Unit 1 EC Notes

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
BHILAI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

An Autonomous Institution | NBA Accredited | ISO Certified
‘A’ Grade NAAC Accredited | NIRF 2020 RANK-BAND:251-300
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Class Task 1
Evaluate (L-5 Blooms Taxonomy) the following popular definitions of
“Communication” and Create (L-6) a comprehensive definition of the term.
Definitions:
1. Keith Davis: Communication is a process of passing information and understanding from
one person to another.
2. John Adair: Communication is essentially the ability of one person to make contact with
another and make himself or herself understood.
3. William Newman and Charles Summer: Communication is an exchange of ideas, facts,
opinions or emotions of two or more persons.
4. Louis Allen: Communication is a bridge of meaning. It involves a systematic and continuous
process of telling, listening and understanding.
5. Peter Little: Communication is a process by which information is transmitted between
individuals and / or organizations so that an understanding response results.
6. Murphy, Hildebrandt, Thomas: Communication is a process of transmitting and receiving
verbal and non-verbal messages. It is considered effective when it achieves the desired
response or reaction from the receiver.
7. Koontz and Weihrich: “Communication is the transfer of information from a sender to a
receiver, with the information being understood by the receiver”.
8. Oxford dictionary: ‘the imparting or exchange of information by speaking, writing, or
using some other medium.
9. Newman and Summer, ‘Communication is an exchange of facts, ideas, opinions or
emotions by two or more people.’
10. NPTEL: it is deliberate or even accidental transfer of meaning.
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Subject: Employment Communication I B.Tech 6th Sem Civil
Course Instructor: Dr Nishant Yadav
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Class Task 2
Why Are Interpersonal Communication and Group Communication Important?
Differentiate (L-4 Blooms Taxonomy) between group communication and inter
personal Communication.
Class Task 3
Evaluate (L-5 Blooms Taxonomy) the importance of each 10 Interpersonal skills
listed.
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UNIT – I INTRODUCTION TO EMPLOYMENT COMMUNICATION:

On successful completion of the course, the student will be able to:
CO1: Demonstrate a better understanding about the importance of communication
especially professional communication and clearly follow the procedure and
etiquettes involved in it.
Communication:
What is communication; Importance of Communication; Types of Communication
and Elements of Communication, Principles of Communication.
Communication Skills at work place:

Basic Purpose of Communication at workplace; Employability skills; Planning and
Inventing Strategies; Strategies for teamwork and workplace communication.
Cross-cultural Communication:
Preparing to communicate across cultures, Demographic diversity, Reducing
strangeness of strangers; Technology and intercultural communication.
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Essay on Communication
The word communication refers to the interaction between people and their respective environments.
Different ideas influence humans with the help of communications.
Communications tend to change attitudes, beliefs, and even ways of thinking of people. Communication
plays a key role in everyday living. Knowledge can be imparted through communication. It transfers
information from one place, person, or group to another.
The term “communication” has been taken from the word “communis,” a Latin word meaning common. The
commonness of understanding forms a vital component of all kinds of interactions and communication. If
the understanding is not common, then communications create more misunderstandings. It makes people
directionless. It forms one of the essential tools that help people to connect.
Communication involves the concept of transfer of information. It is merely the act of sharing common
ideas between individuals that are a part of the conversation. It forms an understanding from the sender
to the receiver and vice versa. It is essential to carry out the process convincingly and meaningfully to
develop an ideal conversation with communication. The act of communication is also known as the process
of passing information in oral or written form.
It is the transfer of a person’s thoughts in the way of talking or writing to another person. Communication
has four actions that are, encoding, sending, receiving, and decoding. The sender encodes the information
and transfers it to the receiver. The receiver gains the information from the sender, decodes it, and
understands the message or information received. The message forms the content of the communication.
The process of communication has five components, namely, sender, message, medium, noise, and
receiver. Telephones, written memos, emails, text messages, and faxes are communication methods other
than talking face to face with a person. Every communication involves a sender, a message, and a
receiver. The transfer of information and message from a sender to a receiver may be influenced by a
range of things like emotions, the medium of conversation, cultural situation, upbringing, and even a
person’s location. Good communication skills are considered desirable by every citizen in the world.
Communication has more to do with than the mere transmission of information. It requires an element of
success and correct body language in transmitting and imparting messages, be it information or even
emotions and feelings. Two people may read differently based on the choice of words used in
communication. The receiver might not have the same understanding as that of the sender. The body
language of a person plays a significant role in the act of communication.
There are different communication categories: verbal communication, non-verbal communication, written
communication, and visualizations. Misunderstandings can occur at any stage of communication. Effective
communication depends on minimizing potential misunderstandings and overcoming any barriers to make
a healthy conversation.
There are five good communication skills that each individual should possess for success, especially in the
workplace; they are, listen, which forms an essential aspect of communication, which helps the listener
understand how the speaker feels while conversing. Straight talking helps to avoid serious communication
gaps. Non-verbal communications help a person to connect with others and make relationships better.
Stress management and emotional control play an essential role in communication. Controlling emotions
and stress can help a person avoid regretting individual decisions made, which might cause him a failure
in the future.
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NOISE IN COMMUNICATION
There are four types of noise during communication that can make it more difficult to understand
the other things going on around you. Read on to learn more about the four types of noise in
communication.
PHYSICAL NOISE
Physical noise includes the sounds created around you every day. It occurs externally and may
distract you from what you are trying to hear. For instance, someone whispering in a classroom
can disrupt a presentation given by a teacher. Other examples of physical noise include:
• A baby crying when they wake up from a nap.
• A concert taking place outside.
• Loud music playing in a passing car.
PHYSIOLOGICAL NOISE
Physiological noise occurs when you encounter a barrier to hearing. It could be a barrier you
create, or it may be an issue with another person speaking. It encompasses physical problems
such as being hard of hearing or not being able to differentiate low noises. Other kinds of
physiological noise include:
• Talking too fast or too slow.
• Not pausing to breathe while speaking.
• Having trouble articulating a thought or mumbling.
PSYCHOLOGICAL NOISE
Psychological noise refers to the noise in your head that can prevent you from concentrating. It
may include wandering thoughts, like switching topics too quickly, making it difficult for the
listener to follow your narrative. People who think they know something already also have
psychological noise in their heads. Other examples include:
• Closed-mindedness that leads you to discount ideas.
• Sarcasm when someone disagrees with your views.
• Thinking about an unrelated topic during a conversation.
SEMANTIC NOISE
Semantic noise occurs when people try to communicate about something but lack the common
background or knowledge to share ideas effectively. They may have different primary
languages or rely on a separate dialect. Sometimes cross-cultural communications can result in
semantic noise and add to misunderstandings. Additional examples include:
• Using jargon that another person misunderstands or isn’t familiar with.
• Misinterpreting body language, such as eye contact or voice tone.
• Speaking words that can have two different meanings.
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Why do we communicate?
Moving further to functions of communication, the first is that we need to have meaningful
relationships and therefore, we communicate. There is a need within all of us each one of us to
be included to be in control and to search or look for affection.
The need for inclusion is the need for social contact in present day or the time from which
communication began as a human means of human life and interaction. The need for control all
of us have at some time or the other felt a need to assess or to assert or to understand that we
are capable and responsible and we are controlling some people or some persons. And, the
last and more important it may be the last, but it is the most important is the need the human
need to express and receive love.
The following points highlight the importance of communication:

