CSIR NET Unit Wise Prep Series Final

CSIR NET
Unit Wise Prep

Series
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INDEX
1. Introduction
2. CSIR NET Unit Wise Prep Series
i) How To Prepare CSIR NET Life Sciences UNIT 1
ii) How To Study Important Topics Of CSIR NET Unit-2
iii) Study Tips For CSIR NET Life Sciences UNIT 3 Topics
iv) Important Tips To Study CSIR NET UNIT 4
v) Important Tips To Study CSIR NET UNIT 5
vi) Important Tips To Study CSIR NET UNIT 6 and 7
vii) Important Tips To Study CSIR NET UNIT 8
viii) Important Tips To Study CSIR NET UNIT 9 and 10
ix)Important Tips To Study CSIR NET UNIT 11
x) Important Tips To Study CSIR NET UNIT 12
xi) Important Tips To Study CSIR NET UNIT 13

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INTRODUCTION
CSIR UGC NET entrance exam is the most prestigious and recognized national level exam at present
for any Ph.D. aspirant or for lectureship seeking individuals in the field of Life Science, Chemical
Science & Other Exams. With the main ingredients being an intense dedication and properly
channelized guidance, clearing this exam also requires a pinch of passion, positive attitude, and
smart work.
One of the biggest challenges a CSIR NET Life Science aspirant faces is the vast syllabus. Students
are expected to know about basic scones like Botany zoology and advanced topics like immunology,
Molecular biology etc. To break down the syllabus and highlight the most important topics for CSIR
NET Exam, Biotecnika brings you the CSIR NET Unit Wise Prep Series. Now you do not have to
waste your time trying to study the entire syllabus! Prepare smart by concentrating on important
topics.
Biotecnika, a leading institute for CSIR NET & GATE Exam coaching brings you array of study aids
which help you ace these competitive exams. Our coaching classes are strategically planned to
help students from different backgrounds cope up with the syllabus and perform their best in the
examinations. It is a matter of pride that our students are placed in top institutes of India and across
the world. Join Biotecnika to get guidance from the best teachers and ace these examinations.
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CSIR NET Unit Wise Prep Series

Unit 1:
CSIR NET Unit Wise Prep Series:
How To Prepare CSIR NET Life Sciences UNIT 1
As we all know it’s very difficult to enter Research and Development of any institute without a
qualification. Thus CSIR Net Exam plays a very important role in that. However, clearing this exam is
not everyone’s cup of tea but yes if you have passionate determination towards it then undoubtedly
you can enter into the world of research. Since CSIR NET is around the corner and I know everyone
is deliberately studying, practicing questions, discussing topics, etc. So here we go to discuss one of
the most important units from our CSIR syllabus i.e. Unit 1.
You can expect a good number of questions from this particular unit both in part B and part C. I
won’t say this is the toughest unit in your syllabus but I would say one thing for sure, without this
unit it's difficult to clear the CSIR Exam. Because this particular unit has got connectivities to various
other units from the syllabus. Like for instance, You study the basics of nucleic acids in this unit so
without understanding this particular basic how you are going to understand replication, the entire
fundamental process, and without this knowledge how you are going to understand the techniques
that are involved behind it. So skipping this unit is a big blunder.
First, let us look at the CSIR Unit 1 Syllabus:
MOLECULES AND THEIR INTERACTION RELEVANT TO BIOLOGY
1. Structure of atoms, molecules, and chemical bonds.

2. Composition, structure, and function of biomolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids,
and vitamins).
3. Stabilizing interactions (Van der Waals, electrostatic, hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interaction,
etc.).
4. Principles of biophysical chemistry (pH, buffer, reaction kinetics, thermodynamics, colligative
properties).
5. Bioenergetics, glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, coupled reaction, group transfer, biological
energy transducers.
6. Principles of catalysis, enzymes and enzyme kinetics, enzyme regulation, mechanism of enzyme
catalysis, isozyme.
7. Conformation of proteins (Ramachandran plot, secondary structure, domains, motif, and folds).
8. Conformation of nucleic acids (helix (A, B, Z), t-RNA, micro-RNA).
9. Stability of proteins and nucleic acids.
10. Metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids nucleotides, and vitamins.
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In simple words, the CSIR Unit 1 Preparation involves dealing with Biochemistry as a whole. Mostly
they will be asking within the range of 25-30 marks. From Part B it is 17.41% and 8% of Questions
for Part C is always expected.
Coming to the reference book it will undoubtedly be the Lehninger book and try to go for the latest
edition if possible. So to prepare this unit it’s wiser to use pen and paper meaning practicing rather
than just mugging up. Because this unit includes structures, classifications, and a lot of pathways.
You cannot just simply mug up, you need to practice it on a regular basis. Try to make your notes in
the form of flowcharts for all the pathways you come across so that it will make you feel things are a
lot simpler and understandable. Biochemistry means structures. So be it carbohydrates, amino acids,
nucleic acids, or lipids study with structure.
Your CSIR Unit 1 Preparation should be in such a way that if anyone asks you what is a carbohydrate
or nucleic acid or a particular amino acid then your mind should speak the language of structures,
the bonds involved, the specificity of the side chains involved, etc.
1. Structure of atoms, molecules, and chemical bonds: So when it comes to the structure of
atoms, molecules, and their molecular interactions you can expect some Part-B kind of questions
and sometimes in Part-C too.
2. Composition, structure, and function of biomolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins,

nucleic acids, and vitamins):
For biomolecules, as you all might be aware of the fact that carbohydrates are being asked on
a regular basis for eg regarding its stereochemistry so here you need to understand the concept
behind the terminologies like epimers, anomers, reducing and non reducing sugars with examples
as well as their linkages.
Next is protein. Structure of amino acids is also important with their significance or properties of their
side chain, their classification based on charge, polar and nonpolar, positive and negative, acidic and
basic, hydrophilic, and hydrophobic. Another important thing here is regarding the protein folding
and the molecular chaperone which assist in it. Of course, you will be studying in detail about it in
Unit-2. Then regarding protein sequencing, you will be studying in unit-13.
Coming to nucleic acid, the structure and alternative names of nucleotides, examples of modified
nucleotides, synthesis of nucleotides; topology of nucleic acids like twist, writhe, and linking no.
Numerical questions from here too Hershey and chase expt, which you will study in unit-3 in detail.
Coming to lipid you must know about the phospholipids, glycolipids, eicosanoids, etc.;
beta-oxidation study related to the membrane, case studies based on melting point, chilling, and
temperature-related i.e. in terms of the degree of unsaturation and saturation, length of the fatty
acyl chain.
The function of different vitamins along with their deficiencies(last time it was asked in the form of
a match the following, so this time you can expect it in some other way).
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3. Stabilizing interactions (Van der Waals, electrostatic, hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic

interaction, etc.): Questions from stabilizing interactions also you can expect. Focus more on
hydrogen bonding, ionic interactions.
4. Principles of biophysical chemistry (pH, buffer, reaction kinetics, thermodynamics, colligative

properties): Regarding principles of biochemistry, here calculations are more important for eg:
They will provide the pKa value of different amino acids and we need to find out their pI. Next,
they may also ask calculative questions with respect to peptide bonds as well. When it comes to
thermodynamics, Gibbs free energy is an important topic to be considered. Numericals are most
commonly asked from thermodynamics.
5. Bioenergetics, glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, coupled reaction, group transfer, biological

energy transducers: Coming to bioenergetics, another important topic from this unit from where
you can expect questions for sure, the pathways especially glycolysis, enzyme regulation, TCA cycle,
an enzyme inhibitor, steps producing ATP and NADPH, FADH, their calculation based on radioactivity,
gluconeogenesis, fermentation, insulin and glucagon, aerobic and anaerobic fermentation, Cori cycle,
pentose phosphate pathway significance, numerical question both in b and c. Pathways mainly you
can expect in part-c. Stoichiometry of each pathway is also important.
6. Principles of catalysis, enzymes, and enzyme kinetics, enzyme regulation, mechanism of

enzyme catalysis, isozymes: Michaelis – Menten equation is one such topic that is unavoidable, so
be it June or be it December be prepared for it; never ever skip this topic from unit-1. Lineweaver
Burk plot is another important thing followed by types of inhibitions and the graphs related
and the km and Vmax value of each type of inhibition; reversible and irreversible(competitive,
uncompetitive, non-competitive and mixed); specificity constant, turnover no., the specificity of
enzyme, the importance of km and kcat, enzyme affinity, allosteric regulation.
7. Conformation of proteins (Ramachandran plot, secondary structure, domains, motif, and

folds): Here of course Ramachandran plot is the most important topic to be considered. But
surprisingly it wasn’t asked in Dec 2019 so you can expect it in the upcoming exam. You must be well
versed about it i.e. regarding the values. Apart from that protein structures like primary, secondary,
tertiary, quaternary then the composition of certain proteins like collagen which you will also study
in unit-4. Then terminologies like domains, folds, and motifs. You need to have a check regarding
the differences between hemoglobin and myoglobin especially their saturation curves; then oxygen
saturation curve with respect to infants and adults, their difference in structure, then comparing
the curves of higher and lower altitude people; the Bohr effect and significance of BPG. Techniques
involved their sequencing.
8. Conformation of nucleic acids (helix (A, B, Z), t-RNA, micro-RNA): comparison between a.b, z DNA
in terms of their properties; Then about RNA and its types along with structures(tRNA), the functional
difference must also be considered.
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9. Metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids nucleotides, and vitamins: This is also one of
the important topics to be considered especially carbohydrates and lipids(beta-oxidation of lipids);
you can expect in Part-C.
I hope this article must have given you some relief for the preparation strategy for CSIR Unit 1. Study
well, keep on revising and keep on practicing questions more. Be confident, be positive, and of course
never forget to believe in yourself.
All The Best for the upcoming exam!
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CSIR NET Unit Wise Prep Series :

How To Study Important Topics Of CSIR NET Unit-2
CSIR NET exam is one of the most difficult exams which apart from providing a Ph.D. degree, gives
stipend and above all respect in the scientific community. Believe me, though it is one of the toughest
exams if a student prepares for it in a strategic manner, one can easily qualify the exam in his/her first
attempt.
Diving into the main topic, There are 13 units in the CSIR-NET Life Science exam, and today we will
focus on how to prepare for Unit 2.
Most of the topics in this unit are easy to comprehend as there are vivid diagrams and process
explanations in standard reference books.
Let’s have a look at the Syllabus of CSIR NET Life Science Unit 2 – Cellular organization
A) Membrane structure and function – Structure of model membrane, lipid bilayer and membrane
protein diffusion, osmosis, ion channels, active transport, membrane pumps, mechanism of sorting
and regulation of intracellular transport, electrical properties of membranes.
B) Structural organization and function of intracellular organelles – Cell wall, nucleus, mitochondria,
Golgi bodies, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, peroxisomes, plastids, vacuoles, chloroplast,
structure & function of the cytoskeleton and its role in motility.
C) Organization of genes and chromosomes – Operon, unique and repetitive DNA, interrupted
genes, gene families, the structure of chromatin and chromosomes, heterochromatin, euchromatin,
transposons.
D) Cell division and cell cycle – Mitosis and meiosis, their regulation, steps in cell cycle, regulation,
and control of cell cycle.
E) Microbial Physiology – Growth yield and characteristics, strategies of cell division, stress response.
Now, with the syllabus in hand, let us first understand the question paper pattern – In CSIR NET Dec
2019, the overall Difficulty level from unit 2 was around 30%, so we can conclude that the questions
from this unit were not very difficult. Therefore, studying in a well-planned manner can help in solving
questions from this unit easily. Most of the questions come from parts A, B, C, and D. The type of
questions asked are always direct, though some numerical questions are also asked, at times.
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Plan a study schedule:

Managing your time effectively during the exam preparation is one of the keys to success.
There are 5 subunits out of which the C and E are very small topics.
Every day keep aside 2 hours for Unit 2
For each subunit keep two days so in this way in 10 days you can easily grasp, memorize and finish the unit.
Take important topics at first and when you complete a topic, revise it instantly.
Question-solving is an important aspect in polishing your skills and improving exam performance.
Every day after studying try to solve at least 10 questions from previous year question papers
Topics To Be Studied From CSIR NET Unit 2
As the exam syllabus is vast, it is always advisable to analyze the previous year’s question papers and
select those topics from which questions are frequently asked. Cellular organization carries an overall
25-30 marks in the CSIR-NET exam.
CSIR Unit 2 preparation should be in such a way that one knows all about the cellular structures,
their function, composition, division of cells, the molecular mechanism involved among others. For
performing well with better learning practices, avoid cramming and mugging but one should focus
more on understanding the topics, actual meanings, methods, and functions.
Membrane structure and functions.
One should study in detail about the structure, composition of membranes in detail, the different
types of phospholipids and proteins involved, their asymmetric distribution in the membrane.
The role of lipid rafts is also important as many part C and part B questions are asked from the
same.
The RBC membrane components should also be studied including Band 3.
One should not miss the FRAP techniques as Part C questions are asked related to FRAP. Sometimes
the questions are clubbed with unit 13 and asked.
It’s very important to memorize the types of ion channels, pumps, and transporters, their inhibitors,
the mode of inhibition, their role in diseases as many part B questions are related to this topic
One should also study the membrane destabilizing agents, detergent treatments as experimental
based questions are expected in Part C
Sorting of various proteins, mostly the entry of proteins into mitochondria is a must type of question
from Part C.
Membrane potential causes leading to changes in the potential, numerical related to it are asked
in part C.
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Structural organization and function of intracellular organelles
Part B questions are asked from the cytoskeletal components like actin, dynein, kinesin, the
direction in which they carry cargo and their function in different cellular processes.
Enzymatic contents of cellular organelles like Golgi, lysosomes, peroxisomes, diseases associated
with their impaired functions are very important from this subunit.
Sometimes protein modifications in ER and cellular fractionation based questions are also asked.
Organization of genes and chromosomes
This subunit is related to molecular biology, so to master over Unit 3, you should study this
subunit.
Questions are asked from Operon (Lac operon, Tryptophan operon, Arabinose operon), one
should study in detail about the components and regulation of these operons in the presence
or absence of their substrate.
Statement based questions are asked in part C from Chromosome structure, transposons,
Chromosome packaging
Part B questions are asked from repetitive DNA sequences, centromeric regions, DNA acetylation,
methylation so one should know the terms with examples if any.
Cell Division & Cell Cycle
One should always study this subunit D of Unit 2 as it is connected with Cancer and apoptosis
topic of Unit 4
One should study the cell cycle progression, checkpoints regulation in detail, the different types
of cyclins and CDKs along with their specific role.
ATM, ATR, inhibition drugs and proteins and genes that control the cell cycle.
In Part B many times questions are asked from DNA vs chromosome count for each stage of
mitosis and meiosis. So one should know the mitosis and meiosis division accurately.
Microbial Physiology
From this subunit, one should expect some numerical questions based on microbial growth
kinetics, diseases caused by different microbes, and stress response.
Reference Books for UNIT 2
Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments by Gerald Karp

