills and spreadsheets
 point and click
 three–dimensional interfaces
Physiological Sensors: Sensing for HMI

 The sensing information to human bodies via the soft HMIs are divided into
(1) soft tactile sensor;
(2) motion sensors; and
(3) electro-physiology sensors.
 Soft tactile sensors

 Designed and categorized by their functions such as:

 pressure sensors, strain sensors and acoustic sensors.
 Pressure is one of the key physical parameter to evaluate the human
sensing ability.
 Several kinds of pressure sensors have been designed for HMI applications,
such as
 capacitive sensors, pressure sensitive rubber (PSR) sensors, piezoelectric
pressure sensors, liquid metal sensors, and ionic gel sensors.
 Pressure sensitive rubber (PSR) sensors
 To realize the visual display of pressure distribution,
 a user-interactive E-skin based on PSR sensor
 Motion Sensors

 Coordination and collaboration between humans and robots require motion sensing for
complicated tasks.

 Soft sensors producing signals conforming to limb/joint rotations or soft tissue deformations.

 They can be used to interpret human body motions from aspects of kinematics (angle, velocity
and acceleration), kinetics (pressures and forces) and energy/power (muscle forces and
deformations), which can be employed for motion intent recognition and robot control
Motion Sensors

Joint angle sensor for HMI application

Electrophysiology sensors

 Electromyography EMG signal reflects the activation of muscle fibers

innervated by motor neurons.

 It can be noninvasively acquired by the surface electromyography (sEMG)

electrodes

 Brain-computer interface (BCI) technology is a radically new

communication option for those with neuromuscular impairments that
prevent them from using conventional augmentative communication
methods