1. Basis for planning: Planning is the basic function of management. If plans are well
designed and communicated for their implementation, it leads to organisational success.
Planning requires extensive environmental scanning and information about internal and
external organisation elements. An effective system of communication helps in obtaining
this information. Implementing the plans requires communicating them to everybody in
the organisation. Communication is, thus, the basis of planning.
2. Motivation to work: Employees are motivated to work if their needs are satisfied.
Communication helps managers know needs of their employees so that they can adopt
suitable motivators and inspire them to develop positive attitude towards the work
environment.
3. Job satisfaction: Exchange of information develops trust, confidence and faith amongst
managers and subordinates. They understand their job positions better and, thus,
perform better. People are committed to organisational objectives which promotes job
satisfaction,
4. Commitment to organisational objectives: Managers who follow an effective system
of communication understand employees’ needs, adopt suitable motivators to satisfy
them, appraise their performance and provide them regular feedback. The employees
also work with commitment towards organisational objectives.
5. Coordination: Communication coordinates organisational resources (human and non-
human), individual goals with organisational goals and internal environment with
external environment. Coordination is the key to organisational success and
communication is an active contributor to coordination.
6. Adaptability to external environment: In order to survive in the changing, dynamic
environment, managers continuously interact with external parties like government,
suppliers, customers, etc. This requires effective communication system in the organisation.
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7. Internal functioning of an enterprise: Managers interact with parties internal to business
enterprises. They constantly obtain and provide information to them. More effective the
communication system, more accurate will be the information.
8. Healthy industrial relations: Satisfied workers contribute to healthy organisations.
Communication brings managers and trade unions closer, develops mutual understanding
and promotes industrial peace and harmony. This increases industrial production.
9. Helps in performing managerial roles: According to Henry Mintzberg, managers
perform three major roles – interpersonal, informational and decisional. Communication
helps managers in performing these roles effectively. In interpersonal roles, managers
interact with superiors, peers and subordinates; in informational roles they receive and
give information to people inside and outside the organization and in decisional roles,
they take important decisions and communicate them to organisational members for their
effective implementation.
10. Facilitates leadership: Effective leaders interact with followers, guide and inspire them
to perform the individual and organisational goals. Effective communication process
facilitates leaders to carry out the leadership functions.
11. Facilitates control: Planning is effective if accompanied by an effective control system.
Control is possible when managers assess subordinates’ performance, correct and
prevent deviations and provide them regular feedback of performance. Control
function largely depends upon communication system of the organisation. How
effectively managers control organisational activities depends upon how effective is
the communication system.
12. Training and development: Imparting training and development facilities to
employees depends upon how well their superiors communicate with them. Trainers
with good communication skills are better than those who have poor communication
skills.
13. Substance to organisational existence: Obtaining information to make plans, making
members aware of authority-responsibility structure, position in the organisational
hierarchy, coordinating their activities is the
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ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
The communication process involves understanding, sharing, and meaning, and it consists of eight
essential elements: source, message, channel, receiver, feedback, environment, context, and
interference.
1. Sender (an encoder, or communicator)