Molecular Biology of the Cell by Bruce Alberts, Alexander Johnson, Julian Lewis
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Molecular Cell Biology by Harvey Lodish, Arnold Berk, Chris A. Kaiser
Prescott’s Microbiology by Joanne Willey, Linda Sherwood, Chris Woolverton
Brock Biology of Microorganisms
Now let’s Have a look at types of questions asked from Unit 2
If you carefully study the above topics one can then easily solve the different types of questions
as shown below:
Graph-based questions
Q. To investigate the dynamic nature of two unrelated centrosome-localized GFP-tagged proteins

[GFP-A; GFP-B], a team of scientists conducted fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP)
experiment. The FRAP profile of these two proteins is given below:
The following statements for this FRAP analysis were made
A. GFP-B shows faster exchange rate than GFP-A

B. GFP-A shows faster exchange rate than GFP-B
C. GFP-A has more immobile fraction than GFP-B
D. GFP-B has more immobile fraction than GFP-A
Which of the above-mentioned statements for GFP-A and GFP-B are correct?
1. A and C
2. A and D
3. B and C
4. B and D
To solve the graph-based questions one has to know the techniques accurately and analyze
the graph appropriately. It might feel a little difficult but actually, if you practice these types of
questions it can be easily solved.
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Experiment Based Questions
Q. In order to study the intracellular trafficking of protein ‘A’, it was tagged with GFP (A-GFP).
Fluorescence microscopy showed that A-GFP co-localizes with LAMP1. In the presence of bafilomycin
A, an inhibitor of H+-ATPase, A-GFP does not co-localize with LAMP1. Instead, it co-localizes with LC3
puncta.
Which one of the following statements is TRUE?
1. A-GFP targets the ER in the absence of bafilomycin A.

2. Autophagy is required for the trafficking of A-GFP to lysosomes.
3. Bafilomycin A facilitates targeting of A- GFP to the ER.
4. Bafilomycin A facilitates targeting of A- GFP to the mitochondria.
The experiment-based questions are rather easy to solve as one has to study the experiment
and carefully go through the observations and then select the most appropriate answer. So here
everything is given in the question, one has to be smart enough to pick the correct answer.
Factual Type Of Questions
Q. In an experiment, red blood cells were subjected to lysis and any unbroken cells were removed
by centrifugation at 600g. The supernatant was taken and centrifuged at 100,000g. The pellet was
extracted with 5M NaCl and again centrifuged at 100,000g. Which of the following proteins would
be present in the supernatant?
1. Band 3
2. Glycophorin
3. G protein-coupled receptor
4. Spectrin
This type of question is based on how well you have read and understood the topics in Unit 2.
For this type of question, you have to bank on your memory.
Match the following types of questions
Q. Match the enzymes in Column A with their respective biological function in Column B:
Choose the correct combinations of answers from the options given below:
1. A – iii, B – i, C – ii, D – iv
B. A – i, B – iii, C – iv, D – ii
C. A – iv, B – ii, C – i, D – iii
D. A – ii, B – iv, C – iii, D- i
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These types of questions are quite easy and very scoring. So even if you know one or two right
matches, one can easily match the other ones and get a sure shot right answer. Always advisable
to go for these types of questions.
Statement based questions where Unit 2 questions are clubbed with unit 4: The
cellular level of tumor suppressor protein p53 is maintained by the ubiquitin ligase protein, Mdm2.
Overexpression of Mdm2 was found to convert a normal cell into cancer cells by destabilizing
p53. Another protein inhibits the activity of Mdm2 thus stabilizing p53. The loss of function also
converts normal cells into cancer cells. Based on the above information, which one of the following
statements is correct?
1. Both MDM2 and are oncogenes.

2. Both MDM2 and tumor suppressor genes.
3. MDM2 is an oncogene but is a tumor suppressor gene.
4. is an oncogene but MDM2 is a tumor suppressor gene.
These types of questions can be tricky at times as one has to remember the details about the
function of various proteins, genes, the pathway involved but if you have a good hold on the
various pathways it can be solved accurately.
Diagram based question
Following is the domain organization of three proteins that are targeted to the mitochondria.
Based on the domain organization in the above figure and assuming the left box to be having the
mitochondrial sorting signal, predict the most likely sub-compartment of the mitochondria in which
the protein will be found.
1. A in matrix; B in the inner membrane; C in intermembrane space

2. A in inner membrane; B in intermembrane space; C in outer membrane
3. A and B are in matrix; C in outer membrane
4. A in matrix; B and C are in intermembrane space
Diagrams are always easy to understand and interpret so it is very important to go through all
important diagrams from unit 2 as many questions are diagram based.
Numerical questions
The cell membrane of neurons maintains intracellular conditions that differ from those of the
extracellular environment. Such differences in intra-and extracellular conditions are critical to the
function of the nerve cell as the nerve cell membrane resembles a charged capacitor. Assuming
the electric field (E) across a parallel-plate capacitor is uniform and if membrane thickness is 7 nm
and potential difference across the membrane is -60 mV, calculate E of the membrane
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1. 6 x 10^5 V m-1
2. 7 x 10^5 V m-1
3. 8.6 x 10^6 V m-1
4. 6.6 x 10^6 V m-1
It is advisable to solve this type of question when you are very sure about the formulae to be used
for solving numerical questions. Another important point is to check for the units and solve them
accordingly. If one knows the formulae then this type of question can be very scoring.
Now that you know what to study, what type of questions are asked therefore, one can conclude
that it is imperative to solve previous year question papers. One can follow the Biotecnika AIMNET
series so as to self-assess your performance and put additional efforts towards improving it.
Also, you can go for CSIR NET Quick NET Revisor 2020 to revise all the important UNIT wise topics,
including Unit 2
Keep some handy tips in mind before solving questions in the exam
Attempt your strong section first and in that too solve the questions from the topic
you have prepared and then attempt other sections
Avoid negative markings so only solve those questions which you are confident
about.
Part C looks tempting as each question is of 4 marks but you should be aware of its
negative marking. As for each wrong answer, one may lose 1.0 marks, so answer
very carefully.
Any candidate who is aspiring for CSIR NET, solving questions from Unit 2 can easily boost your
marks as the questions are direct, well predicted and no new terms or topics are asked. The
questions are asked from the syllabus given.
So prepare well and don’t skip this unit but at the same time don’t be overconfident.
Keep practicing questions. Always believe that intelligence and hard work are coherent. Even if
you are intelligent enough but don’t do hard work, there is a sheer possibility of losing the race.
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CSIR NET Unit Wise Prep Series: Study Tips

For CSIR NET Life Sciences UNIT 3 Topics
If you are aspiring to get enrolled in Ph.D. or dreaming about teaching in the renowned colleges or
universities then you must undertake the most prestigious and recognized national level exam, the
CSIR NET, offering JRF and Eligibility for Lectureship in India.
CSIR is a tough nut to crack indeed, requiring an honest, sincere, dedicated, and onerous input
from the aspirant while projecting a smart strategy to work. Nevertheless, you must believe
“The most successful people work smart, not hard”
To stand out among the crowd and to earn good rewards, the foremost necessity is to come up
with a study plan which can help you to get closer to your goals.
The crux of the matter is to design a blueprint about, which units you must consider, and which
topics must be emphasized on and to what depth or extent.
While initiating preparations for any exam it is essential to figure out all the important topics from
the CSIR syllabus, having maximum weightage determined by doing the research analysis of the
previous year examination papers. This enhances & boosts the potential for an aspirant.
CSIR Life Sciences syllabus is huge and practically you need to nail down the important units if not
all the 13 units included.
CSIR Unit 3 Preparation
Among these, Unit 3 – ‘Fundamental Processes’ is one such nontrivial unit which can enable you
to fetch a good score in the exam. The expected percentage of questions from unit 3 is persuasive
where 12% questions can be asked in Part B and 8% questions can be asked for Part C. This unit
includes the molecular biology topics and cherishes to be among the top choices of the aspirants.
Let’s Have a Glance at the Syllabus for CSIR Unit 3 – Fundamental Processes
1. DNA replication, repair, and recombination: Unit of replication, enzymes involved, replication
origin and replication fork, the fidelity of replication, extrachromosomal replicons, DNA damage
and repair mechanisms, homologous and site-specific recombination.
2. RNA synthesis and processing: Transcription factors and machinery, the formation of initiation
complex, transcription activator and repressor, RNA polymerases, capping, elongation, and
termination, RNA processing, RNA editing, splicing, and polyadenylation, structure, and function
of different types of RNA, RNA transport.
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3. Protein synthesis and processing: Ribosome, the formation of initiation complex, initiation factors
and their regulation, elongation and elongation factors, termination, genetic code, aminoacylation
of tRNA, tRNA-identity, aminoacyl tRNA synthetase, and translational proof-reading, translational
inhibitors, Post-translational modification of proteins.
4. Control of gene expression at transcription and translation level: regulating the expression of
phages, viruses, prokaryotic and eukaryotic genes, the role of chromatin in gene expression, and
gene silencing.
Why Should One Consider CSIR Unit 3 as part of the Preparation Approach?
The promising aspect of conquering this unescapable unit which might give you another reason to
pursue this unit is that you can expect almost straight, undeviating, and subject-specific questions
which is like getting a blessing in disguise. This unit is not only significant from the examination point
of view but also paves the way to understand the fundamental mechanisms going at the cellular level
which forms the foundations to grab concepts included in other units.
Let us Elicit with Seizing the Most Elemental Subtopic.
“DNA replication” A term which might appear so familiar that needs no inception, but have you ever thought
intensely; why is this process so crucial to the cell?
Besides other essential aspects like how, where, and when this process occurs? What are the components
involved in the replication? you must hunt for answers to all these factual questions primarily.
Why does a cell need to divide? Cells divide to accede an organism’s growth, assist replacement of dead
and worn cells, and to perform the most salient process of the life ‘the reproduction’. DNA replication can
be considered as the basis of biological inheritance in all living beings, without it the daughter cells formed
during mitotic and meiotic events will be devoid of the genetic information. So you may expect questions
relating the concepts of the cell cycle from Unit 2 to Replication from Unit 3.
The components of the replication machinery are various enzymes with DNA Polymerase as the core
enzyme, the others being mainly helicase, topoisomerase, single-strand binding proteins, primase,
DNA ligases, and nucleases.
Part B questions are commonly asked on the basic functions of the replisome enzymes and the effect and
consequences of mutations on them.
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Semi-conservative model of DNA replication, the foundation:

The semiconservative model given by Watson and Crick, further supported by Meselson and Stahl
experiment suggests that each new DNA molecule formed during replication would be a hybrid structure
with one old and one new strand.
Be prepared to conquer all the aspects related to this experiment because questions based on the
pattern of inheritance of heavy and light DNA strands with and without heavier isotopes of nitrogen,
respectively are often asked in Part C.
The other proposed mechanisms like conservative and dispersive should also be covered as hypothetical
and experiment-based questions could be expected in Part C from these mechanisms.
Replication at lagging strand:
You must have a complete vision about the conviction supporting leading and lagging strand during DNA
replication, how copying at lagging strand is different from the leading strand, and how the primers
are involved for these two?
You may expect direct questions in Part B based on the origin of replication Ori sites in prokaryotes and
eukaryotes, Okazaki fragments, and in Part C questions framed on bidirectional forks and components
involved.
Part B questions are often asked from DNA polymerase types, Klenow fragment, detailed structure for
DNA polymerase III holoenzymes.
Telomerase, the unique enzyme, and discovering its relation to cancer:
Many cells especially the germ cell have a distinctive enzyme known as telomerase compensating for the
loss of sequences at the chromosomes ends but importantly this enzyme turns overactive in the cancer cells
imparting immortality to these cells. You may expect questions linking the telomerase to the cancer concept
from unit 4 too.
A crisp review of Extrachromosomal replicons and their replication mechanisms like theta mode of replication,
rolling circle, and strand displacement mechanisms must be given.
A proofreading and repair machinery to prevent erroneous activity:
Many inadequacies may occur during cellular events because of mutations, radiations, or some chemicals
which replace the original nucleotides.
All types of mutations, sources of mutations, base analogs, base modifying agents, intercalating agents,
oxidative radicals, UV radiations resulting in DNA damage are important to be covered not only to
get a hold on the impacts these agents could have on DNA but also attain a perspective of the DNA repair
mechanisms which turn on to check on these defects.
Make a colorful chart enlisting the names of the common and uncommon mutagens with the corresponding
effects they could have on the genetic construction.
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You may expect both Part B and Part C diagram based questions asked on the type of mutations
and mutagens.
Make a flowchart with types of mutations, you will extract double benefit out of it as mutation
study is also included in unit 8, ‘Inheritance biology’.
Repair mechanisms, types, and components:
Direct damage reversal methods involving only a single protein like photolyase and methyltransferase are
the most energy-efficient and restore a few basic types of DNA damage.
Single strand repair mechanisms have a lesser probability of incorporating errors in comparison to
double-strand break repair mechanisms. Base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, mismatch repair,
non-homologous end joining, homology-directed repair, microhomology-mediated end joining, must
be thoroughly understood along with the names of all the proteins and enzymes included.
The good part about fetching on these repair mechanisms is that you may easily score indirect questions asked
in Part B and little analysis and interpretation can enable you in cracking Part C questions too
One of the important topics is about translesion polymerases, how they possess a unique mechanism of
evading the presence of lesions, and how the polymerase switching is facilitated, this all must be grabbed
comprehensively.
SOS repair revolving around LexA repressor proteins is another concept to be learned and prepared.
Transcription, the passage of information:
Within this topic, every detail about the transcription initiation, elongation, and termination in both
prokaryotes and eukaryotes must be nailed down.
Different forms of RNA, their functions in the cell, RNA polymerase structural components in prokaryotes and
eukaryotes, the concept of abortive initiation and promoter escape, initiation complex formation, intrinsic
and extrinsic termination in prokaryotes, CTD phosphorylation in RNA Polymerase, and its role in eukaryotic
transcription initiation, elongation, and termination, specifics of core promoters and regulatory sequences,
general transcription factors in eukaryotes with their roles, activators and coactivators, torpedo and allosteric
models for transcription termination in eukaryotes are the concepts to be gripped over.
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Post-transcriptional processing of RNA in eukaryotes:
One has to accentuate on topics like Cap formation on 5’ end and its significance, capping enzymes, 3’
polyadenylation and its alliance with transcription termination, Self-splicing and spliceosome mediated
RNA splicing mechanisms, variants of splicing, defects associated with splicing.
Don’t miss on RNA editing. It contains its own exclusive procedures like incidences of site-specific
deamination and action of guide RNA resulting in the synthesis of a variety of tissue-specific protein
products. It becomes even more important to be understood in relation to the most happening CRISPR
technology.
Questions are asked in both Part B and Part C from this subunit and thus it constitutes one of the important
topics to be prepared.
Proteins, the key molecular “building blocks” are synthesized through translation:
The proteins need well-entrenched protein-synthesizing machinery which is quite bulky and complex
consisting of mRNA, ribosomes, t RNA, aminoacyl synthetase enzyme, and various other initiation
factors that are distinct in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Before instigating the nitty-gritty of the translation, it is extremely crucial to perceive intact ideas about the
central dogma of molecular biology, genetic code, and its properties. The ‘Wobble hypothesis’ concept
is inevitable.
An intricate study is mandatory over the initiation, elongation, translocation, release, and the regulatory
factors involved, along with the specific tasks they perform during each translation cycle in prokaryotes
and eukaryotes. Statement based Part C questions is asked from this subtopic.
‘Antibiotics’, how and where they exactly interfere with the translation events, making them a powerful tool
against the treatment of bacterial diseases must be understood as part of this subtopic. This is extremely
important in reference to Part B questions.
Post-translational modifications that involve key mechanisms to regulate activity, localization, and
interactions of proteins with other cellular molecules must also be emphasized during preparation. This
topic can be commonly prepared with ‘organelle-specific Protein trafficking’ from Unit 2B
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Regulation is an essential aspect of all biological processes:
Control of gene expression is the utmost requisite both in prokaryotes and eukaryotes however it may employ
a distinctive set of components in both.
The Operon system presents an appropriate example of gene regulation in bacteria and certain viruses. Lac
operon, trp operon, arabinose operon, and switching of the lytic cycle over the lysogenic cycle in viruses are
the key topics to be annihilated from this subunit.
Numerical based questions from Lac operon and theory-based questions from all the operon systems are
often asked from this subtopic in Part C.
In eukaryotes, regulation is performed by adopting a different approach where chromatin remodeling is the
dynamic mechanism controlling the access of condensed genomic DNA to the transcriptional machinery. So
the factors affecting the chromatin organization must be learned thoroughly.
Do’s and Don’ts During CSIR Unit 3 Preparation
Make descriptive and colorful charts displaying the names of various factors involved in replication,
transcription, translation, and other proteins which are part of the regulatory mechanisms including
inhibitory proteins and antibiotics.
Do not recede from covering any subtopic because questions are usually constructed to have a combination
of statements that may be sourced from different subunits.
Ensure that you learn and conquer recombinant DNA technology techniques from unit 13 ‘Methods in
biology’ and mutational concepts from Unit 8 ‘Inheritance biology’ to have a coherent grasp over the
questions constructed in an amalgamated manner.
Do practice numerical type questions from lac operon to have a deep insight into the concept.
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Refer to good standard books like:
Molecular Biology of the Gene by ‘James D. Watson’,
Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry by ‘David L. Nelson and Michael M. Cox’,
Molecular Cell Biology by ‘Harvey Lodish, Arnold Berk, Chris A. Kaiser’, and
Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments by ‘Gerald Karp’
There are countless guides and books available which might proclaim to guarantee you success, but success is
entirely personal and unique to everyone. You at best carry the potential to lay ‘CSIR’ as the stepping stone to
your career, by designing an eccentric approach. Follow this CSIR Unit 3 Preparation Tips, and for more tips on
CSIR NET Unit 1 and Unit 2, check out the CSIR NET Unit Wise Prep Series at BioTecNika’s Career Advice Section
.
Go ahead and be victorious with the following thought to inspire you with:
“The path to success is to take massive but determined actions.”
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Important Tips To Study CSIR NET UNIT 4

: Cell Communication & Signaling
CSIR, the dream exam for thousands of Life science students in India, who have decided to build a magnificent
career in the field of research or academics.
The CSIR exam is conducted by the National Testing Agency usually, twice a year, in June and December.
“You can’t build a great building on a weak foundation”
You need to design a sturdy and considerate strategy to work on and prepare for the exam leading you on the path
progressing towards the fulfillment of your dream.
After you have already enlisted the important dates, verified the eligibility criteria, completed the application
procedure, gathered an idea about the pattern of examination, and searched for the syllabus content as per your
subject, it is time to develop an obstinate study plan.
If you are all set for writing the CSIR NET Exam foremost, you must analyze the syllabus. List out a comparative
analysis of your depth of knowledge from your educational background with the syllabus content of the concerned
stream. Accordingly, start the preparation to progress towards your anticipated career.
Following are the general tips to analyze the activities and efforts that you must execute in order to achieve your
goal because unless you have an appropriate preparation strategy, it is tough to crack the CSIR NET Exam
To Initiate your preparation!
Clearly understand the exam pattern and focus on the score to aim at the exam qualification, which you can simply
do by analyzing the cut-offs from the previous year’s examination results.
Review the Complete CSIR NET Syllabus (as per your chosen subject) and enlist up all the topics on a paper.
Seek out the best CSIR NET Study Material, Standard reference Books, and Coaching assistance (If you are pursuing
it)
How to create the right study plan?
It must be realized; all human beings possess unique ways of perceiving things so no single strategy is able to serve
every student. This necessitates the requirement of developing an innovative better method of learning exclusively
for you.
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“Trust yourself because no one knows you better than yourself”
You may consider the following points while working out the best methodology which may ease your path
in landing up at your destination
Look for the important topics instead of learning the whole syllabus because 100 percent syllabus
coverage doesn’t ensure 100 % success, you have to strive for excellence in a few units which you feel
are your strength rather than getting yourself exhausted covering the whole syllabus.
If you feel studying for prolonged hours can guarantee your success story, then you must reanalyze
because it has been proven that studying in short patches taking decent breaks in between improves
the efficacy of understanding and learning things.
Work like a detective and check for the best productive hours out of your day. Although that may
differ for each individual but utilizing morning hours is recommended to cover the most challenging
topics from the syllabus.
Revision is the most crucial part of the preparation, so you must keep running the revision cycles
for the topics completed during the most prolific duration of the day.
Mood of an individual conducts in a nonlinear way and it is dependent on multiple small objects
from our lives. Conclusively you need to keep yourself in high and happy spirits by putting you in
delighted and buoyant situations all during the preparation.
The entire syllabus of the CSIR NET Exam comprises 13 units in total with multiple subunits in each unit.
Since all the units are so immense with elements up to gravity in each topic it may not be feasible for any
individual to prepare all the 13 units. It is always advised to be comprehensive in those units which are
relevant according to the academic background and interest of the candidate and thus skip others.
“Unit 4” An important and interesting unit from the CSIR syllabus!
Cell Communication & Signaling CSIR NET Unit 4
Among all the units, unit 4 which covers Cell communication and cell signaling is one such vital unit that is
suggested not to be skipped while making the selection of the units as part of your study plan.
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Let us Calculate the approximate weightage of this unit!
Based on the weightage of different topics and analyses of the types of questions asked previously it has been
revealed that around 7- 8 questions are asked in part B and approximately 9 to 10 questions can be asked in part
C that makes a total of around 16 – 18 questions from this unit, a significant number from examination point of
view.
Let us have a glimpse of the layout of the first subtopic from “Unit 4” i.e. Host-Parasite Interaction!
Topics that must be emphasized from this subunit are types of diseases: bacterial and viral, food and water-borne,
airborne and their causative agents, pathogens, and their corresponding host. All the general definitions
regarding parasites, host, and host-parasite relationships are important to be understood intensely. Go through
these basic terms precisely like primary host, secondary host, paratenic host, reservoir host, vector, carrier,
colonization, etc.
How to strengthen command over this subtopic?
Make a table and enlist all the common and uncommon human diseases (don’t skip COVID19-the most recent
pandemic caused by coronavirus ), mention the names of the causative agents in the next column followed by
penning down the hosts in the subsequent column. You may paste this table somewhere near your study table
for regular revision.
Let us head towards the most crucial subtopic of this unit 4B – “Cell signaling”
It may sound amusing, but true, Cell signaling is indispensable to a living cell so is this topic unavoidable for a
student. Every year questions appear from this topic bolstering the need to understand the signaling events in
depth. The best part is this topic is pretty riveting to be learned. Firstly, you must comprehend what Cell signaling
means? Why is it needed in the cell?
In your childhood, have you ever experienced rotating the television antenna to attain the exact orientation
where the television set detects and picks up the transmitted signals and starts telecasting it?
Well, then you may relate this situation where the living cell acts like a television set which requires the right set
of information to respond in various ways leading to the progression and occurrence of numerous biologically
significant events.
So, to receive those signals the receptors (working analogously to antennae) are located on the cell surfaces or
less often in the internal of the cell. You must fetch every aspect about the various receptors available on the
cell surface bringing different cell responses like G-Protein Coupled Receptors and Receptor Tyrosine Kinases
moving into how they are associated with MAP kinase pathway, JAK-STAT pathway, Wnt pathway, Hedgehog
pathway, and ephrin signaling pathways.
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The names and mechanisms of all the secondary messengers like cAMP, cGMP, phosphatidylinositides,
calcium ions, NO, etc. must be learned. You will find, all these pathways are correlated in terms of the
common mechanisms and role of secondary messengers but even then how magnificently and precisely
they lead to specific spatial and temporal responses may remain a hallmark for a particular type of cell or
tissue. That proves the peerless strength of nature. It would be enlightening to learn how the regulation of
these pathways controls the glucose level in blood post-meal, our ability to smell or taste our food, or our
vision in light or dark. Do not skip to include the effect of toxins and inhibitors on these signaling pathways.
Can cell commit suicide and what makes it do that?
Apoptosis which makes a cell undergo programmed cell death is really a fascinating topic to be discovered.
You will come across how a cell itself does all the preparations to die which may be a part of the regular
process during embryonic development or in case the cell becomes a threat to the body itself, in cancer, or
during an immune response to any virus. In addition to exploring the characteristics of the apoptotic cell, you
must conceptualize the- two pathways of apoptosis, the extrinsic pathway and the intrinsic pathway, the role
of “caspases”, proteases which trigger most of the changes observed during cell death, types of caspases,
bcl-2 family proteins which include pro-apoptotic members, antiapoptotic members and BH3 only proteins
involved in apoptotic regulation.
Flowcharts and tables are going to act as a panacea to memorize the key concepts!
Now you must be wondering how difficult it would be to remember these pathways, so here is the solution
to this muddle. Design neat and expressive flowcharts on your own, highlight all the receptors, enzymes
and kinases, and the targets involved in a cell signaling pathway. You can also construct tables with names
of the receptors, effectors, secondary messengers, accessory proteins like calcium-binding proteins, and
corresponding targets i.e. biological processes which these processes will be controlling.
Let us crack with subtopic 4C – “cellular communication”!
Cell Communication & Signaling CSIR NET Unit 4 Important Topics
Have you ever wondered how cells remain intact together to build up strong palisades on and across
the tissues? Imagine the cement which is applied to tether the bricks together while building up a wall.
Comparably cells carry adhesion molecules supporting them to create robust barriers to the extracellular
environment at the same time making junctions that aid in the cell to cell communications. In this unit
four major types of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), cadherins, selections, integrins, and immunoglobulin
superfamily members are the highlights. Their detailed structure, differences in interaction patterns, and
relation to various types of junctions are paramount of study.
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Cell-Cell interaction and cell-matrix interactions both are the foundation of the salient processes going in the
body like cell division, differentiation, motility, or apoptosis. Consequently, distinct junctions like adherens
(Zona adherens), desmosomes (Macula adherens), tight Junctions (Zonulae occludens), focal adhesions,
hemidesmosomes, and gap junctions keep the cellular integrity intact along with maintaining the state of
homeostasis in the cell. Besides that, insight into components of extracellular matrix-like collagen, laminins,
fibronectin, proteoglycans should be considered and studied thoroughly.
Cellular communication can augment your communication to a good examination score!
Certainly, it is one of the scoring topics from the syllabus which can leave you earning a good score indeed.
Assuredly, you would not like to let off with that.
Let us visualize the pattern of questions that could be asked from this unit!
You may find direct short questions related to the diseases and their pathogens, characteristics of the
molecules that are part of the cell signaling events, secondary messengers, or apoptosis in Part B.
You could be asked a long statement question as to which of the following events is CORRECT or INCORRECT,
TRUE, or FALSE designed on the properties of cell adhesion molecules and junctions. Do not skip to carefully
look at whether the correct statements are being asked or the opposite. These are usually the combination of
the topics from all the subunits which necessitates preparing all the subunits of the unit being considered.
In part C, you may uncover long questions in the form of the following which are probably the easiest to
answer. Targeting the qualifying marks and skipping the unsure questions is the key to avoid negative scores
and there these types of questions are a big relief. From this unit, this pattern can be undertaken to create
questions based on the pathogens and corresponding ailments, characteristics, and location of various cell
adhesion molecules, junction properties, the role of various apoptotic factors but whatever comes your way,
believe it you can easily solve this type of question if you know at least one right match in the options in most
of the cases.
Look for more Graph-based questions in part C which are usually constructed merging two concepts together
like cell cycle and apoptosis. Primarily the information is provided in the question itself and you are expected
to just visualize and analyze the graph taking that knowledge into account. Such questions can ease your way
towards getting some good score in Part C. By accepting and attempting such questions, you can turn this
statement realistic which says “Accept the challenges so that you can feel the exhilaration of victory” since
most students skip graph-based questions and you can stand unique nailing them down with your accurate
approach.
Many people wait around for the right time to come, having the least idea that there is no such thing as the
right time. It is not actually the time which is right or wrong. But your attitude towards seizing the time and
turning it accurately.
These tips will assist you to correctly confiscate this topic – Cell Communication & Signaling and will certainly
contribute to easing your excursion towards cracking CSIR.
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Important Tips To Study CSIR NET UNIT 5

: Developmental Biology
Amidst the coronavirus we don’t know whether our CSIR NET Exam will be conducted as scheduled or will be
postponed. But it’s not the only thing to be considered. The only thing I will suggest is that no matter what at the
end it's you who's going to appear for the exam so it’s you who's going to prepare . Whether the exam takes place
at the right time or not is a secondary thing. The first thing you must do is prepare yourself and set your mind and
keep a target for finishing your preparation/revision as early as possible. So hopefully exam preparations might
be on peak for everyone there.
Developmental biology is one particular unit from our CSIR syllabus that cannot be avoided at all, be it June or
December it hardly matters. It holds a weightage of approximately 30 marks and sometimes even more as well
i.e. approximately you can expect 17.41% in Part B and 10.67% in Part C.
This is one of those subjects where you can find questions from the text book directly. Be it a picture or be it an
experiment you can get questions directly, so one way to tackle developmental biology is to be thorough with
the book. Of course I will agree it’s not at all easy but still we can try if we had started our preparation from the
beginning. When it comes to animal Developmental Biology always go for Scott F. Gilbert as the reference book
and try to get the latest edition of it. I understand Gilbert is a big book having a lot of information about every
development in detail. It is not necessary to go through it entirely, you must have an idea about which topic to
be followed from the book. When it comes to plant developmental biology go for Taiz and Zeiger , that is more
than enough to cover the syllabus from CSIR.
If you look into the summary and analysis of the December 2019 question paper and previous year question papers
you will find that most of the questions are direct and that too from the book itself but nowadays they are trying
to make the simple things complicated. If you have noted in earlier exams, they used to ask basic fundamental
questions but now they have diverted from basic to bit complicated things. Thats what happened in the last Dec
2019 exam. The problem with this subject is that people are hardly from this background. Whoever is appearing
for CSIR Exam they might be having specialization in botany or zoology or biotechnology or biochemistry or
microbiology or any others. People from biotechnology or zoology will have some idea about it but for others it's
entirely new.
So before getting into the core one must have a basic understanding of this subject, be it development of animals
or development of plants, it's important to be aware of the basic terminologies and the basic concept.
Let's start with our syllabus:
DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
A) Basic concepts of development : Potency, commitment, specification, induction, competence, determination

and differentiation; morphogenetic gradients; cell fate and cell lineages; stem cells; genomic equivalence and the
cytoplasmic determinants; imprinting; mutants and transgenics in analysis of development
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B) Gametogenesis, fertilization and early development: Production of gametes, cell surface molecules
in sperm-egg recognition in animals; embryo sac development and double fertilization in plants; zygote
formation, cleavage, blastula formation, embryonic fields, gastrulation and formation of germ layers in animals;
embryogenesis, establishment of symmetry in plants; seed formation and germination.
C) Morphogenesis and organogenesis in animals : Cell aggregation and differentiation in Dictyostelium; axes
and pattern formation in Drosophila, amphibia and chick; organogenesis – vulva formation in Caenorhabditis
elegans, eye lens induction, limb development and regeneration in vertebrates; differentiation of neurons, post
embryonic development- larval formation, metamorphosis; environmental regulation of normal development;
sex determination.
D) Morphogenesis and organogenesis in plants: Organization of shoot and root apical meristem; shoot and root
development; leaf development and phyllotaxy; transition to flowering, floral meristems and floral development in
Arabidopsis and Antirrhinum
E) Programmed cell death, aging and senescence
So here are tips and tricks to deal with this subject.
Subunit A: Basic concepts of development
There are some basic terminologies in developmental biology which everyone must be aware of especially from
this particular unit. For e.g. specification (conditional and autonomous, mostly in part b), induction, potency,
commitment, determination and differentiation etc. So my sincere suggestion to you all is that you must not just
simply memorise the terminologies rather try to understand the terminologies with pictures, this is a simple way
to remember the things.
You need to begin with a term and that particular term is having a lot of concepts behind so once you understand
the term and the concept behind it you need to use it in different ways to get your answers. Because as I said before,
questions are being twisted nowadays. Of course this entire process is going to take a longer duration. So try to
wind up this unit as early as possible. So that you will get ample time for revision. Especially this particular unit needs
a regular revision.
Being from a background of biotechnology or zoology it's quite difficult to manage then for other background
people it’s going to be even tougher. But one thing I would like to say is if you got your fundamentals clear from
this subject it won’t take much time for you to prepare for it.
Start making the notes from the beginning itself. Utilize tables and flowcharts so that you can have a more efficient
way of revising from your notes.
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Subunit B: Gametogenesis, fertilization and early development
Second part of this unit is very important as from here embryogenesis begins. Try to learn by creating the flowchart
with the steps that are involved in spermatogenesis and oogenesis. And include pictures. Both will help you in
remembering the things clearly. You must learn the classification of eggs based on amount of yolk, pattern of yolk,
difference between mosaic and regulative eggs etc. Then cleavage patterns in different animals. Try to make tabular
forms of this portion, it will be easier to remember. You need to remember the examples as well. Because examples
and definitions are frequently asked both in PART B and PART C. Sperm-egg recognition in animals which you
can expect in PART C.
You need to remember the binding proteins and their receptors that are involved in the interaction along with
their location, for eg Resact binds to its receptor; here resact present in the egg and receptor in the sperm. Same
way other interactions between them. Apart from that acrosomal reaction, sperm capacitation, cortical granule
exocytosis, stages of egg maturation in different species and the signal transduction involved i.e. role of inositol
phosphates is important.
Fertilisation based questions are asked not only from animals but also seen from sea urchin and plants. Sometimes
you were asked to find the correct order of the steps involved in fertilization. The stages after fertilization i.e
morulation.,blastulation, gastrulation etc. Make a table of it and memorize. Especially From Gastrulation PART
2 questions may be asked in the form of definitions;(epiboly, emboly, invagination, involution, ingression,
delamination) match the following with examples frequently being asked.
Then next comes the germ layers and how they are formed and here also terminological difference then their fate
like what it leads to. For eg: adrenal medulla originates from ectoderm while adrenal cortex from mesoderm etc.In
Sea urchin – fertilisation in details (study with comparison to mammals), axis formation, polyspermy prevention
must be considered. Experimental questions can be expected, especially the mutational studies. You can expect
direct questions in PART B but in PART C you can expect experimental questions so do remember the case
studies, sometimes you may get direct but not always. You need to practice questions from old CSIR question
papers.
Subunit C:Morphogenesis and organogenesis in animals
In the 3rd part you need to understand the morphogenesis of drosophila, c.elegans, chick, frog etc. Remaining
portions are from plants for which you need to follow the Taiz book.
Drosophila developmental biology which includes anterior-posterior, dorsal-ventral axis, need to remember the
genes along with their function (maternal genes bicoid,nanos, hunchback,caudal, determining anterior-posterior
polarity; other genes like gap genes, pair-rule genes, segment polarity genes, homeotic genes) responsible for the
overall development of drosophila . Apart from that model for transcription of the segment polarity genes engrailed
and wingless must be included.You can expect questions from the mutation of the genes for eg like if gap genes
are deleted or mutated what will be their phenotype of that embryo? Remember their mutant phenotype as well as
their proposed function .
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zzzIn c-elegans; vulval development and axis formation is very important. Fate of vulval precursor cells, their
signalling, their deletion conditions can be asked in the form of match the following.
In case of Amphibian development ; need to remember the genes involved, organiser, axes and pattern
formation, formation of dorsal-ventral axis, mechanism of how the Disheveled protein stabilizes beta-catenin in
the dorsal portion of the amphibian egg, interaction of beta catenin and tgf beta proteins etc.
In Limb development- concept should be clear and a bit complicated; generating the proximal distal axis of the
limb(ace-apical ectodermal ridge) must be remembered.
In Eye lens induction, the concept of induction and competence factor must be clear.
Major patterns of insect development (ametabulus, hemimetabulus, holometabulus); hormonal control and their
regulation.
Dictyostellum axis formation is very rarely asked.
Morphogen gradient(single and double); spemanns demonstration; regional and temporal specificity of neural
induction(with diagram it's easy to remember and understand); organisers in amphibians, fish and mammals;
terratogenesis, regeneration their 4 major ways, proximalization of blastema by retinoic acid, morphallaxis in
hydra, effect of retinoic acid on mouse embryo
Molecular basis of sex determination; the genital ridge; ovary pathway; role of wnt-4 and r-spondin1, testis pathway;
proppsed functions of nanog,oct4 and stat3
Other than these don’t miss out on the signalling pathways i.e. cell-cell communication which includes RTK
pathway, Stat pathway, hedgehog pathway, wnt pathway and smad pathway by tgf-beta superfamily ligands and
notch pathway. Make flowcharts for each. Don’t mug up, instead try to understand the concept. Maximum are
concept based and try to apply it. Memory based questions are few and far between in PART B.
Subunit D: Morphogenesis and organogenesis in plants
Abc model for flower development is a topic which you should never think to skip. Because this topic is very simple
and you will regret it if you don’t attempt a question from this topic. So prepare this topic based on mutations i.e.
both single and double mutant. Remember the genes involved and their mutation(flowering time genes, meristem
identity genes, floral organ identity genes). Apart from that remember the factors affecting flowering and the
related pathways(all the 4 pathways). Significance of MADS BOX GENES.
Subunit E : Programmed cell death, aging and senescence
Very rarely questions are asked from here. Sometimes they ask with respect to senescence and aging but since you
have already covered this portion with respect to hormones in Unit-6 so you don't have to worry about it.
Developmental biology is such a subject from your syllabus which if you study, you are definitely going to win.
Hopefully this article might have shed some light on how to prepare and on which topic to give importance to
from examination point of view. So wishing you All The Best for the upcoming exam.
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Important Tips To Study CSIR NET UNIT

6 and 7: Plant and Animal Physiology
CSIR NET is not an easy exam, continuous preparation with a proper study plan is very much needed. The syllabus
is very lengthy for life sciences and at the same time detailed understanding of each of the topics is also required.
The syllabus contains a total of 13 units. Among all these, Unit 6 is all about Plant System Physiology and Unit 7
is about Human Physiology.
An aspirant should always start the study and preparation by following the reference books. A high number of
questions in the paper are most of the time from reference books. So, studying from reference books is much
needed. Studying reference books is very much required to build up the basic concept about the topic. Once the
entire unit becomes complete then you can start to follow other resources like Notes, Flow charts etc. You can
Make the notes by yourself if you are completely clear about the concept. Making your own notes are also highly
recommended by experts, because whenever you will be revising the topic it will save your time and also help
to memorize the concepts very well. Next step of your preparation should include the question-based approach,
which is also very much necessary, for that purpose the last 10 years of questions from the exam as well as the
model question paper solving is very important. Syllabus for life sciences contains various topics, not necessarily
all the units or topics that seem to be very interesting to all aspirants. So, whenever you are studying or dealing
with a tedious topic and you are not able to focus on that, then you should first gather the idea that which specific
portion of that unit is important from an exam perspective and you can do that by directly following the previous
year’s question papers. You can take the help of your teachers, but you should not be totally dependent on them,
your independent, self-study is also much needed.
Segmentation of the Topics and important concepts from Unit 6:

System Physiology-Plant
A. Photosynthesis- Biochemical process by which the photosynthetic organism’s convert the light energy into
chemical energy in the form of reducing power ATP, NADPH, and use these chemicals to drive the carbon fixation
process. Concept of oxygenic and anoxygenic photosynthesis.
Light harvesting complexes- All about the concept of photosynthetic unit, this is about 200 to 300 chlorophyll
molecules act together as one unit in which the only member of the group called reaction center chlorophyll,
transfers the electrons to an acceptor. Concepts Accessory pigments like carotenoids, phycobilin, they can act as
quencher and scavenger.
Mechanism of electron transport- Light reaction starts with an electron flow. In case of Oxygenic photosynthesis
flow of electrons is of two types, non-cyclic and cyclic. Noncyclic flow of electrons is represented as Z scheme which
involves both PSI and PSII and produces ATP and NADPH, whereas cyclic flow of electron involves only PSI and does
not produce NADPH produces only ATP.
Photoprotective mechanism- The role of carotenoids, this accessory pigment provides protection against pho-
to-oxidative damage.
CO2 fixation, C3, C4 and CAM pathways- This all about Carbon fixation step or Dark reaction also known as Calvin
cycle.C3 named because initial carbon dioxide fixation product is three carbon compound.C4- alternate modes of
carbon fixation evolved to minimize the photorespiration and optimize the Calvin cycle. CAM- crassulacean acid
metabolism, photosynthetic adaptation in succulent plants.
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B. Respiration and Photorespiration- an oxidative process, free energy released from organic compounds.
Types of respiration-Aerobic or complete oxidation of respiratory substrates in presence of oxygen and Anaerobic
or incomplete oxidation.
Citric acid cycle- complex reaction process to produce acetyl -CoA. Location of this cycle, location of each enzyme
involved in TCA is a very important concept. substrate level phosphorylation and oxidative decarboxylation also
takes place during this cycle. Few inhibitors are also identified.
Plant mitochondrial electron transport and ATP synthesis- ETC composed of different complexes, Complex I,
II, III and IV. Each of the complexes are also named according to the reaction that they performed during ATP
synthesis. There are some inhibitors that also identify which target specific complex only. Complex V or ATP
synthase produces ATP inside mitochondrial matrix, inhibitors of ATP synthase are also identified.
Alternate oxidase- Alternative oxidase (AOX) is a cyanide-resistant oxidase component of the plant mitochondrial
electron transport chain.
Photorespiration -Also known as C2 pathway. One of the costly sides of carbon fixation, produced 2 carbon
containing compound 2-phosphoglycolate.
C. Nitrogen metabolism-Nitrogen cycle composed of Nitrogen fixation, Nitrification, Denitrification, Ammon-

ification. Name of the organism which is involved in every step of the entire nitrogen cycle is one of the most
important topics from this unit.
Nitrate and Ammonium assimilation- Conversion of Nitrate to ammonium ion and then rapid conversion of the
ammonium generated from nitrate assimilation into amino acids to avoid toxicity. Series of enzymatic reactions.
Each enzyme, their location, structure, prosthetic groups and the reaction that they catalyzed in very much
important form this subtopic.
Amino acid biosynthesis- The primary pathway for this conversion and production of building blocking units of
proteins amino acids, involves the sequential actions of enzymatic reaction.
D. Plant hormones- Plant Hormones or Phytohormones, these organic compounds are broadly classified as
growth promoters or growth inhibitors. Auxin, Gibberellins, Cytokines are basically known as promoters of plant
growth whereas ethylene, Abscisic acid, and Jasmonic acid are known stress hormones. Biosynthetic pathways of
each of the hormones, signaling response pathways, Storage form and active free of hormones, their precursor
molecules (Like Tryptophan is a precursor for IAA, Geranyl geranyl pyrophosphate is a precursor of Gibberellic
acids), these are very important topics. Transportation of Hormones, like polar transportation of Auxin, is one of
the most interesting concepts form this hormone subtopic. Finally, their detailed physiological effect on plant
cells, like how Auxin promotes cell elongation, mechanisms involved in the Auxin activity and for other hormones
is very much required to know.
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E. Sensory photobiology- Light is vital for photosynthesis we all know, but also necessary for plant growth and
development. This topic is all about how light mediated response changes plant growth and development, this
is independent of photosynthesis, called photomorphogenesis.
Structure, function and mechanisms of action of phytochromes- concept of Photoreceptors, blue light absorbing
Cryptochromes, phototropins and red light absorbing Phytochromes, their physiological functions. Phototropins
have a major role in regulation of stomata opening and chloroplast movement. Cryptochromes play a pivotal
role in the generation and maintenance of circadian rhythms. Phytochrome response, mechanism of action and
physiological functions are also important.
F. Solute transport and Photoassimilate translocation- Uptake of the water and minerals from the soli by the
root hairs. For uptake of the water from soil two pathways are there, Apoplastic and Symplastic pathway.
Transpiration- Loss of water from aerial parts of plants, types of transpiration, stomatal, cuticular, lenticular.
Mechanism of loading and unloading of photoassimilates – also known as phloem loading and unloading.
Transfer of photoassimilates into sieve elements at the source end is called loading. Whereas transfer from sieve
elements into the target cells at sinks end called as unloading
G. Secondary metabolites-are metabolic intermediates which are not essential for plants but required during
interactions with pathogens and with the environment, produced mainly in response to stress. Four major types-
Terpenes, Phenolics, Glycosides, Alkaloids.
Biosynthesis of terpenes- two pathways are there Mevalonic acid pathway (MVA) and Methylerythritol phosphate
pathway (MEP). Phenolic compounds are synthesized from the products of Shikimic acid pathway. Classes of
terpenes, their significance, important classes of phenolic compounds in plants, alkaloids and uses of alkaloids.
H. Stress Physiology-Biotic stress like pathogens, insects and abiotic stresses, which occur due to physiological
and other factors like temperature, low water level in soil, high salt concentrations. Role of different hormones in
stress response.
Unit 6 is also a lengthy unit but without any doubt it is a highly interesting and scoring unit too. Most of the
topics from this unit are important, as all of these are basic concepts. From this unit most of the questions both
in Part C and Part B are direct type, so if a candidate can understand properly, he or she can easily attempt that
question. It is necessary to study the concepts first, practicing the Biochemical pathways for several times then
only it is possible to memorize during the exam.
Reference book for Unit Number 6 Plant system physiology- Plant Physiology, by Lincoln Taiz and Eduardo
Zeiger.
Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry by David L. Nelson and Michael M. Cox (For biochemical pathways).
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Segmentation of the Topics and important concepts from Unit7:

System Physiology-Animal
A. Blood and circulation- Blood corpuscles, Haemopoiesis-or hematopoiesis the process by which the
formed elements of blood developed; formed elements-The formed elements of blood include three principle
components: red blood cells, (RBCs) white blood cells (WBCs) and platelets. Plasma function- Blood is about
45% formed elements and 55% blood plasma. Major constituents of plasma and their functions are like, water
maintains blood volume transport of molecules, plasma proteins maintain blood osmotic pressure and pH,
albumin, globulins, fibrinogens(clotting)etc. Blood groups, hemoglobin- transportation of oxygen and carbon
dioxide, factors affecting hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen, oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve. Carbamino
compound. Haemostasis- the response of the human body to blood vessel injury and damage it required
coordinated effort between platelets and blood clotting factors, which resulted in the formation of a blood
clot.
B. Cardiovascular system- consist of three interrelated components; blood, heart and blood vessels.
Comparative anatomy of heart structure- located in mediastinum, shape, pericardium membrane, layers of
heart wall, chambers of the heart etc. Myogenic heart, specialized tissues, ECG- electrocardiogram, recording
of the electrical changes that occur in myocardium during cardiac cycle. Measurement of rate and rhythm of
the heartbeat, its principle and significance. Cardiac cycle-Systole, Diastole, ventricular systole and ventricular
diastole, cardiac cycle time, cardiac output. Blood pressure- systolic pressure, diastolic pressure. Neural and
chemical regulation of all above.
C. Respiratory system-consist of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs, functions of respiratory
system, respiration process that has three basic steps; pulmonary ventilation (expiration and inspiration), external
respiration, internal respiration. Comparison of respiration in different species, anatomical considerations,
transport of gases (exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide), waste elimination, Neural and chemical regulation
of respiration.
D. Nervous system-Two main subdivision of nervous systems; Central nervous system (CNS) and Peripheral
nervous system (PNS), components of each of the nervous system. Like PNS include cranial nerves, spinal nerves
and their branches, ganglia, sensory receptors. CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. Neurons- functional
and structural classification of neurons. Central and peripheral nervous system- structural organization of CNS,
organization and major parts of brain, Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), gray matter and white matter, meninges; Cranial
nerves, their origin, nature and function, spinal nerves. Neural control of muscle tone and posture.
E. Sensory organs- Eye, anatomy of eyeball, major structure of eyeball and their functions, Ear and structure
and different parts of ear. Vision, Physiology or events of hearing, tactile response.
F. Excretory system- The urinary system, kidneys and their structure, ureters, urinary bladders and urethra.
Comparative physiology of excretion, Kidneys, urine formation, urine concentration, waste elimination,
micturition, regulation of water balance, electrolyte balance, acid base balance.
G. Thermoregulation-Comfort zone, body temperature, physical, chemical, neural regulation, acclimatization.
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H. Stress and Adaptation
I. Digestive system- includes the gastrointestinal tract (GI) and other accessory digestive organs. Functions of
the digestive system. Ingestion, secretion, Digestion, absorption and defecation. Function of accessory digestive
organs like teeth, tongue, salivary glands, Liver, gallbladder and pancreas. Basal metabolic rate (BMR).
J. Endocrinology and reproduction-Endocrine system, hormones, the endocrine signal molecules, chemical
classification of hormones, mechanisms of hormone action. Major endocrine gland like Hypothalamus,
Pituitary gland, Pineal gland, Thyroid gland, Parathyroid gland, Thymus gland, Islets of Langerhans, Adrenal
glands. Basic mechanism of action of hormones, hormones and diseases-like Pituitary gland disorder like
Gigantism and Acromegaly, pancreatic islet disorder- diabetes mellitus, Thyroid gland disorder-Graves’
disease, Goiter, Myxedema etc., Adrenal gland disorder like Addison’s disease. Reproductive system of
sexually reproducing animals; male reproductive system and female reproductive system. Reproductive
processes-Spermatogenesis, Gametogenesis, Ovulation, neuroendocrine regulation.
Unit 7 is also a lengthy unit, for students with medical science background and the students those who studied
physiology in their graduation or in post-graduation, this unit is very easy and most advantageous for them,
from the entire Life science syllabus. Cardiovascular system, Respiratory system, Endocrine system, Hormones
their functions and diseases, Hemoglobin and myoglobin, ECG graphs, Kidney filtration system, structure and
functions of different parts of nephrons, neurotransmitters, these are the most important topic from unit 7.
Reference book for unit7 System Physiology- Animal: Principles of Anatomy and Physiology by Gerard J.
Tortora
It is always advisable to clear the concept first, because most of the questions specifically in Part C are
knowledge-based problems. It is necessary to make yourself expertise about different topics. Regular study
efforts with proper plan, correct strategy and dedication, these are the only key to achieve success. Wishing
you good luck for your preparation.
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8: Inheritance Biology
Presumably, when any student aspiring for CSIR is asked about the most terrifying unit among the entire NET
syllabus, the reply will most likely be coming as ‘Genetics’ also known as “Inheritance biology”.
This article is here to offer some valuable suggestions which may change your perspective towards the most
detested part of the syllabus.
Let us first assess the weightage of “unit 8” in CSIR, to explore how much input is worth putting in!
On the basis of the interpretation of the pattern adopted in the previous year’s examinations , it has been
observed that this unit can significantly contribute to your Part C score as historically more questions have
been asked in Part C as compared to Part B. The previous data reveals nearly 6-7 questions to be asked in Part
C and 2- 3 questions to be offered in Part B. These figures are sufficient to inspire you towards learning this unit
with more zeal and excitement. That brings a big “No “if you are thinking even a bit about skipping this Unit.
It is always virtuous to have a topic in the most simplified form!
Foremost you must be cognizant about the significance of the content in terms of biological importance. Let us
fetch the unambiguous meaning of Genetics or Inheritance biology in the same context.
Genetics is that branch of biology which deals with the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in living
organisms or alternatively it is the assessment of the working and major parameters of variation and heredity also
the foundation on which heredity is stabilized is known as inheritance. It is the mechanism by which attributes
are passed from one generation to the subsequent generation.
Assemble all your knowledge about basic genetics!
Being a life sciences student, you might have studied the fundamentals of genetics during your basic classes. You
just need to extend your knowledge on it by incorporating few crucial terms, mechanisms and problem-solving
skills. You will discover that this unit shares connections and extensions with other units as well.
Let us uncover the introductory subunit foremost!
In this part, you will come across some basic terms like Genetics and heredity to begin with , in fact entire
Genetic terminology or glossary whether is about chromosome, Homologous chromosome, gene, allele, locus,
homozygous, heterozygous, dominant, recessive etc. must be included while improving your grasp over basics
of genetics. Since this unit is about Mendelian principles, so all the three principles presented by him based
on the pea experiment conducted are the heart of the matter. You are expected to completely comprehend
the concepts like monohybrid and dihybrid crosses, test cross, probability rules and chi- square test based on
which you may expect numerical questions in the exam. Chi square test can be commonly learnt across unit 8A
and unit 13D.
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Nevertheless, the second and third subtopics are the extension of the first one!
These subtopics provide you the reason to confront the most important topics like incomplete dominance,
codominance, pleiotropy, linkage which depict contradictions to Mendel’s rules. You might have experienced
a situation where people say about a child to be the blend of his parents, this phenomenon you may relate to
incomplete dominance where the parents' traits are permanently blended in their offspring. Alleles can also
present their multiple appearances in the form of multiple alleles, betray as pseudo alleles or may be harmful
as lethal alleles. The concept of multiple alleles and codominance could be seized by learning the ABO blood
system in humans. Go through the details of complementation test and epistasis phenomenon. Make a table
to remember the F1 and F2 -ratios obtained in various types of epistatic and hypostatic gene expression. There
is very thin lining between sex linked, sex influenced and sex-limited characters that you must grab on. In your
glossary add up a few more terms like Genomic imprinting, phenocopy, penetrance and expressivity.
Let us perform some Smart work to reduce the weight of topics by amalgamating unit 8D and Unit 8G!
Just imagine the number of genes in our human body falls between 20,000 and 25,000 as estimated by The
Human Genome Project. Identifying the location of each gene is like finding a needle in the haystack. Gene
mapping illustrates the approaches used to recognize the locus of a gene and the distances between genes.
This subunit will teach you how to know the positions and the interactions between different genes by making
use of various methodologies. LOD score analysis is used by geneticists to calculate linkage between genes
by establishing pedigree analysis subsequently followed by estimating recombination frequency. To uncover
more on it, you must conceptualize complete and incomplete linkage or linkage groups. Further, to get a hold
over LOD score calculation, probability and logarithm rules must be pinned down. Chromosome mapping
using DNA markers and annotated computer databases are other topics to emphasize on. In molecular analysis,
you must cover all types of molecular markers used with mapping techniques like FISH, RFLP, RAPD, RAPD
etc. Genetic mapping possesses few limitations which could be overcome by applying physical chromosome
mapping techniques like deletion mapping that must be included while preparing this subunit. Calculating
interference and coefficient of coincidence should also be fetched.
Do not miss out learning tetrad analysis in neurospora to calculate the linkage between genes
Other topics to be covered include Somatic Cell hybridization: another method used for positioning genes
on chromosomes, karyotype: the catalogue of the chromosomes deciphering their number and appearance
in the cell, chromosome banding: banding techniques to develop the karyotypes. Enlist the chromosomal
abnormalities and genetic disorders to be revised regularly.
A concise but riveting subpart of Unit 8 is “Extra chromosomal inheritance” from “unit 8E”
Have you ever imagine that whether all the mendelian concept stand true for the Chromosomes which are
present outside the nucleus i.e. in mitochondria and chloroplast, then it might surprise you that they don’t and in
actual fact exhibit Non-Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance which is known as extrachromosomal or extranuclear
inheritance. Secure this topic by going thoroughly the examples of extrachromosomal inheritance shown in
Neurospora, Xenopus and Mirablis jalapa where it results in the emergence of variegated phenotype. In humans
the occurrence of this phenomenon is associated with some genetic disorders like Leber’s hereditary optic
neuropathy and Kearn- Sayre syndrome which should be given weight. Also do not miss out to take note of the
difference between maternal inheritance and maternal effect
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Contribution of microbes in strengthening the genetic related concepts makes subunit “8F”!
Microbes reasonably offer minimal systems for investigating genetic phenomena and thus make it convenient to
study in other higher organisms. Microbial genetics, a field common to microbiology and genetic engineering is
beneficial to explore the gene transfer from one organism to another. Hfr mapping, methods of genetic transfers
– transformation, conjugation, transduction and sex-duction, mapping genes by interrupted mating are the key
concepts to be gripped.
Let us learn more on ‘Human genetics’ in “Unit 8G and 8H”!
By the time you reach subunit 8G, you will find many topics have already been studied while absorbing unit
8D. Incorporate genetics and inheritance of X- linked characteristics in humans like colour blindness. Fortify
your grip over pedigree analysis and design a remarkable chart decoding the important symbols and rules for
each type of inheritance pattern like autosomal dominant , autosomal recessive , X- linked dominant , Y- linked
inheritance where you may add the names of the diseases associated with them . It would be interesting to
imagine the variation in human hair skin colour or height coming from the inheritance of more than two genes,
a phenomenon known as polygenic inheritance. 2n+1 rule, to calculate the number of categories of phenotypes
produced, QTL Analysis and the genetic variations are other subjects to be studied from this subtopic.
“Unit 8I” is all about mutations and their significance!
Mutations, the prime cause of the diversity can show multiplicity in terms of their effect by being beneficial,
harmful, or neutral at other instances. Unavoidably they are one of the major reasons for causing cancer, genetic
or other diseases in humans. This topic is extremely important and can be studied in synchronization with cellular
processes like DNA replication and DNA repair included in unit 3 to assess how and where these mutations could
occur to question the integrity of DNA. AMES test performed to evaluate whether a given chemical can cause
mutations in the DNA of the test organism must be studied thoroughly.
Chromosomal aberrations, extremely threatening to living organisms have been included in “Unit 8J”!
Examine into every term related to chromosomal alteration like deletion, duplication inversion, translocation, non
– disjunction, aneuploid, polyploid and undeniably the imperfections and deficiencies associated with them.
Dig the implication of DNA recombination through and in “Unit 8K”!
Recombination has an important role to bring genetic diversity by reviving rearrangements of DNA sequences
by permutations of breakage, retorting and copying of chromosomal segments during basic cellular processes
occurring in the cell. Make a flowchart reflecting differences in the homologous, non-homologous recombination
and transposition. Illuminate your knowledge on Holliday model , Meselson-Radding model, RecBCD pathway
,chi sites , Rec enzymes , RuvA and RuvB; the DNA helicases , Ruv C ; the endonuclease, serine and tyrosine
recombinases , site specific recombination and thus a site specific recombinase technology ; the Cre – Lox
recombination.
Now since we have accomplished with the first stage of preparation, knowing about the crucial and unavoidable
topics from various subunits, let us bring in light the
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Strategies which may lit up your aspiration towards learning “Inheritance biology”
Make your own glossary of the terms used in genetics, as Inheritance biology is just an ocean of terms
and terminologies which must be crystal clear to conquer this unit on.
Make use of colourful pens to mention all the inheritance ratios: the Mendelian and Nonmendelian
obtained as an influence of different mechanisms involved.
Try to learn probability and logarithmic rules and narrate in your own voice and record which you may
listen to regularly. Improve your skills by practicing maximum number of related problems
For gene mapping techniques create charts arranging all the events in a sequence.
All the symbols used in pedigree analyses could be revived by colourful shapes on a chart.
Design a demonstrative flowchart with all the types of mutations and associated common diseases,
intended for a quick revision.
For chromosomal alterations, construct a unique layout by encompassing related images in it.
Enlist formulas like those based on calculation of the number of gametes or recombination frequency for
crisp revision
What kind of questions could be asked in the exam?
Be prepared for question from any subtopic aforementioned
In Part B, any question starting from the basic definition of gene or allele up to the complications
attached with mutation and accompanying diseases could be raised.
In Part C, Questions asking about the correct / incorrect statement/s from the given combination
of statements based on sex – linked , sex influenced , sex limited etc. or transduction ,conjugation ,
translocation or similarly types of recombination could be created so it becomes incredibly essential
to cover all the subtopics once you decide to take this unit on .
Direct questions asking about the calculation of ratios based on pedigree analysis, considering various
genetic phenomena like epistasis, incomplete dominance, codominance may be asked.
Match the following type questions based on mutations or chromosomal aberrations could be created for
you. These types of questions could ease your way towards fetching a good score as you can easily crack
them by being aware of just one correct match in most of the cases although knowing two will certainly
bring you a victory.
Image questions are quite common, like you can be provided with an image showing a type of
chromosomal aberration and you would be asked to identify and evaluate the consequences.
Image questions based on chromosome mapping or physical mapping; tetrad analysis holds maximum
probability to be asked.
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Which books to be referred to?
To learn and practice probability and logarithmic related problems any basic book can be referred which you
might have studied during 12th or at graduation level. To know other genetics related concepts, you may refer:
Principles of Genetics by D. Peter Snustad and Michael J. Simmons
iGenetics: A Molecular Approach by Peter Russell, and
Genes – By Benjamin Lewin
By adopting these tips and embellishing your preparations with the right attitude, precise strategy, practice, and
hard work you will find “Inheritance Biology” can drive you towards the goal of cracking your dream exam. Do not
forget to beautify this endeavor with zeal and optimism, the key factors to think and achieve high.
“Optimism is the faith that leads to achievement. Nothing can be done without hope and confidence.”
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Important Tips To Study CSIR NET UNIT 9 and 10:

Diversity of Life Forms & Ecological Principles
CSIR UGC NET competitive exam is one of the most esteemed and established national level entrance exam
now available especially for Life science aspirant to do Ph.D. or lectureship. Primary things required to clear this
difficult exam is that immense dedication and well channelized guidance along with passion, positive approach,
and shrewd work. In each unit preference needs to be given for important topics. To be Specific in this article we
will see how to prepare Unit 9 and Unit 10 from CSIR NET Syllabus.
Unit 9 is a Diversity of Life form. Unit 9 carries 20 marks average weightage in CSIR NET exam. You can expect
2.6% questions in each Part B and Part C in the exam. This unit mainly concentrates on taxonomic classification
of plants, animals, microorganisms, and their characteristic features. The difficult task is to remember many things
like scientific names, features and terminologies. So, reading this unit may be laborious and tiresome. Omitting
this unit creates a challenge, as the questions need understanding of integrated facts of diversity of life forms
along with ecology and /or evolution. Though many topics are there, few important topics from this unit need to
be studied thoroughly.
They are as follows: alpha-beta-gamma taxonomy; Hierarchical taxa; binomial nomenclature; different protozoan
and bacterial diseases; common parasite and pathogens for different hosts; you can expect more questions relat-
ed to diseases caused by respective causative organisms and evolutionary relationship based question on the
basis of phylogenetic tree cladogram, dendrogram, descendants and common ancestors.
The last important topic is rare/endangered species & conservation strategies. Interestingly the last topic since
it is common to both Unit 9 and Unit 10, so once you study it will be beneficial overall. You can make notes for
this unit by doing a few things which helps to study and remember the concepts. Make a comparative table
on different types of classification systems and their characteristic features. Make few diagrams of plants and
animal groups for correlation. Write the significant plants order of plants, animals, and insects with the different
characteristic features in a tabulation form. Best reference book to study this unit is Taxonomy: a Text and Refer-
ence Book by Richard E. Blackwelder
Unit 10 is an Ecological principle. This is a fascinating and scoring unit. Never skip this unit. If you are good
in this unit, this will give you 11% extra advantage. In Part B and Part C you can expect 5.77% and 5.33%
questions, respectively. This unit mainly focuses on
environment concerns and concepts related to applied ecology. All the topics in Unit 10 are equally import-
ant but priority can be given to few topics as follows. Structure of ecology organisation, community, population,
biosphere, and varied ecosystem. Understanding of major biomes worldwide is required. Ecological rules like
Yoda, Gloger, Allen and Bergmann should be known thoroughly. Knowledge on ecology ecosystem, Succession
types and mechanisms, food chain, food web, primary production, decomposition, mineral flow and energy
cycling, Gross and Net primary productivity is needed. You should know about energy and population pyramids
as well lentic ecosystem thermal stratification. The concepts which you need to prepare in population ecology
are Hardy Weinberg law, gene frequency rate change via natural selection, gene pool, r & k selection, curves on
survivorship & growth, population regulation, population characteristics and metapopulation.
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Have an idea about a few significant terms like age-structured population, dispersal interdemic extinction and
demes. You should learn about Indian states Sanctuaries & Biosphere reserves, Project tiger, environmental
pollution, anthropological activities, global warming and their effects in biodiversity, adaptation VS
acclimatization. To understand the concept of niche, patterns of dispersion, models of succession figures can
be made.
List out formulas such as growth curve, productivity, diversity index for easy remembrance along with
that practice few problems related to that. Make graphs of relationship of prey-predator, biomes, island
biogeography to understand well. Make a list of threatened species, national parks, ecogeographic rules, key
flora and fauna in order to study together. Tabulate species interaction, different ecosystems for comparative
study. Reference book for this unit is Basic Ecology: Fundamentals of Ecology by Eugene P. Odum and
Ecology Environmental Science and Conservation by Sp Singh.
Though this unit may seem insignificant to you, a thorough understanding of some of the key concepts
mentioned there will help your score. So use all of the tips and tricks mentioned above and for sure you will be
able to ace this Unit.
Study smart and don’t give up.
All the best!
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11: Evolution and Behavior
Introduction: UGC-CSIR NET is one of the most valuable national level examinations for those who are interested
in research in the field of Life sciences or even for Lectureships as well. Complete knowledge of the entire syllabus,
unit wise is necessary in order to have a good start with a proper study plan.
Unit 11 is about evolution History, Origin of Life on this earth, Chemical evolution, Natural selection, speciation
events, Genetic drift, Mutation, Molecular phylogeny, phylogenetic tree, Geological time scales, Altruism behav-
ior, Hamilton rule and Kin selection.
It's one of the most interesting units in the entire syllabus. You have to first understand the basic theories like
Lamarckism, Darwinism, Neo Darwinism or synthetic theory of evolution. This topic evolutionary biology also
includes lots of Hypothesis, detailed understanding of each of the concepts is very much important to attend
the questions from this unit in the examination. As this unit is also very scoring, with proper understanding it
is very easy to attend most of the questions from this unit.
Lots of resources are available like reference books, study materials, lectures etc. But how to utilize all these
resources is one of the most important things.
Resources like Lectures, Videos and Reference books (Campbell and Reece for unit11), this will help you to
build up the basic concepts. Once your concepts become clear then an aspirant should focus on how to increase
the informative knowledge. Practicing the question paper is also an important part.
You should always start your preparation from books, once your concepts become clear then you should follow
the notes. As notes are mainly derived from books, small gist of a huge topic, so you should not start with notes
first, if you don’t know the topic then notes can make you only confused.
Once the entire unit becomes complete then you can start to follow other resources like Notes, Flow charts
etc. Now you should start to solve the question papers. Next step of your preparation should include the ques-
tion-based approach, which is also very much necessary, for that purpose the last 10 years of questions from the
exam as well as the model question paper solving is very important. While solving the MCQ’s initially you may
face a lot of difficulties specially from PART C, but actually it will give you a fair idea about your understanding
of that topic. If you are following this approach, then definitely you will find yourself in a much better position
in the upcoming NET exam.
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Important Topics and concepts from Unit 11: Evolution and Behavior
1. Emergence of evolutionary thoughts
1. Lamarckism: The theory of use and misuses or the inheritance of acquired characteristics.
2. Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection–concepts of variation, Struggle for existence,