2. Receiver (decoder, or communicatee )
3. Message is what is being shared, what is
being made common between 1 and 2 or more. message is the content value of the
communicative act.
4. Channel or the mediums through which a message is sent; the 3 V’s of communication :
Visual, Verbal and Vocal.
5. Noise is defined as anything which is interfering or
damaging or distorting the ability to send and receive the message. Noise can exist in the
sender or the encoder or the communicator and noise can also be, in the
receiver or the recipient or the decoder or the communicatee.
6. Context is the background, it is the setting across
or in the context of which the communication event is unfolding.
There are 2 types of context : formal and informal.
7. Feedback : defined as information returned to the message source. Feedback is what is
returned from communicatee to communicator.
There are 2 types of feedback : Positive & Negative
The +ve feedback enhances the response
and –ve feedback extinguishes.
8. Effect or what is in simple terms called product.
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TYPES OF COMMUNICTION
1. Intrapersonal Communication : you and your thoughts communication with self.
2. Interpersonal Communication : relationship level of communication.
3. Group Communication : interaction with a limited number of persons.
4. Public Communication : communication designed to inform or persuade
audience members.
5. Online or Machine assisted Communication
6. Mass communication
INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION refers to face-to-face communication wherein people
exchange information and feelings through verbal and non-verbal means.
 This is an easy and convenient way of communicating between two people because
feedback is given right away after the message was conveyed.
 This form of communication is vital in our day-to-day life. After all, it occurs in almost
everything we do – from talking to our family and interacting with our colleagues.
 On the other hand, group communication is exchanging information between three or
more people or within groups.
 This kind of team interaction plays a significant role in the workplace. It can be an
engagement between the employees and employer, employees to employees, the
business’s interaction with customers, etc.
 Interpersonal communication is essential in maintaining healthy and fulfilled relationships
in the workplace and in our personal lives.
 As an everyday skill, we used this ability to build good relationships by understanding
our family, friends, colleagues, and people.
 Most employers and coworkers prefer to work with someone who has excellent
interpersonal communication skills because they are easy to get along with.
 They tend to be more transparent and effective. Someone who has
excellent interpersonal communication skills in the workplace is a potentially good
leader and usually develops the best solutions to a problem.
 Group communication is also an essential factor for the growth and success of a business.
By having effective group communication, conflicts in the workplace are easily managed
and prevented.
 It also increases productivity and work efficiency, projects and encourages a sense of
trust and reliability, and fosters excellent workplace rapport and camaraderie.
 Furthermore, group communication fosters a positive workplace relationship not only
between coworkers but also with employers. People who communicate well in a team
are keener to give better solutions by creating an atmosphere of trust and openness.
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The communication activity of an organization fall into three broad categories:
1. Interorganizational Communication:
This takes place within an organization. It takes place in the form of orders, circulars, notices,
emails, etc.
2. Interorganizational communication:
This takes place between a business organization and people outside the organization. It can
take place in the form of company presentations, advertisements, displays, project reports, etc.
3. Personal communication:
This communication is undertaken without a specific objective. Personal conversations, gossip,
grapevine communication are examples of personal communication.
GROUP COMMUNICATION
Is the interaction within a limited number of persons, the group if you define, even 2 is a group,
more than one is a group.
A 2 membered family, a 3-member family is a group.
Or in a village which has 3 households, 4 households, 5 households is a group.
Or in a factory with the hundred workers is a group,
But whatever there is a limit to the number of persons
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PUBLIC COMMUNICATION.
Is communication designed to inform or persuade audience members. Wherever one person is
communicating to a public and trying to do two things, or one of the two which is
firstly, providing information; secondly, trying to persuade.
On one level
the advertisements, audio, video, other means of communication : placards, boards, across the
street, beyond the street, above houses, hoardings, these are communication designs to inform
or persuade the audience members, who see those advertisements are informed about the plus
points or the unique selling points of a product.
The second type of public communication:
Example: the lecture of a teacher, the speech of a political person.
ONLINE OR MACHINE ASSISTED COMMUNICATION,

where one cannot function without machine and therefore, the title of this type of communication-
machine assisted communication and online.
This is the building of relationships using computers and internet in an age where the social
media has so much of impact on our personal and professional lives.
we build our social networks- WhatsApp, WeChat, Facebook, Twitter is few of the examples.
MASS COMMUNICATION
as transmission of messages which may be processed by gatekeepers prior to their being sent
to large audiences through a channel of broad diffusion.
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PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION
• Communication is dynamic,
• Unrepeatable and irreversible
• Affected by culture,
• Influenced by ethics,
• Competency based
• Transformed by media and technology.
NPTEL “the principles of communication are: communication is dynamic, it is unrepeatable and

irreversible, and it is affected by culture, ethics, it is based on your competence that is why it is
said “there is a need for us to reassure ourselves that we can increase our competence in
communication” and in an age when we are driven by media and technology, communication is
increasingly getting impacted by media and technology.
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IMPORTANCE OF COMMUNICATION SKILLS (as an employee)

• without communication no business, no work can happen.
• any workplace needs good communicators as any organization wants leaders.
• by improving our communication abilities, we improve your chances for success.
• most people do not communicate well,
Communication skills or abilities can be worked upon.
Through this course employment skills, employment communication, we are working on the four
communication skills: listening, speaking, reading, writing, because these are the communication
skills, which are required at the workplace.
7 COMMUNICATION SKILLS YOU NEED TO SUCCEED IN THE WORKPLACE

Whether you’re an employee or a manager, effective communication is vital. You might be a
put-your-head-down-and-get-things-done kind of employee, but no matter your work style, you
can’t avoid communicating at the office on a screen or in person.
But beyond having to communicate in the office, honing your communication skills can influence
your career–and your daily success at work. According to career coach Hallie Crawford, “How
well you communicate impacts efficiency, effectiveness, trust between employees, your brand,
and how you come across as a professional, and much more.”
1. SHOWING RESPECT
“Being respectful of other people’s space and time is important–especially if you need to talk
about a touchy subject,” says Crawford. And while we may not think of showing respect as a
communication skill, it is, because respect comes down to how we talk and listen to people.
“Avoid talking down to someone, this does not foment a positive environment at work. Respect
the other person’s feelings and strengths and perspective,” says Crawford.
2. ACTIVE LISTENING
“Active listening is an essential part of any job,” says Jacinto. Being a bad listener–such as
someone who interrupts or doesn’t make eye contact when another person speaks to you–can
compromise your position at work. If you don’t listen well, “You might not understand the full
objective for a project or the tool you were just trained on,” she says.
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3. DISPLAYING POSITIVE BODY LANGUAGE
“Your body language communicates more than words,” Crawford. So, the overall energy you
emit with actions and movements. Ask, “Are your arms crossed, or do you avoid eye contact?”
4. BE WILLING TO ASK QUESTIONS
When you’re a new employee at a company–or if you’re a recent college graduate–you might
be afraid of asking questions of coworkers or your managers. But the ability and willingness to
ask questions is a crucial communication skill. Asking questions “helps to clarify things at work,
whether you are talking about a project or a problem with a coworker,” says Crawford. If
you’re a leader at work, this applies to you, too: “Instead of giving direction, try asking questions
to guide someone to a correct conclusion,” she says.
5. UNDERSTANDING EMAIL ETIQUETTE
In 2019, most of the communication we do is via email or another online platform. “There’s
always that one person who is too detailed and sends a novel back to you,” says Jacinto, who
adds, “don’t be this person. Know how to break up an email, add bullet points, and be concise.”
Jacinto recommends asking yourself, “Does the receiver need all this information,” before
hitting send, or even, “Would this be better as a phone chat instead?” Jacinto says.
6. REMAINING OPEN-MINDED
Staying open-minded is a very important communication skill–especially for entry-level

employees. “If an employee is an entry-level or new to their position, it’s important for them to
be able to connect with his or her coworkers and understand the corporate culture of the
organization. “Be open to new ways of doing things, and don’t shut down if your new team
members have a different process or methodology for completing a task than you are used to.
7. A WILLINGNESS TO GIVE FEEDBACK
This communication skill “is important for senior-level employees to help their employees and
business to grow,” says Crawford. “This doesn’t always mean correcting mistakes–it could be
commending someone for a job well done.” But what about when you do need to call out
someone’s mistake? “If you do need to correct mistakes, make sure to commend an employee
first,” Crawford says. “This makes it easier to accept any negative feedback.”
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EMPLOYABILITY SKILLS are the soft skills that help to make you stand out from other
candidates aiming for the same job with similar academic qualifications. These skills are not
clearly illustrated in job descriptions but they are vital to possess in order to secure a role where
the employability skills match the job profile.
Some Common Employability Skills

While on-job training or technical skills can be acquired, employability skills come naturally or
are acquired through work experience, practices or education.
 Communication skills
 Leadership
 Problem solving
 Teamwork
 Reliability
 Self-management
 Planning and organization
 Technology
 Initiative
 Learning
1. Communication
It is one of the most important personality trait and a soft skill which is much sought after for any
employment. Effective use of the five elements of communication, which include the sender,
receiver, message, medium and feedback helps to deliver a message with clarity. An employee
with a good communication skill helps the company to avoid any unnecessary misunderstandings
and waste of time and in turn helps to increase productivity.
Communication skills can be verbal, non-verbal, visual and written. To be effective in your
communication in the workplace you have to be able to understand your colleagues, their ideas
and instructions. You also need to attain your objectives by convincing your co-workers with your
thoughts and ideas.
Communication improves with practice. Maintain a positive expression and body language,
listen carefully to others and think before you speak. Joining a club or being active on social
media also helps to develop your communication skills.
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2. Leadership
Leadership skills are important at every stage in an organisation. Employers look out for
candidates who possess this skill set. You can demonstrate your leadership skills if you can
manage your team members well, motivate and train the staff to improve their work practices
and set objectives or goals for the colleagues to share in the interest of the company.
3. Problem solving
Problem solving is the act of determining the issue, identifying the cause of the problem, selecting
the best possible outcomes and implementing it. A good problem solver helps to overcome
obstacles by resolving complex issues. They are an asset to any organisation as they help the
team to optimise their efficiency.
More complex problems will require you to research, analyse and then make a decision. You
can break up a problem into smaller parts and then address the issue. Problem solving skills can
be further developed by participating in brainstorming sessions, undertaking projects and
research assignments and even solving puzzles.
Some of the steps of problem solving are:
• Identify or define the issue
• Gather information
• Understand everyone's point of views or interests
• List possible options and evaluate them
• Choose an option
• Implement a solution
4. Teamwork
Teamwork as a skill refers to the ability to know your role in the team and work amicably with
your teammates. Intense global competition makes teamwork especially important to achieve
better productivity. Healthy relationships between colleagues, increased job satisfaction and
workflow contributes to improved team performance.
All jobs require collaboration at some point in time. Collaboration as a teamwork skill contributes
to a better work environment. It also increases your chances of being hired by an organisation
to help reach the company goals more effectively. How employees work as a team has a direct
effect on the organisation's stability, innovation and productivity.
Teamwork skills can be boosted by using the following:
• Know your individual goal within a team and understand responsibilities of your role.
• Manage your time efficiently and communicate any deadlines, rules or purpose of a
task clearly.
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• Share your enthusiasm for a project with your colleagues.

• Appreciate and give due credit to your team members.
• Work productively together as a team to resolve any disputes.
• Join a sports team or engage in physical activities for greater motivation and a positive
mindset.
• Volunteer in organisations and help co-workers in the office to build up your teamwork
skills.
5. Reliability
Being dependable and reliable is an important employability skill as it helps to build up trust
with the employer. Consistency is key to reliability. Regularly meet your deadlines and produce
quality work. Reliability can be boosted when you meet or exceed expectations with your work
performance.
Create a daily schedule for tasks and respond promptly to queries. Quality work implies minimal
errors but if there are mistakes, acknowledge and learn from it, so you can make a conscious
effort not to repeat the same.
6. Self-management
Self-management is the ability to organise and manage your work commitments consistently with
minimal or no supervision and guidance. This skill also helps to save time, which curates efficiency.
Self-management skills can be developed by:
• Taking initiative and asking for greater responsibilities at work.
• Being accountable for your work and actions.
• Participation in volunteer work and managing your commitments.
7. Planning and Organisation
If you can plan and organise efficiently, it helps your employer to achieve their goals by
managing time, money and effort. Organisation means being able to plan your schedule and
do your work accordingly. You know the priority of the task, how long it would take and the
tools needed to complete it. Organisation is about being resourceful, taking initiative to manage
priorities in a timely manner and to take decisions.
Tips to develop your organisation skills:
• Create a timetable
• Identify the goals and things to do
• Organise your work
• Prioritise your tasks and plan a schedule
• Arrange or organise events which help to build up this skill set
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8. Technology
Technology is crucial for employees in order to use the latest technical know-how. Knowledge
of technology is one of the leading skills set that organisations look for when hiring staff. It helps
employees to stay relevant and ahead of the competition. While the technical skills required for
different jobs vary significantly across roles, some basic knowledge of technology is crucial in
today's workplace. Organisations value employees who can grasp the technology based
concepts and learn how to use them effectively.
Steps to further develop technology skills:
• Enroll in a course or online training
• Ask for extra on-job training
• Stay updated with the latest technology being used in the industry
• Try new apps and technology while listing the ones you already know and use in your
daily life
9. Initiative
Employers value initiative as a key employability skill to possess. Initiative means the motivation
to take pre-emptive action and adapt to new situations accordingly. To demonstrate initiative,
you have to first identify the opportunities and the client requirements without being asked to
do so. Understand the goals of the task or the organisation and create strategic plans
accordingly to translate the ideas into action.
People with initiative have a strong desire to succeed. They would strive to improve themselves
by regularly upgrading their skills and knowledge. Employers and organisations value such
employees.
Initiative can be improved by:
• Approaching employers and organisations for new opportunities
• Understanding the viability of a plan and then initiating ideas and solutions
• Proposing changes to policies while adhering to cultural and political sensitivities
• Setting up local charities or organisations
10. Learning
Learning skills enable the employee to improve their knowledge about the organisation.
Employees with good learning skills tend to adapt to change easily by learning new concepts
and methods. They are valuable to the firm as they can quickly fill up challenging positions and
save time. Learning skills can be developed further by taking a skills-based course, researching
or acquiring a new hobby. Learning skills ensure a smooth transition to the implementation of
new systems, processes and technology.
Given the intense competition in the workplace, possessing employability skills continues to
remain vital for success.
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STRATEGIC PLANNING
Strategic planning is the process in which management sets priorities, devotes energy and
resources to a project, improves operations and makes sure all stakeholders are invested in the
success of the enterprise and have common goals.
The strategic plan is the document used to communicate within an organization what the strategic
goals are and any other crucial aspects of the plan that have been developed in strategic
planning meetings.
Strategy reflects the rationale behind certain actions. Planning is what determines how to
execute the desired actions. This could also be called strategic management. Pivotal to the
action in the organization is feedback that allows the plan to evolve as circumstances change.
Implementation of the strategic plan is strategic execution.
Strategic planning can play an essential role in your organization’s growth and development.
Outline of what strategic planning is and how to implement it effectively to help achieve your
goals or business goals and develop your company’s profitability.
 Where we are now?
 Where are we going?
 What is going to get in our way?
 What do we need to do to
get to where we want to
go?
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If success was a place, how would you know if