Survival of the fittest.
3. Mendelism- Genetic variation is generated by mutation.
2. Origin of cells and unicellular evolution

1. Origin of basic biological molecules-spontaneous formation of organic molecules in early earth
atmosphere
2. Abiotic synthesis of organic monomers and polymers-Chemical evolution
3. Concept of Oparin and Haldane-inorganic molecules would spontaneously form organic

molecules like simple sugars, amino acids, in the oxygen less, reducing conditions through the
action of sunlight, they termed as Hot dilute soup/ Primordial soup.
4. Experiment of Miller (1953)-they tested the Oparin-Haldane hypothesis by constructing an

apparatus and experimentally demonstrated how abiotically some biological molecules could
have arisen in the early earth conditions.
5. The first cell-Protocells, self-organized membrane bound primitive structure.
6. Evolution of prokaryotes
7. Origin of eukaryotic cells
8. Evolution of unicellular eukaryotes
9. Anaerobic metabolism, photosynthesis and aerobic metabolism
3. Paleontology and evolutionary history

1. The evolutionary time scales-Geological time scale, the chronological sequence of geologic and
evolutionary events
2. Eon, Eras, periods and epoch-Divisions of Geological time scale.
3. Major events in the evolutionary time scale-Origin of earth, appearance of first one celled
organism, Development of multicellularity, Cambrian explosion, Cretaceous extinctions, Age of
invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, reptiles. Golden age of dinosaurs, extinction period of dinosaurs
etc.
4. Origins of unicellular and multicellular organisms
5. Major groups of plants and animals
6. Stages in primate evolution including Homo- First appearance of earliest hominids and earliest
Homo sapiens.
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4. Molecular Evolution
1. Concepts of neutral evolution-Neutral theory of molecular evolution introduced by Motoo kimura
(1968).
2. Molecular divergence and molecular clock-Changes in the DNA sequences, protein sequence.
Molecular clock techniques relate the time that the two species diverged to the number of molecular
differences measured between the species DNA or protein sequences, it is based on the hypothesis
that DNA and Protein sequences evolve at a rate that is relatively constant over time.
3. Molecular tools in phylogeny- Concept of phylogenetic tree(visual representation of the

evolutionary relationship among a group of organisms), methods for the reconstruction of
phylogenetic tree using molecular data- Maximum parsimony method, maximum likelihood
method, pattern of evolutionary changes-Anagenesis (phyletic evolution ) and Cladogenesis
( branching evolution), Nature of evolution -Microevolution and Macroevolution.
4. Protein and nucleotide sequence analysis-to construct a phylogenetic tree it is necessary to

compare nucleic acid and protein sequence, DNA yields more phylogenetic information than
protein.
5. Origin of new genes and proteins- Nucleotide base changes, evolutionary events of divergence.
6. Gene duplication and divergence-Concepts of Orthologous and paralogous genes, Speciation

events generates orthologous genes whereas gene duplication generates paralogous genes.
5. The Mechanisms
1. Population genetics – populations, gene pool, gene frequency; Population genetics is concerned
with how the allelic frequencies in a gene pool changes over time. This is the study of changes in
the frequencies of alleles and genotypes within a population. This topic includes a specific way to
calculate the allele frequency, calculation of genotypic frequencies.
2. Hardy-Weinberg law-A rule that relates allelic and genotypic frequencies in a Mendelian
population
3. Concepts and rate of change in gene frequency through

1. Natural selection
2. Migration
3. Random genetic drift-Genetic bottleneck and Founder effect.
4. Adaptive radiation -The formation of new forms from an ancestral species in response to the
opening in a new habitat.
5. Isolating mechanisms-Reproductive isolation, mechanism that prevents gene exchange among

the populations. Prezygotic isolating mechanisms like: Ecological isolation, Temporal isolation,
Behavioral isolation, Mechanical isolation and Postzygotic isolating mechanisms such as Hybrid
in-viability and Hybrid Sterility.
6. Speciation-Evolutionary process that produces two or even more separate species, Reduction
in the gene flow probably plays the most critical role in speciation events. Modes of speciation
are classified as: Allopatric speciation, Sympatric speciation, Parapatric speciation and Peripatric
speciation.
7. Allopatry and sympatry- Allopatry also known as geographical isolation, genetic divergence
permitted by geographical separation and Sympatric speciation it relies on the development of
reproductive isolation, that allows the divergence of the sub populations.
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8. Convergent evolution-Acquisition of the same or similar biological trait in unrelated species, that
leads to the production of analogous structures whereas Divergent evolution produces homologous
structures.
9. Sexual selection-a form of natural selection that can result in sexual dimorphism.
10. Co-evolution-When two or more species reciprocally affect each other’s evolution.
6. Brain, Behavior and Evolution
1. Approaches and methods in study of behavior-Behavioral ecology is the study of the

relationship between an organism’s behavior and the ecological conditions in which that behavior
has evolved, the roles of the behavior that allows the organism to adapt to its environment.
2. Proximate and ultimate causation-Focus on immediate stimulus and focus on how behavior
contributes to survival and reproduction of an organism.
3. Altruism and evolution-group selection, kin selection, reciprocal altruism-An organism is said to
behave altruistically when its behavior benefits the other organisms at a cost to itself. The natural
selection that favors altruistic behavior causing the enhancement of reproductive success of their
relatives, called a kin selection. The theory of reciprocal altruism explains the cases of altruism
among unrelated or distantly related organisms that includes the members of different species as
well.
4. Neural basis of learning, memory, cognition, sleep and arousal
5. Biological clocks-Circadian rhythms help all the living organisms to adjust and act according to
the changes in surroundings. Circadian rhythms are produced by natural factors with the body, but
it can also be affected by signals from the environment.
6. Development of behavior
7. Social communication
8. Social dominance
9. Use of space and territoriality
10. Mating systems, parental investment and reproductive success
11. Parental care
12. Aggressive behavior
13. Habitat selection and optimality in foraging
14. Migration, orientation and navigation
15. Domestication and behavioral changes
The concept of inclusive fitness that was explained by W.D Hamilton is one of the most important
concepts from Brain, Behavior and Evolution subtopic under unit 11. W.D Hamilton explains altruistic
acts in terms of his theory of Inclusive fitness.
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Inclusive fitness theory is made up of two components-direct fitness, the production of their
own offspring by an organism and indirect fitness means helping the closely related organism
to produce their own offspring. Hamilton’s rule states rb> c (c=cost, r=coefficient of relatedness
between donor and recipient, b= benefit received by the recipients due to altruism). For problem
based mathematical questions this portion is very much important.
All the above-mentioned concepts are important for both part B and part C. From part B you can expect 4
to 5 questions whereas in part C at least 5 questions are expected. For problem-based questions in part C,
specifically Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, calculation of allelic and genotypic frequencies, Hamilton’s rule
and kin selection these are the most important areas.
Part B: is subject based and contains questions of 2 marks generally covering the units given in the syllabus.
From unit 11, part B questions are mostly direct types of questions, so if a candidate can understand and
memorize the theories, concepts then she or he can easily solve the question from part B.
Part C: contain questions of highest value 4 marks, that test the candidate’s knowledge regarding scientific
concepts, application of the scientific concepts. In this part C the nature of the questions is mostly logical and
here a candidate is expected to use his or her scientific knowledge, understandings to get the solution for any
given scientific problem.
Reference books: Organic Evolution -Veer Bala Rastogi,

Biology by Campbell and Reiss
The syllabus is very lengthy and at the same time understanding each of the topics is also required, because
there is no shortcut that is applicable in order to achieve success. Success can be achieved only through
proper planning, preparation, and hard work. Positive thoughts, studying in the right way with a proper plan,
hard work is the one and only key to qualify this exam. Wishing you all good luck for the upcoming exam.
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Important Tips To Study CSIR NET UNIT 12:

Applied Biology
CSIR NET is one of the toughest yet prestigious exams for every individual whose desire is to become a future
scientist. Of course, the syllabus is huge and I hope you all have already targeted 7-8 units of your choice for the
upcoming exam. There is no use of completing the entire syllabus without understanding the concept. Because
there are people who will always be in a rush to complete the entire syllabus, that should not be done. In the
aim of finishing the syllabus people will forget to revise it. Remember revision is a prime factor for clearing the
exam. Otherwise it will be like “Jack of all trades but master of none”. So, prepare with concepts and proper
understanding for the units that you have targeted. Spending quality time in revising the portions and practicing
the questions is of the utmost importance for every individual so plan it accordingly. I will suggest you not to
stick to 1 unit for a long time, you can revise 2 subjects parallelly, for e.g. take 1 strong subject and 1 weak subject
together for revision. Focus on important topics from the chosen subunits first. Segregate your time in such a
way that you will dedicate ample time both for revision and practicing MCQ series. Utilize your morning hours
more effectively for those topics which you feel tough and at the same time important from examination point
of view. Keep afternoon hours for solving the questions and evening hours for revising your notes and practising
questions simultaneously.Always go for a smart study plan.
Here we are going to discuss about one of the most general yet important unit from our CSIR syllabus i.e. Unit-12.
And there are specific topics which come under this unit from where the questions are always expected. When it
comes to mark distribution you can expect around 8.57% of all Questions asked for Part B while almost 6.67%
asked for Part C. And the Reference books for unit-12 includes
Plant Breeding principles & Methods Paperback by Bd Singh

Plant Tissue Culture by Satyanarayana B.N.
So before getting into details let’s have a quick look on the unit-12 syllabus first.
A. Microbial fermentation and production of small and macromolecules.

B. Application of immunological principles, vaccines, diagnostics. Tissue and cell culture methods for plants and
animals.
C. Transgenic animals and plants, molecular approaches to diagnosis and strain identification.
D. Genomics and its application to health and agriculture, including gene therapy.
E. Bioresource and uses of biodiversity.
F. Breeding in plants and animals, including marker – assisted selection
G. Bioremediation and phytoremediation
H. Biosensors
Applied biology is a topic where you don’t have to put too much effort and dedicate much time for preparing it.
You don’t have to go for core understanding. People with a biotechnology background will definitely find it easier.
It is all about the use of biology in different fields for e.g. in the field of medicine, in industries, in biodiversity
protection etc.
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A Microbial fermentation and production of small and macromolecules
Fermentation is one of the important topics from this unit wherein you must be clear about the differences
between small scale and large-scale fermentation; the factors affecting fermentation i.e. pH., temperature,
nutrient availability, fermentation products etc. Very rarely numerical based questions are asked. Difference
between batch, fed batch and continuous fermentation with their examples, analysis between the type of
fermenters, their advantages and disadvantages, bioreactors etc have to be considered. Questions are also
expected from Difference between Biochemical oxygen demand and Chemical oxygen demand, microbial
sources of antibiotics, vitamins etc in 2 marks.
B. Application of immunological principles, vaccines, diagnostics. Tissue and cell culture methods for
plants and animals.
Vaccines you need to study in detail, of course you might have studied the same in unit-4. Different types of
vaccines with their definitions and examples need to be remembered. This is Very important as you can expect
questions from here in part-c in the form of match the following. Knowledge about relevant diseases is also
important. Always be alert with the latest news in the field of vaccines because they are asking diseases related
to the latest trend.
For eg:
Which of the following food crops has recently been genetically engineered to obtain edible vaccine to
develop immunity against hepatitis B?
a. Banana
b. Maize
c. Potato
d. Tomato
Plant tissue Culture is also an integral part from this subunit. Again, it’s kind of revision of Unit-6 especially related
to the role of hormones in plant growth and development in culture media; ratios of the hormones used in labs
to get the desired culture. basics of plant tissue culture, micro and macro elements along with their functions
and diseases related to their deficiency, callus formation, stages of somatic embryogenesis, micropropagation.
Significance of converting somatic to artificial seeds, germplasm preservation, types of media used. From Animal
Tissue Culture you can expect certain terminologies like Stem cell, difference between unipotent, pluripotent and
multipotent cell lines with examples.
C. Transgenic animals and plants, molecular approaches to diagnosis and strain identification.
Transgenic plants and animals is an interesting topic wherein you can expect questions from Bt brinjal, Bt cotton,
flavr savr tomato etc Make a note of their useful application and the gene engineered.
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For eg:
Which of the following genes was engineered in the “Flavr Savr” transgenic tomato variety?
a. 1-amino cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase
b. 1-amino cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase
c. Expansin
d. Polygalacturonase
Make a table of transgenic crop plants with their phenotype targeted , this will help you in remembering. Similar-
ly make a table of transgenic animals as well which must include their biological importance and the protein
product.
For eg : cow is the transgenic animal , its protein product is interferon and its biological importance is
providing resistance against viral infections.
Gene transfer methods is an important topic from this subunit. It includes Biological methods, Physical methods
and Chemical methods. It can also be classified as vector based and vector less gene transfer or direct and indirect
gene transfer. Of which, Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer is one important topic that should never be
skipped because every time you get a direct question from here. Remember the functions of all Vir genes, if possi-
ble, make a table for it and make a flowchart on how agrobacterium causes infection.
Significance of binary and cointegrate vectors.Molecular approaches, strain identification, dye for spore formation
gram positive and gram negative especially the difference.
D. Genomics and its application to health and agriculture, including gene therapy.
In Genomics must study evolutionary trends, DNA and sequences how is it useful Gene therapy, how faulty gene
made normal functioning and it has been one of the promising field for the treatment of cancer, scope for gene
therapy in cancer and other genetic disorders which could be categorised as single gene disorders like cystic
fibrosis or chromosomal disorders like down syndrome or multifactorial inheritance disorders like Alzheimer’s
disease. Types of gene therapy - Somatic and Germline gene therapy Approaches in gene therapy - in vivo and
ex vivo. Vectors used in Gene Therapy i.e. Viral(retroviral,adenovirus,) and non viral vectors.
E. Bioresource and uses of biodiversity
Biodiversity: Types of biodiversity - Genetic, Species and Ecosystem diversity. Most of the time the questions from
Part-c is asked on diversification of different species in different parts of the world , importance of medicinal
plants; one can make a list of plant extracts used as drugs,and how ecology is balanced.Questions are always
expected from Biodiversity
conservation - insitu and exsitu conservation. Make a table separately each for sanctuaries and National Park
along with their location.
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For eg:
Which of the following National Parks has the highest density of tigers among protected areas in the
world?
(A) Jim Corbett
(B) Kaziranga
(C) Keoladeo Ghana
(D) Manas
F. Breeding in plants and animals, including marker – assisted selection
From Plant breeding you can expect 1 or 2 questions based on conventional vs marker assisted selection, QTL
mapping and why it is important. You may expect some experimental questions on marker-assisted selection
breeding of qualitative and quantitative traits or for disease resistance in plant breeding in Part-C.
G. Bioremediation and phytoremediation
From here you can expect easily approachable questions.Take into consideration the microbes involved in biore-
mediation, types and techniques involved.Phytoremediation is also a topic to go through as it involves addition
of algae to clear pollutants from lake/oceans.List out the organisms and their functions in phytoremediation.
for eg : P. putida clear oil spills in water. Make a note of a biological approach to resolve pollution. Be clear of the
terminologies like Bioaugmentation, Biosparging, Bioventing, Bioslurping etc as you can expect questions from
here in Part B.
H. Biosensors
In Biosensors, you can make a list of microbial biosensors which must include the substance detected and the
organisms used.For example nowadays diabetic kits are commonly used Enzymes and hormones also used
biosensors. Keep yourself updated regarding the current trends with respect to Biosensors, because biosensors
are also sometimes asked.
I hope so you might have got some insight into this unit from your CSIR syllabus, it might have provided you
the angle of preparation and expected portions. Study well, keep on revising everyday and work out questions
regularly. If you have strong belief in yourself and your preparation strategy then no one can stop you from
achieving your goal. That’s why stay positive, relaxed and keep on going ahead and you will definitely pass with
flying colors.
All The Best
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13: Methods in Biology
Examinations are something which needs tremendous preparation before one appears for it. When it comes to
All India based examinations, we need to know the tricks, time management along with the preparation. CSIR
Net exam is one of them, it makes one ready to enter their dream world of research for developing something
new and innovative. Though this exam only deals with multiple choice questions, one should have thorough
knowledge about the topics. As you know, this exam has 3 parts. Part A deals with General Aptitude. Part B
some 2 marks questions which are usually some statement based direct question for which you need to remem-
ber each step, every definition. Now last but not the least its Part C which carries 4 marks but here the questions
are conceptual, or experiment based. The CSIR Net syllabus is divided into 13 units which covers almost all
the important topics from biochemistry, cell biology, replication, immunology, developmental biology, plant
physiology, animal physiology, genetics, ecology, evolution, applied biology to methods in biology. Now among
these 13 units there are few units which one can leave while others are important. Among the important topics
we have Unit 1,2,3,4,5,6/7,8,10,11,13. Out of all this the most important, interesting and useful unit is Unit 13.
Useful term is used since it is an application based unit which will be needed by one during each and every step
of research.
The important trick to prepare for this unit is that you just must understand the concepts. Most of the questions
for Part C will be experiment based. So, you must remember the principles and have a clear understanding of the
concepts. This is the largest Unit out of all the units provided in the syllabus. It is subdivided into 8 parts which are
as follows
A. Molecular biology and recombinant DNA technology – Here the most important part is restriction enzyme.
Questions from restriction mapping are very common and part B questions are also common. One should have
a clear concept on the mapping technique, the restriction enzyme, what cut they are making, how it can be used
for cloning, what are the DNA modification enzymes that are used, what role they play. One can also expect
questions from protein gels or chromatography techniques. Some proteins can be mentioned with some given
situation and you will be asked to give the solution. So again, you must understand the concept. Like what type
of exchanger is used to isolate a given anion or cations or based on pH which one should be used. Then Part B
questions can be asked on plasmid and vectors. One should be clear about the capacity of cloning for each type
of vector. The next important part here is in vitro mutagenesis. Numerical can be expected in Part C from homolo-
gous recombination or Cre loxP. Again, some figure-based questions you can expect so you must be very clear
about the conditions and the techniques. Questions from protein post translational modification can be asked,
but this type is generally combined with questions from Unit 1 or Unit 3. So, one can get confused, theory from
one unit and techniques from the other. Then comes the techniques like RFLP, AFLP etc., most of the time direct
statement-based questions are asked or match the following.
B. Histochemical or immunological techniques- it deals with all the types of blotting techniques and immuno-
logical techniques like ELISA, RIA, FISH, GISH. From this part again some direct questions or match the following
type questions can come. You must remember the principles along with it which one is dominant, and which one
is codominant or single allelic or multiple allelic.
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C. Biophysical methods- this part deals with the spectroscopic techniques, starting from UV vis to mass
spectroscopy. Direct definition-based questions can be there or numerical for part C can be there. Numericals
are asked mostly from CD spectroscopy or from the spectrum analysis of mass spectroscopy. So, you must
remember the formulas given for this. Also, some type of protein with some observation can be provided and
one must identify the type of mass spectrometer to be used.
D. Statistical methods- Mostly numerical based on chi square test, correlation, regression. Also, Part C based
statement analysis type questions can also be expected. So, you must be clear about parametric and nonpara-
metric data, condition for accepting and rejecting hypotheses and need to remember the formulas and some
standard values. Most of the time standard values are not provided with the question, so to solve the question
one must remember the values.
E. Radiolabelling techniques- This part belongs with the process of tagging a protein or probe with radioactive
substances. So, this is something that you must have done in other parts like immunological techniques, spectros-
copy. Additionally, the half life concept about various substances is provided. Questions are commonly not asked
as much from this part, so if needed one can skip this part.
F. Microscopy techniques- As the name suggests it deals with the various types of microscopes i.e. light and
types of electron microscopes. Here also the working principle, utility and limitations are needed. Questions
are mainly statement based or match the following type. Numerical of 2 marks from the resolution part can be
asked. Freeze fracture and etching part is also important, and questions based on this could be expected.
G. Electrophysiological techniques- This part is has all the techniques used for medical purposes like MRI,
CT SCAN, ECG etc. Here also working principles, limitations are needed mostly to match the following type
or sometimes some statement-based question. Most favourite part for CSIR is ECG. 4 Mark’s question can be
expected from the ECG graph, mostly analysis of a provided graph is needed. This part of ECG is also a part of
Unit 7. Many times, questions are there for Unit 7 also.
H. Methods in field biology- This part also deals with the techniques used for calculating in field, like various
computational methods, remote sensing methods. Either numerical or some 2 marks questions can be expected.
So, one must concentrate on the principles and formulas.
So, after this discussion it's quite clear that this part is quite interesting and tricky. Before attempting these ques-
tions, one needs to understand the question very well, after judging what the question is asking for then should
try answering it. It would always be better to draw the things asked in question and then try to find the solution.
From this part questions can be of any types like combination questions. Combination of Unit 1 and 13 or Unit
8 and 13. So, techniques are named from Unit 13 and concepts from another Unit. Versatile type questions can
be expected from this part, so one will not be able to follow a similar questioning pattern. But solving the last 10
years question can help understanding the types.
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For this unit it is always suggestable to do maximum practice, follow the slides and lectures provided by
Biotecnika and go through the reference books. Following lectures will help you out but then also it's always
recommended to read from the books. The books to be followed here are as follows:
Principles of Gene Manipulation and Genomics by Sandy B. Primrose, Richard Twyman

Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis: An Introduction by T. A. Brown
Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual by Joseph Sambrook, David Russell
Fundamentals of Biostatistics by V.B. Rastogi
Principles and Techniques of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology by Wilson/Walker
So, it might be a huge syllabus to complete but if someone tries to complete it tactfully, he or she will be able to
ace it. It just needs a little bit of dedication to master. At the end one must remember this knowledge that you are
gaining is not just for cracking an exam, but it will be an asset for lifetime, which will be needed at every step of
life. So, study hard and try cracking the CSIR NET exam.
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www.biotecnika.org info@biotecnika.org 1800-1200-1818

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CSIR NET

Unit Wise Prep

i) How To Prepare CSIR NET Life Sciences UNIT 1

ii) How To Study Important Topics Of CSIR NET Unit-2

iv) Important Tips To Study CSIR NET UNIT 4

v) Important Tips To Study CSIR NET UNIT 5

vi) Important Tips To Study CSIR NET UNIT 6 and 7

vii) Important Tips To Study CSIR NET UNIT 8

viii) Important Tips To Study CSIR NET UNIT 9 and 10

ix)Important Tips To Study CSIR NET UNIT 11

x) Important Tips To Study CSIR NET UNIT 12

xi) Important Tips To Study CSIR NET UNIT 13

CSIR NET Unit Wise Prep Series

First, let us look at the CSIR Unit 1 Syllabus:

MOLECULES AND THEIR INTERACTION RELEVANT TO BIOLOGY

1. Structure of atoms, molecules, and chemical bonds.

2. Composition, structure, and function of biomolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins,

3. Stabilizing interactions (Van der Waals, electrostatic, hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic

4. Principles of biophysical chemistry (pH, buﬀer, reaction kinetics, thermodynamics, colligative

5. Bioenergetics, glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, coupled reaction, group transfer, biological

6. Principles of catalysis, enzymes, and enzyme kinetics, enzyme regulation, mechanism of

7. Conformation of proteins (Ramachandran plot, secondary structure, domains, motif, and

All The Best for the upcoming exam!

CSIR NET Unit Wise Prep Series :

Plan a study schedule:

Every day keep aside 2 hours for Unit 2

Topics To Be Studied From CSIR NET Unit 2

The RBC membrane components should also be studied including Band 3.

Structural organization and function of intracellular organelles

Organization of genes and chromosomes

Cell Division & Cell Cycle

Reference Books for UNIT 2

Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments by Gerald Karp

Molecular Cell Biology by Harvey Lodish, Arnold Berk, Chris A. Kaiser

Prescott’s Microbiology by Joanne Willey, Linda Sherwood, Chris Woolverton

Brock Biology of Microorganisms

Now let’s Have a look at types of questions asked from Unit 2

Q. To investigate the dynamic nature of two unrelated centrosome-localized GFP-tagged proteins

The following statements for this FRAP analysis were made

A. GFP-B shows faster exchange rate than GFP-A

Experiment Based Questions

Which one of the following statements is TRUE?

1. A-GFP targets the ER in the absence of baﬁlomycin A.

Factual Type Of Questions

Match the following types of questions

1. Both MDM2 and are oncogenes.

Diagram based question

1. A in matrix; B in the inner membrane; C in intermembrane space

CSIR NET Unit Wise Prep Series: Study Tips

CSIR Unit 3 Preparation

Let us Elicit with Seizing the Most Elemental Subtopic.

Semi-conservative model of DNA replication, the foundation:

Telomerase, the unique enzyme, and discovering its relation to cancer:

A proofreading and repair machinery to prevent erroneous activity:

Repair mechanisms, types, and components:

Transcription, the passage of information:

Post-transcriptional processing of RNA in eukaryotes:

Regulation is an essential aspect of all biological processes:

Do’s and Don’ts During CSIR Unit 3 Preparation

Refer to good standard books like:

Molecular Biology of the Gene by ‘James D. Watson’,

Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry by ‘David L. Nelson and Michael M. Cox’,

Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments by ‘Gerald Karp’