you got there?
 Where are you going?
 Why should you go there?
 What is wining?
BENEFITS OF STRATEGIC PLANNING

 help to define the direction that your business must go, as well as aid in establishing
realistic objectives that are connected to the mission of the organization.
 allows a business to evaluate its success as it moves through the stages of strategic
planning, and it can provide ways to establish boundaries for effective decision making.
 enable management to more efficiently coordinate the business’ functional activities to
achieve target objectives.
 used to outline management discussions and decision making
 determine the resource and budget requirements to accomplish set goals, to ultimately
boost operational efficiency.
Vision
Get your team to describe their vision of the organization as clearly and vividly as possible
 What do operations look like?
 What do staff look like?
 What do clients look like?
 How else your organization look different?
 Like a blueprint for a house, you build design.
Mission
 Why do you exist?
 Who do you do it for?
 Who is your main customer?
 What do you do for them?
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Remember
 Make it simple
 Avoid buzz words
 it’s not a marketing exercise
Values: drives performance and is the DNA of your organization?
 What do you value?
 What are the cultures and norms of your organization?
 How would you describe the organization if it were a person?
 What is “the way you do things around here”?
 What is not acceptable behavior?
THE STAGES OF STRATEGIC PLANNING

As an enterprise embarks upon creating a strategic plan, it will use a variety of methods for
execution. Managers, executives and other stakeholders of the business involve themselves in
various stages or phases of the planning.
The following stages are commonly addressed during strategic planning:
 Analysis and evaluation: Management—and all the stakeholders if possible—
evaluate the external and internal influences on an organization.
 Strategy articulation: Stakeholders develop high-level and basic organizational-level
plans.
 Plan-based action: Stakeholders transform the high-level plan into operations and
actions.
 Appraisal and refinement: Managers evaluate and refine culture, performance,
communications and data reporting benchmarks.
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Step for strategic plan implementation

i. Study the overall market.
ii. Complete a SWOT analysis.
iii. Define your business goals.
iv. Develop departmental goals.
v. Set short-term objectives.
vi. Identify staffing, budgeting and financing needs.
vii. Identify which KPIs you will track.
viii. Identify the needs of your customers.
ix. Identify and evaluate your competitors.
x. Address the individuals needed to achieve goals.
xi. Assess the financial results.
1. Study the overall market

 Research your competitors and how they are funded.
 Determine what tactics they are using in their approach.
 Identify average prices for goods and services and what your competitor’s pricing
averages are.
 In addition to researching your competitors, research your customer base.
 Identify the types of products and services your clientele is demanding.
 Consider studying overall economic trends and how they affect the market.
2. Complete a SWOT analysis

A SWOT analysis involves evaluating the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats to
your customer base, staff, profitability, market position and products. Some indicating factors
of SWOT analysis include:
 Examining the strengths and weaknesses of your team, your market position and your
financial resources.
 Assessing your sales channels and determining whether they are incomplete.
 Evaluating your product or service quality by determining the percentage rate of customer
complaints and positive reviews.
 Researching your business opportunities to enter complementary markets or raise funds to
launch a new product.
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3. Define your business goals

 Determine steps or changes your business needs to implement in order to realize your
mission and vision statements. Consider examining any product changes, sales and
marketing strategies, financial resources, financial targets and corporate culture.
 You can then use your evaluations to set appropriate goals that will further your business’
growth and development.
4. Develop departmental goals
 You may choose to set specific goals for project teams, sales and marketing teams, finance
and operations teams and human resources and technology teams. Consider setting small
objectives to further reach larger goals, such as targeting communication strategies or
team-building exercises to improve employee morale for your human resources team.
5. Set short-term objectives
 Determine the final goal you will achieve as you follow your strategic plan. Then, work
backward from that goal to identify the key objectives or milestones that your plan will
need to target to achieve the end results. These key objectives can then be used as small
goals that you may set in the development of your strategic plan. For example, a short-
term goal of converting more leads from social media outlets can be a short-term
objective that contributes further to the long-term goal of increasing the total number of
online sales.
6. Identify staffing, budgeting and financing needs
 Determine a centralized corporate plan, an organizational structure and a budget. You
might assess whether you have the financing needed to launch new products to achieve
your overall sales goals. If assessing your current finances shows you will need additional
funding, consider how you will raise funds or adjust the goals to be more attainable to
your current business development.
7. Identify which KPIs you will track
 Identify any key performance indicators (KPIs) that you may track to help you evaluate
whether target objectives are being met in your strategic plan.
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 For example, you might track
the total sales and underlying
KPIs like the number of visitors
to the business’ website, the
number of visitors who
complete the contact form or
the number of proposals issued
or leads and proposal closing
ratios.
8. Identify the needs of your
customers
Consider examining your market
sector to determine whether it is
expanding or shrinking, what
needs are being met by your competitors or if there is a new market need that your
organization’s product or service can meet. You might also evaluate your marketing strategies
to determine what methods are getting results and then make adjustments as needed.
9. Identify and evaluate your competitors
Determine who your competitors are and assess in what ways they are successful. You might
also research the market to identify trends that influence a competitor’s success. You can then
use this data to implement and develop strategies for ranking ahead of your competitors.
If your competitor offers consultation services, you might consider how they price their consulting
packages if they offer seasonal discounts or referral points to their customers. This information
can be key in developing your business’ strategic plan as it can offer insight into how you can
better position your organization to achieve its goals.
10. Address the individuals needed to achieve goals
Identify any and all of the individuals who may be involved in your project plan to accomplish
your goals. Assess and assemble the teams you will need to work through the stages of the
process. For instance, will you need a larger sales and marketing team, a project management
team or a finance team? Similarly, you can determine if you will need any new hires or
specialized professionals to complete your project.
11. Assess the financial results
Evaluate and assess the results of each initiative you are pursuing. Identifying individual projects
within the overall goals will help determine how many customers and at what price points you
need to target in order to achieve your sales goals.
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HINDRANCE TO GOOD IMPLEMENTATION

 Leadership
 Communication: Clear & Simple
 How are you going to share the strategic plan with your organization?
 Remember: different people absorb information in different ways: words, audio, pictures
 Resources (Where are the gaps as far as key functions?)
 5 M : Man, Machine, Money, Method, Material
 Buy in: Push Vs Pull (contribute to the plan), Match Goals and motivation
 CONSTRAINTS
 Time
 Budget
 Human Resource
 Who are the key people in the organization that are responsible for functional
areas?
 Are there people responsible for more than one area?
 Capability to execute.
 Technology
STRATEGIES FOR TEAMWORK

Teamwork is a vital part of any company, but even more so for startups when the work
environment and culture require all hands-on deck working closely together all the time. In the
end, teamwork comes down to cooperation and communication and without it, your business can
certainly suffer.
 While the terms “teamwork” or “team building” may bring visions of company retreats
practicing trust falls, in actuality building team morale, trust and productivity doesn’t have
to involve pricey trips or clichéd exercises.
Teamwork Strategies: to improve teamwork in organization.

1. Lead by example: If you want your team to communicate with each other, work hard,
produce strong results and keep the business moving forward then you must lead by example
and do the same. Treat your own roles, responsibilities and relationships with coworkers the
same way you want others to.
2. Build Mutual Trust and Respect: “Trust is the glue of life. It’s the most essential ingredient in
effective communication. It’s the foundational principle that holds all relationships.” — STEPHEN R.
COVEY
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Mutual trust and respect among employees and management is very important to build a strong
team. Trust helps teams to understand each other and the requirements of a project and move
ahead in coordination with each other.
3. Encourage socializing
Set aside time for team members to get to know one another on a more personal level to
increase mutual trust, respect and understanding.
4. Cultivate open communication
Encourage team members to speak open, share ideas, make suggestions and voice their opinions
across all aspects of the business. Communication is a two-way street and employees should feel
like they can add to the conversation both with superiors and peers.
5. Clearly outline roles and responsibilities
Everyone in a team should have a crystal-clear understanding of what their role and
responsibilities within the group are. This will help limit confusion or time spent organizing and
delegating work so individuals can simply focus on their task at hand.
6. Organize team processes
Along with establishing clear roles, there should be set team processes in place for working on
a project, mitigating setbacks, communicating with each other and providing feedback. Again,
these guidelines will help employees spend less time on logistics and more on their actual work.
7. Set defined goals
Each team should know exactly what they’re working toward including what goals they need to
be hitting and when. Set measurable goals within a specific timeframe that group members can
measure themselves against both individually and as a team.
 Knowing where they stand in relation to the outlined benchmarks will provide added
motivation and incentive to work together.
8. Recognize good work
Praising and recognizing a job well done will boost confidence and morale, encouraging teams
and individuals to keep up the good work.
9. Mediate conflict quickly and efficiently
It’s normal for conflict to arise in a team setting – there may be a communication breakdown at
some point or people may have personal issues.
 How conflict is managed should be clear under the team processes. If a team member has
an issue, how should they handle it? Who should they speak to first?
 Make these practices and expectations clear from the beginning then handle situations
quickly to help a team move on and maintain a good working environment.
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10. Allow team members to actively take part in decision-making

Having a sense of personal involvement in the decision-making process will solidify individuals’
connection and investment in the team, making them feel like they are an integral part of
something rather than just a piece of the puzzle.
11. Use a task management software
Collect and streamline team tasks, progress, deadlines and updates with a project management
system. The application allows teams to gather information and conversations in one place with
real time syncing across the board.
12. Maintain the balance of work
Of course, different team members will be working on different tasks, but try to ensure that
everyone still has similar workloads. There shouldn’t be any single person bearing the brunt of
the work. The point of being in a team is to work together to share the load and create something
one couldn’t do on their own.
13. Meet regularly… and mix it up
Meetings shouldn’t get in the way of productivity or be a waste of time, but teams should still
meet regularly to touch base, check in on progress and goals, throw ideas around and build
awareness about what each member is working on.
Plan regular meetings to reconnect, but make sure the time is used efficiently and effectively
and consider switching things up by trying a walking meeting or meeting in a different place,
like a coffee shop.
Taking things outside of the workplace has been shown to increase productivity and let
communication flow more naturally.
14. Don’t micromanage
While teams should be meeting regularly together and with their supervisors, it’s still important
not to micromanage. Give your team the time, space and independence to produce work on
their own without feeling like they’re always been watched or judged.
15. Create space
Give your team the physical and mental space to create and work in peace. This may mean
setting specific times where group members only work alone or are not allowed to send or check
email. Things can get done more quickly as a team; however, individuals still need their personal
time to focus on their part of the project.
16. Start team traditions
This goes for teams and the company as a whole – create traditions to help bring people
together and establish a sense of unified culture and solidarity.
They can be silly and simple, such as a running inside joke, or serious and elaborate, like offering
a large incentive for when a team has reached their goals, but find a way for the team to
connect on another level that isn’t just work-related.
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17. Use size to your advantage

Both big and small teams have their own advantages. Larger teams have more manpower, but
smaller groups often tend to show more personal investments and take individual responsibility
for getting things done. Whatever the size of your team is, consider what it needs to work best
and use its size to your advantage.
18. Make hiring a team responsibility
When adding someone new to the company or team, have the existing team weigh in on the
final decision, especially if they’re a small group.
One’s skills, attitude and work ethic can easily affect overall group dynamics. By having the
opportunity to weigh in on newcomers, the existing team will be able to help choose the best fit.
19. Give frequent feedback
Teams should receive frequent feedback from their leaders and each other. This can mean
feedback on completed work but also include sharing any questions, insight, praise or problems
the team may be having.
20. Take time to celebrate
Acknowledge and honor team wins.
Not only is celebrating simply fun, but it also helps reinforce a team’s willingness to work
together and work hard for the company when their effort is clearly appreciated and
celebrated.
STRATEGIES FOR WORK PLACE COMMUNICATION
 Use technology to facilitate communications
 Create an open environment
 Provide opportunities for feedback
 Get specific with instructions
 Celebrate achievements and milestones
 Open multiple lines of communication
 Connect across departments
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1. Be aware of your nonverbal cues
Body language, facial expressions and other nonverbal cues can play a large role in effective
communication. Take note of your nonverbal cues when communicating and adjust if cues are not
supporting what you are trying to communicate.
2. Maintain eye contact
Maintaining eye contact shows that you are paying attention to the other person and are an
active part of the conversation.
3. Request and provide feedback
Offering and asking for feedback shows that you care about what the other person is saying
as well as their opinions on the topic being discussed.
4. Use encouraging small verbal comments
When taking part in a conversation, use small verbal comments such as "uh-huh." This can
encourage the speaker to continue and lets them know that you are listening.
5. Don't interrupt
Refrain from interrupting when another person is speaking to show respect and that you are
listening to what they are saying.
6. Focus on what the other person is saying
Paying attention is the key to effective communication. When another person is speaking, give
them all of your attention and acknowledge that you are hearing their message.
7. Limit distractions
Communication is much more effective when there are little to no distractions. When
communicating, put away your mobile device, shut off your computer and limit any other
distractions that may prohibit you from being present during a conversation.
8. Participate in a public speaking class
Taking a speech class can help build confidence when speaking to others and equip you with
effective communication strategies.
9. Acknowledge what others are expressing
When having a conversation with someone, acknowledge what they are saying by nodding,
using facial expressions and participating in the conversation when appropriate.
10. Consider your tone of voice
Your tone of voice can have a significant impact on how others interpret what you’re saying. For
example, if you are discussing a serious topic, your tone should be confident and firm rather
than playful or unsure.
11. Use appropriate grammar and spelling
Avoid using abbreviations, slang, jargon and other forms of language that may not be
understood by others. Spell out words and ensure proper spelling and grammar.
12. Proofread and edit
Before sending an email, text or other written form of communication, take the time to proofread
and make any necessary edits. This ensures your written communication is professional and
conveys your message as accurately as possible.
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CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION:
Culture is a system of beliefs, values, attitudes, behaviors, artifacts, our eating styles, our living
lifestyles, our cultural festivals, our festivities, our holidays, dressing etc.
Subculture is a part of the main culture, for example, India has 2 sub cultures the northern part
is the Aryan culture and the southern part is the Dravidian culture.
The kind of cultural differences one may face at the workplace:

1. Context or situation based: The problem-solving techniques and decision-making practices
of people who work in different cultures are separate and unique from each other. At
workplace negotiating styles differs from culture to culture.
2. legal and ethical behavior of different cultures: For example: India is different from the
way the legal framework and the ethical standards are there in some other country. Even,
if it is us next door country.
 Withhold judgment: where you think that you are not sure you are not confident and
you are among people of different culture. Better not to speak not to say anything.
 Send honest messages: the best way is to be honest with whatever you are
communicating verbally, as well as nonverbally, whether the message is verbal plus
nonverbal.
 Respect cultural differences if we are to survive and flourish at the workplaces.
3. Social behavior differences:

 materialism, but the extent to which people of different cultures are materialistic is
different from country to country.
 Roles. The roles into which the society casts in a masculine or a male oriented society,
the roles for the women would be lower, diminutive, weak not important on the other
hand if you think about a matriarchal society. Example of Nepal or Kerala. In
matriarchal society the roles of the women are important and up they are regarded
with much respect in society. And, they are given greater roles in performance.
 Status
 Manners (etiquette)
 Time. Time is very important, because in the west people are very punctual and they
value time, they respect time. Whereas, in our part of the world we have an attitude
of it is all right, people come late for meetings because they think that it increases
their importance. And, even when the meeting is going on if you observe then people
will give lot of introductions have some social conversation and then come to the main
business to be discussed.
4. Nonverbal communication: in India we have minimum personal space at the workplace or
even in the family depending on the intimacy of the relationship, but in the west this is not
so. Body language is very important part of nonverbal communication.
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ETHNOCENTRICISM
 Ethnocentrism is using one’s own culture as the benchmark to judge other cultures so
creating bias.
 Ethnocentrism occurs when one has the belief that their own cultural group is superior to
others.
 Individuals who are ethnocentric will believe that their culture’s beliefs, ideas, values,
and practices are correct, and they use the standards in their own culture to assess other
cultural groups.
 They will tend to have negative attitudes towards other cultures and believe their beliefs,
ideas, values, and practices are wrong or strange.
 ethno centrism or ethnocentrism is to be avoided at any cost.
Ethnocentrism three different categories:

1. Linguistic Ethnocentrism
Thinking one’s own language is the absolute norm is also a form of ethnocentrism. In the
workplace, communication can get stifled by the proverbial “language barrier”, which often
leads to frustration, and even intolerance in the worst case scenario.
2. Racial Ethnocentrism
The tendency to think that one’s race is “normal” or “regular”. In many parts of the US, where
so many offices (and even entire office buildings) are crammed with predominantly all-white,
all-American staff, it is easy to spot ethnocentric tendencies. Anyone who doesn’t fit the bill is
labeled “exotic” or “different”. Some people might not even realize they’re being
discriminatory, because they don’t necessarily think that those different from them are “bad”,
but rather “unique”.
3. Religious Ethnocentrism
The belief that one's religious group is superior to those of other groups.
Even though religious talk in the workplace is often frowned upon, some religious practices can
(and often do) come into question based on the previous two factors (racial and linguistic
ethnocentrism). In a predominantly Christian country like the US, this might cause a lack of
understanding and tolerance between co-workers. Does your work place consider holidays that
are outside of the “normal” religious holidays?
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How to overcome ethnocentrism?
In today’s diverse workplace, communication issues can take on an added dimension of
complexity. Every culture has its own set of tacit assumptions and tendencies when it comes to
face-to-face interactions, and trying to get your point across effectively can sometimes be
difficult. Even when a language barrier doesn’t exist, cross-cultural communication can be
challenging.
1. Maintain etiquette
Many cultures have specific etiquette around the way they communicate. Before you meet,
research the target culture, or if time allows, do some cross-cultural training. For example, many
cultures expect a degree of formality at the beginning of communication between individuals.
Every culture has its own specific way of indicating this formality: ‘Herr’ and ‘Frau’ in Germany,
reversing family and given names in China and the use of ‘san’ in Japan for men and women
etc. Be aware of these familiarity tokens and don’t jump straight to first name terms until you
receive a cue from the other person to do so.
2. Avoid slang
Not even the most educated non-native English speaker will have a comprehensive
understanding of English slang, idioms and sayings. They may understand the individual words
you have said, but not the context or the meaning. As a result, you could end up confusing them
or at worst, offending them.
3. Speak slowly
Even if English is the common language in a cross-cultural situation, it’s not a good idea to speak
at your normal conversational speed. Modulating your pace will help, as will speaking clearly
and pronouncing your words properly. Break your sentences into short, definable sections and
give your listener time to translate and digest your words as you go. But don’t slow down too
much as it might seem patronising. If the person you’re speaking to is talking too quickly or their
accent is making it difficult for you to understand them, don’t be afraid to politely ask them to
slow down too.
4. Keep it simple
In a cross cultural conversation there’s no need to make it harder for both of you by using big
words. Just keep it simple. Two syllable words are much easier to understand than three syllable
words, and one syllable words are better than two syllable words. Say “Please do this quickly”
rather than “Please do this in an efficacious manner.”
5. Practice active listening
Active listening is a very effective strategy for improving cross cultural communication. Restate
or summarise what the other person has said, to ensure that you have understood them correctly,
and ask frequent questions. This helps build rapport and ensures that important information
doesn’t get missed or misunderstood.
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6. Take turns to talk

Make the conversation flow more freely by taking it in turns to speak. Make a point and then
listen to the other person respond. Particularly when people are speaking English as their second
language it’s better to talk to them in short exchanges rather than delivering a long monologue
that might be difficult for them to follow.
7. Write things down
If you’re not sure whether the other person has understood you properly, write it down to make
sure. This can be particularly helpful when discussing large figures.
8. Avoid closed questions
Don’t phrase a question that needs a ‘yes’ or ‘no’ answer. In many cultures it is difficult or
embarrassing to answer in the negative, so you will always get a ‘yes’ even if the real answer
is ‘no’. Ask open-ended questions that require information as a response instead.
9. Be careful with humour
Many cultures take business very seriously and believe in behaving professionally and following
protocol at all times. Consequently, they don’t appreciate the use of humour and jokes in a
business context. If you do decide to use humour make sure it will be understood and
appreciated in the other culture and not cause offence. Be aware that British sarcasm usually
has a negative effect abroad.
10. Be supportive
Effective cross-cultural communication is about all parties feeling comfortable. In any
conversation with a non-native English speaker, treat them with respect, do your best to
communicate clearly and give them encouragement when they respond. This will help build their
confidence and trust in you.
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

BHILAI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

UNIT – I INTRODUCTION TO EMPLOYMENT COMMUNICATION:

Communication Skills at work place:

The following points highlight the importance of communication:

1. Sender (an encoder, or communicator)

ONLINE OR MACHINE ASSISTED COMMUNICATION,

NPTEL “the principles of communication are: communication is dynamic, it is unrepeatable and

IMPORTANCE OF COMMUNICATION SKILLS (as an employee)

7 COMMUNICATION SKILLS YOU NEED TO SUCCEED IN THE WORKPLACE

3. DISPLAYING POSITIVE BODY LANGUAGE

4. BE WILLING TO ASK QUESTIONS

5. UNDERSTANDING EMAIL ETIQUETTE

Staying open-minded is a very important communication skill–especially for entry-level

7. A WILLINGNESS TO GIVE FEEDBACK

Some Common Employability Skills

• Share your enthusiasm for a project with your colleagues.

If success was a place, how would you know if

BENEFITS OF STRATEGIC PLANNING

THE STAGES OF STRATEGIC PLANNING

Step for strategic plan implementation

1. Study the overall market

2. Complete a SWOT analysis

3. Define your business goals

HINDRANCE TO GOOD IMPLEMENTATION

STRATEGIES FOR TEAMWORK

Teamwork Strategies: to improve teamwork in organization.

10. Allow team members to actively take part in decision-making

17. Use size to your advantage

The kind of cultural differences one may face at the workplace:

3. Social behavior differences:

Ethnocentrism three different categories:

6. Take turns to talk

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